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what does the application of contract of adhesion mean
|
[
"a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a \"take it or leave it\" position",
"a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a \"take it or leave it\" position"
] |
{
"0": "Standard form contract - wikipedia Standard form contract Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence A standard form contract ( sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion , a leonine contract , a take - it - or - leave - it contract , or a boilerplate contract ) is a contract between two parties , where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties , and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a `` take it or leave it '' position . While these types of contracts are not illegal per se , there exists a very real possibility for unconscionability . In addition , in the event of an ambiguity , such ambiguity will be resolved contra proferentem against the party drafting the contract language .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Theoretical issues 2 Common law status 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Generally 2.1. 2 Contracts of adhesion 2.1. 3 Shrink wrap contracts 2.2 Canada 2.3 Australia 2.4 India 3 Legislation 3.1 United Kingdom 3.2 Israel 3.3 Lithuania 4 Civil law countries 4.1 Russia 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Theoretical issues ( edit ) There is much debate on a theoretical level whether , and to what extent , courts should enforce standard form contracts . On one hand , they undeniably fulfill an important role of promoting economic efficiency . Standard form contracting reduces transaction costs substantially by precluding the need for buyers and sellers of goods and services to negotiate the many details of a sale contract each time the product is sold . On the other hand , there is the potential for inefficient , and even unjust , terms to be accepted by signatories to these contracts . Such terms might be seen as unjust if they allow the seller to avoid all liability or unilaterally modify terms or terminate the contract . These terms often come in the form of , but are not limited to , forum selection clauses and mandatory arbitration clauses , which can limit or foreclose a party 's access to the courts ; and also liquidated damages clauses , which set a limit to the amount that can be recovered or require a party to pay a specific amount . They might be inefficient if they place the risk of a negative outcome , such as defective manufacturing , on the buyer who is not in the best position to take precautions . There are a number of reasons why such terms might be accepted : Standard form contracts are rarely read Lengthy boilerplate terms are often in fine print and written in complicated legal language which often seems irrelevant . The prospect of a buyer finding any useful information from reading such terms is correspondingly low . Even if such information is discovered , the consumer is in no position to bargain as the contract is presented on a `` take it or leave it '' basis . Coupled with the often large amount of time needed to read the terms , the expected payoff from reading the contract is low and few people would be expected to read it .",
"2": "Access to the full terms may be difficult or impossible before acceptance Often the document being signed is not the full contract ; the purchaser is told that the rest of the terms are in another location . This reduces the likelihood of the terms being read and in some situations , such as software license agreements , can only be read after they have been notionally accepted by purchasing the good and opening the box . These contracts are typically not enforced , since common law dictates that all terms of a contract must be disclosed before the contract is executed . Boilerplate terms are not salient The most important terms to purchasers of a good are generally the price and the quality , which are generally understood before the contract of adhesion is signed . Terms relating to events which have very small probabilities of occurring or which refer to particular statutes or legal rules do not seem important to the purchaser . This further lowers the chance of such terms being read and also means they are likely to be ignored even if they are read . There may be social pressure to sign Standard form contracts are signed at a point when the main details of the transaction have either been negotiated or explained . Social pressure to conclude the bargain at that point may come from a number of sources . The salesperson may imply that the purchaser is being unreasonable if they read or question the terms , saying that they are `` just something the lawyers want us to do '' or that they are wasting their time reading them . If the purchaser is at the front of a queue ( for example at an airport car rental desk ) there is additional pressure to sign quickly . Finally , if there has been negotiation over price or particular details , then concessions given by the salesperson may be seen as a gift which socially obliges the purchaser to respond by being co-operative and concluding the transaction . Standard form contracts may exploit unequal power relations If the good which is being sold using a contract of adhesion is one which is essential or very important for the purchaser to buy ( such as a rental property or a needed medical item ) then the purchaser might feel they have no choice but to accept the terms .",
"3": "This problem may be mitigated if there are many suppliers of the good who can potentially offer different terms ( see below ) , although even this is not always possible ( for instance , a college freshman may be required to sign a standard - form dormitory rental agreement and accept its terms , because the college will not allow a freshman to live off - campus ) . Some contend that in a competitive market , consumers have the ability to shop around for the supplier who offers them the most favorable terms and are consequently able to avoid injustice . However , in the case of credit cards ( and other oligopolies ) , for example , the consumer while having the ability to shop around may still have access to only form contracts with like terms and no opportunity for negotiation . Also , as noted , many people do not read or understand the terms so there might be very little incentive for a firm to offer favorable conditions as they would gain only a small amount of business from doing so . Even if this is the case , it is argued by some that only a small percentage of buyers need to actively read standard form contracts for it to be worthwhile for firms to offer better terms if that group is able to influence a larger number of people by affecting the firm 's reputation . Another factor which might mitigate the effects of competition on the content of contracts of adhesion is that , in practice , standard form contracts are usually drafted by lawyers instructed to construct them so as to minimize the firm 's liability , not necessarily to implement managers ' competitive decisions . Sometimes the contracts are written by an industry body and distributed to firms in that industry , increasing homogeneity of the contracts and reducing consumer 's ability to shop around . Common law status ( edit ) As a general rule , the common law treats standard form contracts like any other contract . Signature or some other objective manifestation of intent to be legally bound will bind the signor to the contract whether or not they read or understood the terms . The reality of standard form contracting , however , means that many common law jurisdictions have developed special rules with respect to them . In general , in the event of an ambiguity , the courts will interpret standard form contracts contra proferentem against the party that drafted the contract , as that party ( and only that party ) had the ability to draft the contract to remove ambiguity . United States ( edit ) Generally ( edit ) Standard form contracts are generally enforceable in the United States .",
"4": "The Uniform Commercial Code which is followed in most American states has specific provisions relating to standard form contracts for the sale or lease of goods . Furthermore , standard form contracts will be subject to special scrutiny if they are found to be contracts of adhesion . Contracts of adhesion ( edit ) The concept of the contract of adhesion originated in French civil law , but did not enter American jurisprudence until the Harvard Law Review published an influential article by Edwin W. Patterson in 1919 . It was subsequently adopted by the majority of American courts , especially after the Supreme Court of California endorsed adhesion analysis in 1962 . See Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. , 58 Cal . 2d 862 , 882 n. 10 ( 1962 ) ( explaining history of concept ) . For a contract to be treated as a contract of adhesion , it must be presented on a standard form on a `` take it or leave it '' basis , and give one party no ability to negotiate because of their unequal bargaining position . The special scrutiny given to contracts of adhesion can be performed in a number of ways : If the term was outside of the reasonable expectations of the person who did not write the contract , and if the parties were contracting on an unequal basis , then it will not be enforceable . The reasonable expectation is assessed objectively , looking at the prominence of the term , the purpose of the term and the circumstances surrounding acceptance of the contract . Section 211 of the American Law Institute 's Restatement ( Second ) of Contracts , which has persuasive though non-binding force in courts , provides : Where the other party has reason to believe that the party manifesting such assent would not do so if he knew that the writing contained a particular term , the term is not part of the agreement . This is a subjective test focusing on the mind of the seller and has been adopted by only a few state courts . The doctrine of unconscionability is a fact - specific doctrine arising from equitable principles . Unconscionability in standard form contracts usually arises where there is an `` absence of meaningful choice on the part of one party due to one - sided contract provisions , together with terms which are so oppressive that no reasonable person would make them and no fair and honest person would accept them . ''",
"5": "( Fanning v. Fritz 's Pontiac - Cadillac - Buick Inc . ) Shrink wrap contracts ( edit ) Courts in the United States have faced the issue of shrink wrap contracts in two ways . One line of cases follows ProCD v. Zeidenberg which held such contracts enforceable ( e.g. Brower v Gateway ) , and the other follows Klocek v. Gateway , Inc , which found them unenforceable . These decisions are split on the question of assent , with the former holding that only objective manifestation of assent is required while the latter require at least the possibility of subjective assent . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , exclusion clauses in a standard form contract can not be relied on where a seller knows or has reason to know a purchaser is mistaken as to its terms ( Tilden Rent - A-Car Co. v. Clendenning ) . Australia ( edit ) Standard form contracts have generally received little special treatment under Australian common law . A 2003 New South Wales Court of Appeal case ( Toll ( FGCT ) Pty Limited v Alphapharm Pty Limited ) gave some support for the position that notice of exceptional terms is required for them to be incorporated . However the defendant successfully appealed to the High Court so currently there is no special treatment of standard form contracts in Australia . Since 1 January 2011 , the Australian Consumer Law has been enacted in Australia at the national level , and due to a Council of Australian Governments ( COAG ) agreement this legislation is now part of each jurisdiction 's ( state 's or territory 's ) Fair Trading laws . India ( edit ) In India leonine contracts are generally deemed unconscionable contracts ( though not all leonine contracts are unconscionable contracts ) and are voidable . The 199th Law Commission report ( 2006 ) on `` UNFAIR ( PROCEDURAL & SUBSTANTIVE ) TERMS IN CONTRACT '' deals with it . The unfairness can be procedural or substantive . Legislation ( edit ) In recognition of the consumer protection issues which may arise , many governments have passed specific laws relating to standard form contracts . These are generally enacted on a state level as part of general consumer protection legislation and typically allow consumers to avoid clauses which are found to be unreasonable , though the specific provisions vary greatly .",
"6": "Some laws require notice to be given for these clauses to be effective , others prohibit unfair clauses altogether ( e.g. Victorian Fair Trading Act 1999 ) . United kingdom ( edit ) Section 3 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 limits the ability of the drafter of consumer or standard form contracts to draft clauses which would allow him to exclude liability in what is termed an exclusion clause - the act does not per se render ineffective provisions in other areas which to the layman appear `` unfair '' . Where a contract is negotiated the provisions of the act likely would not apply - the law protects from a lot of things but openly making a bad bargain is not one of them . Israel ( edit ) The Standard Form Contract Act 1982 defines a set of depriving conditions that may be canceled by a court of law , including unreasonable exclusion or limitation of liability , unreasonable privileges to unilaterally cancel , suspend or postpone the execution of the contract and to change any fundamental charges or pricing , transfer of liability for the execution of the contract to a third party , unreasonable obligation to use the services of a third party or to limit , in any way , the choice of contracting third parties , denial of legal remedy , unreasonable limitations on contractual remedies or setting unreasonable conditions for the consummation of the remedy , denying or limiting the right for legal procedures , exclusive rights to decide on the location of the trial or arbitration , obligatory arbitration with unilaterally control over the arbitrators or the location of the arbitration and setting the holder of the burden of proof contrary to common law . The act also establishes a Standard Form Contract Court , chaired by a district judge and consists of a maximum of 12 members , appointed by the justice minister , including an acting chairman ( also a district judge ) , civil servants ( no more than a third ) and , at least , 2 consumer organization representatives . The court holds hearings regarding appeals against standard form contract clauses or approval of a specific standard form contract at the requests of a provider . Lithuania ( edit ) Standard conditions in Lithuania shall be such provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one contracting party without their content being negotiated with another party , and which are used in the formation of contracts without negotiation with the other party .",
"7": "Standard conditions prepared by one of the parties shall be binding to the other if the latter was provided with an adequate opportunity of getting acquainted with the said conditions ( Article 6.185 . Standard conditions of contracts , Lithuanian Civil Code ) . A consumer shall have the right to claim within the judicial procedure for invalidity of conditions in a consumer contract that are contrary to the criterion of good faith ( Article 6.188 ) . Civil law countries ( edit ) Russia ( edit ) In July 2013 , Russian Dmitry Agarkov won a court case against Tinkoff Bank after he altered the standard form contract he had received in the mail . The bank , failing to notice the changes , accepted the application and gave him an account based on the amended contract . The judge ruled that the bank was legally bound to the contract it had signed . Agarkov is further suing the bank for failing to comply with the terms he had added to the contract , which it had unwittingly agreed to by signing the contract . Agarkov 's lawyer , Dmitry Mihalevich said -- `` They signed the documents without looking . They said what usually their borrowers say in court : ' We have not read it ' . '' See also ( edit ) Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act ( ESIGN , USA ) Hobson 's choice Non est factum Terms of service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Download Menu Archived 2007 - 05 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Standard - Form Contracting in the Electronic Age by Robert A. Hillman , Jeffrey J. Rachlinski : : SSRN Archived 2004 - 11 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Devil in the Details : The Interrelationship Among Citizenship , Rule of Law and Form - Adhesive Contracts by Zev J. Eigen : : SSRN Archived 2011 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Patterson , E. , The Delivery of a Life - Insurance Policy , 33 Harvard Law Review , 198 ( 1919 ) ; see also Friedrich Kessler , Contracts of Adhesion -- Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract , 43 Colum . L. Rev. 629 ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co.",
"8": "( 1962 ) 58 C2d 862 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Download at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . ( PDF or DOC or ZIP available ) Also refer to each State and Territory Fair Trading Department 's websites . Jump up ^ Standard Contract Terms in Cross-Border Business Transactions Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ( A Comparative Study from the Perspective of European Union Law ) , PDF ( by Attorney Dr. Gintautas Šulija , LL. M. , LL. M . ) Jump up ^ Russian Man Who Got Bank to Sign Homemade Credit Card Contract Now Suing Them for Not Following Terms Archived 2016 - 09 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , Yahoo News , 8 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 9 Aug 2013 . Jump up ^ $700 k windfall : Russian man outwits bank with hand - written credit contract Archived 2013 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , RT News , 8 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 9 Aug 2013 . External links ( edit ) Joint Contracts Tribunal for United Kingdom Building Industry CLAB Data Base of the European Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_form_contract&oldid=816421469 '' Categories : Contract law Terms of service Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 06 : 33 .",
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where does the pulmonary trunk receive blood from
|
[
"the heart",
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"the right side of the heart",
"the right ventricle"
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{
"0": "Pulmonary artery - wikipedia Pulmonary artery Jump to : navigation , search Pulmonary artery Details Precursor truncus arteriosus System Cardiovascular , Respiratory Source right ventricle Identifiers Latin arteria pulmonalis MeSH A07. 231.114. 715 Dorlands / Elsevier t_20 / 12826098 FMA 45842 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs . The largest pulmonary artery is the main pulmonary artery or pulmonary trunk from the heart , and the smallest ones are the arterioles which lead to the capillaries that surround the pulmonary alveoli . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pulmonary arterial tree 2 Development 3 Function 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Pulmonary arterial tree ( edit ) Volume rendering of a high resolution CT scan of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . In order of blood flow , the pulmonary arteries start as the pulmonary trunk or main pulmonary artery . The main pulmonary artery begins at the base of the right ventricle . It is short and wide -- approximately 5 centimetres ( 2.0 in ) in length and 3 centimetres ( 1.2 in ) in diameter . The main pulmonary artery splits into the right and the left main pulmonary artery . The left main pulmonary artery is shorter and somewhat smaller than the right , passes horizontally in front of the descending aorta and left bronchus to the root of the left lung . Above , the left main pulmonary artery is connected to the concavity of the proximal descending aorta by the ligamentum arteriosum . It then divides into two lobar arteries , one for each lobe of the left lung . The right main pulmonary artery follows a longer and more horizontal course as it crosses the mediastinum .",
"1": "It passes underneath the aortic arch , behind the ascending aorta , and in front of the descending aorta . It courses posterior to the superior vena cava and in front of the right bronchus . Upon reaching the hilum of the right lung the right main pulmonary artery divides into two branches : truncus anterior -- supplies blood to the right upper lobe . interlobar artery -- inferior and larger branch , supplies blood to the middle and inferior lobes of the lung . At the far end , pulmonary arteries ( labeled at bottom ) become capillaries at the pulmonary alveoli . The right and left main pulmonary arteries give off branches that roughly correspond to the lung lobes , and can in such cases be termed lobar arteries . The lobar arteries branch into segmental arteries ( roughly 1 for each lobe segment ) , which in turn branch into subsegmental pulmonary arteries . These eventually form intralobular arteries . Development ( edit ) The pulmonary arteries originate from the truncus arteriosus and the sixth pharyngeal arch . The truncus arteriosis is a structure that forms during the development of the heart as a successor to the conus arteriosus . By the third week of development , the endocardial tubes have developed a swelling in the part closest to the heart . The swelling is known as the bulbus cordis and the upper part of this swelling develops into the truncus arteriosus The structure is ultimately mesodermal in origin . During development of the heart , the heart tissues undergo folding , and the truncus arteriosus is exposed to what will eventually be both the left and right ventricles . As a septum develops between the two ventricles of the heart , two bulges form on either side of the truncus arteriosus . These progressively enlarge until the trunk splits into the aorta and pulmonary arteries . During early development , the ductus arteriosis connects the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch , allowing blood to bypass the lungs . Function ( edit ) The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs . The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration . In contrast to the pulmonary arteries , the bronchial arteries supply nutrition to the lungs themselves .",
"2": "The pulmonary artery pressure ( PA pressure ) is a measure of the blood pressure found in the main pulmonary artery . This is measured by inserting a catheter into the main pulmonary artery . The mean pressure is typically 9 - 18 mmHg , and the wedge pressure measured in the left atrium may be 6 - 12mmHg . The wedge pressure may be elevated in left heart failure , mitral valve stenosis , and other conditions , such as sickle cell disease . Clinical significance ( edit ) The pulmonary artery is relevant in a number of clinical states . Pulmonary hypertension is used to describe an increase in the pressure of the pulmonary artery , and may be defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of greater than 25mmHg . As can be measured on a CT scan , a diameter of more than 29 mm diameter is often used as a cut - off to indicate pulmonary hypertension . This may occur as a result of heart problems such as heart failure , lung or airway disease such as COPD or scleroderma , or thromboembolic disease such as pulmonary embolism or emboli seen in sickle cell anaemia . Pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that lodges in the pulmonary circulation . This may arise from a deep venous thrombosis , especially after a period of immobility . A pulmonary embolus is a common cause of death in patients with cancer and stroke . A large pulmonary embolus which becomes lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and right main pulmonary arteries is called a saddle embolus . Additional images ( edit ) Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta . Pulmonary circuit Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery . Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery. Deep dissection. Anterior view . CT scan of a normal lung , with different levels of pulmonary arteries . Bronchial anatomy See also ( edit ) Pulmonary artery sling Rasmussen 's aneurysm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pulmonary Vasculature '' .",
"3": "University of Virginia School of Medicine . 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ D. Cheitlin , Melvin ; C. Ursell , Philip ( 2011 ) . `` Cardiac Anatomy '' . In Chatterjee , Kanu . Cardiology : An Illustrated Textbook . JP Medical Ltd. p. 6 . ISBN 9789350252758 . Jump up ^ `` Pulmonary Artery Anatomy '' . University of Virginia School of Medicine . 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Takahashi M , Fukuoka J , Nitta N , Takazakura R , Nagatani Y , Murakami Y , Otani H , Murata K ( 2008 ) . `` Imaging of pulmonary emphysema : a pictorial review '' . Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 3 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 204 . PMC 2629965 . PMID 18686729 . ^ Jump up to : Larsen 2009 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2009 , pp. 159 - 160 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2009 , pp. 176 - 179 . Jump up ^ Braunwald , Eugene . Heart Disease : A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine ( Fourth ed . ) . p. 791 . Jump up ^ Braunwald , Eugene . Heart Disease : A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine ( 4th ed . ) . p. 790 . ^ Jump up to : edited by Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert Britton ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine . ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3084 - 0 .",
"4": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Edwards Lifesciences LLC > Normal Hemodynamic Parameters -- Adult 2009 Jump up ^ Pashankar FD , Carbonella J , Bazzy - Asaad A , Friedman A ( April 2008 ) . `` Prevalence and risk factors of elevated pulmonary artery pressures in children with sickle cell disease '' . Pediatrics. 121 ( 4 ) : 777 -- 82 . PMID 18381543 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2007 - 0730 . Jump up ^ Prof Frank Gaillard ; et al. `` Pulmonary hypertension '' . Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Jones ; et al. `` Saddle pulmonary embolism '' . Radiopaedia . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Schoenwolf ... ( et al . ) , Gary C. ( 2009 ) . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed. , Thoroughly rev. and updated . ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . ISBN 9780443068119 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 20 : 01 - 0106 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Pericardial sac and Great vessels '' Anatomy photo : 20 : 07 - 0105 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : Openings of Great Vessels into the Pericardial Sac '' Anatomy figure : 19 : 05 - 06 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Mediastinal surface of the right lung '' Anatomy figure : 19 : 06 - 02 at Human Anatomy Online ,",
"5": "SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Mediastinal surface of the left lung '' Histology image : 13802loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Arteries and veins Vessels Arteries Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole Capillaries Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance Veins Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule Lymph Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary Circulatory system Systemic Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → ( Right heart ) Pulmonary Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart Microanatomy Tunica intima Endothelium Internal elastic lamina Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Vasa nervorum Vascular nerves Rete mirabile Circulatory anastomosis Arteries of the torso and chest Lungs Pulmonary artery Right Left ( Ligamentum arteriosum ) Heart Coronary circulation Right coronary : SA nodal AV nodal Atrial Right marginal Posterior interventricular Left coronary : Anterior interventricular Left circumflex ( Left marginal ) Aorta Sections Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Aortic body Aortic arch Brachiocephalic Thyreoidea ima Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid External carotid Internal carotid Carotid body Carotid sinus Carotid bifurcation Left subclavian Internal thoracic : Anterior intercostal Thymic Pericardiacophrenic Perforating branches terminal ( Musculophrenic ,",
"6": "superior epigastric ) Costocervical trunk : Highest intercostal ( Posterior intercostal 1 -- 2 ) Deep cervical Descending aorta visceral : Bronchial Esophageal Mediastinal parietal : Posterior intercostal 3 -- 11 Subcostal Superior phrenic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_artery&oldid=804363866 '' Categories : Arteries of the thorax Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-2324904500814145665
|
when was south african youth day first celebrated
|
[
"June 16",
"1976"
] |
{
"0": "Youth Day - wikipedia Youth Day Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Youth Day in Donetsk , Ukraine Youth Day is a holiday dedicated to the youths of a country . It is observed by 18 countries , on many different dates throughout the year . The United Nations agreed on the date of 12 August in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 International Youth Day 2 Country wide list 3 Angola 4 Cameroon 5 Greater China 5.1 Mainland China 5.2 Taiwan 6 India 7 Iran 8 Kiribati 9 Morocco 10 Pakistan 11 Paraguay 12 Singapore 13 South Africa 14 Thailand 15 Turkey 16 Tunisia 17 Ukraine 18 Venezuela 19 Yugoslavia 20 Zambia 21 See also 22 References 23 External links International Youth Day ( edit ) International Youth Day is an international observance on August 12 officially recognized by the United Nations. The UN General Assembly agreed on this date in 1999 . Country wide list ( edit ) Here is a list of all of the countries that observe this holiday and when they do .",
"1": "No Country Date In memory of Albania December 8 Dita Kombëtare e Rinisë for fall of communism Angola April 14 Hoji - ya - Henda Azerbaijan February 2 Cameroon February 11 5 China May 4 May Fourth Movement in 1919 6 Taiwan March 29 ( 1 ) 7 India January 12 Swami Vivekananda 's Birthday 8 Kiribati First Monday in August 9 Morocco August 21 10 Pakistan March 11 11 Paraguay September 21 Start of spring 12 South Africa June 16 Soweto Student Uprising 13 Thailand September 20 Chulalongkorn and Ananda Mahidol 14 Turkey May 19 Kemal Atatürk 15 Tunisia March 21 16 Venezuela February 12 Battle of La Victoria 17 Ukraine June 24 18 Yugoslavia May 25 Josip Broz Tito 19 Zambia March 12 20 World Youth Day Angola ( edit ) On April 14 , Angola observes Youth Day in memory of Hoji - ya - Henda , who was killed on that day during the Portuguese Colonial War. ( 2 ) Archived 22 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Cameroon ( edit ) National Youth Day is a national holiday in Cameroon on February 11 . Nation Greater China ( edit ) Mainland China ( edit ) Youth Day ( 青年 节 ) in the People 's Republic of China is on May 4 . It was established in December 1949 by the Government Administration Council ( 5 ) to commemorate the beginning of the May Fourth Movement . Taiwan ( edit ) Youth Day ( 青年 節 ) in the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has been celebrated on March 29 since 1954 . It commemorates the Huanghuagang Uprising of 1911 , during which 72 young revolutionaries sacrificed their lives to overthrow the Qing Dynasty .",
"2": "The Uprising took place on April 27 ( the 29th day of the 3rd month in Chinese Calendar ) , 1911 and is subsequently known as 3.29 Guangzhou Uprising . This event also marked the last unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Qing before the Wuchang Uprising successfully overturned millennia of dynastic rule in China to establish the Republic of China . Originally , Youth Day was celebrated on May 4 to commemorate the patriotic May Fourth Movement in 1919 , in which many young intellectuals protested against imperialists . Since the establishment of Youth Day on March 29 , May 4 has been known as Literary Day ( 文藝 節 ) in Taiwan , as the May Fourth Movement is part of a broader New Culture Movement . India ( edit ) Main article : National Youth Day ( India ) Youth Day in India is celebrated on 12 January on the birthday of Swami Vivekananda . In 1984 , the Government of India declared and decided to observe the Birthday of Swami Vivekananda ( 12 January , according to the English calendar ) as National Youth Day every year from 1985 onwards . To quote from the Government of India 's Communication , ' It was felt that the philosophy of Swamiji and the ideals for which he lived and worked could be a great source of inspiration for the Indian Youth . ' Swami Vivekananda 's Birthday , according to Indian Almanac ( Vishuddha Siddhanta Almanac ) is on Pausha Krishna Saptami tithi , which falls on different dates of English Calendar every year . This is observed in various centres of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in a traditional Hindu manner which includes mangalarati , special worship , homa ( fire - ritual ) , meditation , devotional songs , religious discourses , sandhyarati ( versper service in the evenings ) , and so on . The National Youth Day is observed all over India at schools and colleges -- with processions , speeches , recitations , music , youth conventions , seminars , Yogasana presentation , competitions in essay - writing , recitations , speeches , music , sports , and other programs on 12 January every year .",
"3": "Iran ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated in Iran on 11th Shaban ( Hijri Ghamari ) on the birthday of Hazrat e Alie Akbar ( first son of Imam Hossein ) . After Iran revolution in 1979 the Muslim government endeavored to replace most of the national days with religious events . Kiribati ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on the first Monday of August in Kiribati . Morocco ( edit ) Youth Day is a public holiday in Morocco on August 21 , the birthday of the reigning monarch , Mohammed VI of Morocco . Pakistan ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on March 11 in Pakistan . Paraguay ( edit ) Youth and Spring Day ( Día de la Primavera y la Juventud ) is celebrated on September 21 in Paraguay , which marks the start of the spring season . Singapore ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on first Sunday of July every year in Singapore . The next day will normally be a scheduled school holiday . South Africa ( edit ) Youth Day on 16 June is a public holiday in South Africa and commemorates a protest which resulted in a wave of protests across the country known as the Soweto uprising of 1976 . It came in response to multiple issues with the Bantu Education Act and the government edict in 1974 that Afrikaans be used as medium of instruction for certain subjects in black schools . The iconic picture of Hector Pieterson , a black schoolchild shot by the police , brought home to many people within and outside of South Africa the effect of the struggle during the Apartheid government 's reign . Thailand ( edit ) On 20 September each year in Thailand , National Youth Day ( Thai : วัน เยาวชน แห่ง ชาติ , Wan Yaowachon Haeng Chat ) commemorates the birth dates of Kings Chulalongkorn and Ananda Mahidol . Thailand celebrates Youth Day on this date because of the many births in the month of September . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Commemoration of Atatürk , Youth and Sports Day Youth and Sports Day ( Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı ) on May 19 in Turkey is dedicated to the youth .",
"4": "This day is also Atatürk Day ( Atatürk'ü Anma ) , a day of commemoration of Kemal Atatürk , the `` Father of Turkey '' , and the commemoration of the beginning of the national liberation movement initiated by Atatürk in 1919 The day is celebrated in honor of the arrival of Kemal Atatürk to Samsun on May 19 , 1919 , when the Turkish War of Independence began . Tunisia ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on March 21 in Tunisia just after celebration of their independence . Ukraine ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of June in Ukraine . Venezuela ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on February 12. ( 6 ) The holiday was created to commemorate all the teenagers above 12 years old who fought and died in the Battle of La Victoria ( 1812 ) , during the Venezuelan War of Independence , on February 12 , 1814. ( 7 ) Yugoslavia ( edit ) Youth Day was celebrated throughout the former Yugoslavia on May 25 . This was also a celebration of Josip Broz Tito 's birthday who was in fact born on May 7 , 1892 . His birthday was celebrated on May 25 , because his troops were attacked by Nazis on May 25 , day of his birth found on his forged personal documents . In the weeks preceding the date youth ran a relay around the country and on his birthday Tito was ceremonially presented with the baton . The baton , which had passed through all major cities , contained a symbolic birthday message , ostensibly from the youth of the whole country . Zambia ( edit ) Youth Day is celebrated on March 12 . See also ( edit ) World Youth Day -- observed by the Roman Catholic Church References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : International Youth Day , UN.org , Retrieved 11 August 2016 Jump up ^ Youth Day Archived March 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ June 16 , SAHistory , Retrieved 11 August 2016 Jump up ^ Youth day , anydayguide.com , Retrieved 11 August 2016 Jump up ^ Youth Day in Ukraine and Belarus Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' .",
"5": "Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ngwenya , Wesley ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Zambian Youth Day Celebrations -- The Hopeless Youth '' . Lusaka Times . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) National Youth Day : India Youthwork Dates Tito 's homepage Public holidays in South Africa New Year 's Day Human Rights Day Good Friday Family Day Freedom Day Workers ' Day Youth Day National Women 's Day Heritage Day Day of Reconciliation Christmas Day Day of Goodwill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youth_Day&oldid=801728060 '' Categories : Types of secular holidays Youth culture Civil awareness days January observances February observances March observances April observances May observances June observances Movable July observances August observances Movable August observances September observances December observances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Thai - language text Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu کوردی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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baseball teams who have not won a world series
|
[
"Texas Rangers",
"Milwaukee Brewers",
"San Diego Padres",
"Washington Nationals",
"Seattle Mariners",
"Colorado Rockies",
"Tampa Bay Rays"
] |
{
"0": "List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts Throughout the history of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , franchises have had various postseason and World Series droughts . All 16 of the original Major League franchises ( i.e. , those in place when the first World Series was played in 1903 ) have won the World Series , with the longest wait for a franchise 's first championship being for the Phillies ( 77 years , ending in 1980 ) . Since expansion began in 1961 , seven of the 14 expansion teams have never won the World Series . Further , one franchise ( the Indians ) has a current championship drought that pre-dates the expansion era . The three longest championship droughts in history were ended recently by the Red Sox ( 85 years , ending in 2004 ) , the White Sox ( 87 years , ending in 2005 ) , and the Cubs ( 107 years , ending in 2016 ) . Discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 60 seasons played in Washington since their last World Series championship ( in 1924 ) . Only two expansion franchises ( the Expos / Nationals and the Mariners ) have never won a pennant ( i.e. , the league championship , the two winners of which meet in the World Series ) . The two longest pennant droughts in history were recently ended by the Rangers ( 49 years , starting with the team 's foundation , ending in 2010 ) and the Cubs ( 70 years , ending in 2016 ) .",
"1": "The Expos / Nationals pennant drought includes 36 years in Montreal , which no longer hosts a team , and 13 years since the move to Washington ; discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 51 seasons played in Washington since their last pennant ( in 1933 ) . Every MLB franchise has at least been to the postseason , especially since expansion of the playoffs in 1994 made that feat easier . The Mariners have the longest active postseason drought at 16 years . Long postseason droughts were ended recently by the Nationals ( 30 years for the franchise , 45 seasons over 78 years for the city , ending in 2012 ) , the Pirates ( 20 years , ending in 2013 ) , the Royals ( 28 years , ending in 2014 ) , and the Blue Jays ( 21 years , ending in 2015 ) . This list includes only the modern World Series between the American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) , not the various 19th - century championship series . Those teams which have never achieved a particular accomplishment in their franchise history are listed by the date they entered the leagues . Contents ( hide ) 1 World Series championship droughts 1.1 Longest current World Series championship droughts 1.2 Longest World Series championship droughts through history 1.3 World Series championship droughts by city / region 1.4 World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship 1.5 World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons 1.6 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons 2 Major League pennant droughts 2.1 Longest current Major League pennant droughts 2.2 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history 2.3 Major League pennant droughts by city / region 3 Postseason droughts 3.1 Longest current postseason droughts 3.",
"2": "2 Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era 4 See also 5 External links World Series championship droughts ( edit ) Longest current World Series championship droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last championship won Last World Series appearance 69 Cleveland Indians 1948 2016 57 Texas Rangers Never ( franchise began 1961 ) 2011 49 Milwaukee Brewers Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1982 49 San Diego Padres Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1998 49 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise began 1969 ) never 41 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise began 1977 ) never 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 1979 34 Baltimore Orioles 33 Detroit Tigers 1984 2012 31 New York Mets 1986 2015 29 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 28 Oakland Athletics 1989 1990 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 1991 25 Colorado Rockies Never ( franchise began 1993 ) 2007 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 1993 22 Atlanta Braves 1995 1999 20 Tampa Bay Rays Never ( franchise began 1998 ) 2008 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels 2002 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 2005 9 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 2009 8 New York Yankees 2009 2009 6 St.",
"3": "Louis Cardinals 2011 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 2016 0 Houston Astros 2017 2017 Longest World Series championship droughts through history ( edit ) The first World Series was played in 1903 . Note that no World Series was played in 1904 or 1994 . This list only shows droughts of 30 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Prev . Title Next Title 107 Chicago Cubs 1908 2016 87 Chicago White Sox 1917 2005 85 Boston Red Sox 1918 77 Philadelphia Phillies 1903 * 1980 69 Cleveland Indians 1948 -- 63 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1903 * 1966 62 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1924 57 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * -- 55 Houston Colt .",
"4": "45s / Astros 1962 * 2017 55 New York / San Francisco Giants 1954 52 Brooklyn Dodgers 1903 * 1955 49 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers 1969 * -- 49 San Diego Padres 1969 * -- 49 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 42 Boston / Milwaukee Braves 1914 1957 41 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1930 1972 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 41 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 37 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1957 1995 34 Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 1960 34 Cincinnati Reds 1940 34 Baltimore Orioles -- 33 Detroit Tigers 1984 -- 32 Detroit Tigers 1903 * 1935 31 New York Mets 1986 -- * Year does not indicate a title won , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . World Series championship droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last World Series title Cleveland 69 Cleveland Indians , 1948 Washington , D.C. 60 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1924 Milwaukee 56 * * Milwaukee Braves , 1957 San Diego 49 ‡ None Dallas - Ft .",
"5": "Worth 46 ‡ None Seattle 42 ‡ † None Pittsburgh 38 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Baltimore 34 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Detroit 33 Detroit Tigers , 1984 Cincinnati 27 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 26 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Denver 25 ‡ None Toronto 24 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 Atlanta 22 Atlanta Braves , 1995 Tampa - St. Petersburg 20 ‡ None Phoenix 16 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Greater Los Angeles Area 15 Anaheim Angels , 2002 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 14 Florida Marlins , 2003 Philadelphia 9 Philadelphia Phillies , 2008 New York City 8 New York Yankees , 2009 St. Louis 6 St. Louis Cardinals , 2011 Boston Boston Red Sox , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Houston 0 Houston Astros , 2017 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 4 seasons ( 1966 -- 1969 ) † city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ‡ number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship ( edit ) In these instances , the World Series matchup ensured that one team would win the first championship in its history . Season Won Lost 1980 Philadelphia Phillies Kansas City Royals 1920 Cleveland Indians Brooklyn Dodgers 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates Detroit Tigers 1907 Chicago Cubs Detroit Tigers 1906 * Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1905 * New York Giants Philadelphia Athletics 1903 * Boston Americans Pittsburgh Pirates * In these cases , each team was making its first World Series appearance .",
"6": "World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons ( edit ) Season Won Drought ( seasons ) Lost Drought ( seasons ) 2005 Chicago White Sox 45 Houston Astros 43 1948 Cleveland Indians 27 Boston Braves 33 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons ( edit ) Teams that had never won the World Series are included , even if they were less than 30 seasons old at the time . Bold denotes team that won . Season American League Drought ( seasons ) National League Drought ( seasons ) 2016 Cleveland Indians 67 Chicago Cubs 107 Texas Rangers 49 * San Francisco Giants 55 2005 Chicago White Sox 87 Houston Astros 43 * 2002 Anaheim Angels 41 * San Francisco Giants 47 1997 Cleveland Indians 48 Florida Marlins 4 * 1995 Cleveland Indians 46 Atlanta Braves 37 1992 Toronto Blue Jays 15 * Atlanta Braves 34 1980 Kansas City Royals 11 * Philadelphia Phillies 77 * Boston Red Sox 56 Cincinnati Reds 34 1972 Oakland Athletics 40 Cincinnati Reds 31 1920 Cleveland Indians 17 * Brooklyn Dodgers 17 * 1909 Detroit Tigers 6 * Pittsburgh Pirates 6 * 1907 Detroit Tigers 4 * Chicago Cubs 4 * 1906 Chicago White Sox 3 * Chicago Cubs 3 * 1905 Philadelphia Athletics 2 * New York Giants 2 * 1903 Boston Americans 0 * Pittsburgh Pirates 0 * Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) .",
"7": "Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) Longest current Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last pennant 49 Washington Nationals never ( franchise started in 1969 ) 41 Seattle Mariners never ( franchise started in 1977 ) 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 ( never since joining NL in 1998 ) 34 Baltimore Orioles 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 19 San Diego Padres 1998 18 Atlanta Braves 1999 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 10 Colorado Rockies 2007 9 Tampa Bay Rays 2008 8 New York Yankees 2009 8 Philadelphia Phillies 2009 6 Texas Rangers 2011 5 Detroit Tigers 2012 St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 New York Mets 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 Cleveland Indians 2016 0 Houston Astros 2017 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history ( edit ) List begins with 1903 , about the time the current configuration of National League and American League stabilized and also the year of the first World Series . Note that no pennants were won in 1994 due to strike . This list only shows droughts of 20 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Prev .",
"8": "Pennant Next Pennant 70 Chicago Cubs 1945 2016 49 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * 49 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 45 Chicago White Sox 1959 2005 43 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2005 41 St. Louis Browns 1903 * 1944 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 41 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 40 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1931 1972 40 Cleveland Indians 1954 1995 39 Chicago White Sox 1919 1959 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 -- 34 Philadelphia Phillies 1915 1950 34 Baltimore Orioles -- 33 Boston Braves 1914 1948 32 Pittsburgh Pirates 1927 1960 32 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1958 1991 31 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1933 1965 29 Philadelphia Phillies 1950 1980 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 28 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 27 Boston Red Sox 1918 1946 27 Cleveland Indians 1920 1948 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 -- 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 -- 26 San Francisco Giants 1962 1989 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 -- 24 Detroit Tigers 1909 1934 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 -- 23 St. Louis Cardinals 1903 * 1926 22 Detroit Tigers 1945 1968 21 St.",
"9": "Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1944 1966 21 Minnesota Twins 1965 21 Detroit Tigers 1984 2006 21 Washington Senators 1903 * 1924 20 Brooklyn Dodgers 1920 1941 20 Cincinnati Reds 1940 1961 20 Boston Red Sox 1946 1967 * Year does not indicate a pennant , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Numbers reflect drought at start of current season . Major League pennant droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last pennant Washington , D.C. 51 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1933 Seattle 42 * * † None Pittsburgh 38 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Milwaukee 35 Milwaukee Brewers , 1982 ( in A.L. ) Baltimore 34 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Cincinnati 27 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 26 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Toronto 24 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 San Diego 19 San Diego Padres , 1998 Atlanta 18 Atlanta Braves , 1999 Phoenix 16 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 14 Florida Marlins , 2003 Denver 10 Colorado Rockies , 2007 Tampa - St. Petersburg 9 Tampa Bay Rays , 2008 Philadelphia 8 Philadelphia Phillies , 2009 Dallas - Ft . Worth 6 Texas Rangers , 2011 Detroit 5 Detroit Tigers , 2012 St. Louis St.",
"10": "Louis Cardinals , 2013 Boston Boston Red Sox , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 New York City New York Mets , 2015 Cleveland Cleveland Indians , 2016 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Greater Los Angeles Area 0 Los Angeles Dodgers , 2017 Houston 0 Houston Astros , 2017 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) † number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . Postseason droughts ( edit ) Longest current postseason droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last appearance 16 Seattle Mariners * 2001 ALCS 14 Miami Marlins 2003 World Series 11 San Diego Padres 2006 NLDS 9 Chicago White Sox 2008 ALDS 6 Philadelphia Phillies 2011 NLDS 6 Milwaukee Brewers 2011 NLCS Cincinnati Reds 2013 NL Wild Card Atlanta Braves 2013 NLDS Tampa Bay Rays 2013 ALDS Oakland Athletics 2014 AL Wild Card Detroit Tigers 2014 ALDS Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 2014 ALDS Pittsburgh Pirates 2015 NL Wild Card St.",
"11": "Louis Cardinals 2015 NLDS Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series Baltimore Orioles 2016 AL Wild Card New York Mets 2016 NL Wild Card San Francisco Giants 2016 NLDS Texas Rangers 2016 ALDS Toronto Blue Jays 2016 ALCS 0 Colorado Rockies 2017 NL Wild Card 0 Minnesota Twins 2017 AL Wild Card 0 Arizona Diamondbacks 2017 NLDS 0 Boston Red Sox 2017 ALDS 0 Cleveland Indians 2017 ALDS 0 Washington Nationals 2017 NLDS 0 Chicago Cubs 2017 NLCS 0 New York Yankees 2017 ALCS 0 Houston Astros 2017 World Series 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 World Series * Also longest active drought in North American sports Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era ( edit ) After the postseason was expanded in 1995 to include eight teams ( further expanded in 2012 to ten teams ) , 18 of the 30 teams qualified within the first five years , and few teams went for long droughts without at least participating in the first round of the postseason . This list only shows droughts of 15 or more seasons that occurred primarily in the expanded - postseason era . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Prev .",
"12": "Postseason Appearance Next Postseason Appearance 30 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1981 2012 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 25 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 2008 21 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 2015 20 Pittsburgh Pirates 1992 2013 18 Detroit Tigers 2006 16 Seattle Mariners 2001 -- 15 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1986 2002 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball postseason series by franchise List of Major League Baseball postseason teams List of all - time Major League Baseball win - loss records List of National Basketball Association franchise post-season droughts List of National Football League franchise post-season droughts List of National Hockey League franchise post-season droughts List of Major League Soccer franchise post-season droughts External links ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St.",
"13": "Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923",
"14": "1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013",
"15": "2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_franchise_postseason_droughts&oldid=822060200 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Major League Baseball records Playoff streaks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8,
10,
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2,
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5,
9,
0,
6,
15,
3,
1,
14
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[
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10,
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4
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-6075869945949324935
|
who has the most trophies in la liga
|
[
"Real Madrid",
"Real Madrid"
] |
{
"0": "List of Spanish football champions - wikipedia List of Spanish football champions Jump to : navigation , search List of Spanish football champions Founded 1929 - 1930 Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Current champions Real Madrid ( 33rd title ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most championships Real Madrid ( 33 titles ) 2017 -- 18 season The Spanish football champions are the winners of the primary football competition in Spain , La Liga . The league is contested on a round robin basis and the championship awarded to the team that is top of the league at the end of the season . La Liga , first established in 1929 , originally contained ten teams . Before La Liga 's organization , the Copa del Rey -- a regionalised cup competition -- was effectively the national championship . La Liga is contested in by 20 teams ; the three lowest - placed teams are relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top three teams in that division . Of the founding teams in La Liga , only Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao have not been relegated . The league was cancelled between 1936 and 1939 because of the Spanish Civil War . Real Madrid is the most successful club with 33 titles . The most recent club other than Real Madrid and Barcelona to win the league is Atlético Madrid in the 2013 -- 14 season . With their 30 May Copa del Rey defeat of Athletic Bilbao , Barcelona has won the Spanish version of The Double the most times , having won the league and cup in the same year six times in its history , breaking its tie with Athletic 's five . Barcelona is the only Spanish team that has won the Treble , which includes the UEFA Champions League along with the league and Copa del Rey , and the only UEFA club to have won the treble twice after accomplishing that feat in 2015 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who won the 2016 -- 17 competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions 2 Total titles won 2.1 By city 2.",
"1": "2 By Autonomous Community 3 Notes 4 References Champions ( edit ) Key Champions also won the Copa del Rey that season * Champions also won the Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League that season † Champions also won the European Cup / UEFA Champions League that season ‡ Champions also won the UEFA Cup that season The `` Top scorer ( s ) '' column refers to the player who scored the most goals during that season The `` Goals '' column refers to the number of goals scored by the top scorer in the league in that season Season Winner Runner - up Third place Top scorer ( s ) Top scorer 's club ( s ) Goals 1929 Barcelona Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Bienzobas , Paco Paco Bienzobas Real Sociedad 14 1929 -- 30 Athletic Bilbao Barcelona Arenas Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Athletic Bilbao 19 1930 -- 31 Athletic Bilbao Racing Santander Real Sociedad Arana , Agustín Sauto Agustín Sauto Arana Athletic Bilbao 27 1931 -- 32 Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Barcelona Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Athletic Bilbao 12 1932 -- 33 Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Espanyol Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Real Madrid 16 1933 -- 34 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Racing Santander Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 27 1934 -- 35 Real Betis Real Madrid Real Oviedo Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 26 1935 -- 36 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Real Oviedo Langara ,",
"2": "Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 27 1936 -- 37 Spanish Civil War ( League Cancelled ) 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 Atlético Aviación Sevilla Athletic Bilbao Unamuno , Victor Víctor Unamuno Athletic Bilbao 22 1940 -- 41 Atlético Aviación Athletic Bilbao Valencia Pruden , Pruden Atlético Aviación 30 1941 -- 42 Valencia Real Madrid Atlético Aviación Suarez , Edmundo Edmundo Suárez Valencia 27 1942 -- 43 Athletic Bilbao Sevilla Barcelona Martin , Mariano Mariano Martín Barcelona 32 1943 -- 44 Valencia Atlético Aviación Sevilla Suarez , Edmundo Edmundo Suárez Valencia 27 1944 -- 45 Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Aviación Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Atlético Bilbao 19 1945 -- 46 Sevilla Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Atlético Bilbao 24 1946 -- 47 Valencia Athletic Bilbao Atlético Aviación Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Atlético Bilbao 34 1947 -- 48 Barcelona Valencia Atlético Madrid Pahino Pahiño Celta de Vigo 23 1948 -- 49 Barcelona Valencia Real Madrid Alvarez César Rodríguez Álvarez Barcelona 28 1949 -- 50 Atlético Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Valencia Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 25 1950 -- 51 Atlético Madrid Sevilla Valencia Zarra ,",
"3": "Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 38 1951 -- 52 Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Pahino Pahiño Real Madrid 28 1952 -- 53 Barcelona Valencia Real Madrid Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 24 1953 -- 54 Real Madrid Barcelona Valencia Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 27 1954 -- 55 Real Madrid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Arza , Juan Juan Arza Sevilla 28 1955 -- 56 Athletic Bilbao Barcelona Real Madrid Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 24 1956 -- 57 Real Madrid Sevilla Barcelona Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 31 1957 -- 58 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Barcelona Badenes , Manuel Manuel Badenes Alfredo Di Stéfano Ricardo Valladolid Real Madrid Valencia 19 1958 -- 59 Barcelona Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 23 1959 -- 60 Barcelona Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 26 1960 -- 61 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Real Zaragoza Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 27 1961 -- 62 Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid Seminario , Juan Juan Seminario Zaragoza 25 1962 -- 63 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Real Oviedo Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 26 1963 -- 64 Real Madrid Barcelona Real Betis Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 20 1964 -- 65 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Zaragoza Re ,",
"4": "Cayetano Cayetano Ré Barcelona 25 1965 -- 66 Atlético Madrid Real Madrid Barcelona Vava Vavá Elche 19 1966 -- 67 Real Madrid Barcelona Espanyol Machado , Waldo Waldo Machado Valencia 24 1967 -- 68 Real Madrid Barcelona Las Palmas Uriarte , Fidel Fidel Uriarte Athletic Bilbao 22 1968 -- 69 Real Madrid Las Palmas Barcelona Amaro , Amancio Amancio Amaro José Eulogio Gárate Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 14 1969 -- 70 Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao Sevilla Amaro , Amancio Amancio Amaro Luis Aragonés José Eulogio Gárate Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Atlético Madrid 16 1970 -- 71 Valencia Barcelona Atlético Madrid Garate , Jose Eulogio José Eulogio Gárate Carles Rexach Atlético Madrid Barcelona 17 1971 -- 72 Real Madrid Valencia Barcelona Porta , Enrique Enrique Porta Granada 20 1972 -- 73 Atlético Madrid Barcelona Espanyol Marianin Marianín Real Oviedo 19 1973 -- 74 Barcelona Atlético Madrid Zaragoza Quini , Quini Sporting de Gijón 20 1974 -- 75 Real Madrid Zaragoza Barcelona Herrero , Carlos Ruiz Carlos Ruiz Herrero Athletic Bilbao 19 1975 -- 76 Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid Quini , Quini Sporting de Gijón 21 1976 -- 77 Atlético Madrid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes Valencia 24 1977 -- 78 Real Madrid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes Valencia 28 1978 -- 79 Real Madrid Sporting de Gijón Atlético Madrid Krankl ,",
"5": "Hans Hans Krankl Barcelona 29 1979 -- 80 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sporting de Gijón Quini , Quini Sporting de Gijón 24 1980 -- 81 Real Sociedad Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Quini , Quini Barcelona 20 1981 -- 82 Real Sociedad Barcelona Real Madrid Quini , Quini Barcelona 26 1982 -- 83 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Rincon , Hipolito Hipólito Rincón Real Betis 20 1983 -- 84 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Barcelona Silva , Jorge da Jorge da Silva Juanito Valladolid Real Madrid 17 1984 -- 85 Barcelona Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid 19 1985 -- 86 Real Madrid ‡ Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 22 1986 -- 87 Real Madrid Barcelona Espanyol Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 34 1987 -- 88 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Atlético Madrid Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 29 1988 -- 89 Real Madrid Barcelona Valencia Baltazar , Baltazar Atlético Madrid 35 1989 -- 90 Real Madrid Valencia Barcelona Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 38 1990 -- 91 Barcelona Atlético Madrid Real Madrid Butragueno , Emilio Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 19 1991 -- 92 Barcelona † Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Manolo , Manolo Atlético Madrid 27 1992 -- 93 Barcelona Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Bebeto ,",
"6": "Bebeto Deportivo La Coruña 29 1993 -- 94 Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña Zaragoza Romario Romário Barcelona 30 1994 -- 95 Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Real Betis Zamorano , Ivan Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 28 1995 -- 96 Atlético Madrid Valencia Barcelona Pizzi , Juan Antonio Juan Antonio Pizzi Tenerife 31 1996 -- 97 Real Madrid Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña Ronaldo Ronaldo Barcelona 34 1997 -- 98 Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Real Sociedad Vieri , Christian Christian Vieri Atlético Madrid 24 1998 -- 99 Barcelona Real Madrid Mallorca Raul Raúl Real Madrid 25 1999 -- 2000 Deportivo La Coruña Barcelona Valencia Ballesta , Salva Salva Ballesta Racing Santander 27 2000 -- 01 Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Mallorca Raul Raúl Real Madrid 24 2001 -- 02 Valencia Deportivo La Coruña Real Madrid Tristan , Diego Diego Tristán Deportivo La Coruña 21 2002 -- 03 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Deportivo La Coruña Makaay , Roy Roy Makaay Deportivo La Coruña 29 2003 -- 04 Valencia ‡ Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña Ronaldo Ronaldo Real Madrid 25 2004 -- 05 Barcelona Real Madrid Villarreal Forlan , Diego Diego Forlán Villarreal 25 2005 -- 06 Barcelona † Real Madrid Valencia Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 26 2006 -- 07 Real Madrid Barcelona Sevilla van Nistelrooy ,",
"7": "Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Real Madrid 25 2007 -- 08 Real Madrid Villarreal Barcelona Guiza , Daniel Daniel Güiza Mallorca 27 2008 -- 09 Barcelona * Real Madrid Sevilla Forlan , Diego Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 32 2009 -- 10 Barcelona Real Madrid Valencia Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 2010 -- 11 Barcelona † Real Madrid Valencia Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 2011 -- 12 Real Madrid Barcelona Valencia Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 50 2012 -- 13 Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 46 2013 -- 14 Atlético Madrid Barcelona Real Madrid Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 31 2014 -- 15 Barcelona * Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 48 2015 -- 16 Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid † Barcelona Atlético Madrid Messi ,",
"8": "Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 37 2017 -- 18 Barcelona Total titles won ( edit ) Real Betis Sevilla FC Deportivo de La Coruña Real Sociedad Valencia CF Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid FC Barcelona Real Madrid Location of Spanish football champions Club Winners Runners - up Real Madrid 33 23 Barcelona 24 25 Atlético Madrid 10 8 Athletic Bilbao 8 7 Valencia 6 6 Real Sociedad Deportivo La Coruña Sevilla Real Betis 0 Titles won by club ( % ) Real Madrid -- 33 ( 38 % ) Barcelona -- 24 ( 28 % ) Atlético Madrid -- 10 ( 12 % ) Athletic Bilbao -- 8 ( 9 % ) Valencia -- 6 ( 7 % ) Other clubs ( 6 % ) By city ( edit ) City Championships Clubs Madrid 43 Real Madrid ( 33 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) Barcelona 24 Barcelona ( 24 ) Bilbao 8 Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ) Valencia 6 Valencia ( 6 ) San Sebastián Real Sociedad ( 2 ) Seville Real Betis ( 1 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) A Coruña Deportivo La Coruña ( 1 ) By Autonomous Community ( edit ) Community Championships Clubs Madrid 43 Real Madrid ( 33 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) Catalonia 24 Barcelona ( 24 ) Basque Country 10 Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ) , Real Sociedad ( 2 ) Valencia 6 Valencia ( 6 ) Andalusia Real Betis ( 1 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) Galicia Deportivo La Coruña ( 1 ) Notes ( edit ) A. Atlético Madrid were known as Atlético Aviación from 1939 until 1947 . References ( edit ) Bibliography Cresswell , Peterjon ; Simon Evans ( 1997 ) . European Football , A Fan 's Handbook . Rough Guides .",
"9": "ISBN 1 - 85828 - 256 - X . Citations Jump up ^ Cresswell . European Football , A Fan 's Handbook . p. 489 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 April 2007 ) . `` Athletic Bilbao gets an Easter gift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Doing the Double ! '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Kevin ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Guardiola salutes his treble winners '' . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain , Final tables 1928 -- '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 28 September 2000 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest Spanish Primera Liga Table '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain - List of topscorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of the game ( Law 10 ) '' . Federation Internationale de Futbol Associacion . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2008 .",
"10": "Lists of national association football champions of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Macedonia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte",
"11": "( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions La Liga seasons 1929 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 --",
"12": "79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Spanish_football_champions&oldid=838518299 '' Categories : Association football in Spain lists National association football champions La Liga Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Русский Scots Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 45 .",
"13": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who told the story of the prodigal son
|
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"Jesus Christ",
"Jesus Christ",
"Jesus Christ",
"Jesus Christ",
"Jesus Christ"
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{
"0": "Parable of the Prodigal Son - wikipedia Parable of the Prodigal Son Jump to : navigation , search `` Prodigal son '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Prodigal Son ( disambiguation ) . `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' redirects here . For the painting by Rembrandt , see The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Rembrandt ) . For Egyptian film by Youssef Chahine , see The Return of the Prodigal Son ( film ) . The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1773 ) by Pompeo Batoni The Parable of the Prodigal Son ( also known as the Two Brothers , Lost Son , Loving Father , or Lovesick Father ) is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 . Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples , the Pharisees and others . In the story , a father has two sons . The younger son asks for his inheritance and , after wasting his fortune ( the word prodigal means `` wastefully extravagant '' ) , becomes destitute . He returns home with the intention of begging his father to be made one of his hired servants , expecting his relationship with his father is likely severed . The father welcomes him back and celebrates his return . The older son refuses to participate . The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything , and that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found . It is the third and final part of a cycle on redemption , following the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin . In Revised Common Lectionary and Latin Rite Catholic Lectionary , this parable is read on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( in Year C ) ; in the latter it is also included in the long form of the Gospel on the 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C , along with the preceding two parables of the cycle . In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative 2 Context and interpretation 3 Commemoration and use 3.1 Orthodox 3.2 Catholic 4 In the arts 4.1 Art 4.2 Stage 4.3 Popular music 4.4 Literature 5 Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Narrative ( edit ) James Tissot -- The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ) -- Brooklyn Museum The parable begins with a young man , the younger of two sons , who asks his father to give him his share of the estate . The implication is the son could not wait for his father 's death for his inheritance , he wanted it immediately . The father agrees and divides his estate between both sons . Upon receiving his portion of the inheritance , the younger son travels to a distant country and wastes all his money in extravagant living . Immediately thereafter , a famine strikes the land ; he becomes desperately poor and is forced to take work as a swineherd . ( This , too , would have been abhorrent to Jesus ' Jewish audience , who considered swine unclean animals . ) When he reaches the point of envying the food of the pigs he is watching , he finally comes to his senses : But when he came to himself he said , `` How many hired servants of my father 's have bread enough to spare , and I 'm dying with hunger ! I will get up and go to my father , and will tell him , ' Father , I have sinned against heaven , and in your sight . I am no more worthy to be called your son . Make me as one of your hired servants . ' '' He arose , and came to his father . But while he was still far off , his father saw him , and was moved with compassion , and ran towards him , and fell on his neck , and kissed him . -- Luke 15 : 17 -- 20 , World English Bible This implies the father was hopefully watching for the son 's return .",
"2": "The son does not even have time to finish his rehearsed speech , since the father calls for his servants to dress him in a fine robe , a ring , and sandals , and slaughter the `` fattened calf '' for a celebratory meal . The older son , who was at work in the fields , hears the sound of celebration , and is told about the return of his younger brother . He is not impressed , and becomes angry . He also has a speech for his father : But he answered his father , `` Behold , these many years I have served you , and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours , but you never gave me a goat , that I might celebrate with my friends . But when this , your son , came , who has devoured your living with prostitutes , you killed the fattened calf for him . '' -- Luke 15 : 29 -- 30 , World English Bible The parable concludes with the father explaining that because the younger son had returned , in a sense , from the dead , celebration was necessary : `` But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad , for this , your brother , was dead , and is alive again . He was lost , and is found . '' -- Luke 15 : 32 , World English Bible Context and interpretation ( edit ) Engraving of the Prodigal Son as a swineherd by Hans Sebald Beham , 1538 . This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption , following the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin , that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with `` sinners . '' The father 's joy described in the parable reflects divine love , the `` boundless mercy of God '' , and `` God 's refusal to limit the measure of his grace . '' The request of the younger son for his share of the inheritance is `` brash , even insolent '' and `` tantamount to wishing that the father was dead . '' His actions do not lead to success , and he eventually becomes an indentured servant , with the degrading job of looking after pigs , and even envying them for the carob pods they eat . On the son 's return , the father treats him with a generosity far more than he has a right to expect .",
"3": "The older son , in contrast , seems to think in terms of `` law , merit , and reward '' , rather than `` love and graciousness . '' He may represent the Pharisees who were criticizing Jesus . The father , who represents the Heavenly Father , implies to the older son that his love for both sons is not dependent upon their perfection , but their willingness to return to Him with a broken heart and a contrite spirit . Commemoration and Use ( edit ) Stained glass window based on the parable , Charleston , South Carolina . Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally reads this story on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son , which in their liturgical year is the Sunday before Meatfare Sunday and about two weeks before the beginning of Great Lent . One common kontakion hymn of the occasion reads , I have recklessly forgotten Your glory , O Father ; And among sinners I have scattered the riches which You gave to me . And now I cry to You as the Prodigal : I have sinned before You , O merciful Father ; Receive me as a penitent and make me as one of Your hired servants . Catholic ( edit ) In his 1984 apostolic exhortation titled Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( Latin for Reconciliation and Penance ) , Pope John Paul II used this parable to explain the process of conversion and reconciliation . Emphasizing that God the Father is `` rich in mercy '' and always ready to forgive , he stated that reconciliation is a gift on his part . He stated that for the Church her `` mission of reconciliation is the initiative , full of compassionate love and mercy , of that God who is love . '' He also explored the issues raised by this parable in his second encyclical , Dives in misericordia ( Latin for Rich in Mercy ) , issued in 1980 . In the arts ( edit ) Rembrandt , The Return of the Prodigal Son , 1662 -- 1669 ( Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) Gerard van Honthorst , 1623 , like many works of the period , allows a genre scene with moral content . The Polish Rider ; possibly the prodigal son . The subject is of much discussion .",
"4": "Art ( edit ) Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels , this was one of the four that were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others , but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ ( the others were the Wise and Foolish Virgins , Dives and Lazarus , and the Good Samaritan . The Labourers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works ) . From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly , and the various scenes -- the high living , herding the pigs , and the return -- of the Prodigal Son became the clear favourite . Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs ( 1496 ) , a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance . Rembrandt depicted several scenes from the parable , especially the final episode , which he etched , drew , or painted on several occasions during his career . At least one of his works , The Prodigal Son in the Tavern , a portrait of himself as the Son , revelling with his wife , is like many artists ' depictions , a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene -- if the title was indeed the original intention of the artist . His late Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1662 -- 1669 , Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) is one of his most popular works . Stage ( edit ) In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the theme was a sufficiently popular subject that the Prodigal Son Play can be seen as a subgenre of the English morality play . Examples include The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune , The Disobedient Child , and Acolastus . Notable adaptations for performance include an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan , an 1884 cantata by Claude Debussy , a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev , a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén , and an opera , The Prodigal Son by Benjamin Britten ( 1968 ) . Many of these adaptations added to the Biblical material to lengthen the story ; for example , the 1955 film The Prodigal took considerable liberties , such as adding a temptress priestess of Astarte to the tale .",
"5": "Popular music ( edit ) The parable is referenced in the last verse of the traditional Irish folk tune `` The Wild Rover '' ( `` I 'll go home to me parents , confess what I 've done / and I 'll ask them to pardon their prodigal son '' ) . Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins , who told the story of this parable in the song `` Prodigal Son '' , which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar 's Banquet . `` Prodigal Man '' was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album `` Migration '' by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969 . The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , based on the parable of the same name , which appeared on their second release , Killers , in 1981 . U2 recorded a song titled `` The First Time '' on their 1993 album Zooropa . While based on the parable , it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story . It could be argued that Kelly Willard 's 1982 song , Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home . The Prodigal Son is the first posthumous release by piano player and gospel singer Keith Green ( 1983 ) . Detroit musician , Kid Rock , also recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on his second album The Polyfuze Method , in 1993 . Kid Rock later re-recorded the track for his 2000 album The History of Rock . The Christian Rock trio BarlowGirl recorded the song `` She Walked Away '' , influenced by the parable , as part of their 2004 self - titled album . `` Indie '' rock band Two Gallants covered the parable in the song `` The Prodigal Son '' on their 2006 album What the Toll Tells . Musician Dustin Kensrue wrote a song about the Prodigal Son entitled `` Please Come Home '' on the album of the same name released in 2007 . Rock band Sevendust has a track titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their 2008 album , Chapter VII : Hope and Sorrow .",
"6": "The band Bad Religion has a song of the same title on their album New Maps of Hell . The band Extreme recorded a song titled `` Who Cares ? '' , which appeared on the album III Sides to Every Story , which is influenced by this parable . Brantley Gilbert released a song called `` Modern Day Prodigal Son '' . British Reggae band Steel Pulse recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their debut album Handsworth Revolution , recreating the Biblical story as a Rastafarian parable . The Post-Hardcore band `` Gideon '' released a song called `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on their second album Milestone . Christian rock outfit The Chinese Express opened and closed their 2006 release with a two part telling of the parable with songs titled `` Said the son to the Father '' and `` Said the Father to the Son '' . Post-hardcore band `` Jamie 's Elsewhere '' also released a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' . The Irish rap group House of Pain references the parable in one of the verses of their song , `` Jump Around '' . English indie rock band alt - J references the parable in the first verse of their song `` Left Hand Free '' . On their 2015 album Something Different , the Christian band Sidewalk Prophets included an uplifting song titled `` Prodigal '' with lyrics that are directed towards the Prodigal Son from the parable , or any person who is or has felt like they are in a similar situation . In 2006 Country artist Dierks Bentley wrote a song for his album `` Long Trip Alone '' entitled `` The Prodigal Son 's Prayer '' The song is based on the son 's prospective of coming home after he 's ruined himself in the world . Gospel artists Tribute Quartet released When the Prodigal Comes Home in 2016 .",
"7": "Literature ( edit ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Leonello Spada , Louvre , Paris ) Another literary tribute to this parable is Dutch theologian Henri Nouwen 's 1992 book , The Return of the Prodigal Son : A Story of Homecoming , in which he describes his own spiritual journey infused with understanding based on an encounter with Rembrandt 's painting of the return of the Prodigal and deals with three personages : the younger , prodigal son ; the self - righteous , resentful older son ; and the compassionate father -- all of whom the author identifies with personally . An earlier work with similarities to the parable is `` Le retour de l'enfant prodigue '' ( `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' ) , a short story by André Gide . Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem giving an interpretation of the younger brother 's perspective . The Parable of the Prodigal Son is also a recurring theme in the works of Rainer Maria Rilke , who interpreted the parable in a different way to the conventional reading . His version of the parable was not so concerned with redemption and the forgiveness of family ; the love of the family , and human love in general , was seen as less worthy than unreciprocated love , which is the purest form of love . In loving the family less , the Son can love God more , even if this love is not returned . The theme of the Prodigal Son plays a major role in Anne Tyler 's novel A Spool of Blue Thread . The Prodigal Son was also referred to in the play The Merchant Of Venice as well as As You Like It , pastoral comedies by William Shakespeare . The Prodigal Son is also mentioned in Shakespeare 's romance , The Winter 's Tale ( Act 4 , Scene 4 line 89 ) . Similar parable in Mahayana buddhism ( edit ) A similar parable of a lost son can also be found in the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra . The two parables are so similar in their outline and many details that several scholars have assumed that one version has influenced the other or that both texts share a common origin .",
"8": "However , an influence of the biblical story on the Lotus sutra is regarded as unlikely given the early dating of the stratum of the sutra containing the Buddhist parable . In spite of their similarities , both parables continue differently after the two meet for the first time at the son 's return . In the biblical story , there is an immediate reunion of the two . In contrast , in the Lotus sutra , the poor son does not recognize the rich man as his father . When the father sends out some attendants to welcome the son , the son panics , fearing some kind of retribution . The father then lets the son leave without telling him of their kinship . However , he gradually draws the son closer to him by employing him in successively higher positions , only to tell him of their kinship in the end . In the Buddhist parable , the father symbolises the Buddha , and the son symbolises any human being . Their kinship symbolises that any being has Buddha nature . The concealment of the kinship of the father to his son is regarded as a skillful means ( Sanskrit : upāya ) . See also ( edit ) Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 The Parable of the Lost Son - Jesus . Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Parable of the Forgiving Father ( 15 : 11 - 32 ) - The IVP New Testament Commentary Series Jump up ^ `` Lent 4C '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Proper 19 ( 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time ) '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Richard N. Longenecker , The Challenge of Jesus ' Parables , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4638 - 6 , pp. 201 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , Curtis Mitch , and Dennis Walters , Gospel of Luke : The Ignatius Study Guide , 2nd ed , Ignatius Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 819 - 2 , p.",
"9": "51 . ^ Jump up to : Arland J. Hultgren , The Parables of Jesus : A Commentary , Eerdmans Publishing , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 6077 - X , pp. 70 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Scripture Readings Throughout the Year '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ The post-synodal apostolic exhortations of John Paul II by Catholic Church 1998 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 928 - 2 pages 234 -- 239 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Reconciliatio et paenitentia ' ' '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Dives in misericordia ' ' '' . Vatican . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Emile Mâle , The Gothic Image : Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 195 , English translation of 3rd ed , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) , ISBN 978 - 0064300322 Jump up ^ Roland E. Fleischer and Susan C. Scott , Rembrandt , Rubens , and the art of their time : recent perspectives , Pennsylvania State University Press , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 915773 - 10 - 4 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Craig , Hardin ( April 1950 ) . `` Morality Plays and Elizabethan Drama '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 1 ( 2 ) : 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866678 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel , The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 37299 - 9 , pp. 13 - 14 , Jump up ^ Paul Hammond , The shadow and its shadow : surrealist writings on the cinema , 3rd ed , City Lights Books , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 87286 - 376 - X , p. 70 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ BarlowGirl by BarlowGirl CD review at NewReleaseTuesday.com Jump up ^ Dustin Kensrue at YouthMinistry.com Jump up ^ Deirdre LaNoue , The Spiritual Legacy of Henri Nouwen , Continuum , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1283 - 1 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Turnell , Martin . `` André Gide and the Disintegration of the Protestant Cell '' . Yale French Studies . Yale University Press ( 7 ) : 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Prodigal Son '' . Famouspoetsandpoems.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Keith Malcolm Adam , Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible : A reader , Chalice Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8272 - 2970 - 4 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sinkler , Rebecca Pepper ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Book Review : ' A Spool of Blue Thread ' by Anne Tyler '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lotus Sutra , Chapter 4 , translated By H. Kern Jump up ^ Suzuki , Takayasu ( 2015 ) . Two parables on `` The wealthy father and the poor son '' in the Saddharmapundarika and the Mahaberisutra , Journal of Indian and Budddhist Studies 63 ( 3 ) , 169 - 176 ^ Jump up to : Lai , Whalen W . `` The Buddhist Prodigal Son ' : A Story of Misperceptions '' . Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4.2 ( 1981 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Nhất Hạnh , Thích ( 2003 ) . Opening the Heart of the Cosmos . Parallax Press . pp. 37 -- 41 .",
"11": "ISBN 9781888375336 . Further reading ( edit ) Wiggins , James , 2010 . What Did Jesus Teach ? A Detailed Survey of His Parables ISBN 978 - 1477699065 David A. Holgate , Prodigality , liberality and meanness in the parable of the prodigal son : a Greco - Roman perspective on Luke 15.11 - 32 , Continuum , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 84127 - 025 - 3 . Father Raniero Cantalamessa , Pontifical Household preacher , `` Comments on Fourth Sunday of Lent Readings '' , Zenit News Agency , March 17 , 2007 . Rev. George Dimopoulos , `` The Prodigal Son '' , Orthodoxy and the world , February 24 , 2008 . G. Campbell Morgan , The Parable of the Father 's Heart . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola del figliol prodigo nella letteratura in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 E. Di Rocco , Leggere le Scritture con le Scritture : Ugo di Santo Caro e Nicola di Lira lettori di Luca ( 15 , 11 - 32 ) , in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola di Luca nella letteratura moderna e contemporanea. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . E. Di Rocco , Heimkehr : wohin ? , Auszug : wohin ? : la parabola esistenziale del figliol prodigo nella letteratura del Novecento. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . External links ( edit ) Brooks , David . `` The Prodigal Sons '' , The New York Times , February 17 , 2014 Media related to Prodigal son at Wikimedia Commons Jesus Historicity",
"12": "Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the",
"13": "cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar Parable of the Prodigal Son media Source Luke 15 Parables of Jesus Art The Wayfarer ( 1500s ) The Prodigal Son in the Brothel ( 1637 ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1660s ) The Prodigal Son ( 1922 ) Film L'Enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) The Prodigal ( 1955 ) The Gospel ( 2005 ) The Prodigal Trilogy ( 2008 ) The Imposter ( 2008 ) Preacher 's Kid ( 2010 ) Stage The London Prodigal ( 1605 play ) The Prodigal Son ( 1929 ballet ) Opera L'enfant prodigue ( 1850 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1968 ) Music The Prodigal Son ( 1869 ) L'enfant",
"14": "prodigue ( 1884 ) Songs Symphony No. 4 `` Walkin ' to Missouri '' ( 1952 ) `` Prodigal Son '' ( 1994 ) Album Ants'hillvania ( 1981 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1983 ) Literature Tears of the Prodigal Son ( 1622 ) Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) `` Home - Coming '' Papal Dives in misericordia ( 1980 ) Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( 1984 ) Other Fatted calf The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's ( 2007 ) `` Michael '' `` The Burglar 's Christmas '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son&oldid=838189706 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Eastern Orthodox liturgical days Gospel of Luke Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart മലയാളം مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 13 : 39 .",
"15": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5011119306587397321
|
who sings the theme song to all that
|
[
"TLC",
"TLC"
] |
{
"0": "All That : the Album - wikipedia All That : the Album Jump to : navigation , search All That : The Album Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 26 , 1996 Recorded 1994 - 1996 Genre Hip hop , R&B Length 41 : 00 Label Loud , RCA , Nick Producer Tracy Sullivan Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic All That : The Album is the soundtrack of musical performances and sketch clips from the hit Nickelodeon television series All That . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Dialogues 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) 1 . 5 Minutes ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 14 2 . TLC - All That Theme Song 1 : 04 3 . Good Burger / Good Weenie ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 26 4 . Immature featuring Smooth and Kel Mitchell as Ed from Good Burger - Watch Me Do My Thing 3 : 50 5 . Superdude ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 24 6 . Brandy - Baby 5 : 12 7 . Ed & Coolio ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 32 8 . Coolio - Fantastic Voyage 4 : 01 9 . Vital Information I ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 09 10 . Mokenstef - He 's Mine 4 : 13 11 . Miss Fingerly V. Bacteria ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 18 12 . Soul For Real - Candy Rain 4 : 28 13 . Coach Kreeton ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 08 14 . Aaliyah - Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number 4 : 11 15 . Loud Librarian ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 33 16 . Naughty By Nature - Clap Yo ' Hands 3 : 58 17 . Earboy & Pizza Face ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 32 18 .",
"1": "Faith Evans - You Used to Love Me 4 : 28 19 . Vital Information II ( All That Dialogue ) 0 : 06 20 . Immature - We Got It 2 : 51 21 . TLC - All That - Outro Theme Song 1 : 13 Dialogues ( edit ) The album was created and recorded in 1994 - 1996 . The songs were from musical guest in Seasons 1 ( 1994 - 1995 ) through Season 2 ( 1995 - 1996 ) . The dialogues were directly from All That sketches like Good Burger , Vital Information , and Superdude . This CD was not released till a week after the premiere of Season 3 , so Amanda Bynes is not in the CD , nor is Angelique Bates , due to her small number of characters in the show , but she was heard briefly in the `` Miss Fingerly v. Bacteria '' dialogue . After the release of iCarly CD , it contained dialogues like The Album , but they were recorded to recap certain episodes from the first season . The Drake & Josh soundtrack and Zoey 101 : Music Mix did not contain any dialogues from their releases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All That : The Album '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Allmusic review See also ( edit ) All That External links ( edit ) ( hide ) All That Cast members Characters Musical guests Sketches Episodes Season 1 ( 1994 -- 95 ) Season 2 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Season 3 ( 1996 -- 97 ) Season 4 ( 1997 -- 98 ) Season 5 ( 1998 -- 99 ) Season 6 ( 2000 -- 01 ) Season 7 ( 2002 ) Season 8 ( 2002 -- 03 ) Season 9 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Season 10 ( 2005 ) Franchise All That : The Album ( 1996 ) All That : Fresh out the Box ( 1998 ) All That Live ! ( 100th episode ) ( 1999 ) All That !",
"2": "Music and More Festival ( 2000 ) RU All That ? ( 2003 ) Spin - off series and film Action League Now ! The Amanda Show Kenan & Kel The Nick Cannon Show Good Burger Related series KaBlam ! Figure It Out Oh Yeah ! Cartoons See also The ' 90s Are All That Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_That:_The_Album&oldid=836706554 '' Categories : All That Hip hop soundtracks Television soundtracks 1996 soundtracks Columbia Records soundtracks Rhythm and blues soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who's playing in the sec championship 2017
|
[
"Georgia Bulldogs",
"Auburn Tigers",
"Georgia Bulldogs",
"Auburn Tigers",
"Georgia Bulldogs",
"Auburn Tigers",
"the Eastern Division Champion, 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team",
"the Western Division Co-Champion, the 2017 Auburn Tigers football team"
] |
{
"0": "2017 SEC Championship game - wikipedia 2017 SEC Championship game Jump to : navigation , search 2017 SEC Championship Game Georgia Bulldogs Auburn Tigers ( 11 -- 1 ) ( 10 -- 2 ) 28 7 Head coach : Kirby Smart Head coach : Gus Malzahn AP Coaches CFP 6 6 6 AP Coaches CFP Total Georgia 0 10 15 28 Auburn 7 0 0 0 7 Date December 2 , 2017 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Roquan Smith Favorite Georgia by 1.5 Referee John McDaid Attendance 76,534 United States TV coverage Network CBS , Westwood One , SEC Radio Announcers Brad Nessler , Gary Danielson and Allie LaForce ( CBS ) Ryan Radtke , Derek Rackley and Olivia Harlan ( Westwood One ) Dave Neal , David Archer and David Crane ( SEC Radio ) SEC Championship Game < 2016 2018 > 2017 SEC football standings Conf Overall Team East Division No. 2 Georgia xy $ ^ 7 -- 13 -- South Carolina 5 -- 9 -- Kentucky -- 7 -- 6 Missouri -- 7 -- 6 Florida -- 5 -- 7 Vanderbilt -- 7 5 -- 7 Tennessee 0 -- 8 -- 8 West Division No. 10 Auburn xy 7 -- 10 -- No. 1 Alabama x# ^ 7 -- 13 -- No. 18 LSU 6 -- 9 -- No.",
"1": "19 Mississippi State -- 9 -- Texas A&M -- 7 -- 6 Ole Miss * 0 -- 5 0 -- 6 Arkansas -- 7 -- 8 Championship : Georgia 28 , Auburn 7 # -- College Football Playoff champion ^ -- College Football Playoff participant $ -- Conference champion x -- Division champion / co-champions y -- Championship game participant * Ole Miss was ordered to vacate all wins due to NCAA violations Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 SEC Championship Game was played on December 2 , 2017 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia , and determined the 2017 football champion of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . This was the first SEC Conference football championship at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium . The game featured the Eastern Division Champion , 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team against the Western Division Co-Champion , the 2017 Auburn Tigers football team , in a rematch of the their rivalry game , which was won by Auburn by a score of 40 - 17 , on November 11 , 2017 . This game marked the first time that any permanent cross division rivals faced off in the SEC Championship Game . This was also the first SEC Championship Game with new SEC on CBS announcer Brad Nessler replacing Verne Lundquist , who retired in 2016 . The game was televised nationally by CBS . Contents ( hide ) 1 2016 season 2 Teams 3 Game summary 3.1 Scoring summary 3.2 Statistics 4 See also 5 References 2016 season ( edit ) In the 2016 SEC Championship Game , the western division champion Alabama defeated the eastern division champion Florida 54 -- 16 in a rematch of the 2015 SEC Championship Game . It was the last SEC title game to be held at the Georgia Dome , which was demolished shortly before the 2017 title game , following the opening of Mercedes - Benz Stadium . Teams ( edit ) Auburn The Auburn Tigers clinched the SEC Western Divison ( Co-Champion ) and a spot in the SEC Championship Game after defeating rival Alabama in the final game of the regular season .",
"2": "The Tigers got off to a slow start , allowing 11 sacks in a 14 -- 6 loss at ACC foe and # 3 ranked Clemson . However , the Tigers rebounded by winning 4 straight games , all blowouts , and were ranked # 10 going into a game at LSU , in which Auburn was heavily favored . Auburn built a 20 -- 0 lead in the first half , only to see it slip away in the second half as the Auburn Tigers fell to LSU 27 -- 23 . The Tigers then defeated conference foes Arkansas and Texas A&M in blowouts before facing AP ranked # 2 Georgia on November 11 , by which point the Tigers had climbed back up to # 10 in the AP Poll . The Tigers dominated the Bulldogs 40 -- 17 , and moved up to # 6 in the polls as a result . After a tune - up game against Louisiana -- Monroe , the # 6 Tigers faced # 1 ranked Alabama , with the winner going to the SEC Championship . It was the Tigers who prevailed 26 -- 14 , setting up a rematch against Georgia . Georgia The Bulldogs clinched the SEC Eastern Division after beating rival South Carolina on November 4 . It was the earliest a spot in the SEC Championship Game had been clinched since 2009 . The Bulldogs had a great regular season , going 11 -- 1 . In the second game of the year , the Bulldogs defeated Notre Dame 20 -- 19 on a late field goal . Later in September , they defeated # 17 ranked Mississippi State 31 -- 3 , solidifying themselves as title contenders . After victories over lesser conference foes , the Bulldogs had a chance to clinch the SEC East with a victory over Florida . They dominated the Gators 42 -- 7 . After a win over South Carolina , the Bulldogs were ranked # 1 in the CFP poll and # 2 in the AP Poll . However , that week they were defeated handily by Auburn for their first loss of the year . The Bulldogs bounced back and defeated Kentucky and rival Georgia Tech to set up a rematch with Auburn . Game summary ( edit ) Georgia and Auburn met in the SEC Championship Game , the first ever in the Mercedes - Benz Stadium , for a rematch of the regular - season contest .",
"3": "Auburn scored an early touchdown on their first drive of the game , going 75 yards on 10 plays . The Auburn defense forced Georgia to punt on their first drive after 7 plays . Both teams would go three - and - out on their next drives . Early into the second quarter , Auburn drove into the red zone before Jarrett Stidham fumbled the ball as he was sacked by Davin Bellamy . Roquan Smith recovered the fumble , and Georgia subsequently scored their first touchdown of the game on a 7 play , 83 - yard drive . Auburn was forced to go three - and - out afterwards , and Georgia responded with a 27 - yard field goal to take their first lead of the game . This field goal should have been a touchdown , but for a terrible `` pick '' called foul by the referees , Georgia settled for the 3 points . Neither team would score for the remainder of the first half . Georgia received the ball at the beginning of the first half , but they were forced to punt after 5 plays . Auburn would once again march into the red zone , but this time , Daniel Carlson 's 31 - yard field goal attempt was blocked by DaQuan Hawkins - Muckle and recovered by Dominick Sanders . Both teams traded punts on their next drives . Late into the third quarter , Georgia extended their lead to 13 - 7 with a 35 - yard field goal . On Auburn 's next drive , Lorenzo Carter forced Kerryon Johnson to fumble the ball , and Roquan Smith again recovered the fumble . Georgia would subsequently score a touchdown on a 4 - play , 39 - yard drive , capped off by a successful 2 - point conversion to put Georgia up 21 - 7 . After the Georgia defense forced Auburn to go three - and - out on their next drive , D'Andre Swift would score on a 64 - yard touchdown run to put Georgia up 28 - 7 , the final score of the game .",
"4": "Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP UGA AUB 9 : 54 10 75 5 : 06 AUB Nate Craig - Myers 6 - yard touchdown reception from Jarrett Stidham , Daniel Carlson kick good 0 7 10 : 14 7 83 2 : 50 UGA Isaac Nauta 2 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 7 4 : 59 8 58 3 : 34 UGA 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 10 7 1 : 26 7 62 3 : 22 UGA 35 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 13 7 13 : 06 39 1 : 43 UGA Terry Godwin 7 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , 2 - point Jake Fromm pass complete to Terry Godwin 21 7 10 : 34 75 1 : 38 UGA D'Andre Swift 64 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 28 7 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football .",
"5": "28 7 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics UGA AUB First Downs 20 18 Total offense 421 259 Rushing yards -- TD 238 -- 1 114 -- 0 Passing yards -- TD 183 -- 2 145 -- 1 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 16 -- 22 -- 0 16 -- 32 -- 0 Fumbles : Number -- Lost 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 Penalties : Number -- Yards 7 -- 91 5 -- 39 Punts : Average Yardage 44.0 40.7 Punt returns - Yards : 1 - 3 2 - 14 Kickoff returns - Yards : 0 - 0 1 - 20 Sacks : Number -- Yards 3 - 24 2 - 13 Field Goals : Good -- Att 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 Points off turnovers 14 0 Time of Possession 33 : 02 26 : 58 See also ( edit ) Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Online Athens Jump up ^ http://www.vegasinsider.com/college-football/odds/las-vegas/ Jump up ^ Kalland , Robbie. `` 2017 SEC Schedule find out who your team plays and when '' . CBS Sports.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . SEC Championship Game Years 2017 2018 Venues Legion Field ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Georgia Dome ( 1994 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_SEC_Championship_Game&oldid=821082829 '' Categories : SEC Championship Game 2017 in sports in Georgia ( U.S.",
"6": "state ) 2017 Southeastern Conference football season 2010s in Atlanta Georgia Bulldogs football games Auburn Tigers football games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 08 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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0,
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2,
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[
0,
6,
1,
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3,
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7951519156186633877
|
who sang the song good morning good morning
|
[
"Judy Garland",
"Mickey Rooney",
"Debbie Reynolds",
"Gene Kelly",
"Donald O'Connor"
] |
{
"0": "Good Morning ( 1939 song ) - Wikipedia Good Morning ( 1939 song ) Jump to : navigation , search Good Morning is a song by Nacio Herb Brown ( music ) and Arthur Freed ( lyrics ) written for the 1939 film Babes in Arms and performed by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney . Its best known performance was in the 1952 hit musical film Singin ' in the Rain , where it was sung by Debbie Reynolds , Gene Kelly and Donald O'Connor . In 2004 the version in Singin ' in the Rain finished at # 72 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of the top tunes in American cinema . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Track list in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . This 1930s song article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Morning_(1939_song)&oldid=783527381 '' Categories : 1930s song stubs 1939 songs Songs with lyrics by Arthur Freed Songs with music by Nacio Herb Brown Judy Garland songs Talk About Wikipedia Français Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-4612848028122198988
|
what was the purpose of the mall of america
|
[
"shopping"
] |
{
"0": "Mall of America - wikipedia Mall of America Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Mall of the Americas . Mall of America The Mall of America logo Alternative names MoA General information Type Shopping mall Address 60 East Broadway , Bloomington , Minnesota , United States 55425 Coordinates 44 ° 51 ′ 15 '' N 93 ° 14 ′ 32 '' W / 44.85417 ° N 93.24222 ° W / 44.85417 ; - 93.24222 Coordinates : 44 ° 51 ′ 15 '' N 93 ° 14 ′ 32 '' W / 44.85417 ° N 93.24222 ° W / 44.85417 ; - 93.24222 Opening August 11 , 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 08 - 11 ) Owner Triple Five Group Technical details Floor count 4 on East and South Wings 3 on North and West Wings Floor area 2,500,000 sq ft ( 230,000 m ) + 5,400,000 sq ft ( 500,000 m ) Design and construction Architecture firm HGA , KKE Architects , Inc. , Jerde Partnership Main contractor Melvin Simon & Associates Triple Five Group Other information Number of stores 500 + Number of anchors Parking 12,287 spaces ( Two 7 - story ramps and two overflow surface lots ) Website mallofamerica.com Mall of America ( commonly , locally known as `` MOA '' or `` the mall '' ) is a shopping mall located in Bloomington , Minnesota , United States ( a suburb of the Twin Cities ) . Southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77 , north of the Minnesota River and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis -- St. Paul International Airport . Opened in 1992 , it is the second largest mall in terms of leaseable space , the largest mall in the United States in terms of total floor area ( including Nickelodeon Universe ) , and the twelfth largest in the world .",
"1": "The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group ( which in turn is owned by Canada 's Ghermezian family , along with the West Edmonton Mall ) . Eighty percent of visitors to the Mall of America are from Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , the Dakotas , Illinois , Ohio , and Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Tenants 4 Attractions 5 Nostalgic artifacts and memorials 6 Transit 7 Security 8 Criticism 9 Addition / expansion 10 Amusement park and other features 11 Usage in media 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) One escalator well The mall 's concept was designed by the Triple Five Group , owned by the Ghermezian brothers , who also own the largest shopping mall in North America , the West Edmonton Mall . Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium , where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in 1982 . A plaque in the amusement park commemorates the former location of home plate , and one seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium , commemorating a 520 - foot ( 160 m ) home run hit by hall - of - famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3 , 1967 . In 1986 , the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization . Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14 , 1989 . Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates , Teachers Insurance and Annuity ( a.k.a. TIAA ) , the Triple Five Group , and the office of architect Jon Jerde . Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11 , 1992 . Even before opening , the mall had earned several nicknames , including `` The Megamall '' , `` Sprawl of America '' , `` Hugedale '' -- in reference to the four major `` dale '' shopping malls within the Twin Cities : Rosedale , Southdale , Ridgedale , and ( defunct as of 2010 ) Brookdale -- and simply , `` The Mall '' .",
"2": "Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened . The Mall of America 's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota . The mall employs over 11,000 workers year - round and 13,000 during peak seasons . During its run as an all - encompassing entertainment and retail venue , certain aspects , particularly its bars , have come under scrutiny . In early - 2000 a Mardi Gras - themed bar , Fat Tuesday , shut its doors due to indecent exposure and alcohol - related offenses . In 2003 , after a protracted six - year legal battle between Simon Property Group , the managing general partner of the property , and the Ghermezian brothers / Triple Five Group , over majority ownership of the site , a federal appeals court ruled in favor of the Ghermezians , effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to the creator of the concept . The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher 's Insurance 's 27.5 % equity stake by Simon Properties , giving them majority ownership . The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon , citing fiduciary responsibility . On November 3 , 2006 , the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US $1 billion . On May 18 , 2008 , the Minnesota State Legislature passed a bill granting the City of Bloomington the right to use $34 million in tax - increment - financing to pay for public infrastructure to support the MOA expansion . In early 2011 , construction began on an expansion of the south side of the mall near Killebrew Drive , where the 506 - room Radisson Blu hotel opened in March 2013 . The addition of this hotel was for the purposes of increasing accessibility to the park and making the Mall of America a destination location for anyone . The addition of the light rail between the airport and the Mall of America also enabled people with layovers in Minneapolis to spend a convenient afternoon at the Mall of America . On November 29 , 2011 , Google announced indoor maps for Mall of America along with several other places like airports , parks and public spaces . On January 3 , 2012 , Macy 's Inc.",
"3": "announced it would close its Bloomingdale 's location at the Mall of America . On March 24 , 2012 , the Triple Five Group announced the start of a $200 million expansion that would build into the north parking lot of the mall . Rather than the long planned Phase II expansion , this would be a step in building this expansion . The plans call for an additional hotel and an additional 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m ) of retail space . In March 2014 , ground was broken on the mall 's north side for the $104 million , 14 - story JW Marriott hotel , owned and financed by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community . In winter 2012 -- 2013 , Mall of America hosted a 40 feet ( 12 m ) tall ice castle made of icicles formed from 4 million gallons of water and then fused together . The castle joined 50 large ice towers together to create a series of shimmering archways , tunnels , walls and caverns . In 2016 , King of Prussia Mall in King of Prussia , PA finished building a 140,000 + square ft. expansion with all new shops and restaurants connecting its two buildings ; the plaza , and the court . This expansion meant that Mall of America lost its spot of being the largest . Architecture ( edit ) Sign at a Mall of America entrance , removed in 2014 as part of the Phase II expansion The Mall of America has three levels on its West side , pictured above . The Mall of America has a gross area of 4,870,000 sq ft ( 452,000 m ) or 96.4 acres ( 390,000 m ) , enough to fit seven Yankee Stadiums inside , with 2,500,000 sq ft ( 230,000 m ) available as retail space . The mall is nearly symmetric , with a roughly rectangular floor plan . More than 530 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle , with a fourth level on the east side . Four anchor department stores are located at the corners .",
"4": "The mall is organized into four different zones , each of those zones had its own decorative style until a series of renovations from 2010 to 2015 led to a unified and more luxurious style , as well as to coincide with the mall 's first major expansion . Despite Minnesota 's cold winters , only the mall 's entrances and some below ground areas are heated . Heat is allowed in through skylights above the central amusement park area . The majority of the heat is produced by lighting fixtures , other electric devices , and people in the mall . In fact , even during the winter , air conditioning systems may still be in use during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment . Although the common areas are unheated , the individual stores do have heating systems . Two nearly identical seven - story parking ramps on the east and west sides of the mall provide 12,287 parking spaces . Overflow parking north of the building provides an additional 1,200 -- 1,500 spaces , and 1,407 spaces are provided by IKEA that is part of the Phase II expansion of the mall which is under construction . Tenants ( edit ) Level One is the location of Nickelodeon Universe amusement park ( formerly Camp Snoopy ) , and first level of general retail which includes Sea Life Minnesota , Hard Rock Cafe , Lego Store , American Girl Place , Apple Store , Barnes & Noble , Fabletics , Sears , Macy 's , and Microsoft Store , Level Two features restaurants , shopping , MOA ® Moments , and the first Verizon Wireless Destination Store . Level Three has two food courts with more than 20 fast food and full service restaurants , mini-golf , shopping , and Crayola Experience . Level Four is the entertainment level with Hooters , Cantina # 1 , Rick Bronson 's House of Comedy , Gameworks , Dick 's Last Resort , Sky Deck Sports Grille and Lane , and the first U.S. location of SMAAASH , a virtual reality sports entertainment center . The Theatres at Mall of America ( Initially run by General Cinemas , bought out then rebranded by AMC Theatres , and eventually operated by mall management ) occupied the south side of the fourth floor through December 2016 , when it closed permanently . It was replaced by Cinemex subsidiary CMX Cinemas in fall 2017 .",
"5": "Attractions ( edit ) Nickelodeon Universe indoor theme park Amusement park view from third floor Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall . The park features roller coasters , among numerous other rides and attractions , and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States . Unlike many indoor amusement parks , Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park , and its floor has a wide variance in height -- the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) above the lowest . The rides include the roller coasters SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender , and a thrill ride called BrainSurge . The latter attraction bills itself as a `` rather peculiar '' ride . It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain . This miniature golf course features eighteen holes and a relatively fast astroturf surface . At the Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium , guests travel through a 300 - foot - long ( 91 m ) curved tunnel through 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks , turtles , stingrays , and many more . Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium offers special events such as sleepovers , scuba diving , snorkeling , and birthday parties . The Mall recently added Crayola Experience and FlyOver America to the list of family attractions . Nostalgic artifacts and memorials ( edit ) A stadium seat commemorating the longest home run at Metropolitan Stadium , hit by Minnesota Twins player Harmon Killebrew on June 3 , 1967 . The seat is painted red and bolted to a wall to mark the exact height and position at which the ball landed in the upper - deck seats . A plaque embedded in the floor of Nickelodeon Universe , marking the exact spot of home plate at Metropolitan Stadium . The home plate plaque in Nickelodeon Universe United Airlines Flight 93 memorial , for those who died aboard during the September 11 , 2001 attacks -- the bust of Tom Burnett ( who was born and raised in Bloomington ) is on the west side of the first floor , next to the fountain in front of Nordstrom .",
"6": "Transit ( edit ) Main article : Mall of America ( Metro Transit station ) In the lower level of the eastern parking ramp is the Mall of America Transit Station , the busiest transit hub in Minnesota with services to and from many destinations in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul metropolitan area . The Transit Station contains two stops on the Metro transit network : the southern terminus of the METRO Blue Line ( light rail ) to Downtown Minneapolis via MSP Airport and Hiawatha Avenue ( operated by Metro Transit ) , and the northern terminus of the METRO Red Line ( BRT ) to Lakeville ( operated by the Minnesota Valley Transit Authority ) . Both agencies also operate many local bus services to the Transit Station , and many area hotels along with the Mystic Lake Casino offer free shuttles to their establishments . The mall is not a park and ride facility , and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport . Commuters are required to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station 's parking ramp . The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities , and to provide a better experience for its users . Estimates for the upgrade are approximately $20 million . Security ( edit ) The Mall of America 's security program is unique and in many ways the first of its kind . Michael Rozin , who used to be employed as the mall 's Special Operations Security Captain , developed and implemented a behavior detection unit specifically focused on mitigating the threat of terrorism and enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities . Behavior Detection Officers ( BDOs ) are trained extensively in Israel , each one going through at least 240 hours of training that includes communication techniques , first aid , defensive tactics , crisis intervention , terrorism awareness , and rapid response . As Doug Reynolds , the Security Director at the mall , noted in a congressional testimony in 2008 , BDOs are taught to `` look for intent , rather than means . The objective is to focus on suspicious indicators in three categories : People , vehicles and unattended items like backpacks , shopping bags , suitcases . '' This methodology has prepared the mall for a variety of threats , both from terrorists and everyday criminals . In 2011 , NPR 's All Things Considered and Morning Edition and PBS 's Newshour both aired programs documenting security abuses by the mall 's security personnel .",
"7": "In February 2015 , the Al - Shabaab militant group also released a propaganda video calling for attacks on the Mall of America and other Western shopping centers . Although the group had never launched attacks in North America , security at the mall was tightened in response and Homeland Security issued a one - day alert to shoppers to remain vigilant . Criticism ( edit ) During the first decade of MOA 's existence , demonstrators protested animal cruelty and sweatshop conditions . In 1994 , protesters confronted actor Charlton Heston at a mall restaurant over his campaigning efforts on behalf of a Republican U.S. Senate candidate . In 1996 , two people were arrested after they locked themselves to Macy 's doors in the spirit of the annual Fur - Free Friday demonstration . The Minnesota Supreme Court decided in 1999 that because the mall is private property , constitutional free speech protections do not apply . People inside the mall have been questioned or detained for operating video cameras , using notebooks , or other perceived suspicious behaviors . As of 2010 , Michael Rozin , the former Special Operations Security Captain and founder of the mall 's behavior detection unit instructed its members that `` suspicious behavior '' constitutes `` photographing such things as air - conditioning ducts or signs that a shopper might have something to hide . '' Commander Jim Ryan of the Bloomington Police Department commented that the mall 's security methods may `` infringe on some freedoms , unfortunately . '' On December 31 , 2013 , members from the First Nations protest movement Idle No More attempted to repeat a successful Native - American round dance held at the mall in 2012 , but failed after being stopped by mall security , who refused to allow Idle No More to hold their dance . Organizers of the dance , Patricia Shepard and Reyna Crow from Duluth were arrested on site for trespassing . On December 21 , 2014 , thousands of protesters attended an unauthorized demonstration organized by Black Lives Matter in the mall 's rotunda . The demonstration was in response to the Michael Brown fatal shooting in Ferguson , Missouri , and the then recent jury decision not to prosecute the white officer in that case , as well as the death of Eric Garner of New York . In response to the demonstration , the Mall of America closed the areas of the mall around the rotunda . Police arrested 25 demonstrators .",
"8": "The Bloomington City Attorney , Sandra Johnson , is pursuing charges against the organizers , ranging `` from disorderly conduct and trespassing to inciting a riot '' . The city is seeking thousands of dollars in compensatory damages from some of the organizers for out - of - pocket costs the city incurred while paying overtime for additional security . In response to these charges , demonstrators have called for a boycott of the mall . Plans for another Black Lives Matter demonstration at the Mall of America on December 23 , 2015 prompted Mall officials to file a restraining order against the movement 's activists . Eight individual activists were sued in Hennepin County District Court . The mall 's lawsuit would prohibit the defendants from demonstrating and require them to delete all of their posts to social media pertaining to the demonstration . The lawsuit additionally asked that the court jail Black Lives Matter activists unless they publicly announce that the demonstration is cancelled on their social media accounts . The American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota called the mall 's lawsuit an `` improper prior restraint on speech '' and an unconstitutional overreach . Leaders of the demonstration indicated that the demonstration would go ahead as scheduled . Addition / expansion ( edit ) Word of Mall of America 's expansion has been stirring since the mid 1990s , however the first confirmation of an expansion occurred in 2005 when Triple 5 announces Mall of America Phase 2 , a project that would expand the Mall of America to the north , crossing Lindau Lane and occupying the former site of Met Center . However , this expansion was delayed due to the tightening of the credit market . Eventually this was broken into four major projects : 1b , 1c , 2b , 2c . Status of Phase 2 completion : Complete : 1B : Radisson Blu South expansion complete 2013 1C : retail , restaurant , office and J.W. Marriott North expansion complete 2016 Planned : 2B : 2 - 3 story retail expansion including connection over Lindau Lane , luxury hotel , addition parking ramp .",
"9": "North Expansion on site of Met Center , Plan submitted to Bloomington Fall 2016 , Construction 2017 , Open 2018 - 2019 Concepts : 2C : 3 story retail plus additional hotel , entertainment venue located north of 2B with connections to Ikea and American Blvd Shown on approved PDP from 2015 submission for 2B , but schedule dependent on 2B completion . Amusement park and other features ( edit ) The amusement park , during its `` Camp Snoopy '' days . The Metropolitan Stadium home plate marker . The Harmon Killebrew chair . The carousel at the amusement park . The band organ , formerly at the carousel entrance . The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant . Another shot of the amusement park during the Camp Snoopy era . Another shot of Camp Snoopy from a different angle . The Kite - Eating Tree ride is shown in this picture . When Camp Snoopy became Nickelodeon Universe in 2008 , the Kite - Eating Tree was restyled and renamed Swing - Along . The three - story American flag , which was used on July 4 , 2008 . The mall 's information sign , which shows the use of `` MOA '' . The MPR store , emphasizing A Prairie Home Companion . Al 's Farm Toys , a farm - themed toy store which closed in 2016 . A few of the unique sports - themed stores throughout the mall . Team Choice and Lids Locker Room ( formerly Locker Room ) closed , but Goldy 's and Rybicki Cheese remain and Goldy 's has since become Goldy 's Locker Room . The legendary mural imitating Seurat ; formerly near the food court . The Lego `` Imagination Center '' , the longest - standing Mall attraction . The Lego Store after 2009 remodeling .",
"10": "Usage in media ( edit ) The Mall of America was used as a filming location for various movies and television shows , including : D2 : The Mighty Ducks ( 1994 ) Jingle All The Way ( 1996 ) You 're Invited to Mary - Kate & Ashley 's Mall Party ( 1997 ) Mall Masters ( 2001 ) Mall Cops : Mall of America ( 2010 ) The End of the Tour ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Minnesota portal List of the world 's largest shopping malls List of largest shopping malls in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Mall of America '' . Translucency.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandra Larriva and Gabe Weisert ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Most Visited Tourist Attractions '' . Forbes Traveler . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts - Mall of America '' . Mall of America . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` STATE OF MINNESOTA OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS FOR THE BLOOMINGTON CITY COUNCIL '' ( PDF ) . July 14 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Brothers win back control of megamall ; Simon Property will contest a ruling that transfers majority ownership '' . Star Tribune . September 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Black , Sam ( November 3 , 2006 ) . `` Ghermezians take sole control of Mall of America in $1 B deal '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` A new frontier for Google Maps '' . Google . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomingdale 's at Mall of America closing ; space to be divided '' . Twin Cities . 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Webbtwebb , Tom . `` Mall of America plans $200 million expansion '' . TwinCities.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ ' Ground ' broken on $325 million Mall of America expansion . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of America Pressroom '' . Press.mallofamerica.com . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Citation of fitting `` seven Yankee Stadiums '' inside the retail space of MOA , listed in the City of Bloomington , MN Web site . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of America ' giant makeover ditches 90 's in bid to stay hip '' . Startribune.com . Star Tribune . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Elmasry , Faiza ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` America 's Largest Mall Offers More than Shopping '' . Voice of America . Jump up ^ Schapiro , Rose ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Road Trip to the Mall of America '' . Chicago Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WCCO -- TV ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Heating Costs '' . Jump up ^ `` MALL OF AMERICA ® DIRECTORY MAP '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiCarlo , Lisa . `` AMC To Acquire General Cinema '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Kavita . `` Shuttered Mall of America movie theaters will reopen with gourmet food , cocktails '' . Star Tribune . StarTribune . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` * Official * SEA LIFE Minnesota '' . Sharky.tv . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` * Official * SEA LIFE Minnesota '' . Sharky.tv . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball at the Mall '' . Dusty Lens . March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Merullo , Roland ( May 13 , 2006 ) . `` Who Financed 9 / 11 ? '' .",
"12": "Reader 's Digest Australia . Jump up ^ `` Mall of America Transit Station '' ( PDF ) . Senate.MN . Minnesota Senate . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RSC Team - Security Subject Matter Experts '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Anti-Terror Task Force at the Mall of America '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives One Hundred Tenth Congress ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` The Challenge of Protecting Mass Gatherings in a Post-9 / 11 World '' . US Government Printing Office . Committee on Homeland Security . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Under Suspicion at the Mall of America '' . NPR . September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PBS ( September 2011 ) . `` Attention Mall Shoppers : Are You Engaging in Suspicious Activity ? '' . PBS . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Be particularly careful ' today , U.S. homeland security chief tells MOA visitors '' . Star Truibune. 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No `` imminent threat '' to West Edmonton Mall visitors , RCMP says `` . Edmonton Journal . 22 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : LIBOR JANY ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Bloomington seeks charges against Mall of America protesters '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ G.W. SCHULZ , DANIEL ZWERDLING and ANDREW BECKER ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` They 're watching at the Mall of America '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The shadow of suspicion falls in the Mall of America '' . Salon . September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rupar , Aaron .",
"13": "`` Idle No More flash dance brings more than 1,000 protesters to Mall of America '' . CityPages . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ KBJR News . `` '' Idle No More '' Round Dance attempt ends in arrests at Mall of America `` . Northland Newsletter . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . `` Chanting ' Black Lives Matter , ' Protesters Shut Down Part of Mall of America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Brumfield ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Lives Matter ' protesters storm mall '' . CNN . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandt Williams ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Mall of America demonstrators plead not guilty to charges '' . MPR News . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Justin Wm . ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mall of America sues to stop planned Dec. 23 protest by Black Lives Matter '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Black Lives Matter Minneapolis : 8 Activists Sued By MOA '' . CBS Minnesota . December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rietmulder , Michael ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mall of America wants restraining order against Black Lives Matter protest '' . City Pages . Jump up ^ Feshir , Riham ; Collins , Jon ; Cox , Peter ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Black Lives Matter vows MOA protest ; judge weighs restraining order '' . MPR News . Jump up ^ `` New Plans for the $1 Billion Phase II Expansion at Mall of America Features High - End Retail and a World Class Casino '' . Jump up ^ `` MOA Phase 2 Renderings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` MOA ® Moments : Behind the Screens '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vomhof Jr. , John ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Mall of America seeks more roles in reality shows after ' Mall Cops ' success '' .",
"14": "Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mall of America . Mall of America Official Site Labelscar summary Metro Transit : Mall of America Station City Pages staff writer Matt Snyders spends one week in the Mall of America ( hide ) Twin Cities shopping centers North Metro Northtown Mall Riverdale Village East Metro Har Mar Mall Maplewood Mall Rosedale Center Woodbury Lakes South Metro Burnsville Center The Galleria Mall of America Southdale Center Southtown Center West Metro Albertville Premium Outlets Arbor Lakes Eden Prairie Center The Grove Ridgedale Center Shoppes at Knollwood Twin Cities Calhoun Square Cray Plaza Gaviidae Common Nicollet Mall Saint Anthony Main Defunct Apache Plaza Bandana Square Brookdale Center Four Seasons Mall Wayzata Bay Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall_of_America&oldid=816199567 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Bloomington , Minnesota Minneapolis -- Saint Paul Shopping malls established in 1992 Shopping malls in Hennepin County , Minnesota Shopping malls in Minnesota Tourist attractions in Hennepin County , Minnesota 1992 establishments in Minnesota Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox building with unsupported parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"15": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-3458065024725416911
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who has the biggest airport in the us
|
[
"Atlanta"
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{
"0": "List of the busiest airports in the United States - wikipedia List of the busiest airports in the United States Jump to : navigation , search These are lists of the busiest airports in the United States , based on various ranking criteria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Busiest US airports by total passenger boardings 2 45 busiest US airports by total passenger traffic ( 2015 ) 3 20 busiest US airports by international passenger traffic ( 2016 ) 4 10 busiest airports in the US by total cargo throughput ( 2015 ) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Busiest U.S. airports by total passenger boardings ( edit ) The FAA uses passenger boarding for a full calendar year to determine Airport Improvement Program ( AIP ) entitlements . The term hub is used by the FAA to identify very busy commercial service airports . For instance , large hubs are those airports that each account for at least one percent of total U.S. passenger enplanements . Medium hubs are defined as airports that each account for between 0.25 percent and one percent of the total passenger enplanements . According to preliminary FAA data , in 2014 there were 30 large hubs and 30 medium hubs . Rank ( 2016 ) Airports ( large hubs ) IATA Code Major city served State 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport ATL Atlanta GA 51,916,451 50,501,858 49,340,732 46,604,273 45,308,407 45,798,809 44,414,121 43,130,585 42,280,868 43,236,665 43,236,665 41,352,038 42,402,653 Los Angeles International Airport LAX Los Angeles CA 42,459,545 39,636,042 36,351,226 34,314,197 32,425,892 31,",
"1": "326,268 30,528,737 28,857,755 27,439,897 28,861,477 30,113,985 29,357,327 29,372,272 O'Hare International Airport ORD Chicago IL 37,589,899 36,305,668 33,686,811 32,317,835 32,171,743 31,892,301 32,171,831 31,135,732 33,683,991 36,521,585 36,825,097 36,720,005 Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport DFW Dallas / Fort Worth TX 33,528,927 31,283,579 31,589,832 30,766,940 29,038,128 28,022,877 27,518,358 27,100,656 26,663,984 27,219,985 28,482,417 28,627,749 28,079,147 5 Denver International Airport DEN Denver CO 30,714,011 28,267,394 26,280,043 26,000,591 25,496,885 25,799,832 25,667,499 25,241,962 24,013,669 24,287,939 20,796,173 20,591,909 20,315,544 6 John F. Kennedy International Airport JFK New York NY 29,458,297 29,239,151 27,782,369 26,244,928 25,036,358 24,520,943 23,664,830 22,934,047 22,710,272 23,620,948 23,401,351 21,071,501 20,260,359 7 San Francisco International Airport SFO San Francisco CA 27,862,429 25,707,",
"2": "101 24,190,549 22,756,008 21,704,626 21,284,224 20,038,679 19,359,003 18,467,908 18,135,827 17,280,328 16,236,592 16,070,133 8 McCarran International Airport LAS Las Vegas NV 24,248,814 22,833,267 21,824,231 20,551,016 19,946,179 19,941,173 19,854,759 18,996,738 19,445,952 21,024,443 22,537,950 22,028,521 21,402,676 9 Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport SEA Seattle / Tacoma WA 23,518,824 21,887,110 21,231,781 18,781,489 17,450,425 16,625,787 16,425,732 15,406,243 15,273,092 15,839,504 15,419,116 14,703,928 14,359,530 10 Charlotte Douglas International Airport CLT Charlotte NC 22,917,874 22,173,747 21,913,166 21,542,277 21,346,601 20,032,426 19,022,535 18,629,181 18,165,476 19,291,428 16,884,780 14,949,568 14,109,608 11 Orlando International Airport MCO Orlando FL 22,215,929 20,283,541 18,759,938 17,278,608 16,884,524 17,159,425 17,250,415 17,017,491 16,371,016 17,288,480 17,614,679 16,807,",
"3": "856 16,592,133 12 Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport PHX Phoenix AZ 22,016,714 20,896,265 21,351,445 20,344,867 19,525,109 19,556,189 19,750,306 18,907,171 18,559,647 19,450,576 20,767,144 20,479,291 19,032,196 13 Miami International Airport MIA Miami FL 21,747,189 20,875,813 20,986,341 19,468,523 19,420,089 18,987,488 18,342,158 17,017,654 16,187,768 16,377,488 16,194,162 15,664,791 15,092,763 14 Newark Liberty International Airport EWR Newark NJ 21,507,885 19,834,792 19,923,009 17,680,826 17,546,506 17,035,098 16,814,092 16,571,754 16,659,441 17,599,578 18,163,652 17,804,107 16,444,959 15 George Bush Intercontinental Airport IAH Houston TX 20,367,204 20,062,072 20,595,874 19,772,054 18,952,840 19,038,958 19,306,660 19,528,631 19,290,239 20,030,898 24,117,623 22,822,111 20,799,886 16 Logan International Airport BOS Boston MA 19,145,096 17,749,202 17,759,044 15,425,869 14,810,153 14,293,675 14,171,476 13,",
"4": "561,814 12,566,797 12,820,489 13,783,297 13,544,552 13,214,923 17 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul International Airport MSP Minneapolis / St. Paul MN 19,002,544 18,123,844 17,634,252 16,972,678 16,280,835 15,943,751 15,895,653 15,512,487 15,551,206 16,369,324 16,962,563 17,192,410 17,971,771 18 Detroit Metropolitan Airport DTW Detroit MI 17,325,600 16,826,287 16,847,135 15,775,941 15,683,523 15,599,877 15,716,865 15,643,890 15,211,402 16,998,174 17,495,135 17,483,468 17,580,363 19 Philadelphia International Airport PHL Philadelphia PA 14,760,585 14,564,419 15,101,318 14,747,112 14,727,945 14,587,631 14,883,180 14,951,254 15,002,961 15,586,852 15,656,653 15,390,848 15,376,569 20 LaGuardia Airport LGA New York NY 14,737,834 14,706,123 14,762,593 13,415,797 13,372,269 12,818,717 11,989,227 12,001,501 11,084,300 11,567,586 12,529,890 12,925,697 13,014,314 21 Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport FLL Fort Lauderdale FL 16,216,686 14,263,",
"5": "270 13,061,607 11,987,607 11,538,140 11,445,101 11,332,466 10,829,810 10,258,118 11,020,091 11,079,250 10,204,579 10,729,468 22 Baltimore -- Washington International Airport BWI Baltimore / Washington , D.C. MD 13,214,185 12,340,972 11,738,828 11,022,200 11,132,731 11,183,965 11,067,317 10,848,633 10,338,950 10,215,225 10,487,789 10,297,607 9,829,432 23 Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport DCA Washington , D.C.",
"6": "VA 11,966,354 11,470,854 11,242,375 10,057,794 9,838,034 9,462,206 9,053,004 8,736,804 8,490,288 8,704,466 9,038,174 8,973,410 8,623,907 24 Salt Lake City International Airport SLC Salt Lake City UT 12,098,835 11,143,738 10,634,519 10,139,065 9,668,048 9,579,836 9,701,756 9,910,493 9,903,821 9,993,198 10,560,906 10,289,129 10,601,918 25 Midway International Airport MDW Chicago IL 11,044,353 11,044,387 10,318,311 9,915,646 9,431,796 9,134,576 8,518,957 8,253,620 8,021,383 9,132,836 8,915,292 8,383,698 26 Washington Dulles International Airport IAD Washington , D.C. VA 11,407,107 10,596,942 10,363,918 10,415,948 10,570,993 10,785,683 11,043,829 11,276,481 11,132,098 11,348,775 11,789,441 11,045,217 13,032,502 27 San Diego International Airport SAN San Diego CA 11,107,078 10,340,164 9,985,739 9,333,152 8,878,772 8,686,592 8,465,683 8,430,509 8,453,854 9,007,617 9,",
"7": "138,116 8,724,442 8,628,648 28 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport HNL Honolulu HI 9,656,340 9,656,340 9,463,000 9,466,995 9,210,270 8,643,494 8,740,077 8,739,389 9,013,440 10,393,929 9,855,838 9,784,404 29 Tampa International Airport TPA Tampa FL 9,830,583 9,194,994 9,150,414 8,531,561 8,267,752 8,216,153 8,174,194 8,137,222 8,263,294 8,871,917 9,306,036 9,187,865 9,297,643 30 Portland International Airport PDX Portland OR 9,538,472 9,071,154 8,340,234 7,878,760 7,452,603 7,142,620 6,808,486 6,582,227 6,430,119 7,090,526 7,281,057 6,956,712 6,798,976 Rank ( 2016 ) Airports ( Medium Hubs ) IATA Code City Served State 2017 2016 2015 2014 31 Dallas Love Field DAL Dallas TX 7,876,769 7,554,596 7,040,921 4,522,341 32 St. Louis Lambert International Airport STL St.",
"8": "Louis MO 7,372,805 6,793,076 6,239,231 6,108,758 33 Nashville International Airport BNA Nashville TN 7,015,119 6,338,517 5,708,852 5,396,958 34 William P. Hobby Airport HOU Houston TX 6,741,870 6,285,181 5,937,944 5,800,726 35 Austin - Bergstrom International Airport AUS Austin TX 6,973,115 6,095,545 5,797,547 5,219,982 36 Oakland International Airport OAK Oakland CA 6,530,308 5,934,639 5,506,672 5,069,257 37 Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport MSY New Orleans LA 6,005,527 5,569,705 5,329,696 4,870,569 38 Raleigh - Durham International Airport RDU Raleigh / Durham NC 5,851,004 5,401,714 4,954,717 4,673,869 39 Kansas City International Airport MCI Kansas City MO 5,744,918 5,391,557 5,135,127 4,982,722 40 Norman Y . Mineta San José International Airport SJC San Jose CA 6,225,148 5,321,603 4,885,690 4,621,003 41 John Wayne Airport SNA Santa Ana CA 5,195,047 5,217,242 4,945,175 4,584,147 42 Sacramento International Airport SMF Sacramento CA 5,460,526 4,969,366 4,816,440 4,384,616 43 Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport SJU San Juan PR 4,",
"9": "343,354 4,218,785 4,150,828 44 San Antonio International Airport SAT San Antonio TX 4,521,611 4,179,994 4,091,389 4,046,856 45 Southwest Florida International Airport RSW Fort Myers FL 4,461,304 4,277,214 4,159,212 3,942,387 46 Indianapolis International Airport IND Indianapolis IN 4,376,432 4,216,766 3,889,567 3,605,908 47 Cleveland Hopkins International Airport CLE Cleveland OH 4,120,014 4,083,476 3,686,315 48 Pittsburgh International Airport PIT Pittsburgh PA 3,986,114 3,890,677 3,827,860 49 John Glenn Columbus International Airport CMH Columbus OH 3,765,007 3,567,864 3,312,496 3,115,501 50 General Mitchell International Airport MKE Milwaukee WI 3,121,910 3,327,536 3,229,876 3,228,607 51 Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky International Airport CVG Cincinnati / Covington OH / KY 3,926,158 3,269,979 3,036,697 2,874,684 52 Kahului Airport OGG Kahului HI 3,352,813 3,220,753 3,019,338 53 Palm Beach International Airport PBI West Palm Beach FL 3,166,532 3,100,624 3,113,485 2,926,242 54 Bradley International Airport BDL Hartford CT 3,214,976 2,982,194 2,926,047 2,913,380 55 Jacksonville International Airport JAX Jacksonville FL 2,759,067 2,",
"10": "729,129 2,716,465 2,589,198 56 Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport ANC Anchorage AK 2,563,524 2,525,876 2,381,826 57 Albuquerque International Sunport ABQ Albuquerque NM 2,483,861 2,341,719 2,323,850 2,354,184 58 Buffalo Niagara International Airport BUF Buffalo NY 2,313,724 2,331,545 2,378,469 59 Eppley Airfield OMA Omaha NE 2,303,223 2,127,387 2,046,155 2,020,354 60 Hollywood Burbank Airport BUR Burbank CA 2,365,361 2,104,625 1,972,531 1,931,948 45 busiest U.S. airports by total passenger Traffic ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Listed according to data compiled by Airports Council International North America , and ranked according to total passengers during 2015 . This list has the same 99 airports as the FAA list , but the order is slightly different . The FAA ranks by passengers boarding . ACI ranks by sum of boarding , disembarking , and flying through without leaving airplane . The statistics are slightly more than twice as high . Rank Airport name Location IATA Code Traffic Aircraft Passengers % chg . 2014 / 15 Movements % chg . 2014 / 15 Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia ATL 101,491,106 05.5 882,497 01.6 Chicago O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois ORD 76,949,504 09.8 875,136 00.8 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California LAX 74,937,004 06.0 655,564 03.0 Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex ,",
"11": "Texas DFW 64,074,762 00.3 681,261 00.2 5 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York , New York JFK 56,827,154 06.8 438,897 03.7 6 Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado DEN 54,014,502 01.0 541,213 04.3 7 San Francisco International Airport San Francisco , California SFO 50,057,887 06.2 429,815 00.4 8 McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada LAS 45,443,900 05.8 530,330 01.5 9 Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina CLT 44,876,627 01.3 543,944 00.2 10 Miami International Airport Miami , Florida MIA 44,350,247 08.3 412,915 02.5 11 Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona PHX 44,003,840 04.5 440,411 02.3 12 George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas IAH 43,023,224 04.3 502,844 01.2 13 Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington SEA 42,340,537 012.9 381,408 012 14 Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida MCO 38,727,749 08.4 308,169 06.1 15 Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey EWR 37,494,704 05.3 415,534 05.1 16 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul International Airport Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , Minnesota MSP 36,582,854 04.1 404,612 01.9 17 Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts BOS 33,515,",
"12": "905 05.9 372,930 02.5 18 Detroit Metropolitan Airport Romulus , Michigan DTW 33,440,112 02.8 379,376 03.4 19 Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PHL 31,444,403 02.3 411,368 01.9 20 LaGuardia Airport New York , New York LGA 28,437,668 05.5 360,274 00.3 21 Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport Fort Lauderdale , Florida FLL 26,941,671 09.3 278,002 07.6 22 Baltimore -- Washington International Airport Linthicum , Maryland BWI 23,823,532 06.8 246,454 00.5 23 Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Arlington , Virginia DCA 23,012,191 010.7 292,781 03.4 24 Chicago Midway International Airport Chicago , Illinois MDW 22,221,499 04.9 253,519 01.7 25 Salt Lake City International Airport Salt Lake City , Utah SLC 22,152,498 04.8 311,857 04.0 26 Washington Dulles International Airport Dulles , Virginia IAD 21,498,902 00.4 269,070 07.0 27 San Diego International Airport San Diego , California SAN 20,081,258 07.1 194,215 01.3 28 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Honolulu , Hawaii HNL 19,869,707 01.5 312,655 00.5 29 Tampa International Airport Tampa , Florida TPA 18,815,425 07.2 189,865 03.2 30 Portland International Airport Portland , Oregon PDX 16,850,",
"13": "952 05.9 218,021 00.8 31 Dallas Love Field Dallas , Texas DAL 14,497,498 054.0 216,099 018.1 32 Lambert -- St. Louis International Airport St. Louis , Missouri STL 12,752,331 03.0 185,865 01.1 33 William P. Hobby Airport Houston , Texas HOU 12,163,344 01.8 200,587 04.7 34 Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport Austin , Texas AUS 11,897,959 011.0 191,193 04.8 35 Nashville International Airport Nashville , Tennessee BNA 11,673,633 05.7 184,421 04.6 36 Oakland International Airport Oakland , California OAK 11,205,063 08.4 215,750 05.9 37 Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport New Orleans , Louisiana MSY 10,868,827 09.3 N / A N / A 38 Kansas City International Airport Kansas City , Missouri MCI 10,472,461 03.0 N / A N / A 39 John Wayne Airport Santa Ana , California SNA 10,180,258 08.5 260,689 03.2 40 Raleigh -- Durham International Airport Morrisville , North Carolina RDU 9,943,331 04.2 N / A N / A 41 Norman Y .",
"14": "Mineta San José International Airport San Jose , California SJC 9,799,427 04.4 N / A N / A 42 Sacramento International Airport Sacramento , California SMF 9,609,880 07.1 N / A N / A 43 San Antonio International Airport San Antonio , Texas SAT 8,507,459 01.6 N / A N / A 44 Southwest Florida International Airport Fort Myers , Florida RSW 8,371,801 05.0 N / A N / A 45 Pittsburgh International Airport Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania PIT 8,988,016 01.6 N / A N / A 20 busiest U.S. airports by International passenger Traffic ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Listed according to data compiled by the Office of Aviation Analysis , part of the United States Department of Transportation , and ranked according to total international passengers during 2016 . Rank Airport Name Location IATA Code Traffic Passengers % chg . 2016 / 15 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York City , New York JFK 31,305,193 06.3 % Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California LAX 22,177,994 010.1 % Miami International Airport Miami , Florida MIA 19,688,934 02.0 % O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois ORD 11,917,782 03.8 % 5 San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California SFO 11,835,425 07.6 % 6 Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey EWR 11,757,112 01.5 % 7 Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia ATL 11,194,192 03.8 % 8 George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas IAH 10,780,277 02.1 % 9 Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex ,",
"15": "Texas DFW 7,821,342 03.1 % 10 Washington Dulles International Airport Dulles , Virginia IAD 7,117,880 01.6 % 11 Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts BOS 5,842,669 016.4 % 12 Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport Broward County , Florida FLL 5,642,557 09.3 % 13 Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida MCO 5,417,295 08.8 % 14 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Honolulu , Hawaii HNL 5,084,453 01.6 % 15 Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington SEA 4,626,762 06.3 % 16 Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PHL 3,685,920 08.0 % 17 McCarran International Airport Paradise , Nevada LAS 3,497,658 02.7 % 18 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Romulus , Michigan DTW 3,263,216 00.3 % 19 Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina CLT 2,967,941 00.4 % 20 Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport Barrigada and Tamuning , Guam GUM 2,953,930 03.1 % 10 busiest airports in the U.S. by total cargo throughput ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of largest cargo airports in the United States Listed according to data compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration for the United States , and ranked according to total cargo throughput in pounds during 2015 . Rank Airport Name Location IATA Code Cargo Ibs . % chg .",
"16": "2015 / 14 Memphis International Airport Memphis , Tennessee MEM 22,679,195,919 0 - 0.42 % Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Anchorage , Alaska ANC 17,139,250,601 08.01 % Louisville International Airport Louisville , Kentucky SDF 12,057,543,654 04.23 % O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois ORD 9,063,649,529 020.19 % 5 Miami International Airport Miami , Florida MIA 7,630,761,702 06.09 % 6 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California LAX 6,585,460,219 053.24 % 7 Indianapolis International Airport Indianapolis , Indiana IND 5,324,737,760 0 - 0.58 % 8 Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky International Airport Hebron , Kentucky CVG 4,019,745,706 010.30 % 9 Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex , Texas DFW 3,328,784,075 05.99 % 10 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York , New York JFK 3,255,916,985 02.68 % See also ( edit ) List of the busiest airports in California Top 10 Busiest Airports in the World References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' ( PDF ) . faa.gov. 2014 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy16-commercial-service-enplanements.pdf Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2015 Revenue Enplanements at Commercial Service Airports '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CY 2014 Primary Airports -- Preliminary Data '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CY 2013 Primary Airports '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CY 2012 Primary Airports '' ( PDF ) .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` CY 2011 Primary Airports '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ CY 2010 Enplanements at Primary Airports Archived 2015 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Boarding ( Enplanement ) and All - Cargo Data for U.S. Airports -- Airports '' . www.faa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Federal Aviation Administration 2007 passenger boarding statistics '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Aviation Administration 2006 passenger boarding statistics '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Aviation Administration 2005 passenger boarding statistics '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Airport Traffic Reports '' . Airports Council International - North America . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics , December 2016 ( pdf ) ( Report ) . International Aviation Developments Series . U.S. Department of Transportation . 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Airports '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) United States Department of Transportation : `` Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel : 2008 and 2009 '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . `` Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel : 2005 and 2006 '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . `` Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel : 1990 , 1995 , and 2000 '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . `` Top 20 Routes for U.S. International Airport Pair Passengers : 1990 , 1995 , and 2000 '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics .",
"18": "Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) : National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems ( NPIAS ) 2005 - 2009 FAA National Flight Data Center ( NFDC ) : Airport Data ( Form 5010 ) , also available from AirportIQ 5010 Major airports in the United States Atlanta ( Hartsfield -- Jackson -- ATL ) Baltimore ( Baltimore -- Washington -- BWI ) Boston ( Logan -- BOS ) Charlotte ( Douglas -- CLT ) Chicago Midway -- MDW O'Hare -- ORD Dallas -- Fort Worth ( Dallas / Fort Worth -- DFW ) Denver ( Denver -- DEN ) Detroit ( Detroit Metropolitan -- DTW ) Fort Lauderdale ( Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood -- FLL ) Honolulu ( Daniel K. Inouye -- HNL ) Houston ( George Bush -- IAH ) Las Vegas ( McCarran -- LAS ) Los Angeles ( Los Angeles -- LAX ) Miami ( Miami -- MIA ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( Minneapolis -- Saint Paul -- MSP ) New York John F. Kennedy -- JFK LaGuardia -- LGA Newark ( Newark Liberty -- EWR ) Orlando ( Orlando -- MCO ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia -- PHL ) Phoenix ( Sky Harbor -- PHX ) Portland ( Portland - PDX ) Salt Lake City ( Salt Lake City -- SLC ) San Diego ( San Diego -- SAN ) San Francisco ( San Francisco -- SFO ) Seattle ( Seattle -- Tacoma -- SEA ) Tampa ( Tampa -- TPA ) Washington , D.C.",
"19": "Reagan National -- DCA Dulles -- IAD List of the busiest airports in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Lists of the busiest airports by continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Aviation statistics Airports worldwide Busiest airports By aircraft movements By cargo traffic By passenger traffic International City airport systems by passenger traffic Busiest airports by continent and country Africa Algeria Morocco South Africa Asia China India Indonesia Iran Japan Malaysia Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Greece Hungary Republic of Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador By region Arab states of Persian Gulf Balkans Baltic British Isles Caribbean Central America Ireland Latin America Nordic countries Post-Soviet states Ex-Yugoslavia Airlines World 's largest airlines Airline holding companies Africa Asia Europe North America Central America and the Caribbean Oceania South America Routes Busiest passenger air routes Busiest air routes in Australia by passenger traffic International General aviation in Europe United Kingdom Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre ( JACDEC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"20": "php?title=List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States&oldid=838358019 '' Categories : Lists of airports in the United States Lists of busiest airports Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Português Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
8,
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11,
2,
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9,
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3,
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5,
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1,
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20,
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6,
17,
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[
18,
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1860721105326995859
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who does betty end up with on riverdale
|
[
"Archie Andrews"
] |
{
"0": "Betty Cooper - wikipedia Betty Cooper Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Betty ( comic strip ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Betty Cooper Archie character Classic version of Betty Cooper First appearance Pep Comics # 22 ( Dec. 1941 ) Created by Bob Montana , John L. Goldwater Portrayed by Lauren Holly ( Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again ) Lili Reinhart ( Riverdale ) Voiced by Rosemary Rice ( 1943 -- 1953 ) Jane Webb ( 1968 -- 1976 ) Toni Wine ( The Archie Show ; singing ) Lisa Coristine ( 1987 ) America Young ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Hometown Riverdale School Riverdale High Information Significant other ( s ) Archie Andrews Jughead Jones ( Riverdale ) Reggie Mantle Adam Chisholm Sayid Ali Trevor Brown Relatives Chic Cooper ( brother ) Polly Cooper ( sister ) Hal Cooper ( father ) Alice Cooper ( mother ) Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper is one of the main characters appearing in American comic books published by Archie Comics . The character was created by Bob Montana and John L. Goldwater , and first appeared in Pep Comics # 22 ( cover - dated Dec. 1941 ) , on the first page of the first Archie story , serving as a love interest to Archie Andrews .",
"1": "Betty 's infatuation with Archie , which drives her attempts to win his affections by whatever means possible , and her rivalry with her Best friend Veronica Lodge , have been among of the longest - running themes in the comics . In 2011 , Betty Cooper was ranked 66th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Interests and personality 4 Relationships 5 Career 6 Other versions 6.1 Jughead : The Hunger 6.2 Life with Archie : The Married Life 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Animated 7.1. 2 Live - action 7.2 Film 8 References Publication history ( edit ) Betty and Me Publication information Publisher Archie Comics Schedule Varied between bimonthly and monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Romantic comedy Publication date Aug. 1965 -- Aug. 1992 No. of issues 200 Main character ( s ) Betty Cooper Betty Publication information Publisher Archie Comics Schedule Varied between bimonthly and monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Romantic comedy Publication date Sept. 1992 -- Jan. 2012 No. of issues 195 Main character ( s ) Betty Cooper Betty was named for , and originally based on , Betty Tokar Jankovich , a Czech immigrant who briefly dated Archie co-creator Bob Montana in 1939 when she was 18 . Created to serve as a love interest for Archie Andrews , she is portrayed as a smart , nice , sweet , talented , and tomboyish yet beautiful girl with blonde hair and blue eyes . In addition to appearing in many Archie stories , Betty was the star of two long - running comic book titles published by Archie Comics during the period 1965 -- 2012 : Betty and Me ( later styled as Betty & Me ) , which published 200 issues from Aug. 1965 to Aug. 2012 ; and Betty , which published 195 issues from Sept. 1992 to Jan. 2012 .",
"2": "She also was featured in Betty 's Diary , which published 40 issues from Apr. 1986 -- Apr. 1990 . Currently , Betty is the co-star of Betty and Veronica Digest Magazine , now known as B&V Friends Double Digest , which was launched in Nov. 1980 and has published more than 250 issues ; and Betty and Veronica Double Digest , which has published 250 + issues since June 1987 . She was the co-star of Betty and Veronica , which ran for 347 issues ( and eight annuals ) from March 1950 -- April 1987 . A new Betty and Veronica series published 278 issues from June 1987 -- late 2015 . The limited series Betty and Veronica , taking place in their rebooted New Riverdale universe , was published in 2017 . Betty and Veronica also co-starred in : Betty and Veronica Spectacular ( 90 issues , Oct. 1992 -- July 2009 ) Betty and Veronica Summer Fun ( six annual issues , 1994 -- 1999 ) Fictional character biography ( edit ) Betty Cooper ( Bety Rosas in the Spanish version ) is the third and youngest child and second daughter of Hal Cooper and Alice Cooper . Her older brother Chic Cooper and older sister Polly Cooper have both moved out of Riverdale , their hometown . Chic moved to New York City and Polly to San Francisco , but both occasionally appear in flashbacks to Betty 's childhood , and both occasionally visit their family . The quintessential girl next door , Betty 's middle class upbringing is a world apart from the flashy lifestyle of her wealthy friend , Veronica Lodge . Nowhere is this more evident than when she and Veronica are competing for Archie Andrews ' heart , and yet they remain best friends ( Veronica once told Archie that she and Betty are only rivals in unimportant matters , like boys . ) In the late 1960s , the two girls joined Archie 's band , a garage band appropriately named The Archies . Both sang ( usually backup ) , and Betty played tambourine , while Veronica played organ . This implies that Veronica is more musically talented , but that is not necessarily true . Some stories indicate that Betty is the better vocalist . Additionally , there is little consistency in the instruments she is able to play .",
"3": "Betty has played the recorder , tambourine , maracas , guitar , banjo , keyboard , saxophone , cello , and the bongos . Interests and personality ( edit ) Betty is friends with everybody , and is a loving daughter and sister . She likes to help the homeless , read to the senior citizens , and rescue wounded animals and birds . Betty 's hobbies include playing sports ( particularly baseball ) , cooking , and looking after animals ( she owns a cat , Caramel ) . She is also concerned with the environment and other social issues and encourages the rest of the gang to clean up after themselves . She loves children and sometimes babysits Jellybean with Jughead as well as other children in Riverdale . Occasionally , families hire Betty to keep their elderly members company . Betty is a skilled mechanic who frequently helps Archie with his broken down car Betsy . Betty is also good at skiing and car - racing . She is often said to be the best pitcher in the girls ' baseball team . Betty is a scuba diver , wearing a red shorty wetsuit , breathing with an air tank she carries on her back and a regulator in her mouth , wears red fins on her feet and a mask on her face , but she prefers to swim underwater . Contrary to the `` dumb blonde '' - stereotype , Betty actually has an above - average intelligence and is one of the smartest students at Riverdale High School , along with Dilton Doiley . In one story she won an award and was sent to compete in New York and has won numerous academic awards . At one point , she gained ESP when an encyclopedia accidentally fell on her head . This ability took away all hope for the future ; Archie asked Veronica for a date , but Betty knew that Archie would dump Veronica for her . Betty lost her ESP power when a ball that Reggie kicked accidentally hit her ; in her gratefulness , she gave him a thankful kiss . Betty 's many talents and accomplishments often make her friend Veronica jealous , who then tries to sabotage Betty to steal her glory and make her look bad . During a stay at the Lodge mansion , while the family are in Europe , Betty is waited on hand and foot by the servants and , keeping true to her caring , loving , and unselfish nature , she begins to feel guilty about being waited on .",
"4": "Wanting to do something very special for them in appreciation for the tough jobs that they do ( and for what also seems to be a very thankless job in serving someone like Veronica , who tends to be very snobbish towards those who serve her ) , she throws them a pool party which surprises Mr. and Mrs. Lodge , and angers Veronica . In return , Smithers , the butler , and the rest of the staff , who are quite appreciative of what Betty did for them ( since they never seem to get any appreciation from Veronica ) , offer to help Betty with the next party she throws , for free . Mr. Lodge would then lecture Veronica about how servants were people too . Relationships ( edit ) Betty 's best friend is Veronica . Although the two are often involved in disputes over Archie or something else that evokes jealousy , they have remained the best of friends since their childhood . The two have commented that Jughead and Archie 's friendship could not compare to theirs . In many stories , Betty and Veronica team up or help each other despite Veronica 's jealousy and bitterness towards her . Betty 's other female friends include Ethel Muggs , Midge Klump , and Nancy Woods , all of whom share common interests and group activities such as shopping and cheer - leading . Frequently , Betty has been shown to date Reggie Mantle early on in the titles ' runs and occasionally still , more often than not as a casual date when Veronica has Archie take her out . Sometimes , Reggie and Betty are seen to be flirting with each other ; when Betty is feeling sad , Reggie always tells her that she has won a date with the most handsome man in the world . Although Reggie does not appear to admit it , he seems to care about Betty , but his self - image sometimes is more important . Once Betty said that sometimes the way Archie and Reggie fight over her , it sounds like she has the plague . In the Life with Archie magazines that depict a future timeline in which Archie marries Veronica , Betty and Reggie are portrayed as a loving couple . It has been hinted they may be planning to get married .",
"5": "Betty 's relationship with Jughead Jones has mostly been that of close confidant and close friend , as they normally discuss their issues more candidly with each other than anyone else ; Jughead will provide commentary on her feelings for Archie , and Betty will attempt to `` better '' Jughead , by getting rid of his slothful attitude and laziness . Once when she had a sprained ankle , Veronica told both Archie and Jughead to visit her . The four of them were having dinner together when people from the school mistook Jughead as Betty 's boyfriend because he was carrying chocolates to her house . Jughead appears to care more about Betty than other girls and there have been hints of a potential romantic relationship between them . He once accidentally asked her out to a school dance . When he was telling Archie what to do , Betty walked up behind him and thought he was asking her even though he was just demonstrating how to ask Betty to the dance . In one story , Jughead even says that if the time ever comes that he would willingly kiss a girl , it would be Betty . A happy tear is seen sliding down Betty 's face at this comment . She had a friendship with an elderly woman named Lydia Wyndham , whom she found when doing research about World War I. With this acquaintance Betty got to know an accomplished writer and poet with a sharp mind ( and a sad past -- Betty 's research had turned up a beau of Ms. Wyndham 's who was killed in combat ) , but after a while Ms. Wyndham herself died . At times , Betty is seen to have a close friendship with Cheryl Blossom , especially in Cheryl 's own title . However , at other times , Betty and Veronica regard the seductive Cheryl as a threat because she tries to lure Archie away from them , and the two best friends unite against Cheryl to protect their interests . Jason Blossom , Cheryl 's twin brother , is sometimes seen to have genuine interest towards Betty , which makes Archie jealous . In the late 90s , Betty started dating Adam Chisholm . It was thought by some people that Betty had chosen Adam over Archie . This event made Archie jealous and he concentrated his attention on Betty , ignoring Veronica , as he always does when he thinks someone else may take Betty away from him .",
"6": "Though in actuality , Adam has rarely been seen in the stories after that story arc , and Betty has continued to prefer Archie . Career ( edit ) Betty enjoys writing and keeps a diary that is featured in the series Betty 's Diary . She wants to be a famous writer someday , an aspiration that her teacher Ms. Grundy approves of . She submits her work to writing magazines and has been published a number of times . She once got to be an intern for a fashion magazine but ended up modeling as well . At the same time , she takes various types of employment , including some work as a mechanic , which is also a career that she is interested in . In some stories she finds employment as an assistant teacher at the local elementary school . Betty is also a well known baby sitter , and baker . Other versions ( edit ) Jughead : the Hunger ( edit ) In this one - shot , Betty hails from a long - line of werewolf hunters that have always taken down members of the Jones lineage . She only befriended Archie and faked her affections towards him in an effort to get closer to the newest werewolf of Riverdale , Jughead . Archie convinces her to try curing Jughead of his lycanthropy with Wolfsbane , which works for months before it wears off and results in Reggie 's death . Jughead leaves town because he knows Betty wo n't give him a second chance . Life with Archie : the married Life ( edit ) Betty appears as a main character in Life with Archie : The Married Life . In Archie Loves Veronica , she runs a catering business while her boyfriend , Reggie Mantle , runs a repair shop . They both star in a reality show based on their lives . In Archie Loves Betty , she is an English teacher at Riverdale High . However , in both universes , Betty previously worked as a buyer for Saks Fifth Avenue in New York . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Animated ( edit ) Betty appeared in The Archie Show , a 1968 cartoon series produced by Filmation . She also appeared in the various spin - offs The Archie Comedy Hour , Archie 's Funhouse , Archie 's TV Funnies , The U.S. of Archie and The New Archie and Sabrina Hour produced in the same format .",
"7": "She was voiced by Jane Webb . Betty appeared in The New Archies , a 1987 re-imagining of Archie and the gang . Betty was portrayed as a pre-teen in junior high . She was voiced by Lisa Coristine . Betty appeared in Archie 's Weird Mysteries voiced by America Young . Live - action ( edit ) Betty was portrayed by Lauren Holly in the 1990 TV movie Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again . Betty appears in The CW series Riverdale , with Lili Reinhart portraying the character . As in the comics , Betty is a pretty and good - natured girl - next - door who once had a crush on her longtime friend Archie Andrews , . In the series , however , Betty falls in love with Jughead Jones , whom she gets into a relationship with . They both have said they love each other , however they break up in the second season due to their personal circumstances . After the breakup , Betty continues her friendship with Archie by sleuthing together , in order to uncover the identity of the Black Hood killer . Later , Archie and Betty have a passionate moment in a car after discussing a potential issue that they are facing , which results in them kissing each other , before fulfilling their own quest of unraveling the identity of the town 's killer . Film ( edit ) Betty appeared in The Archies in Jugman , voiced by America Young . The film was released direct - to - video and takes place after Archie 's Weird Mysteries . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Rosemary Rice Merrell , 87 , started in TV and radio '' . New Canaan Advertiser. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` New Kids Off The Wall , Part 1 , '' Archie & Friends # 148 ( Dec. 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna . `` Riverdale : Will Betty and Trev Be A Thing ? , '' ComicBook.com ( February 24 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 44 .",
"8": "ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gustines , George Gene . `` At 94 , the Real Betty Does n't Regret Dumping a Creator of Archie , ' '' New York Times ( October 1 , 2015 ) , accessed October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jughead : The Hunger ( Archie Comics , May 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline . ( hide ) Archie Comics characters and fictional elements Archie Characters Main Archie Andrews Cheryl Blossom Chuck Clayton Betty Cooper Dilton Doiley Jughead Jones Kevin Keller Midge Klump Veronica Lodge Reggie Mantle Moose Mason Ethel Muggs Nancy Woods Secondary Families of Archie 's Gang Miss Beazley Mr. Flutesnoot Miss Grundy Mr. Lodge Mr. Svenson Mr.",
"9": "Weatherbee Locations Riverdale Sabrina Salem Saberhagen Hilda Spellman Sabrina Spellman Zelda Spellman Humor Josie and the Pussycats band and cast Superhero The Black Hood Captain Flag The Comet Firefly The Fly Flygirl The Fox The Jaguar The Shield Terrific Three The Web Wizard Licensed characters Sonic the Hedgehog characters ( from Sega ) Mega Man characters ( from Capcom ) See also Alternate universes in Archie Comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betty_Cooper&oldid=822016253 '' Categories : 1965 comics debuts 1992 comics endings Humor comics Romance comics 1992 comics debuts 2012 comics endings Archie Comics characters Comics characters introduced in 1941 Fictional mechanics Fictional scuba divers Fictional singers Fictional surfers Fictional writers Fictional schoolteachers Fictional basketball players Fictional baseball players Fictional volleyball players Fictional cheerleaders Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles guest characters Animated human characters Female characters in comics Female characters in animation Teenage characters in comics Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Title pop Comics infobox without image Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 23 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1819826198204382781
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who won the american league east in 2017
|
[
"Houston Astros",
"The Yankees"
] |
{
"0": "2017 American League Championship Series - wikipedia 2017 American League Championship Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 American League Championship Series Teams Team ( Wins ) Manager Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) , 21 GA New York Yankees ( 3 ) Joe Girardi 91 -- 71 (. 562 ) , 2 GB Dates October 13 -- 21 MVP Justin Verlander ( Houston ) Umpires Mark Carlson ( Games 3 -- 7 ) , Gary Cederstrom ( crew chief ) , Chad Fairchild ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Chris Guccione , Jerry Meals , Jim Reynolds , Hunter Wendelstedt ALDS New York Yankees defeated Cleveland Indians ( 3 -- 2 ) Houston Astros defeated Boston Red Sox ( 3 -- 1 ) Broadcast Television FS1 ( Games 1 , 3 -- 7 ) Fox ( Game 2 ) TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci Radio ESPN Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2016 ALCS 2017 World Series The 2017 American League Championship Series was a best - of - seven playoff pitting the Houston Astros against the New York Yankees for the American League pennant and the right to face the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2017 World Series . The Astros defeated the Yankees in 7 games after falling behind 3 games to 2 . The home team won every game in the series . This was first time in history that the ALCS and NLCS teams were from the four most populous U.S. cities : New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston . For the first time , Major League Baseball sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; this ALCS was sponsored by Camping World , and was officially known as the American League Championship Series presented by Camping World .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 3.8 Composite line score 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox 3 -- 1 in the 2017 American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . This is the Astros ' fifth appearance in a League Championship Series , and their first since transferring from the National League to the American League . Their only previous LCS win came in the 2005 National League Championship Series ; they lost in 1980 , 1986 , and 2004 . They are also the first AL West team to make it to the ALCS since 2011 . The Yankees upset the heavily - favored Cleveland Indians 3 -- 2 in the ALDS to advance . This is the Yankees ' 16th appearance in the ALCS , and their second as a Wild Card . Their last ALCS appearance came in the 2012 American League Championship Series where they got swept by the Detroit Tigers . They had won in eleven of their previous fifteen appearances . This is the sixth straight year in which an AL East team has made it to the ALCS . This was the second postseason match - up between these two teams , with the Astros defeating the Yankees in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game at Yankee Stadium . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 .",
"2": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 13 New York Yankees -- 1 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 20 43,116 October 14 New York Yankees -- 1 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 00 43,193 October 16 Houston Astros -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 8 Yankee Stadium 3 : 25 49,373 October 17 Houston Astros -- 4 , New York Yankees -- 6 Yankee Stadium 3 : 37 48,804 5 October 18 Houston Astros -- 0 , New York Yankees -- 5 Yankee Stadium 3 : 18 49,647 6 October 20 New York Yankees -- 1 , Houston Astros -- 6 Minute Maid Park 3 : 23 43,179 7 October 21 New York Yankees -- 0 , Houston Astros -- 4 Minute Maid Park 3 : 09 43,201 Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) October 13 , 2017 7 : 10 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 WP : Dallas Keuchel ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Masahiro Tanaka ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ken Giles ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Greg Bird ( 1 ) HOU : None Attendance : 43,116 In a pitcher 's duel , Dallas Keuchel and Masahiro Tanaka allowed no runs through the first three innings before the Astros scored in the bottom of the fourth . José Altuve hit an infield single and stole second base , before Carlos Correa drove him in with an RBI single .",
"3": "Yuli Gurriel drove in Correa to give the Astros a 2 -- 0 lead . Keuchel recorded ten strikeouts , allowing four hits and no runs in seven innings . Tanaka pitched six innings with three strikeouts and allowed two earned runs . Chad Green relieved Tanaka and threw two scoreless innings . Ken Giles was brought in with one out in the eighth for a five - out save . He struck out four of the six batters he faced but allowed a solo home run to Greg Bird before striking out Jacoby Ellsbury swinging to end the game . It was his second save of this postseason . Game 2 ( edit ) October 14 , 2017 3 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Justin Verlander ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Aroldis Chapman ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None HOU : Carlos Correa ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,193 Justin Verlander threw a complete game , allowing one run and five hits while striking out 13 . Carlos Correa opened the scoring in the fourth inning with a home run off of starter Luis Severino that barely scraped over the right field wall . It was reviewed for fan interference , as a child reached his glove over the wall in an attempt to catch it . Todd Frazier answered for the Yankees in the fifth with an RBI ground - rule double that was lodged in the center - field fence after a two - out double by Aaron Hicks . In the bottom of the ninth , José Altuve singled with one out off of Aroldis Chapman . Correa hit a walk - off double to right field , as Gary Sanchez did not field the ball cleanly at home plate and Altuve scored the winning run , giving the Astros a 2 -- 0 series lead heading to New York .",
"4": "Game 3 ( edit ) October 16 , 2017 8 : 09 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx , New York , 57 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 X 8 7 WP : CC Sabathia ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Charlie Morton ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : None NYY : Todd Frazier ( 1 ) , Aaron Judge ( 1 ) Attendance : 49,373 In the bottom of the second inning , Todd Frazier opened the scoring with a three - run home run after two two - out singles off of Charlie Morton . The Yankees piled on five more runs in the fourth inning . After a leadoff ground - rule double and two - out walk , Chase Headley 's RBI single made it 4 -- 0 Yankees . A hit - by - pitch to Brett Gardner loaded the bases before Morton was relieved by Will Harris , who threw a wild pitch to let Frazier score before a three - run home run by Aaron Judge made it 8 -- 0 Yankees . CC Sabathia did not allow a run in six innings pitched , striking out five . In the top of the ninth inning , Dellin Betances entered in relief only to walk the first two batters before getting pulled for Tommy Kahnle . A single by Cameron Maybin loaded the bases , then one out later , walk to Alex Bregman forced in a run , but Jose Altuve hit into the game - ending double play as the Yankees ' won Game 3 8 -- 1 .",
"5": "Game 4 ( edit ) October 17 , 2017 5 : 08 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx , New York , 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 8 WP : Chad Green ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : None NYY : Aaron Judge ( 2 ) Attendance : 48,804 Game 4 began as a pitcher 's duel . The Yankees ' Sonny Gray threw five scoreless innings , allowing only one hit while Astros ' Lance McCullers Jr. threw six shutout innings with one hit . With the bases loaded in the top of the sixth , Yuli Gurriel hit a bases - clearing double off of David Robertson to put the Astros up 3 -- 0 . The next inning , a Starlin Castro fielding error allowed Marwin González to score , increasing the lead to 4 -- 0 . In the bottom of the seventh , Aaron Judge hit a solo home run , chasing McCullers from the game . Chris Devenski entered in relief only to allow a triple to Didi Gregorius and a sacrifice fly to Gary Sánchez , cutting the lead to 4 -- 2 . In the bottom of the eighth , Todd Frazier and Chase Headley both singled , with the latter tripping on his way to second base and evading José Altuve 's close tag to remain safe at second . As Ken Giles entered the game , a Brett Gardner groundout made the score 4 -- 3 before Judge doubled into left field , tying the game at 4 -- 4 . Gregorius singled and Sánchez doubled to complete the Yankees comeback , now up 6 -- 4 .",
"6": "Aroldis Chapman entered in the top of the ninth inning , pitching a 1 - 2 - 3 inning to get his first save of the series and third this postseason as the Yankees rallied to tie the series at two games all . Game 5 ( edit ) October 18 , 2017 5 : 11 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx , New York , 74 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York 0 0 0 0 X 5 10 WP : Masahiro Tanaka ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : None NYY : Gary Sánchez ( 1 ) Attendance : 49,647 In the top of the second inning , Yulieski Gurriel hit a leadoff double , but was stranded with three consecutive groundouts . In the bottom half of that inning , Starlin Castro hit a two - out double and was driven in by Greg Bird 's single . Next inning Chase Headley hit a leadoff single and scored on Aaron Judge 's one - out double . In the fifth , after a single and walk , back - to - back two - out RBI singles by Gary Sanchez and Didi Gregorius made it 4 -- 0 Yankees and knock starter Dallas Keuchel out of the game . Gary Sánchez provided insurance with a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning off of Brad Peacock . Masahiro Tanaka pitched seven shutout innings and Tommy Kahnle pitched two innings to close . The Yankees were now one win away from the World Series .",
"7": "Game 6 ( edit ) October 20 , 2017 7 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 8 0 WP : Justin Verlander ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Luis Severino ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Aaron Judge ( 3 ) HOU : José Altuve ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,179 Facing elimination , Justin Verlander threw seven shutout innings for the Astros , striking out eight . The Astros struck first in the bottom of the fifth off of Luis Severino . After two walks , Brian McCann drove in the first run with a double , then another walk loaded the bases before José Altuve 's two - run single put Houston on the board 3 -- 0 . In the top of the eighth , Aaron Judge hit a solo home run to cut the lead to 3 -- 1 , but the Astros increased their lead in the bottom of the inning , starting with an Altuve lead off home run off of David Robertson . After a double and single , Alex Bregman 's two - run double made it 6 -- 1 Astros . One out later Evan Gattis 's sacrifice fly off of Dellin Betances made it 7 -- 1 Astros . Ken Giles pitched a scoreless ninth as the Astros forced the first LCS Game 7 in either league since 2012 . This was Houston 's second ever win in a game facing elimination in a postseason series , the first being the 2015 American League Wild Card Game .",
"8": "Game 7 ( edit ) October 21 , 2017 7 : 08 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 10 0 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : CC Sabathia ( 1 -- 1 ) Sv : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None HOU : Evan Gattis ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,201 In the winner - take - all game to decide the AL pennant winner , Aaron Judge made a leaping catch to rob Yulieski Gurriel of a solo homer in the bottom of the second inning . CC Sabathia allowed the first run of the game on a solo home run to Evan Gattis in the fourth . Tommy Kahnle entered the game in relief , but in the fifth , gave up a home run to José Altuve and after two singles , a two - run double to former Yankee Brian McCann , extending the Astros lead to 4 -- 0 . For the Astros , Charlie Morton pitched five innings , allowed one walk and struck out five . Lance McCullers Jr. entered in relief , pitching four scoreless innings to close out the game and earn his first career save . McCullers ended the game throwing 24 straight curveballs ; a Greg Bird flyout to George Springer was the final out of the game , sending the Astros to the 2017 World Series . The Astros advanced to their first World Series in 12 years , becoming the first team to win pennants in both leagues . Houston 's victory made this just the fifth best - of - seven series ( following the 1987 , 1991 , and 2001 World Series , and the 2004 National League Championship Series ) , and the first ALCS , in which the home team won all seven games .",
"9": "Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 ALCS ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat New York Yankees . Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York Yankees 0 5 0 5 22 45 6 Houston Astros 0 0 0 6 20 40 Total attendance : 320,513 Average attendance : 45,788 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` MLB postseason : Four biggest U.S. cities reach final four for first time ever '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camping World Holdings , MLB form new multi-year partnership '' . MLB.com . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Jake . `` Astros have a Boston glee party , advance to ALCS '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BILLY WITZ ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Didi Gregorius Leads Yankees Past Indians and Into A.L.C.S. '' The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 1 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 2 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . MLB.com .",
"10": "Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 6 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Houston , Game 7 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keuchel strikes out 10 , Astros beat Yanks 2 - 1 in ALCS opener '' . ESPN . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees -- Astros gave us a weird baseball sequence '' . SI.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Altuve 's dash lifts Verlander , Astros over Yanks in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge , Sabathia help Yankees beat Astros 8 - 1 , trail ALCS 2 - 1 '' . ESPN . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike . `` Aaron Judge breaks out in Game 3 vs. Astros not a moment too soon for the Yankees '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge HR sparks NY , Yanks beat Astros 6 - 4 to even ALCS at 2 '' . ESPN . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BILLY WITZ ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees Overcome a Nemesis as Masahiro Tanaka Stifles the Astros '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros crush Yankees in Game 6 , force Game 7 in ALCS : Final score , things to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . SI.com .",
"11": "Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Home team wins every game of 2017 ALCS '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . External links ( edit ) 2017 Major League Baseball postseason schedule 2017 American League Championship Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals American League Championship Series 1969 -- 1970s 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011",
"12": "2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL pennant winners MVPs Broadcasters Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St.",
"13": "Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C.",
"14": ": WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. Nitkowski Dan Plesac Billy Ripken Pete Rose Mark Sweeney Frank Thomas Mitch Williams",
"15": "Dontrelle Willis Dave Winfield Lore The Flip Play ( 2001 ) Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The 53 - Minute 7th Inning ( 2015 ) Regular season 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Philip Humber 's perfect game ( 2012 ) World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty ( 2001 ) Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction ( 2013 ) The End of The Curse ( 2016 ) The Wedding Proposal ( 2017 ) Baseball - related curses Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito World Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 AL Championship Series 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Championship Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020",
"16": "AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Division Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2014 2016 2018 2020 All - Star Game 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Music `` At Last '' `` Con te partirò '' `` Golden Autumn Day '' `` The Golden Age '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' `` On Top '' `` The Rising '' Scott Schreer `` The Scientist '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Time of Your Life '' `` Walk On '' Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998",
"17": ") Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016",
"18": "2017 2018 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games",
"19": "The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby 2017 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston NY Yankees Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chi White Sox Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston LA Angels Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami NY Mets Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chi Cubs Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado LA Dodgers San Diego San Francisco 2017 MLB draft 2017 All - Star Game 2017 MLB Little League Classic Players Weekend 2017 World Series Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt .",
"20": "45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv.",
"21": ": Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 New York Yankees Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Culture Monument Park Museum Old - Timers ' Day Bleacher Creatures Yankees Universe Eddie Layton Jim Hall Logos and uniforms Appearance policy `` Holy Cow ! ''",
"22": "Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel",
"23": "Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Aaron Boone Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 17 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005",
"24": "2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Tarpons Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952",
"25": "1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"26": "php?title=2017_American_League_Championship_Series&oldid=834461311 '' Categories : 2017 Major League Baseball season American League Championship Series October 2017 sports events in the United States 2010s in Houston 2017 in sports in New York City 2017 in sports in Texas Houston Astros postseason New York Yankees postseason Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the last time the ducks won the stanley cup
|
[
"2006–07",
"2006–07",
"2006–07",
"2006–07",
"(2006–07)"
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{
"0": "Anaheim Ducks - Wikipedia Anaheim Ducks Jump to : navigation , search Anaheim Ducks 2017 -- 18 Anaheim Ducks season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1993 History Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 1993 -- 2006 Anaheim Ducks 2006 -- present Home arena Honda Center City Anaheim , California Colors Black , metallic gold , orange , silver Media Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket KCOP ( My 13 ) KLAA ( Angels Radio AM 830 ) The Mighty 1090 Owner ( s ) Henry & Susan Samueli General manager Bob Murray Head coach Randy Carlyle Captain Ryan Getzlaf Minor league affiliates San Diego Gulls ( AHL ) Utah Grizzlies ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 1 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Conference championships 2 ( 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 6 ( 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) Official website www.nhl.com/ducks The Anaheim Ducks are a professional ice hockey team based in Anaheim , California . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Since their inception , the Ducks have played their home games at the Honda Center . The club was founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a name based on the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks . Disney sold the franchise in 2005 to Henry and Susan Samueli , who along with General Manager Brian Burke , changed the name of the team to the Anaheim Ducks before the 2006 -- 07 season .",
"1": "The Ducks have made the playoffs 13 times ( and 10 times in the past 12 seasons ) and won six Pacific Division titles ( 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , and 2016 -- 17 ) , two Western Conference championships ( 2002 -- 03 and 2006 -- 07 ) and one Stanley Cup ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Start of a franchise ( 1993 -- 1996 ) 1.2 Paul Kariya era ( 1996 -- 2003 ) 1.2. 1 Western Conference champions ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1.3 Post-Kariya era and Selanne 's return ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.3. 1 Stanley Cup champions ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1.4 Post-Stanley Cup , Bob Murray replaces Burke ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 1.5 Getzlaf and Perry era ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Team colors 2.2 Name 2.3 Logos 2.4 Jerseys 2.5 Mascot 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players 4.1 Draft picks 4.2 Current roster 5 Team and player honors 5.1 NHL awards and trophies 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Hall of Famers 5.4 Franchise scoring leaders 5.5 Franchise playoff scoring leaders 5.6 Franchise individual records 5.7 All - time franchise records 6 Captains , coaches , and GMs 6.1 Team captains 6.2 Coaches 6.3 General managers 7 Broadcasters 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Anaheim Ducks Start of a franchise ( 1993 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Mighty Ducks primary logo ( 1993 -- 2006 ) .",
"2": "The logo was subsequently used in the Disney movie D2 : The Mighty Ducks . Disney design elements appear in this logo , such as team mascot Wildwing 's goalie mask . The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim were founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company . The franchise was awarded by the NHL in December 1992 , along with the rights to a Miami team that would become the Florida Panthers . An entrance fee of $50 million was required , half of which Disney would pay directly to the Los Angeles Kings in order to share Southern California . On March 1 , 1993 , at the brand - new Anaheim Arena -- located a short distance east of Disneyland and across the Orange Freeway from Angel Stadium -- the team got its name , inspired by the 1992 Disney movie The Mighty Ducks , based on a group of misfit kids who turn their losing youth hockey team into a winning team . Philadelphia - arena management specialist Tony Tavares was chosen to be team president , and Jack Ferreira , who previously helped create the San Jose Sharks , became the Ducks ' general manager . The Ducks selected Ron Wilson to be the first coach in team history . The Ducks and the expansion Florida Panthers team filled out their rosters in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft and the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . In the former , a focus on defense led to goaltenders Guy Hebert and Glenn Healy being the first picks , followed by Alexei Kasatonov and Steven King . In the latter , the Ducks selected as the fourth overall pick Paul Kariya , who only began play in 1994 but would turn out to be the face of the franchise for many years . The resulting roster had the lowest payroll of the NHL , with only $7.9 million . Led by captain Troy Loney , the Ducks ' finished the season 33 -- 46 -- 5 , a record - breaking number of wins for an expansion team , which the Florida Panthers also achieved . The Ducks sold out 27 of 41 home games , including the last 25 , and filled the Arrowhead Pond to 98.9 % of its season capacity . Ducks licensed merchandise shot to number one in sales among NHL clubs , helped by their presence in Disney 's theme parks and Disney Stores .",
"3": "The lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 NHL season saw the debut of Paul Kariya , who would play 47 of the team 's 48 games that year , scoring 18 goals and 21 assists for 39 points . The Ducks had another respectable season , going 16 -- 27 -- 5 . Paul Kariya era ( 1996 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) 1995 -- 96 would mark a big change for the team , especially for second - year superstar Paul Kariya . During the season , he was chosen to play for the Western Conference in the 1996 NHL All - Star Game as the lone Ducks representative . At the time of his selection , ( January 1996 ) , Kariya was ranked 14th in league scoring with 51 points ( 23 goals and 28 assists ) over 42 games , although the Ducks were overall a low - scoring team . Then a midseason blockbuster deal with the Winnipeg Jets improved the franchise . The Ducks sent Chad Kilger , Oleg Tverdovsky and a third round pick to the Jets in return for Marc Chouinard , a fourth round draft pick and right winger Teemu Selanne . Following the trade , Ducks centre Steve Rucchin commented , `` Paul ( Kariya ) had a lot of pressure on him ... He singlehandedly won some games for us this year ... Now that we have Teemu , there 's no way everybody can just key on Paul . '' These three players formed one of the most potent lines of their time . Although the trade proved to be an important effort in the team , they still finished short of the playoffs , losing the eight spot in the West to the Jets based on the number of wins . Paul Kariya was the Mighty Ducks ' captain from 1996 to 2003 , and led the team to the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals . During the 1996 -- 97 season , Kariya became team captain following Randy Ladouceur 's retirement in the off - season , and led the Ducks to their first post-season appearance , after recording the franchise 's first winning record of 36 -- 33 -- 13 , good enough for home ice in the first round as the number four seed against the Phoenix Coyotes .",
"4": "The Ducks trailed 3 -- 2 going into Phoenix for game six . Kariya scored in overtime to force the franchise 's first game 7 which they won . In the second round , however , they lost to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Red Wings in a four - game sweep . After the season , Wilson was fired after saying he would like to coach the Capitals . Pierre Page succeeded him . The Ducks started out slowly in 1997 -- 98 , in part because Kariya missed the first 32 games of the season in a contract dispute . He came back in December , but on February 1 , he suffered a season - ending concussion when the Chicago Blackhawks ' Gary Suter cross-checked him in the face . With Kariya playing only a total of 22 games that season , the Ducks missed the playoffs and fired Page . The Ducks followed that season up by finishing sixth in the Western Conference in 1998 -- 99 with new head coach Craig Hartsburg . However , they were swept by the Detroit Red Wings again , this time in the first round . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Ducks finished with the same amount of points as the previous season , but a much more competitive Western Conference had them miss the playoffs by four points behind rival San Jose Sharks . Despite this , the Mighty Ducks scored more goals than the conference champion Dallas Stars . In the following season , 2000 -- 01 , the Ducks ended up performing worse , as Paul Kariya and Teemu Selanne 's point production significantly declined from the previous season -- Kariya went from 86 points to 67 points and Selanne went from 85 points to 57 points . Selanne was subsequently dealt to San Jose at the trade deadline for Jeff Friesen , Steve Shields and a second round draft pick and head coach Craig Hartsburg was fired during the season . The team ended up with a losing record and last place in the Western Conference that season . Without Selanne , Kariya 's numbers continued to drop in the 2001 -- 02 season with new coach Bryan Murray . The Mighty Ducks finished in 13th place in the Western Conference .",
"5": "Western Conference champions ( 2002 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) The Mighty Ducks did not reach the post-season again until the 2002 -- 03 season with coach Mike Babcock . They entered the playoffs in seventh place with a 40 -- 27 -- 9 -- 6 record , good enough for 95 points . In the first round , the Ducks were once again matched up with the Detroit Red Wings , the defending Stanley Cup champions . They shocked the hockey world by sweeping the Red Wings in four games . Steve Rucchin scored the series - winning goal in overtime in Game 4 . In the second round , the Ducks faced the Dallas Stars . Game 1 turned out to be the fourth - longest game in NHL history , with Petr Sykora scoring in the fifth overtime to give the Mighty Ducks the series lead . The Ducks would finish off the Stars in Game 6 at home . In the team 's first trip to the Western Conference Finals , they were matched up against another Cinderella team , the sixth - seeded , three - year - old Minnesota Wild . Jean - Sebastien Giguere strung together three consecutive shutouts and allowed only one total goal in the series in an eventual sweep . The 2003 Stanley Cup Finals , to be played against the New Jersey Devils , had some interesting story lines . Anaheim forward Rob Niedermayer was playing against his brother Scott , while Giguere faced off against fellow French - Canadian goaltender Martin Brodeur . The series began with the home team winning the first five games . In Game 6 at home , Kariya was knocked out from a hit by Devils captain Scott Stevens . However , Kariya would return in the second period and score the fourth goal of the game . In an exciting third period , the Mighty Ducks defeated the Devils 5 -- 2 to send the series back to New Jersey for Game 7 . Anaheim , however , could not complete their winning streak , as they lost a hard - fought Game 7 to the Devils 3 -- 0 . For his brilliant play during the post-season , Giguere was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the playoffs . He became only the fifth player in NHL history to have won the trophy as a member of the losing team .",
"6": "Giguere posted a 15 -- 6 record , 7 -- 0 in overtime , with a 1.62 goals against average , a . 945 save percentage and a record 168 - minute , 27 - second shutout streak in overtime . Post-kariya era and Selanne 's return ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Teemu Selanne played six seasons with in Anaheim before he was traded in 2001 . He later returned as a free agent in 2005 , staying with the team until his retirement in 2014 . After the season , Kariya promised to bring the Mighty Ducks back to the Stanley Cup Final the following year . Kariya , however , left the Ducks in the summer and joined former teammate Teemu Selanne on the Colorado Avalanche . The 2003 -- 04 season was a season to forget , as Jean - Sebastien Giguere could not repeat his stellar goaltending from the previous year . Even with newcomers Sergei Fedorov and Vaclav Prospal , the team finished in 12th place in the standings with a 29 -- 35 -- 10 -- 8 record . Giguere 's stats subsequently declined from the previous season , as he only won half the games he did the year before , his goals against average increased from 2.30 to 2.62 , his save percentage went down from . 914 to . 907 and he went from eight shutouts recorded to just three . The team also went from 203 goals to 174 . During the summer of 2004 , as the NHL and the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) 's labor dispute was headed towards a long lockout , Disney tried to sell the team but received a low offer of US $40 - million , less than the franchise 's original price . In 2005 , Broadcom co-founder Henry Samueli of Irvine , California , and his wife , Susan , bought the Mighty Ducks from The Walt Disney Company for a reported US $75 million . The Samuelis pledged to keep the team in Anaheim . Brian Burke , former Vancouver Canucks general manager and president , was appointed GM and executive vice-president of the Mighty Ducks on June 20 , 2005 .",
"7": "In January , Samueli announced that the team would be renamed as simply the `` Anaheim Ducks '' as of the following season . On August 1 , 2005 , former Norris Trophy - winning defenseman Randy Carlyle was hired as the seventh coach in team history . Burke was familiar with Carlyle 's coaching ability , as the latter had coached the Manitoba Moose from 1996 to 2001 ( International Hockey League ) and 2004 -- 05 ( American Hockey League ) ; the Moose had been the Canucks farm club since 2001 . Carlyle replaced Mike Babcock , who later signed on to coach Detroit . On August 4 , 2005 , free agent defenseman Scott Niedermayer signed with the Mighty Ducks to play with his brother Rob ; Scott Niedermayer was almost immediately named team captain . On August 22 , Teemu Selanne returned to Anaheim after undergoing knee surgery . He led the team in scoring during the season with 40 goals and 50 assists for 90 points . He would also record his 1,000 th NHL point on January 30 , 2006 . The 2005 -- 06 season also saw the emergence of rookies Ryan Getzlaf , Corey Perry and Chris Kunitz ( Kunitz also played for the Ducks in 2003 -- 04 , but immediately returned to the Mighty Ducks ' AHL affiliate , the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks ) . On November 15 , 2005 , Anaheim traded Sergei Fedorov and a fifth - round draft pick to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for defenseman Francois Beauchemin and forward Tyler Wright . The Ducks finished the season with a 43 -- 27 -- 12 record , good enough for 98 points and the sixth seed . The Ducks faced the Calgary Flames in the Western Conference Quarterfinals and forced a seventh game in Calgary , shutting - out the Flames to reach the Conference Semi-finals . In an interesting playoffs , all the bottom seeds won in the first round , so the Ducks matched - up against the seventh - seeded Colorado Avalanche . Goaltender Ilya Bryzgalov shined as the Ducks swept the Avalanche in four - straight games , Bryzgalov breaking Giguere 's scoreless streak record from the 2003 Stanley Cup playoffs .",
"8": "In the franchise 's second Western Conference Finals appearance , they faced the eighth - seeded Edmonton Oilers , a series the Ducks would ultimately lose in five games . Stanley Cup champions ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Prior to the 2006 -- 07 season , the Ducks adopted a completely new look to go along with their new name ; their team colors became black , gold and orange , and the logo of a duck - shaped goalie mask was dropped in favor of the word `` Ducks '' , with a webbed foot in place of the `` D . '' U.S. President George W. Bush is presented with a Ducks jersey during a White House ceremony in honor of the team 's championship season . The Ducks traded Joffrey Lupul , Ladislav Smid and a first - round draft pick to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for star defenseman Chris Pronger . With this trade , solid scoring lines , a shut - down line featuring Rob Niedermayer , Samuel Pahlsson and Travis Moen and an enviable defense , the Ducks were considered by many to be a Stanley Cup favorite . On November 9 , 2006 , the Ducks defeated the Vancouver Canucks 6 -- 0 at General Motors Place in Vancouver to improve their season record to 12 -- 0 -- 4 . The win set an NHL open era record by remaining undefeated in regulation for the first 16 games of the season , eclipsing the previous mark set by the 1983 -- 84 Edmonton Oilers ( the record has since been broken by the Chicago Blackhawks ' 21 -- 0 -- 3 start during the 2012 -- 13 season ) . Anaheim were subsequently shut out by the Flames the following game , 3 -- 0 , ending their streak . On January 16 , 2007 , the Ducks played in their franchise 's 1,000 th regular season game , and on March 11 , the Ducks recorded their franchise 's 1,000 th point with a 4 -- 2 win over the Canucks , which improved their franchise all - time record to 423 -- 444 -- 155 , with 1,001 points . On April 7 , the Ducks won their first division title in franchise history when the Canucks defeated the second - place San Jose Sharks in the final game of the season .",
"9": "The Ducks ended the regular season with a 48 -- 20 -- 14 record and 110 points -- both franchise records . Although they had three fewer wins than the Nashville Predators , the Ducks won the second seed in the West by virtue of winning the Pacific Division title as well as the Predators finishing second in the Central Division behind the Detroit Red Wings ( the top seed in the West ) . The Ducks defeated the Minnesota Wild in the Conference Quarterfinals in five games and the Canucks in the Semi-finals , also in five games . Once again , the Ducks faced the Detroit Red Wings in the franchise 's third trip to the Western Conference Finals . In Game 3 , Chris Pronger elbowed Tomas Holmstrom and subsequently received a one - game suspension for the illegal check . The Ducks , however , won Game 4 without Pronger and Game 5 in Detroit , with Teemu Selanne scoring the latter game 's overtime winner . The Ducks then finished off the Red Wings in Game 6 to advance to their second - ever Stanley Cup Final appearance . In the Finals , the Ducks won the first two games at home against the Ottawa Senators . The Ducks , however , lost Game 3 and Pronger received his second one - game suspension , this time for elbowing Dean McAmmond . The Ducks were again able to win without Pronger , beating the Senators in Game 4 for an opportunity to win the Stanley Cup on home ice in Game 5 . On June 6 , the Ducks defeated the Senators 6 -- 2 at Honda Center to claim their first Stanley Cup in franchise history . Travis Moen was credited with the Cup game - winning goal . Scott Niedermayer , the only player on the team who had previously won a Stanley Cup , was awarded the second Conn Smythe Trophy in Ducks history . The Ducks became the first California team , and the fourth West Coast team since the 1915 Vancouver Millionaires , 1917 Seattle Metropolitans and 1925 Victoria Cougars , to win the Stanley Cup . Post-stanley Cup , bob Murray replaces Burke ( 2007 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Signed as a backup goalie in 2007 , Jonas Hiller quickly emerged as the Duck 's starting goaltender . He played for the team from 2007 to 2014 .",
"10": "The Ducks began their title defense in the 2007 -- 08 season without two fan favorites , Scott Niedermayer and Teemu Selanne , who were both contemplating retirement . To offset those losses , Burke signed forward Todd Bertuzzi and defenseman Mathieu Schneider . During the season , Burke put goaltender Ilya Bryzgalov on waivers , where he was picked - up by the Phoenix Coyotes . Free agent signee Jonas Hiller then became the back - up to starter Jean - Sebastien Giguere . Both Selanne and Niedermayer would ultimately return and the team finished with a 47 -- 27 -- 8 record , good enough to earn home ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs finishing as the fourth seed in the Western Conference . They were eliminated in the quarterfinals in six games by the Dallas Stars . In the off - season , Burke bought - out the remaining year on Todd Bertuzzi 's contract and traded Mathieu Schneider to the Atlanta Thrashers . After an extremely slow start to the 2008 -- 09 season , on November 12 , 2008 , Burke resigned to take the same position for the Toronto Maple Leafs . Bob Murray replaced him as general manager , but the team struggled to make the playoffs as the eighth seed in the Western Conference . A bevy of trade deadline deals saw the departure of some mainstays from the Cup team , including Chris Kunitz , who was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for defenseman Ryan Whitney ; Samuel Pahlsson , who was traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets for defenseman James Wisniewski ; and Travis Moen , who was traded to the San Jose Sharks for two prospects . The trades gave the Ducks new life as a hot streak to end the season launched the team into the playoffs . Jonas Hiller emerged as the new number one goalie during the stretch drive . The Ducks defeated the number one seed and Presidents ' Trophy - winning San Jose Sharks in six games in the first round before being eliminated in the conference semi-finals by the eventual Western Conference champion Detroit Red Wings in seven games . Before the 2009 -- 10 season , the Ducks traded Chris Pronger to the Philadelphia Flyers for Joffrey Lupul , Luca Sbisa and two first round draft picks .",
"11": "Francois Beauchemin and Rob Niedermayer also left via free agency for the Toronto Maple Leafs and New Jersey Devils , respectively . The Ducks then signed free agent center and former Montreal Canadiens captain Saku Koivu to a one - year deal . Another slow start would doom the Ducks . Before the trade deadline , the Ducks traded Giguere to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Jason Blake and Vesa Toskala after signing Hiller to a contract extension . The trade deadline saw the Ducks trade Ryan Whitney to Edmonton for offensive defenseman Lubomir Visnovsky , as well as the acquisitions of defenseman Aaron Ward from the Carolina Hurricanes and goalie Curtis McElhinney from the Calgary Flames . The Ducks played through frequent injuries and picked up play in the second half of the season , but struggled coming out of the Olympic break . For the first time since the lockout , the Ducks failed to make the playoffs with a 39 -- 32 -- 11 record . The 2010 off - season was also busy for the Ducks , as Scott Niedermayer announced his retirement in a June press conference . Niedermayer decided to stay a member of the Ducks as a team consultant . The Ducks resigned Saku Koivu for two years and signed free agent defenseman Toni Lydman to a three - year contract . In addition to Lydman , the Ducks were able to get defenseman Cam Fowler via the draft , and 35 - year - old strong - willed defenseman Andy Sutton signed to a two - year deal . Restricted free agent Bobby Ryan was signed to a five - year deal . Getzlaf and Perry era ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2010 -- 11 season did not begin well for the Ducks , who would lose their first three games . They maintained a . 500 throughout record through the first half of the season , but would find their rhythm and finish 47 -- 30 -- 5 , good for 99 points and fourth place in the Western Conference . Corey Perry and Jonas Hiller represented the Ducks at the All - Star Game , and Corey Perry went on to have a 50 - goal , 98 - point season , which won him the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy and Hart Memorial Trophy .",
"12": "He became the first - ever Duck to win the Hart , as well as the first Richard winner as a Duck since Teemu Selanne won the award in 1999 . Hiller , however , was injured at the All - Star Game and missed the rest of the season . Even though the Ducks had a great season led by Perry , Hiller , Selanne , Lubomir Visnovsky and Ryan Getzlaf , they would end up losing in the first round of the 2011 playoffs to the fifth - seeded Nashville Predators . Ryan Getzlaf is the current team captain of the Ducks . Drafted by the team in 2003 , he was named team captain in 2010 . Before the 2011 -- 12 season began , the team mourned the loss of former Mighty Duck Ruslan Salei , who died in a plane crash with several other former NHL players of Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) club Lokomotiv Yaroslavl . The team wore a black patch with his former jersey number , 24 , in current team numbering . The Ducks started the season with NHL Premiere games in Helsinki and Stockholm . This was the third time in franchise history that they started the regular season with games in Europe . They lost 4 -- 1 to the Buffalo Sabres in Helsinki but defeated the New York Rangers 2 -- 1 after a shootout in Stockholm . After a slow start to the season , the Ducks replaced head coach Randy Carlyle with former Washington Capitals head coach Bruce Boudreau . The rest of the season was mostly forgettable , as the Ducks could not get out of the hole they dug themselves in the first half of the season , and ultimately failed to reach the playoffs in the 2011 -- 12 season . The 2012 -- 13 season was shortened to 48 games due to a labor lockout . When play resumed in January 2013 after a new collective bargaining agreement was signed , the Ducks opened the season by sweeping a two - game Canadian road trip with a decisive 7 -- 3 victory against the Vancouver Canucks on January 19 , followed by a 5 -- 4 decision against the Calgary Flames on January 21 . Their home opener came on January 25 , also against the Canucks , who would prevail 5 -- 0 .",
"13": "The distinction of the Ducks ' longest homestand was split between two five - game stretches from March 18 -- 25 and from April 3 -- 10 . Anaheim 's lengthiest road trip was a six - game haul from February 6 -- 16 . Due to the shortened season and the compacted game scheduling , all games were to be played against the Ducks ' own Western Conference opponents , and no games were played against Eastern Conference teams . The Ducks finished the season with a 30 -- 12 -- 6 record and would win their second Pacific Division title in franchise history . In the Western Conference Quarterfinals , they ended up losing to the seventh - seeded Detroit Red Wings in seven games , despite holding a 3 -- 2 series lead after Game 5 . Entering the 2013 -- 14 season , the 20th anniversary of the franchise , it was announced that Teemu Selanne would be playing in his final NHL season . In the off - season , star forward Bobby Ryan was traded to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forwards Jakob Silfverberg , Stefan Noesen and Ottawa 's first - round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft , and the Ducks also signed defenseman Mark Fistric , center Mathieu Perreault , and a returning Dustin Penner . Despite a bad start suffering a 6 -- 1 mauling at the hands of the Colorado Avalanche , the Ducks followed the opener with seven - straight wins , a run which was repeated and surpassed twice more during the season , including a franchise - record setting 10 consecutive wins from December 6 to 28 , 2013 . At one point of the season , the Ducks won 18 of 19 games , the longest run of one - loss play in the NHL for 45 years . A 9 -- 1 victory over the Vancouver Canucks on January 15 saw Anaheim establish a 20 -- 0 -- 2 record at the Honda Center , which matched the longest season - opening home points streak in 34 years , as well as setting a franchise - record for goals scored in a game ( 9 ) , and powerplay goals scored in a game ( 6 ) . Dustin Penner was eventually traded to the Washington Capitals , and prior to the NHL trade deadline , the Ducks acquired veteran defenceman Stephane Robidas from the Dallas Stars .",
"14": "Behind a Hart Trophy - caliber season from club captain Ryan Getzlaf , solid depth scoring , a steady if unspectacular defence and solid goaltending in the form of Jonas Hiller and rookie sensation Frederik Andersen , many felt that the Ducks were primed to be a top contender for the Stanley Cup . Bruce Boudreau was the head coach of the Ducks from 2011 to 2016 . He coached the team to four consecutive division titles . The Ducks remained towards the top of the NHL standings for the entire season , ending the regular season with a franchise - best 54 -- 20 -- 8 record ( 116 points ) and eventually finishing one point behind the Boston Bruins in the race for the Presidents ' Trophy , awarded to the team who finishes the regular season with the best record . The Ducks secured a second consecutive Pacific Division title and the number one seed in the Western Conference . Anaheim faced the eighth - seeded Dallas Stars in the Western Conference Quarter - finals , and were victorious in six games , marking the first time since 2009 that the Ducks had won a playoff series . In the Western Conference Semi-finals , the Ducks faced their geographic rival and eventual Stanley Cup champion Los Angeles Kings for the first time ever in the playoffs . In a hotly contested series , the Ducks ultimately went down in seven games to their Southern Californian rivals , losing Game 7 by a score of 6 -- 2 at the Honda Center . On June 27 , 2014 , the Ducks acquired center Ryan Kesler , as well as a third - round pick in 2015 , from the Vancouver Canucks . In the following season , they would win their third - straight Pacific Division title and finish as the top seed in the West with 109 points . In the 2015 playoffs , they swept the Winnipeg Jets in the first round and beat the Calgary Flames in 5 games to set up a Western Conference Final against the Chicago Blackhawks . After taking a three games to two series lead on the strong play of goaltender Frederik Andersen , the Ducks lost the final two games of the series , including Game 7 on home ice . This marked the third straight season the Ducks had lost a series in Game 7 at home after leading the series three games to two .",
"15": "On July 15 , 2015 , the Ducks signed Ryan Kesler to a six - year contract extension totaling a reported $41.25 million . Just prior to the 2015 NHL Entry Draft , the Ducks sent Emerson Etem and a draft pick to the New York Rangers in exchange for speedy left - wing Carl Hagelin . They also traded for Vancouver Canucks defenseman Kevin Bieksa , whilst adding veterans Shawn Horcoff , Chris Stewart and Mike Santorelli . Entering the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , many analysts pegged the Ducks as Stanley Cup favorites . However , scoring struggles led to a slow start , with the team still out of a playoff spot in December . The team improved afterwards riding the goaltending of John Gibson . On March 6 , 2016 , the Ducks set a franchise record with an 11 - game winning streak which ended the following night . On March 24 , 2016 , the Ducks clinched a playoff spot in a 6 -- 5 overtime loss to the Maple Leafs . However , in the first round of the playoffs , they fell in seven games to the Nashville Predators , which led to the firing of head coach Bruce Boudreau . On June 14 , 2016 , the Ducks announced that they re-hired former Ducks ' coach Randy Carlyle . On May 10 , 2017 , the Ducks ended their game 7 losing streak when they defeated the Edmonton Oilers , winning the series 4 - 3 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals for the second time in three seasons , where they would eventually fall to the Nashville Predators in game 6 , ending their playoff run . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Team colors ( edit ) The team 's colors were purple and jade until the change of ownership in 2006 . At this point , they became orange , black and gold , with white in place of black for the away jersey . The only exception is the alternate jersey , which is mostly orange . Orange , which has become one of the team 's primary colors , is in reference to Orange County , where Anaheim is located . Name ( edit ) Founded in 1993 , the then - called Mighty Ducks of Anaheim were directly named for The Mighty Ducks movies .",
"16": "When The Walt Disney Company , which produced the movies and owned the NHL team , sold the team in 2005 , the name was shortened to its current state , `` Anaheim Ducks . '' Logos ( edit ) The Ducks ' logo features a webbed foot forming a `` D '' . The text itself is gold ( which sometimes may appear as bronze as well ) with orange and black accents ( forming a three - dimensional appearance ) . The entire logo is in turn outlined by silver . This is shortened from a prior version that spelled out the word `` Ducks '' in all capital letters . The old logo of the Ducks prior to the name change featured an old - style goaltender mask , shaped to form the appearance of a duck bill . Behind the mask are two intersecting hockey sticks , a black hockey puck , and a triangle ; the color of the triangle was either green or gray , depending on how the logo is used . This is now used on a shoulder patch of the current uniforms , with the triangle in orange . Jerseys ( edit ) The Ducks have officially worn three unique regular jerseys and five unique third jerseys in their franchise history : Original Mighty Ducks Jerseys The inaugural Mighty Ducks of Anaheim jerseys used from 1993 to 2006 . The jerseys shown above feature shoulder patches that were used from 1996 to 2006 . The original jerseys of the Ducks ( then the Mighty Ducks ) used jade green , purple , white and grey as primary colors for both the home and away jerseys . The team 's dark jerseys were dominantly purple in color with diagonal gray and white stripes ; the jersey is jade green below the stripes , which appear on the arms and waist , and the collar was jade and white . The white jerseys were similar , except that the purple is replaced mainly with white and the collar is completely purple in color . In 1996 , shoulder patches were added to both jerseys featuring a forward - facing version of the main logo 's `` duck mask '' , surrounded by a circle reading `` Mighty Ducks of Anaheim '' . The hockey pants also had a jade stripe on the sides that was eliminated after the Ducks ' 2003 Stanley Cup run and heading into the 2003 -- 04 season . New Name , New Black Uniforms ( 2006 -- 07 ) Anaheim Ducks jerseys used during the 2006 -- 07 season .",
"17": "The same design was used when the whole league went to a new jersey template the next year . About a year after the team was purchased from the Walt Disney Company by the Samuelis , Brian Burke initiated a name change dropping the `` Mighty '' after consultation with the fans showed that the typical fan had a willingness to update the `` Mighty Ducks '' name and jersey and also a desire to keep part of the traditions of the franchise . Burke sought inspiration for the jersey from the United States Military Academy , ending up with diagonal gold , white , black and orange stripes down the arms and waist with the word `` Ducks '' on the front . The jersey is similar to the team 's most recent third jersey prior to the name change . The orange pays tribute to Orange County , where Anaheim is located . 2007 -- 14 For the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , the Ducks , like all NHL teams , changed over to new Reebok Edge jerseys . The new team jersey shows only minor modifications from the 2006 -- 07 season 's jerseys , including a small NHL crest just below the neck , and a smaller ducks logo on the chest . After the first year of the Edge uniform system being in place , the Ducks increased the size of their logo . The Ducks would use these uniforms as their primary uniforms until the 2013 -- 14 season . Additional Orange ( 2014 -- present ) On June 27 , 2014 , the Ducks unveiled their new uniforms that were based on the 2010 -- 2014 alternate jerseys . Changes to the collar and number font were included . Third Jerseys The third jerseys of the Ducks were created in 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 and 2015 . The 1995 jersey was jade green with purple and white stripes on the collar and on the end of the sleeves . The logo was of team mascot Wildwing wearing a Mighty Ducks jersey while breaking through a sheet of ice . The jersey was short - lived ; as severe criticism encouraged management to retire the jersey at the end of the 1995 -- 96 season . Ducks alternate logo ( 2010 -- present ) . This is currently used as a patch on the Ducks ' home and away jerseys and features the original Mighty Ducks logo . The 1997 third jersey came with a rare fourth jersey partner .",
"18": "The third was a jade green - colored jersey with silver and purple stripes at the shoulders outlined in thin yellow , and a silver stripe at the bottom . It had the Mighty Ducks logo in the center of the chest . The fourth jersey was much like it . It was white with jade green , purple , and silver stripes at the shoulders of the jersey , but no bottom stripe . These jerseys saw action until the end of 1999 -- 2000 , when they stopped playing with their third jerseys , and used only the fourth . At the end of 1999 -- 2000 , the fourth was also retired . The 2003 third jersey was black with purple and gray stripes at the waist and on the sleeves . It had the alternate script logo of the present Mighty Ducks and old - style laces at the neck , as well as a shoulder patch displaying an interlocking `` MD '' ( for `` Mighty Ducks '' ) . The popularity of this jersey amongst fans was so great it replaced the purple and jade jersey , serving as the home jersey for the last half of the 2005 -- 06 season and playoffs . It was dropped following the season as the team went to a modified name , new uniforms , and color scheme ; however , this popular jersey influenced the design of the new jerseys for 2006 -- 07 . It was the only time in the modern NHL days when a mainly black jersey was not worn with black pants ; instead , the pants were purple . The 2010 third jersey was officially unveiled on November 26 , 2010 , against the Chicago Blackhawks , the day after Thanksgiving . The jersey features the webbed `` D '' on the chest with the recolored Mighty Ducks logo on each shoulder . It features striping similar to the regular uniforms , and orange is much more prominent as a secondary color . In June 2014 , the third jersey was made as the Ducks ' primary home jersey , alongside a white one in the same style for away . On October 16 , 2015 , the Ducks unveiled a brand new , orange third jersey when they went up against the Colorado Avalanche . This jersey brought back the old Mighty Ducks logo and features a black collar with the `` Anaheim '' wordmark on the left side , the webbed `` D '' logo on the shoulders , and unique stripes that goes along with the teams home socks .",
"19": "Stadium Series jersey For their Stadium Series game on January 25 , 2014 , the Ducks created a special jersey . This jersey is primarily orange with black lettering and numbers . The chromed Ducks logo , designed for the Stadium Series , is on the chest . There are gold , black and white stripes on the sleeves as well as black trim around the bottom and sleeves . The jersey has old fashion black lace on the neck and also has a unique `` OC '' logo on the left shoulder to represent Orange County where the Ducks are from . Mascot ( edit ) The official mascot for the Anaheim Ducks is an anthropomorphized duck by the name of Wild Wing . He has been the team 's mascot since its inaugural season , and his name was chosen through fan voting . He wears a Ducks jersey with the number 93 on the back , referring to the year the Ducks became an NHL team . He regularly descends from the rafters of the arena when making his in - game entrances . In one such descent the rigging that lowered Wild Wing from the rafters malfunctioned leaving the mascot trapped fifty feet above the ice for several minutes . Another well known blunder occurred in October 1995 when Wild Wing , attempting to jump through a `` wall of fire '' , accidentally tripped causing the mascot to land on the fire and set his costume ablaze . His physical appearance is similar to the duck mask in the original Mighty Ducks logo . A bronze statue of Wild Wing was located outside the south doors of Honda Center from 1993 to 2012 , until construction began on the ' Grand Terrace ' addition to the arena . When construction was completed and the Grand Terrace opened in October 2013 , the statue was noticeably absent . The mascot 's name was also used for the leader of the Ducks , Wildwing Flashblade , in Disney 's Mighty Ducks cartoon series . During the same time in which the team announced a name change as well as change in jersey designs , there was an attempt by the team 's owners to change or replace the mascot , Wild Wing , but was halted after a highly successful petition by fans . The Mighty Ducks also used a secondary `` mascot '' , a person ( with no particular costume ) called `` The Iceman '' , during the team 's first game in 1993 .",
"20": "`` The Iceman '' appeared occasionally in the stands , played an electric guitar , and attempted to liven up the crowd . However , `` The Iceman '' was poorly received by fans and was quickly eliminated . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Ducks . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Anaheim Ducks seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 30 12 6 66 140 118 1st , Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Red Wings ) 2013 -- 14 82 54 20 8 116 263 207 1st , Pacific Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 51 24 7 109 236 226 1st , Pacific Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 25 11 103 218 192 1st , Pacific Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Predators ) 2016 -- 17 82 46 23 13 105 223 200 1st , Pacific Lost in Conference Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Predators ) Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Anaheim Ducks players Draft picks ( edit ) For the full list of Anaheim Ducks draft picks , see List of Anaheim Ducks draft picks . Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated January 15 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Canada !",
"21": "Beauchemin , Francois Francois Beauchemin 2.0 ! D 37 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 United States ! Boll , Jared Jared Boll 7.0 ! RW 31 2016 Charlotte , North Carolina 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Canada ! Bieksa , Kevin Kevin Bieksa 2.0 ! D 36 2015 Grimsby , Ontario 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 United States ! Brown , J.T. J.T. Brown 7.0 ! RW 27 2018 Burnsville , Minnesota 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Cogliano , Andrew Andrew Cogliano 6.0 ! LW 30 2011 Toronto , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 United States ! Eaves , Patrick Patrick Eaves 4.0 ! C 33 2017 Calgary , Alberta 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 United States ! Fowler , Cam Cam Fowler 2.0 ! D 26 Windsor , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Getzlaf , Ryan Ryan Getzlaf ( C ) 4.0 ! C 32 2003 Regina , Saskatchewan 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 United States ! Gibson , John John Gibson 1.0 ! G 24 2011 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Canada ! Grant , Derek Derek Grant 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Abbotsford , British Columbia 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Henrique , Adam Adam Henrique 4.0 !",
"22": "C 27 2017 Brantford , Ontario 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Germany ! Holzer , Korbinian Korbinian Holzer 2.0 ! D 29 2015 Munich , West Germany 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Czech Republic ! Kase , Ondrej Ondrej Kase 3.0 ! F 22 2014 Kadaň , Czech Republic 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 United States ! Kesler , Ryan Ryan Kesler ( A ) 4.0 ! C 33 2014 Livonia , Michigan 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Canada ! Liambas , Mike Mike Liambas 6.0 ! LW 28 2017 Woodbridge , Ontario 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Sweden ! Lindholm , Hampus Hampus Lindholm 2.0 ! D 24 2012 Helsingborg , Sweden 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Manson , Josh Josh Manson 2.0 ! D 26 2011 Hinsdale , Illinois 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 United States ! Miller , Ryan Ryan Miller 1.0 ! G 37 2017 East Lansing , Michigan 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Canada ! Montour , Brandon Brandon Montour 2.0 ! D 23 2014 Ohsweken , Ontario 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Perry , Corey Corey Perry ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 32 2003 Peterborough , Ontario 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Sweden ! Rakell , Rickard Rickard Rakell 7.0 !",
"23": "RW 24 2011 Sundbyberg , Sweden 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Canada ! Ritchie , Nick Nick Ritchie 6.0 ! LW 22 2014 Orangeville , Ontario 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Sweden ! Silfverberg , Jakob Jakob Silfverberg 7.0 ! RW 27 2013 Gävle , Sweden 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Vermette , Antoine Antoine Vermette 4.0 ! C 35 2016 Saint - Agapit , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 United States ! Wagner , Chris Chris Wagner 7.0 !",
"24": "RW 26 2016 Walpole , Massachusetts Team and player honors ( edit ) See also : List of Anaheim Ducks award winners NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Stanley Cup 2006 -- 07 Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 Conn Smythe Trophy Jean - Sebastien Giguere : 2002 -- 03 Scott Niedermayer : 2006 -- 07 Hart Memorial Trophy Corey Perry : 2010 -- 11 William M. Jennings Trophy Frederik Andersen and John Gibson : 2015 -- 16 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Paul Kariya : 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Teemu Selanne : 2005 -- 06 Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy Teemu Selanne : 1998 -- 99 Corey Perry : 2010 -- 11 NHL General Manager of the Year Award Bob Murray : 2013 -- 14 First All - Star Team Paul Kariya : 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Teemu Selanne : 1996 -- 97 Scott Niedermayer : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 Corey Perry : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Second All - Star Team Teemu Selanne : 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 Paul Kariya : 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 03 Chris Pronger : 2006 -- 07 Lubomir Visnovsky : 2010 -- 11 Francois Beauchemin : 2012 -- 13 Ryan Getzlaf : 2013 -- 14 NHL All - Rookie Team Paul Kariya : 1994 -- 95 Bobby Ryan : 2008 -- 09 Hampus Lindholm : 2013 -- 14 Frederik Andersen : 2013 -- 14 John Gibson : 2015 -- 16 Retired numbers ( edit ) The Anaheim Ducks currently have one retired number , Teemu Selanne 's No.",
"25": "8 , which was retired on January 11 , 2015 , before a game against the Winnipeg Jets . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Anaheim Ducks retired numbers No Player Position Tenure Date 8 Teemu Selanne RW 1996 -- 2001 , 2005 -- 2014 January 11 , 2015 Notes Selanne wore number 8 for 14 of his 15 seasons with the Ducks , he would wear number 13 during the 2005 -- 06 season before returning to number 8 from the 2006 -- 07 season onwards . Hall of famers ( edit ) Former Ducks who have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Anaheim Ducks Hall of Famers Players Name Position Tenure Inducted Paul Kariya LW 1994 - 2003 2017 Teemu Selanne RW 1996 -- 2001 , 2005 -- 2014 2017 Jari Kurri LW 1996 -- 1997 Adam Oates 2002 -- 2003 2012 Sergei Fedorov 2003 -- 2005 2015 Scott Niedermayer 2005 -- 2010 2013 Chris Pronger 2006 -- 2009 2015 Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) Corey Perry is the franchise 's active leading goalscorer with 349 goals . Perry is also the franchise 's third all - time points leader , and fourth all - time assists leader . These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season .",
"26": "* -- current Ducks player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Teemu Selanne RW 966 457 531 988 1.02 Ryan Getzlaf * 861 236 578 814 . 95 Corey Perry * RW 804 349 368 717 . 81 Paul Kariya LW 606 300 369 669 1.10 Steve Rucchin 616 153 279 432 . 70 Bobby Ryan LW 378 147 142 289 . 77 Scott Niedermayer 371 60 204 264 . 71 Andy McDonald 391 92 167 259 . 66 Cam Fowler * 494 45 172 217 . 44 Matt Cullen 427 65 135 200 . 47 Goals Player Pos Teemu Selanne RW 457 Corey Perry * RW 349 Paul Kariya LW 300 Ryan Getzlaf * 236 Steve Rucchin 153 Bobby Ryan LW 147 Andy McDonald 92 Andrew Cogliano * LW 87 Chris Kunitz LW 81 Jakob Silfverberg * LW 66 Assists Player Pos Ryan Getzlaf * 578 Teemu Selanne RW 531 Paul Kariya LW 369 Corey Perry * RW 368 Steve Rucchin 279 Scott Niedermayer 204 Cam Fowler * 172 Andy McDonald 167 Bobby Ryan LW 142 Matt Cullen 135 Franchise playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten playoff point - scorers in franchise playoff history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL season .",
"27": "Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game ; * = current Ducks player Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Ryan Getzlaf * 104 29 70 99 0.95 Corey Perry * RW 97 32 46 78 0.80 Teemu Selanne RW 96 35 34 69 0.72 Francois Beauchemin * 97 10 29 39 0.40 Scott Niedermayer 56 8 26 34 0.61 Chris Pronger 38 7 23 30 0.79 Paul Kariya LW 35 14 15 29 0.83 Rob Niedermayer 73 9 18 27 0.37 Jakob Silfverberg * LW 46 6 19 25 0.54 Andy McDonald 37 12 11 23 0.62 Goals Player Pos Teemu Selanne RW 35 Corey Perry * RW 32 Ryan Getzlaf * 27 Paul Kariya LW 14 Matt Beleskey LW 13 Andy McDonald 12 Ryan Kesler * 11 Francois Beauchemin * 10 Bobby Ryan RW 10 Rob Niedermayer 9 Assists Player Pos Ryan Getzlaf * 70 Corey Perry * RW 46 Teemu Selanne RW 34 Francois Beauchemin * 29 Scott Niedermayer 26 Chris Pronger 23 Cam Fowler * 20 Jakob Silfverberg * LW 19 Rob Niedermayer 18 Samuel Pahlsson 16 Franchise individual records ( edit ) In the 2008 -- 09 season ,",
"28": "Bobby Ryan set the Ducks ' franchise record for most points by a rookie in a season with 57 points . Most goals in a season : Teemu Selanne , 52 ( 1997 -- 98 ) Most assists in a season : Ryan Getzlaf , 66 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Most points in a season : Teemu Selanne , 109 ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Todd Ewen , 285 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most goals in a season , defenceman : Lubomir Visnovsky , 18 ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most assists in a season , defenceman : Scott Niedermayer , 54 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most points in a season , defenceman : Scott Niedermayer , 69 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Bobby Ryan , 31 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Bobby Ryan , 57 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Most wins in a season : Jean - Sebastien Giguere , 36 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most shutouts in a season : Jean - Sebastien Giguere , 8 ( 2002 -- 03 ) All - time franchise records ( edit ) Most goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 457 Most assists in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 578 Most points in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 988 Best plus / minus in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 138 Most games in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 966 Most power - play goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 182 Most game - winning goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 77 Most overtime goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 6 Most shots in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 2964 Most playoff goals in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 36 Most playoff assists in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 70 Most playoff points in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf ,",
"29": "99 Most playoff power - play goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 15 Most playoff game - winning goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 8 Most playoff shots in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 274 Most playoff games in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 104 Captains , Coaches , and gms ( edit ) Team captains ( edit ) Troy Loney , 1993 -- 1994 Randy Ladouceur , 1994 -- 1996 Paul Kariya , 1996 -- 2003 Teemu Selanne , 1998 Steve Rucchin , 2003 -- 2004 Scott Niedermayer , 2005 -- 2007 Chris Pronger , 2007 -- 2008 Scott Niedermayer , 2008 -- 2010 Ryan Getzlaf , 2010 -- present Coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Anaheim Ducks head coaches Randy Carlyle is the present head coach of the Ducks . He was named to the position in 2016 . Ron Wilson , 1993 -- 97 Pierre Page , 1997 -- 1998 Craig Hartsburg , 1998 -- 2000 Guy Charron , 2000 -- 2001 Bryan Murray , 2001 -- 2002 Mike Babcock , 2002 -- 2004 Randy Carlyle , 2005 -- 2011 Bruce Boudreau , 2011 -- 2016 Randy Carlyle , 2016 -- present General managers ( edit ) Jack Ferreira , 1993 -- 1998 Pierre Gauthier , 1998 -- 2002 Bryan Murray , 2002 -- 2004 Al Coates , 2004 -- 2005 ( interim ) Brian Burke , 2005 -- 2008 Bob Murray , 2008 -- present Broadcasters ( edit ) John Ahlers , TV play - by - play Brian Hayward , TV color analyst Steve Carroll , Radio play - by - play Television broadcasts are on Fox Sports West or Prime Ticket , as well as KCOP for scheduling conflicts .",
"30": "Radio broadcasts are on KLAA AM 830 , and The Mighty 1090 when the Los Angeles Angels are being broadcast on KLAA . Local air broadcasts were formerly on KDOC - TV . Disney planned to start an ESPN West regional sports network for the 1998 -- 99 season , which would also carry Anaheim Angels baseball games , but the plan was abandoned . Greater Los Angeles portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' . Anaheim Ducks . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Ducks Officially Take Flight '' ( Press release ) . Anaheim Ducks . June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . In addition , a classic color palette of black and metallic gold was developed , with an accent of orange as a metaphorical link to the teams ' Orange County home . Jump up ^ NHL to add teams in Miami , Anaheim Huizenga , Disney high - profile owners , The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Disney Hopes ' Ducks ' Make a Splash in O.C. , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Norwood , Robyn ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Mighty Ducks Hire Ferreira as General Manager -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Ducks fire Ron Wilson as coach '' . Canoe.ca . May 20 , 1997 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Norwood , Robyn ( May 30 , 1991 ) . `` Ducks Are Already Defensive : Hockey : Goalies Hebert and Healy are first players taken by Anaheim in expansion draft '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Former NHL player Paul Kariya announces retirement after post-concussion symptoms '' . Sports.espn.go.com . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Penner , Mike ( January 2 , 1994 ) . `` 1993 : The Year in Review . The Mighty Ducks Steal the Show : Ducks : Diamond in a Rough Year '' .",
"31": "Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Norwood , Robyn ( August 16 , 1996 ) . `` THE NHL : Epilogue : The Kings and Mighty Ducks Have at Least One Thing in Common - They Are Two of the 10 Teams That Managed Not to Qualify for the Stanley Cup Playoffs . Yet the Assessment of Their Seasons Says a Lot About the Teams - One That Surpasses All Expectations , and Another That Lived Up to None . : MIGHTY DUCKS : They Had to Climb a Matterhorn , but They Were a Real NHL Team -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ LARRY LEBOWITZ Business Writer ( March 16 , 1997 ) . `` The Wide ( disney ) World of Sports '' . Articles.sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brown , Frank . For Ducks , There 's No I in Teemu . New York Daily News . February 12 , 1996 ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 ) . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael . Stuck Duck . Sports Illustrated . December 3 , 2001 ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 ) . Jump up ^ National Hockey League . 1995 -- 1996 Regular Season ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 ) . Jump up ^ Anaheim Ducks . Ducks History -- Captains and Coaches ( Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . Jump up ^ Ducks entering unfamiliar waters . Sun Journal . April 16 , 1997 ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 ) . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Ducks fire Ron Wilson as coach '' . Canoe.ca. 1997 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jack Thompson ( 1998 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Mighty Ducks Change Again , Fire Coach Page After 1 Season -- tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com .",
"32": "Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' Failure to Pick Up the Pace Led to a Stumble -- latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2000 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks history and fun facts '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Name change set for Mighty Ducks '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` O.C. colors Ducks ' new look '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Off - ice official Laing balances hockey with police work '' . NHL.com. 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Greg Beacham ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Ducks soar to top of NHL with 18 wins in 19 games '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ducks , Anaheim ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Ducks Acquire Ryan Kesler '' . Anaheim Ducks . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' mental will is lacking in another Game 7 loss '' . Los Angeles Times . May 30 , 2015 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Kesler signs six - year contract extension with Anaheim Ducks '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Halford , Mike ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Getzlaf rips his team for lack of professionalism -- ProHockeyTalk '' . Nhl.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' Gibson named Rookie of Month for December '' . NHL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks set franchise record with 11th straight win '' . theScore . March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' win streak ended by Washington Capitals in shootout '' . Los Angeles Times . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks clinch playoff spot in OT loss to Leafs '' . FOX Sports . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks fire coach Bruce Boudreau after Pacific Division title , playoff loss '' . ESPN . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks Name Carlyle Head Coach '' . NHL . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks beat Oilers to end home Game 7 heartbreak , advance to West final '' . USA TODAY . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marrazza , Dan ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` How NHL Teams Got Their Names '' . vegasishockey.com . Black Knight Sports & Entertainment LLC . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anaheim Ducks . Anaheim Ducks 2006 -- 2007 Media Guide . Anaheim , California : Ben Franklin Press , 2006 . Page 41 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks to wear third jerseys in 2010 - 11 '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks Unveil 2014 Coors Light Stadium Series TM Jersey for Dodger Stadium Contest on Jan. 25 vs. Kings -- Anaheim Ducks '' . Ducks.nhl.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' .",
"34": "Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mallard nests at The Pond '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Ducks Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Ducks Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ July 14 , 1998 , 6 : 13 pm ( 1998 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Plans Dropped For ' ESPN West ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anaheim Ducks .",
"35": "Official website Anaheim Ducks Formerly the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Founded in 1993 Based in Anaheim , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1993 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Henry and Susan Samueli General manager Bob Murray Head coach Randy Carlyle Team captain Ryan Getzlaf Current roster Arena Honda Center Rivalries Los Angeles Kings Affiliates AHL San Diego Gulls ECHL Utah Grizzlies Media TV Prime Ticket FS West KDOC FS San Diego Radio KLAA ( AM 830 ) Culture and lore Wild Wing The Mighty Ducks movies Mighty Ducks cartoons `` Bro Hymn '' 2011 NHL Premiere 2014 NHL Stadium Series Category WikiProject Anaheim Ducks at Wikimedia Commons Links to related articles Preceded by Carolina Hurricanes Stanley Cup champions 2006 -- 07 Succeeded by Detroit Red Wings Anaheim Ducks seasons 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 .",
"36": "1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship Anaheim Orange County , California , United States History Timeline 2012 police shooting and protests 2017 Anaheim protests Carnegie Library John Woelke House Phillip Ackley Stanton House Samuel Kraemer Building St.",
"37": "Michael 's Episcopal Church Areas Anaheim Hills Anaheim Resort Downtown Anaheim Platinum Triangle Municipal government Mayors Anaheim Fire & Rescue Anaheim Police Department Primary and secondary schools Public Anaheim Elementary School District Centralia School District Magnolia School District Savanna School District Anaheim Union High School District Anaheim High School Katella High School Loara High School Magnolia High School Savanna High School Western High School Orange Unified School District Canyon High School Placentia - Yorba Linda Unified School District Private Acaciawood Preparatory Academy Cornelia Connelly High School Fairmont Preparatory Academy Servite High School Colleges and universities North Orange County Community College District ( Anaheim campus ) Anaheim University Culture Anaheim Packing House City National Grove Disneyland Resort Points of interest Anaheim Convention Center Anaheim GardenWalk Angel Stadium Big A Sign Honda Center Transportation ARTIC Orange County Transportation Authority Anaheim Resort Transportation Anaheim Rapid Connection proposed Sports Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Angels National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St.",
"38": "Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Category Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports in Orange County , California Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Roller derby RDCL Orange County Roller Girls College athletics NCAA Division I Cal State Fullerton UC Irvine Soccer USL Orange County SC NASL California United FC PDL Orange County SC U-23 NPSL Orange County FC Defunct / Relocated NFL Los Angeles Rams ABA Anaheim Amigos NBA Los Angeles Clippers NBA D - League Anaheim Arsenal NASL California Surf APSL Los Angeles Salsa AFL Anaheim Piranhas NLL Anaheim Storm RHI Anaheim Bullfrogs WFL Southern California Sun CISL Anaheim Splash Venues Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Anteater Ballpark Anteater Recreation Center Anteater Stadium Bren Events Center Crawford Hall Goodwin Field Honda Center Titan Gym Titan Stadium Currently on hiatus .",
"39": "Only played occasional games in Orange County Sports teams based in Greater Los Angeles Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Rancho Cucamonga Quakes PL High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Basketball NBA Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers South Bay Lakers ABA Los Angeles Slam Oceanside A-Team Orange County Novastars American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams WFA Pacific Warriors West Coast Lightning IWFL California Quake LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings AHL Ontario Reign Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC NASL California United FC USL LA Galaxy II Orange County SC PDL FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Temecula FC MASL Ontario Fury UWS Santa Clarita Blue Heat So Cal Crush FC Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Ventura County Derby Darlins West Coast Derby Knockouts RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Rugby SCRFU Back Bay RFC Belmont Shore RFC Los Angeles RFC Santa Monica Rugby Club Team tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Cal State Fullerton Cal State Northridge Long Beach State Loyola Marymount Pepperdine UC Irvine UC Riverside UCLA USC Venues Current Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Citizens Business Bank Arena Dodger Stadium The Forum Galen Center Honda Center Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pauley Pavilion Rose Bowl Staples Center StubHub Center Walter Pyramid Breakers Stadium at",
"40": "the Newport Beach Tennis Club Former Gilmore Field Gilmore Stadium Grand Olympic Auditorium Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Pan-Pacific Auditorium Wrigley Field Future Banc of California Stadium ( scheduled to open in 2018 ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( scheduled to open in 2020 ) Rivalries Freeway Series Freeway Face - Off Lakers -- Clippers rivalry UCLA -- USC rivalry Los Angeles Derby Sports teams based in California Australian rules football USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Bombers Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Fresno Grizzlies Sacramento River Cats CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PA Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals CWL Canada A 's Palm Desert Coyotes Palm Springs Chill Palm Springs POWER PL Bakersfield Train Robbers California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Monterey Amberjacks GWL Chico Heat Lincoln Potters San Francisco Seals Yuba - Sutter Gold Sox Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Oakland Raiders",
"41": "San Francisco 49ers WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors San Diego Surge Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda Stockton Heat Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacred City Derby Girls Sac City Rollers Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC San Jose Earthquakes NASL California United FC San Diego 1904 FC USL Fresno FC LA Galaxy II Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC PDL Fresno Fuego FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 San Diego Zest FC San Francisco City FC SoCal Surf Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL Albion SC Pros CD Aguiluchos USA City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA East Bay FC Stompers Napa Valley 1839 FC Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Sacramento Gold Sonoma County Sol Temecula FC Arena soccer",
"42": "MASL Ontario Fury San Diego Sockers Turlock Express Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers San Diego Aviators Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators San Diego Growlers San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals ( 2018 ) Sports in Los Angeles Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaheim_Ducks&oldid=821820746 '' Categories : Anaheim Ducks Sports teams in Anaheim ,",
"43": "California Ice hockey teams in California National Hockey League in the Greater Los Angeles Area Pacific Division ( NHL ) Ice hockey clubs established in 1993 1993 establishments in California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 20 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "United States budget process - wikipedia United States budget process Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States budget process is the framework used by Congress and the President of the United States to formulate and create the United States federal budget . The process was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 , and additional budget legislation . Prior to 1974 , Congress had no formal process for establishing a federal budget . When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that Congress had allocated , they adopted a more formal means by which to challenge him . The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 created the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) , which gained more control of the budget , limiting the power of the President 's Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . The Act passed easily while the administration was embroiled in the Watergate scandal and was unwilling to provoke Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 The budget processes 1.1 The President 's budget request 1.2 Budget resolutions 1.3 Authorization and appropriations 2 Discretionary and mandatory spending 2.1 Discretionary spending 2.2 Mandatory spending 3 Budget functions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The budget processes ( edit ) The President 's budget request ( edit ) The United States budget process begins when the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress . The President 's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) , the largest office within the Executive Office of the President . The budget request includes funding requests for all federal executive departments and independent agencies . Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals , along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications . The President 's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration 's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year .",
"1": "The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions . In addition , each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests . The documents are also posted on the OMB website . The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year , which is the 12 - month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year . The current federal budget law ( 31 U.S.C. § 1105 ( a ) ) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February . In recent times , the President 's budget submission has been issued in the first week of February . The budget submission has been delayed , however , in some new presidents ' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party . The 2014 United States federal budget was not submitted by the President until April 10 , 2013 due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011 . ( The House had already prepared its budget proposal on March 21 , and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23 . ) President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , which , for the first time , required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget , the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget , to assist in the formulation of the budget . Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury , but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President . Budget resolutions ( edit ) The President 's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) . Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time . In March , the CBO publishes an analysis of the President 's budget proposals . The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website .",
"2": "CBO computes a current - law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years . However , the CBO also computes a current - policy baseline , which makes assumptions about , for instance , votes on tax cut sunset provisions . The current CBO 10 - year budget baseline projection grows from $3.7 trillion in 2011 to $5.7 trillion in 2021 . In March , the budget committees consider the President 's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report , and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1 . The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions , and are expected to pass them , possibly with amendments , by April 15 . A budget resolution is a kind of concurrent resolution ; it is not a law , and therefore does not require the President 's signature . There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution . There may not be a resolution every year ; if none is established , the previous year 's resolution remains in force . For example , the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011 , FY2012 , or FY2013 , and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23 , 2013 , 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 . This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29 , 2009 . The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President 's budget . For example , for the 2014 budget process , the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23 , while the President 's budget was not submitted until April 10 . After both houses pass a budget resolution , selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions . The conference report , in order to become binding , must be approved by both the House and Senate . The budget resolution is not legally binding but serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process , and provides Congress with some control over the appropriation process . All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of appropriation bills or continuing resolutions .",
"3": "Authorization and appropriations ( edit ) In general , funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an `` authorizing committee '' through enactment of legislation . Then , through subsequent acts by Congress , budget authority is then appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House . In principle , committees with jurisdiction to authorize programs make policy decisions , while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels , limited to a program 's authorized funding level , though the amount may be any amount less than the limit . The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their 12 subcommittees , establishing various budget totals , allocations , entitlements , and may include reconciliation instructions to designated House or Senate committees . The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills , which may be considered in the House after May 15 . Once appropriations committees pass their bills , they are considered by the House and Senate . When there is a final budget , the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report . The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees , each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction . A conference committee is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills . Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress , it is sent to the President , who may sign the bill or veto it . If he signs , the bill becomes law . Otherwise , Congress must pass another bill to avoid a shutdown of at least part of the federal government . In recent years , Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year . Congress may then enact continuing resolutions that provide for the temporary funding of government operations . Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown , such the federal government shutdown in October 2013 . In practice , the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect . Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed , yet still receive appropriated amounts , while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at all . In addition , policy language , which is legislative text changing permanent law , is included in appropriation measures .",
"4": "Discretionary and mandatory spending ( edit ) Each function within the budget may include `` budget authority '' and `` outlays '' that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending . Discretionary spending ( edit ) Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill , which is a piece of legislation . Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees . Since the spending is typically for a fixed period ( usually a year ) , it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress . Some appropriations last for more than one year ( see Appropriation bill for details ) . In particular , multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs . There are currently 12 appropriation bills that must be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur . The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees : As of 2012 , there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each year : Agriculture , Rural Development , and Food and Drug Administration Commerce , Justice , and Science Defense Energy and Water Development Financial Services and General Government ( includes judicial branch , the Executive Office of the President , and District of Columbia appropriations ) Homeland Security Interior and Environment Labor , Health and Human Services , and Education Legislative Branch Military Construction and Veterans Affairs State and Foreign Operations Transportation and Housing and Urban Development Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation , such as the Omnibus Appropriations Act , 2009 . A continuing resolution is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year . Mandatory spending ( edit ) Direct spending , also known as mandatory spending , refers to spending enacted by law , but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill . Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits , Medicare , and Medicaid . Many other expenses , such as salaries of federal judges , are mandatory , but account for a relatively small share of federal spending . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis . Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs .",
"5": "Certain programs , because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills , are termed `` appropriated entitlements . '' This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction , since the programs , such as Food Stamps , would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted . Budget functions ( edit ) The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions . These functions include all spending for a given topic , regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program . Both the President 's budget , and Congress ' budget resolution provide summaries by function . List of budget functions : Function Number Description 050 National Defense The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , the nuclear - weapons related activities of the Department of Energy ( DoE ) and the National Nuclear Security Administration , the national security activities of several other agencies such as the Selective Service Agency , and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The programs in this function include : the pay and benefits of active , Guard , and reserve military personnel ; DoD operations including training , maintenance of equipment , and facilities ; health care for military personnel and dependents ; procurement of weapons ; research and development ; construction of military facilities , including housing ; research on nuclear weapons ; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities . 150 International Affairs Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities , including : operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world ; providing military assistance to allies ; aiding developing nations ; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies ; promoting U.S. exports abroad ; making U.S. payments to international organizations ; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts . Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget . The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture , State , and the Treasury ; the United States Agency for International Development ; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation . 250 General Science , Space , and Technology This function includes the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs , and general science programs at the Department of Energy ( DOE ) . 270 Energy Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy ( DOE ) .",
"6": "This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture , the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . This function does not include DOE 's national security activities , which are in Function 050 ( National Defense ) , or its basic research and science activities , which are in Function 250 ( General Science , Space and Technology ) . 300 Natural Resources and Environment Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement ; recreation and wildlife areas ; and the development and management of the nation 's land , water , and mineral resources . It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies : Agriculture , Commerce , Interior , Transportation , the Army Corps of Engineers , and the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 350 Agriculture Function 350 includes farm income stabilization , agricultural research , and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture . The discretionary programs include research and education programs , economics and statistics services , administration of the farm support programs , farm loan programs , meat and poultry inspection , and a portion of the Public Law ( P.L. ) 480 international food aid program . The mandatory programs include commodity programs , crop insurance , and certain farm loans . 370 Commerce and Housing Credit Function 370 includes mortgage credit , the Postal Service , deposit insurance , and other advancement of commerce ( the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function ) . The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal National Mortgage Association ( Fannie Mae ) , the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) , the Government National Mortgage Association ( Ginnie Mae ) , and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture . The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks , thrifts , and credit unions . Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function . Finally , the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , the Federal Trade Commission , the Federal Communications Commission , and the majority of the Small Business Administration . 400 Transportation Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation , including programs for highways , mass transit , aviation , and maritime activities . This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security : the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration .",
"7": "In addition , this function includes several small transportation - related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . 450 Community and Regional Development Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions , promote rural development , and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters . This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant , Department of Agriculture rural development programs , the Bureau of Indian Affairs , the Federal Emergency Management Agency , and other disaster mitigation and community development - related programs . It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program . 500 Education , Training , Employment , and Social Services Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education , social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services , and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor . It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , the Smithsonian Institution , the National Gallery of Art , the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts , the National Endowment for the Arts , and the National Endowment for the Humanities . 550 Health Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs . Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities , national biomedical research , protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment , providing health services for under - served populations , and promoting training for the health care workforce . Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Health Resources and Services Administration , and the Food and Drug Administration . The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid , the State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP ) , federal and retirees ' health benefits , and health care for Medicare - eligible military retirees . 570 Medicare Function 570 includes only the Medicare program , which provides health insurance to senior citizens and persons with disabilities . Congress provides an annual appropriation for the costs of administering and monitoring the Medicare program . Nearly 99 percent of spending in this function occurs on the mandatory side of the budget , and almost all of the mandatory spending consists of payments for Medicare benefits . 600 Income Security Function 600 consists of a range of income security programs that provide cash or near - cash assistance ( e.g.",
"8": ", housing , nutrition , and energy assistance ) to low - income persons , and benefits to certain retirees , persons with disabilities , and the unemployed . Housing assistance programs account for the largest share of discretionary funding in this function . Major federal entitlement programs in this function include unemployment insurance , trade adjustment assistance income support , food stamps , Temporary Assistance to Needy Families , foster care , and Supplemental Security Income . Federal and other retirement and disability programs comprise approximately one third of the funds in this function . 650 Social Security Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax - financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security : Old - Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance ( OASDI ) . This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program . Under provisions of the Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act , Social Security trust funds are off - budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals . However , a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on - budget and appears in the budget resolution totals . 700 Veterans Benefits and Services Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) , including veterans ' medical care , compensation and pensions , education and rehabilitation benefits , and housing programs . It also includes the Department of Labor 's Veterans ' Employment and Training Service , the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims , and the American Battle Monuments Commission . Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans ' health care . 750 Administration of Justice The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs , litigation and judicial activities , correctional operations , and state and local justice assistance . Agencies within this function include : the Federal Bureau of Investigation ; the Drug Enforcement Administration ; Border and Transportation Security ; the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ; the United States Attorneys ; legal divisions within the Department of Justice ; the Legal Services Corporation ; the federal Judiciary ; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons . This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security . 800 General Government This function includes the activities of the White House and the Executive Office of the President , the legislative branch , and programs designed to carry out the legislative and administrative responsibilities of the federal government , including personnel management , fiscal operations , and property control .",
"9": "900 Net Interest Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities . This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust . 920 Allowances This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that can not easily be distributed across other budget functions . In the past , this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events . 950 Undistributed Offsetting Receipts This function comprises major offsetting receipt items that would distort the funding levels of other functional categories if they were distributed to them . See also ( edit ) Office of Management and Budget United States public debt Budget resolution Government financial statements Anti-Deficiency Act 2015 United States federal appropriations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 on GPO access Archived October 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 on GPO access Jump up ^ Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner , Urban Institute Jump up ^ 31 U.S.C. 1105 ( a ) on Cornell Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ `` Obama Will Send Fiscal 2014 Budget to Congress April 10 '' . Bloomberg L.P. March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Office of the President '' . whitehouse.gov. Oct 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tollestrup , Jessica . `` The Congressional Appropriations Process : An Introduction '' . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2012 '' . THOMAS . Library of Congress . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://budget.house.gov/budgetprocess/budgetfunctions.htm External links ( edit ) Budget Calculator Online calculator that places specific tax or spending numbers in the context of the total U.S. budget . It also compares any spending or revenue item to projected defense spending .",
"10": "( Center for Economic and Policy Research ) The Congressional Budget Process : an Explanation - published by the Senate Budget Committee , 1998 ( PDF file ) 2007 Financial Report of the United States Government Columbia University selective guide for research on the U.S. Federal budget process Budget Process Tutorial From the House Budget Committee ( Republican Staff ) The Congressional Budget Office Eric M. Patashnik , `` Ideas , Inheritances , and the Dynamics of Budgetary Change , '' Governance , 12.2 ( April 1999 ) : 147 - 174 Understanding the Federal Budget Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_budget_process&oldid=833496107 '' Categories : United States federal budgets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
2,
10,
8,
6,
9,
1,
7,
5,
4,
0,
3
] |
[
2,
10,
8,
6,
9
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112939521296080681
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what is the real name of our sun
|
[
"The Sun",
"The Sun"
] |
{
"0": "Sun - wikipedia Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the star . For other uses , see Sun ( disambiguation ) . The Sun Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter . Observation data Mean distance from Earth 1 au ≈ 7011149600000000000 ♠ 1.496 × 10 km 8 min 19 s at light speed Visual brightness ( V ) − 26.74 Absolute magnitude 4.83 Spectral classification G2V Metallicity Z = 0.0122 Angular size 31.6 -- 32.7 minutes of arc Adjectives Solar Orbital characteristics Mean distance from Milky Way core ≈ 7020270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 × 10 km 7004272000000000000 ♠ 27,200 light - years Galactic period ( 2.25 -- 2.50 ) × 10 yr Velocity ≈ 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220 km / s ( orbit around the center of the Milky Way ) ≈ 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20 km / s ( relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood ) ≈ 7005370000000000000 ♠ 370 km / s ( relative to the cosmic microwave background ) Physical characteristics Equatorial radius 695,700 km , 696,392 km 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 × Earth Equatorial circumference 7009437900000000000 ♠ 4.379 × 10 km 109 × Earth Flattening 6994900000000000000 ♠ 9 × 10 Surface area 7018609000000000000 ♠ 6.09 × 10 km 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 × Earth Volume 7027141000000000000 ♠ 1.41 × 10 km 7006130000000000000 ♠ 1,300,000 × Earth Mass 7030198855000000000 ♠ ( 1.988 55 ± 0.",
"1": "000 25 ) × 10 kg 7005333000000000000 ♠ 333,000 × Earth Average density 7003140800000000000 ♠ 1.408 g / cm 6999255000000000000 ♠ 0.255 × Earth Center density ( modeled ) 7005162200000000000 ♠ 162.2 g / cm 7001124000000000000 ♠ 12.4 × Earth Equatorial surface gravity 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274.0 m / s 7001279400000000000 ♠ 27.94 g 7004275422900000000 ♠ 27,542.29 cgs 28 × Earth Moment of inertia factor 6998700000000000000 ♠ 0.070 ( estimate ) Escape velocity ( from the surface ) 7005617700000000000 ♠ 617.7 km / s 55 × Earth Temperature Center ( modeled ) : 7007157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 × 10 K Photosphere ( effective ) : 7003577200000000000 ♠ 5,772 K Corona : ≈ 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 K Luminosity ( L ) 7026382800000000000 ♠ 3.828 × 10 W ≈ 7028375000000000000 ♠ 3.75 × 10 lm ≈ 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 lm / W efficacy Mean radiance ( I ) 7007200900000000000 ♠ 2.009 × 10 W m sr Age ≈ 4.6 billion years Rotation characteristics Obliquity 7.25 ° ( to the ecliptic ) 67.23 ° ( to the galactic plane ) Right ascension of North pole 286.13 ° 19 h 4 min 30 s Declination of North pole + 63.87 ° 63 ° 52 ' North Sidereal rotation period ( at equator ) 25.05 d ( at 16 ° latitude ) 25.",
"2": "38 d 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s ( at poles ) 34.4 d Rotation velocity ( at equator ) 7003199694444444444 ♠ 7.189 × 10 km / h Photospheric composition ( by mass ) Hydrogen 73.46 % Helium 24.85 % Oxygen 0.77 % Carbon 0.29 % Iron 0.16 % Neon 0.12 % Nitrogen 0.09 % Silicon 0.07 % Magnesium 0.05 % Sulfur 0.04 % The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers , i.e. 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process . The Sun is roughly middle - aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years .",
"3": "After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars , one of which is the predominant calendar in use today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 1.1 Religious aspects 2 Characteristics 3 Sunlight 4 Composition 4.1 Singly ionized iron - group elements 4.2 Isotopic composition 5 Structure and energy production 5.1 Core 5.2 Radiative zone 5.3 Tachocline 5.4 Convective zone 5.5 Photosphere 5.6 Atmosphere 5.7 Photons and neutrinos 6 Magnetism and activity 6.1 Magnetic field 6.2 Variation in activity 6.3 Long - term change 7 Life phases 7.1 Formation 7.2 Main sequence 7.3 After core hydrogen exhaustion 8 Motion and location 8.1 Orbit in Milky Way 9 Theoretical problems 9.1 Coronal heating problem 9.2 Faint young Sun problem 10 History of observation 10.1 Early understanding 10.2 Development of scientific understanding 10.3 Solar space missions 11 Observation and effects 12 Planetary system 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Name and Etymology The English proper name Sun developed from Old English sunne and may be related to south .",
"4": "Cognates to English sun appear in other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian sunne , sonne , Old Saxon sunna , Middle Dutch sonne , modern Dutch zon , Old High German sunna , modern German Sonne , Old Norse sunna , and Gothic sunnō . All Germanic terms for the Sun stem from Proto - Germanic * sunnōn . The English weekday name Sunday stems from Old English ( Sunnandæg ; `` Sun 's day '' , from before 700 ) and is ultimately a result of a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis , itself a translation of the Greek ἡμέρα ἡλίου ( hēméra hēlíou ) . The Latin name for the Sun , Sol , is not common in general English language use ; the adjectival form is the related word solar . The term sol is also used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on another planet , such as Mars . A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours , whereas a mean Martian ' sol ' is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . Religious aspects Main article : Solar deity Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies . The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu , the god of justice and twin brother of Inanna , the Queen of Heaven , who was identified as the planet Venus . Later , Utu was identified with the East Semitic god Shamash . Utu was regarded as a helper - deity , who aided those in distress , and , in iconography , he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw , which represented his role as the dispenser of justice . From at least the 4th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra , portrayed as a falcon - headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk , and surrounded by a serpent . In the New Empire period , the Sun became identified with the dung beetle , whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun . In the form of the Sun disc Aten , the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent , if not only , divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton .",
"5": "In Proto - Indo - European religion , the sun was personified as the goddess * Seh ul . Derivatives of this goddess in Indo - European languages include the Old Norse Sól , Sanskrit Surya , Gaulish Sulis , Lithuanian Saulė , and Slavic Solntse . In ancient Greek religion , the sun deity was the male god Helios , but traces of an earlier female solar deity are preserved in Helen of Troy . In later times , Helios was syncretized with Apollo . In the Bible , Malachi 4 : 2 mentions the `` Sun of Righteousness '' ( sometimes translated as the `` Sun of Justice '' ) , which some Christians have interpreted as a reference to the Messiah ( Christ ) . In ancient Roman culture , Sunday was the day of the Sun god . It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background . The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians , and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions . In paganism , the Sun was a source of life , giving warmth and illumination to mankind . It was the center of a popular cult among Romans , who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed . The celebration of the winter solstice ( which influenced Christmas ) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun ( Sol Invictus ) . Christian churches were built with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East . Tonatiuh , the Aztec god of the sun , was usually depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of human sacrifice . The sun goddess Amaterasu is the most important deity in the Shinto religion , and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Japanese emperors . Characteristics The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star that comprises about 99.86 % of the mass of the Solar System . The Sun has an absolute magnitude of + 4.83 , estimated to be brighter than about 85 % of the stars in the Milky Way , most of which are red dwarfs . The Sun is a Population I , or heavy - element - rich , star . The formation of the Sun may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae .",
"6": "This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements in the Solar System , such as gold and uranium , relative to the abundances of these elements in so - called Population II , heavy - element - poor , stars . The heavy elements could most plausibly have been produced by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova , or by transmutation through neutron absorption within a massive second - generation star . The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth 's sky , with an apparent magnitude of − 26.74 . This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star , Sirius , which has an apparent magnitude of − 1.46 . The mean distance of the Sun 's center to Earth 's center is approximately 1 astronomical unit ( about 150,000,000 km ; 93,000,000 mi ) , though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July . At this average distance , light travels from the Sun 's horizon to Earth 's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds , while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less . The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis , and drives Earth 's climate and weather . The Sun does not have a definite boundary , but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the photosphere . For the purpose of measurement , however , the Sun 's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere , the apparent visible surface of the Sun . By this measure , the Sun is a near - perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths , which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) . The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun . The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles . This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun 's rotation . In a frame of reference defined by the stars , the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles .",
"7": "Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun , the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days . Sunlight Main article : Sunlight The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight . The solar constant is equal to approximately 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1,368 W / m ( watts per square meter ) at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) from the Sun ( that is , on or near Earth ) . Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth 's atmosphere , so that less power arrives at the surface ( closer to 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 W / m ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith . Sunlight at the top of Earth 's atmosphere is composed ( by total energy ) of about 50 % infrared light , 40 % visible light , and 10 % ultraviolet light . The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70 % of solar ultraviolet , especially at the shorter wavelengths . Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth 's dayside upper atmosphere , creating the electrically conducting ionosphere . The Sun 's color is white , with a CIE color - space index near ( 0.3 , 0.3 ) , when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky . When measuring all the photons emitted , the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other . When the Sun is low in the sky , atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow , red , orange , or magenta . Despite its typical whiteness , most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow ; the reasons for this are the subject of debate . The Sun is a G2V star , with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C , 9,941 ° F ) , and V that it , like most stars , is a main - sequence star . The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre , but as viewed through Earth 's atmosphere , this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd / m . However , the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun ( limb darkening ) .",
"8": "Composition See also : Molecules in stars The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium ; they account for 74.9 % and 23.8 % of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere , respectively . All heavier elements , called metals in astronomy , account for less than 2 % of the mass , with oxygen ( roughly 1 % of the Sun 's mass ) , carbon ( 0.3 % ) , neon ( 0.2 % ) , and iron ( 0.2 % ) being the most abundant . The Sun inherited its chemical composition from the interstellar medium out of which it formed . The hydrogen and helium in the Sun were produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis , and the heavier elements were produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in generations of stars that completed their stellar evolution and returned their material to the interstellar medium before the formation of the Sun . The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System . However , since the Sun formed , some of the helium and heavy elements have gravitationally settled from the photosphere . Therefore , in today 's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced , and the metallicity is only 84 % of what it was in the protostellar phase ( before nuclear fusion in the core started ) . The protostellar Sun 's composition is believed to have been 71.1 % hydrogen , 27.4 % helium , and 1.5 % heavier elements . Today , nuclear fusion in the Sun 's core has modified the composition by converting hydrogen into helium , so the innermost portion of the Sun is now roughly 60 % helium , with the abundance of heavier elements unchanged . Because heat is transferred from the Sun 's core by radiation rather than by convection ( see Radiative zone below ) , none of the fusion products from the core have risen to the photosphere . The reactive core zone of `` hydrogen burning '' , where hydrogen is converted into helium , is starting to surround an inner core of `` helium ash '' . This development will continue and will eventually cause the Sun to leave the main sequence , to become a red giant . The solar heavy - element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun 's photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures .",
"9": "These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements . The two methods generally agree well . Singly ionized iron - group elements In the 1970s , much research focused on the abundances of iron - group elements in the Sun . Although significant research was done , until 1978 it was difficult to determine the abundances of some iron - group elements ( e.g. cobalt and manganese ) via spectrography because of their hyperfine structures . The first largely complete set of oscillator strengths of singly ionized iron - group elements were made available in the 1960s , and these were subsequently improved . In 1978 , the abundances of singly ionized elements of the iron group were derived . Isotopic composition Various authors have considered the existence of a gradient in the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases , e.g. correlations between isotopic compositions of neon and xenon in the Sun and on the planets . Prior to 1983 , it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere . In 1983 , it was claimed that it was fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic - composition relationship between the planetary and solar - wind - implanted noble gases . Structure and energy production Core Main article : Solar core The structure of the Sun The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20 -- 25 % of the solar radius . It has a density of up to 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150 g / cm ( about 150 times the density of water ) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins ( K ) . By contrast , the Sun 's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above . Through most of the Sun 's life , energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p -- p ( proton -- proton ) chain ; this process converts hydrogen into helium . Only 0.8 % of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older .",
"10": "The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion ; 99 % of the power is generated within 24 % of the Sun 's radius , and by 30 % of the radius , fusion has stopped nearly entirely . The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers , finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles . The proton -- proton chain occurs around 7037919999999999999 ♠ 9.2 × 10 times each second in the core , converting about 3.7 × 10 protons into alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) every second ( out of a total of ~ 8.9 × 10 free protons in the Sun ) , or about 6.2 × 10 kg / s . Fusing four free protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) into a single alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) releases around 0.7 % of the fused mass as energy , so the Sun releases energy at the mass -- energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second ( which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen ) , for 384.6 yottawatts ( 7026384600000000000 ♠ 3.846 × 10 W ) , or 9.192 × 10 megatons of TNT per second . Theoretical models of the Sun 's interior indicate a power density of approximately 276.5 W / m , a value that more nearly approximates that of reptile metabolism or a compost pile than of a thermonuclear bomb . The fusion rate in the core is in a self - correcting equilibrium : a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers , reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation ; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly , increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate . Radiative zone Main article : Radiative zone From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii , thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer . The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core .",
"11": "This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence can not drive convection , which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection . Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons , which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions . The density drops a hundredfold ( from 20 g / cm to 0.2 g / cm ) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii , the top of the radiative zone . Tachocline Main article : Tachocline The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer , the tachocline . This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear between the two -- a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another . Presently , it is hypothesized ( see Solar dynamo ) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun 's magnetic field . Convective zone Main article : Convection zone The Sun 's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii ( 500,000 km ) to near the surface . In this layer , the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation . Instead , the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun 's energy outward towards its surface . Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands , thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise . As a result , an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun 's photosphere above . Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface , its density increases , and it sinks to the base of the convection zone , where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues . At the photosphere , the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g / m ( about 1 / 6,000 the density of air at sea level ) .",
"12": "The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales . Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains `` small - scale '' dynamo action over the near - surface volume of the Sun . The Sun 's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms . Photosphere The effective temperature , or black body temperature , of the Sun ( 5,777 K ) is the temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total emissive power . Main article : Photosphere The visible surface of the Sun , the photosphere , is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light . Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space , and almost all of its energy escapes the Sun entirely . The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions , which absorb visible light easily . Conversely , the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions . The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick , and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth . Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part , an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk , in a phenomenon known as limb darkening . The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black - body radiating at about 6,000 K , interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere . The photosphere has a particle density of ~ 10 m ( about 0.37 % of the particle number per volume of Earth 's atmosphere at sea level ) . The photosphere is not fully ionized -- the extent of ionization is about 3 % , leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form . During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere , some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth . In 1868 , Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium , after the Greek Sun god Helios . Twenty - five years later , helium was isolated on Earth .",
"13": "Atmosphere See also : Corona and Coronal loop During a total solar eclipse , the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye , during the brief period of totality . During a total solar eclipse , when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon , parts of the Sun 's surrounding atmosphere can be seen . It is composed of four distinct parts : the chromosphere , the transition region , the corona and the heliosphere . The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500 km above the photosphere , and has a temperature of about 7003410000000000000 ♠ 4,100 K . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water , which can be detected via their absorption spectra . The chromosphere , transition region , and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun . The reason is not well understood , but evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona . Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 km thick , dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines . It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma , meaning color , because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses . The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude , ranging up to around 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 K near the top . In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized . Taken by Hinode 's Solar Optical Telescope on 12 January 2007 , this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma connecting regions of different magnetic polarity . Above the chromosphere , in a thin ( about 200 km ) transition region , the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K . The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region , which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma . The transition region does not occur at a well - defined altitude .",
"14": "Rather , it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments , and is in constant , chaotic motion . The transition region is not easily visible from Earth 's surface , but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum . The corona is the next layer of the Sun . The low corona , near the surface of the Sun , has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m . The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K ; however , in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000 -- 20,000,000 K . Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona , at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection . The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun , which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun 's photosphere . A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the solar wind . The heliosphere , the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun , is filled with the solar wind plasma . This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic -- that is , where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves , at approximately 20 solar radii ( 0.1 AU ) . Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere can not affect the shape of the solar corona within , because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves . The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere , forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape , until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun . In December 2004 , the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause . In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in cosmic ray collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind , which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the interstellar medium .",
"15": "Photons and neutrinos See also : solar irradiance High - energy gamma - ray photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone , usually after traveling only a few millimeters . Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy . With this sequence of emissions and absorptions , it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun 's surface . Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years . In contrast , it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos , which account for about 2 % of the total energy production of the Sun , to reach the surface . Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter , the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer , on the order of 30,000,000 years . This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state , if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed . Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core , but , unlike photons , they rarely interact with matter , so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately . For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3 . This discrepancy was resolved in 2001 through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation : the Sun emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory , but neutrino detectors were missing ⁄ of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor by the time they were detected . Magnetism and activity Magnetic field See also : Stellar magnetic field , Sunspots , List of solar cycles , and Solar phenomena Visible light photograph of sunspot , 13 December 2006 Butterfly diagram showing paired sunspot pattern . Graph is of sunspot area . In this false - color ultraviolet image , the Sun shows a C3 - class solar flare ( white area on upper left ) , a solar tsunami ( wave - like structure , upper right ) and multiple filaments of plasma following a magnetic field , rising from the stellar surface .",
"16": "The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System , and results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium . The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun . Its polar field is 1 -- 2 gauss ( 0.0001 -- 0.0002 T ) , whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss ( 0.3 T ) in features on the Sun called sunspots and 10 -- 100 gauss ( 0.001 -- 0.01 T ) in solar prominences . The magnetic field also varies in time and location . The quasi-periodic 11 - year solar cycle is the most prominent variation in which the number and size of sunspots waxes and wanes . Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun 's photosphere , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface . As a result , sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere , and , so , they appear dark . At a typical solar minimum , few sunspots are visible , and occasionally none can be seen at all . Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes . As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator , a phenomenon known as Spörer 's law . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across . An 11 - year sunspot cycle is half of a 22 - year Babcock -- Leighton dynamo cycle , which corresponds to an oscillatory exchange of energy between toroidal and poloidal solar magnetic fields . At solar - cycle maximum , the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo - cycle minimum strength , but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field , generated through differential rotation within the tachocline , is near its maximum strength . At this point in the dynamo cycle , buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere , giving rise to pairs of sunspots , roughly aligned east -- west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities . The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle , a phenomenon known as the Hale cycle .",
"17": "During the solar cycle 's declining phase , energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field , and sunspots diminish in number and size . At solar - cycle minimum , the toroidal field is , correspondingly , at minimum strength , sunspots are relatively rare , and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength . With the rise of the next 11 - year sunspot cycle , differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field , but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle . The process carries on continuously , and in an idealized , simplified scenario , each 11 - year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change , then , in the overall polarity of the Sun 's large - scale magnetic field . The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself . The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun 's magnetic field into space , forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field . In an approximation known as ideal magnetohydrodynamics , plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines . As a result , the outward - flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward , forcing it into a roughly radial structure . For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field , with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator , a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind . At great distances , the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral . The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field . The Sun 's dipole magnetic field of 50 -- 400 μT ( at the photosphere ) reduces with the inverse - cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth . However , according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth 's location is around 5 nT , about a hundred times greater . The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun . Variation in activity Measurements from 2005 of solar cycle variation during the last 30 years The Sun 's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity . Solar flares and coronal - mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups .",
"18": "Slowly changing high - speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface . Both coronal - mass ejections and high - speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System . The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System . With solar - cycle modulation of sunspot number comes a corresponding modulation of space weather conditions , including those surrounding Earth where technological systems can be affected . Long - term change Long - term secular change in sunspot number is thought , by some scientists , to be correlated with long - term change in solar irradiance , which , in turn , might influence Earth 's long - term climate . For example , in the 17th century , the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades ; few sunspots were observed during a period known as the Maunder minimum . This coincided in time with the era of the Little Ice Age , when Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures . Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower - than - average global temperatures . A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun that cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years . These could provide a better explanation of the ice ages than the Milankovitch cycles . Life phases Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Stellar evolution The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life . It has not changed dramatically for over four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more . However , after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped , the Sun will undergo severe changes , both internally and externally . Formation The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars . This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology . The result is consistent with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material , at 4.567 billion years ago .",
"19": "Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short - lived isotopes , such as iron - 60 , that form only in exploding , short - lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed . A shock wave from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the matter within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity . As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure . Much of the mass became concentrated in the center , whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies . Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accreted more matter from the surrounding disk , eventually triggering nuclear fusion . Thus , the Sun was born . Main sequence Evolution of the Sun 's luminosity , radius and effective temperature compared to the present Sun . After Ribas ( 2010 ) The Sun is about halfway through its main - sequence stage , during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium . Each second , more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun 's core , producing neutrinos and solar radiation . At this rate , the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy , about 0.03 % of the total mass of the Sun . The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main - sequence star . The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence , because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused . The core is therefore shrinking , allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force , according to the inverse - square law . This stronger force increases the pressure on the core , which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs . This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser . It is estimated that the Sun has become 30 % brighter in the last 4.5 billion years . At present , it is increasing in brightness by about 1 % every 100 million years .",
"20": "After core hydrogen exhaustion The size of the current Sun ( now in the main sequence ) compared to its estimated size during its red - giant phase in the future The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova . Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant . As a red giant , the Sun will grow so large that it will engulf Mercury , Venus , and probably Earth . Even before it becomes a red giant , the luminosity of the Sun will have nearly doubled , and Earth will receive as much sunlight as Venus receives today . Once the core hydrogen is exhausted in 5.4 billion years , the Sun will expand into a subgiant phase and slowly double in size over about half a billion years . It will then expand more rapidly over about half a billion years until it is over two hundred times larger than today and a couple of thousand times more luminous . This then starts the red - giant - branch phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass . Evolution of a Sun - like star . The track of a one solar mass star on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram is shown from the main sequence to the post-asymptotic - giant - branch stage . After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left , but much happens . First , the core , full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash , where it is estimated that 6 % of the core , itself 40 % of the Sun 's mass , will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple - alpha process . The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity , with a temperature a little lower than today . It will then have reached the red clump or horizontal branch , but a star of the Sun 's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch . Instead , it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core . When the helium is exhausted , the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted , except that this time it all happens faster , and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous .",
"21": "This is the asymptotic - giant - branch phase , and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell . After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch , the Sun becomes increasingly unstable , with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so . The thermal pulses become larger each time , with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU . According to a 2008 model , Earth 's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces ( and , eventually , drag from the lower chromosphere ) , so that it will be engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase , 1 and 3.8 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate . Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss . Models that have higher mass loss on the red - giant branch produce smaller , less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch , perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius . For the Sun , four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula . By the end of that phase -- lasting approximately 500,000 years -- the Sun will only have about half of its current mass . The post-asymptotic - giant - branch evolution is even faster . The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases , with the ejected half of the Sun 's mass becoming ionised into a planetary nebula as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K . The final naked core , a white dwarf , will have a temperature of over 100,000 K , and contain an estimated 54.05 % of the Sun 's present day mass . The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years , but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to a hypothetical black dwarf .",
"22": "Motion and location Orbit in Milky Way Illustration of the Milky Way , showing the location of the Sun The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way 's Orion Arm , in the Local Interstellar Cloud or the Gould Belt , at a distance of 7.5 -- 8.5 kpc ( 25,000 -- 28,000 light - years ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is contained within the Local Bubble , a space of rarefied hot gas , possibly produced by the supernova remnant Geminga , or multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 6,500 light - years . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone . The Apex of the Sun 's Way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars . This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules , near the star Vega . Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light - years from Earth ( the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light - years ) , the Sun ranks fourth in mass . The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way , and it is presently moving in the direction of the constellation of Cygnus . The Sun 's orbit around the Milky Way is roughly elliptical with orbital perturbations due to the non-uniform mass distribution in Milky Way , such as that in and between the galactic spiral arms . In addition , the Sun oscillates up and down relative to the galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . It has been argued that the Sun 's passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth , perhaps due to increased impact events . It takes the Solar System about 225 -- 250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so it is thought to have completed 20 -- 25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km / s ( 156 mi / s ) .",
"23": "At this speed , it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 7 days to travel 1 AU . The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km / s , and the Sun 's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km / s in the direction of Crater or Leo . Theoretical problems Map of the full Sun by STEREO and SDO spacecraft Coronal heating problem Main article : Corona The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K , whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K . The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere . It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere , and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating . The first is wave heating , in which sound , gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone . These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona , depositing their energy in the ambient matter in the form of heat . The other is magnetic heating , in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events -- nanoflares . Currently , it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism . All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona . In addition , Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona . Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms . Faint young Sun problem Main article : Faint young Sun paradox Theoretical models of the Sun 's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , during the Archean eon , the Sun was only about 75 % as bright as it is today . Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth 's surface , and thus life should not have been able to develop .",
"24": "However , the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history , and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today . One theory among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases ( such as carbon dioxide , methane ) than are present today , which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it . However , examination of Archaean sediments appears inconsistent with the hypothesis of high greenhouse concentrations . Instead , the moderate temperature range may be explained by a lower surface albedo brought about by less continental area and the `` lack of biologically induced cloud condensation nuclei '' . This would have led to increased absorption of solar energy , thereby compensating for the lower solar output . History of observation The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . Early understanding The Trundholm sun chariot pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology . The sculpture is probably from around 1350 BC . It is displayed at the National Museum of Denmark . See also : The Sun in culture The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history . Humanity 's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky , whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night . In many prehistoric and ancient cultures , the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity . Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians , the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico . In religions such as Hinduism , the Sun is still considered a god .",
"25": "Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind ; for example , stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice ( some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa , Egypt ; Mnajdra , Malta and at Stonehenge , England ) ; Newgrange , a prehistoric human - built mount in Ireland , was designed to detect the winter solstice ; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes . The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque , accompanied by lesser gods , and to the Greeks , he was Helios , carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses . From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun 's birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus ( literally `` Unconquered Sun '' ) soon after the winter solstice , which may have been an antecedent to Christmas . Regarding the fixed stars , the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac , and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets ( Greek planetes , `` wanderer '' ) ; the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Roman era . Development of scientific understanding In the early first millennium BC , Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun 's motion along the ecliptic is not uniform , though they did not know why ; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an elliptic orbit around the Sun , with Earth moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion . One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras . He reasoned that it was not the chariot of Helios , but instead a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the Peloponnesus and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun . For teaching this heresy , he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death , though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles .",
"26": "Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BC as `` of stadia myriads 400 and 80000 '' , the translation of which is ambiguous , implying either 4,080,000 stadia ( 755,000 km ) or 804,000,000 stadia ( 148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU ) ; the latter value is correct to within a few percent . In the 1st century AD , Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth , approximately 7.71 million kilometers ( 0.0515 AU ) . The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC , and later adopted by Seleucus of Seleucia ( see Heliocentrism ) . This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus . Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) by Chinese astronomers , who maintained records of these observations for centuries . Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century . The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot , Galileo Galilei and other astronomers . Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun . Arabic astronomical contributions include Albatenius ' discovery that the direction of the Sun 's apogee ( the place in the Sun 's orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest ) is changing . ( In modern heliocentric terms , this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth 's orbit ) . Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun 's position for many years using a large astrolabe . Sol , the Sun , from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti 's Liber astronomiae .",
"27": "From an observation of a transit of Venus in 1032 , the Persian astronomer and polymath Avicenna concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun . In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun . In 1666 , Isaac Newton observed the Sun 's light using a prism , and showed that it is made up of light of many colors . In 1800 , William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum . The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun ; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum , the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines . In the early years of the modern scientific era , the source of the Sun 's energy was a significant puzzle . Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun is a gradually cooling liquid body that is radiating an internal store of heat . Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed a gravitational contraction mechanism to explain the energy output , but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years , well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time . In 1890 Joseph Lockyer , who discovered helium in the solar spectrum , proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun . Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered . Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun 's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat , and suggested radioactive decay as the source . However , it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun 's energy output with his mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . In 1920 , Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen ( protons ) into helium nuclei , resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass . The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne using the ionization theory developed by Meghnad Saha , an Indian physicist .",
"28": "The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe . Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy - producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun . In 1957 , Margaret Burbidge , Geoffrey Burbidge , William Fowler and Fred Hoyle showed that most of the elements in the universe have been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars , some like the Sun . Solar Space missions See also : Solar observatory The Sun giving out a large geomagnetic storm on 1 : 29 pm , EST , 13 March 2012 Play media A lunar transit of the Sun captured during calibration of STEREO B 's ultraviolet imaging cameras The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA 's Pioneers 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 9 , which were launched between 1959 and 1968 . These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth , and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field . Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time , transmitting data until May 1983 . In the 1970s , two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona . The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S. -- German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury 's orbit at perihelion . The Skylab space station , launched by NASA in 1973 , included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station . Skylab made the first time - resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona . Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections , then called `` coronal transients '' , and of coronal holes , now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind . Coronal hole on the Sun forms a question mark ( 22 December 2017 ) In 1980 , the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA . This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays , X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity .",
"29": "Just a few months after launch , however , an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode , and it spent the next three years in this inactive state . In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS - 41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit . The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering Earth 's atmosphere in June 1989 . Launched in 1991 , Japan 's Yohkoh ( Sunbeam ) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths . Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares , and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed . Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun . It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005 . One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on 2 December 1995 . Originally intended to serve a two - year mission , a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009 . It has proven so useful that a follow - on mission , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , was launched in February 2010 . Situated at the Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun ( at which the gravitational pull from both is equal ) , SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch . Besides its direct solar observation , SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of comets , mostly tiny sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun . A solar prominence erupts in August 2012 , as captured by SDO All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic , and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail . The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun 's polar regions . It first travelled to Jupiter , to `` slingshot '' into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic .",
"30": "Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit , it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes , finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km / s , which was slower than expected , and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays . Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies , but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood . A solar wind sample return mission , Genesis , was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material . The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory ( STEREO ) mission was launched in October 2006 . Two identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to ( respectively ) pull further ahead of and fall gradually behind Earth . This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena , such as coronal mass ejections . The Indian Space Research Organisation has scheduled the launch of a 100 kg satellite named Aditya for 2017 -- 18 . Its main instrument will be a coronagraph for studying the dynamics of the Solar corona . Observation and effects During certain atmospheric conditions , the Sun becomes clearly visible to the naked eye , and can be observed without stress to the eyes . Click on this photo to see the full cycle of a sunset , as observed from the high plains of the Mojave Desert . The Sun , as seen from low Earth orbit overlooking the International Space Station . This sunlight is not filtered by the lower atmosphere , which blocks much of the solar spectrum The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye ; however , doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes . Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness . It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina , slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that can not respond properly to the brightness . UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years , and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts , but this depends on general exposure to solar UV , and not whether one looks directly at the Sun .",
"31": "Long - duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV - induced , sunburn - like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds , particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused ; conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants ( which admit more UV than aging natural eyes ) , Sun angles near the zenith , and observing locations at high altitude . Viewing the Sun through light - concentrating optics such as binoculars may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight . When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun , the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use . Some improvised filters that pass UV or IR rays , can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels . Herschel wedges , also called Solar Diagonals , are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes . The sunlight that is destined for the eyepiece is reflected from an unsilvered surface of a piece of glass . Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected . The rest passes through the glass and leaves the instrument . If the glass breaks because of the heat , no light at all is reflected , making the device fail - safe . Simple filters made of darkened glass allow the full intensity of sunlight to pass through if they break , endangering the observer 's eyesight . Unfiltered binoculars can deliver hundreds of times as much energy as using the naked eye , possibly causing immediate damage . It is claimed that even brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage . Halo with sun dogs Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye 's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast : the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view , not by the brightest object in the field . During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun , but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day . In the overall gloom , the pupil expands from ~ 2 mm to ~ 6 mm , and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun .",
"32": "This can damage or kill those cells , resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer . The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children , because there is no perception of pain : it is not immediately obvious that one 's vision is being destroyed . A sunrise During sunrise and sunset , sunlight is attenuated because of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth 's atmosphere , and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics ( provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds ) . Hazy conditions , atmospheric dust , and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation . An optical phenomenon , known as a green flash , can sometimes be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise . The flash is caused by light from the Sun just below the horizon being bent ( usually through a temperature inversion ) towards the observer . Light of shorter wavelengths ( violet , blue , green ) is bent more than that of longer wavelengths ( yellow , orange , red ) but the violet and blue light is scattered more , leaving light that is perceived as green . Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water . It also causes sunburn , and has other biological effects such as the production of vitamin D and sun tanning . Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth 's ozone layer , so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations , including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe . Planetary System Main article : Solar System The Sun has eight known planets . This includes four terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) , two gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , and two ice giants ( Uranus and Neptune ) . The Solar System also has at least five dwarf planets , an asteroid belt , numerous comets , and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune . See also Book : The Sun Advanced Composition Explorer Antisolar point List of brightest stars Solar energy Sun dogs Sun path Sun - Earth Day Sunday Sungazing Timeline of the far future Star portal Solar System portal Notes ^ Jump up to : All numbers in this article are short scale .",
"33": "One billion is 10 , or 1,000,000,000 . Jump up ^ In astronomical sciences , the term heavy elements ( or metals ) refers to all elements except hydrogen and helium . Jump up ^ Hydrothermal vent communities live so deep under the sea that they have no access to sunlight . Bacteria instead use sulfur compounds as an energy source , via chemosynthesis . Jump up ^ 1.88 Gcd / m is calculated from the solar illuminance of 7005128000000000000 ♠ 128 000 lux ( see sunlight ) times the square of the distance to the center of the Sun , divided by the cross sectional area of the Sun . 1.44 Gcd / m is calculated using 7004980000000000000 ♠ 98 000 lux . Jump up ^ A 50 kg adult human has a volume of about 0.05 m , which corresponds to 13.8 watts , at the volumetric power of the solar center . This is 285 kcal / day , about 10 % of the actual average caloric intake and output for humans in non-stressful conditions . Jump up ^ Earth 's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2 × 10 m . References ^ Jump up to : Williams , D.R. ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Sun Fact Sheet '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Zombeck , Martin V. ( 1990 ) . Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Asplund , M. ; Grevesse , N. ; Sauval , A.J. ( 2006 ) . `` The new solar abundances -- Part I : the observations '' . Communications in Asteroseismology. 147 : 76 -- 79 . Bibcode : 2006CoAst. 147 ... 76A . doi : 10.1553 / cia147s76 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 99 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 .",
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"61": "7 ( 4 ) : 29 -- 33 . doi : 10.1038 / eye. 1993.7 . PMID 8325420 . Jump up ^ Schatz , H. ; Mendelblatt , F. ( 1973 ) . `` Solar Retinopathy from Sun - Gazing Under Influence of LSD '' . British Journal of Ophthalmology. 57 ( 4 ) : 270 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 57.4. 270 . PMC 1214879 . PMID 4707624 . Jump up ^ Chou , B.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . `` While environmental exposure to UV radiation is known to contribute to the accelerated aging of the outer layers of the eye and the development of cataracts , the concern over improper viewing of the Sun during an eclipse is for the development of `` eclipse blindness '' or retinal burns . '' Jump up ^ Ham , W.T. Jr. ; Mueller , H.A. ; Sliney , D.H. ( 1976 ) . `` Retinal sensitivity to damage from short wavelength light '' . Nature . 260 ( 5547 ) : 153 -- 155 . Bibcode : 1976Natur. 260 ... 153H . doi : 10.1038 / 260153a0 . Jump up ^ Ham , W.T. Jr. ; Mueller , H.A. ; Ruffolo , J.J. Jr. ; Guerry , D. III ( 1980 ) . `` Solar Retinopathy as a function of Wavelength : its Significance for Protective Eyewear '' . In Williams , T.P. ; Baker , B.N. The Effects of Constant Light on Visual Processes . Plenum Press . pp. 319 -- 346 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 40328 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kardos , T. ( 2003 ) . Earth science . J.W. Walch . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8251 - 4500 - 1 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ Macdonald , Lee ( 2012 ) . `` 2 . Equipment for Observing the Sun '' . How to Observe the Sun Safely . New York : Springer Science + Business Media . p. 17 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 3825 - 0_2 . NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN THROUGH ANY FORM OF OPTICAL EQUIPMENT , EVEN FOR AN INSTANT . A brief glimpse of the Sun through a telescope is enough to cause permanent eye damage , or even blindness . Even looking at the Sun with the naked eye for more than a second or two is not safe . Do not assume that it is safe to look at the Sun through a filter , no matter how dark the filter appears to be . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( 26 April 1996 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Haber , Jorg ; Magnor , Marcus ; Seidel , Hans - Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Physically based Simulation of Twilight Phenomena '' . ACM Transactions on Graphics . 24 ( 4 ) : 1353 -- 1373 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.67. 2567 . doi : 10.1145 / 1095878.1095884 . Jump up ^ Piggin , I.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Diurnal asymmetries in global radiation '' . Springer . 20 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 48 . Bibcode : 1972AMGBB ... 20 ... 41P . doi : 10.1007 / BF02243313 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Flash '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Barsh , G.S. ( 2003 ) . `` What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color ? '' . PLoS Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : e7 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0000027 . PMC 212702 .",
"63": "PMID 14551921 . Further reading Cohen , Richard ( 2010 ) . Chasing the Sun : the Epic Story of the Star that Gives us Life . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6875 - 4 . Thompson , M.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Solar interior : Helioseismology and the Sun 's interior '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 ( 4 ) : 21 -- 25 . Solar Activity Scholarpedia Hugh Hudson 3 ( 3 ) : 3967 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3967 External links Find more aboutSunat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Nasa SOHO ( Solar & Heliospheric Observatory ) satellite National Solar Observatory Astronomy Cast : The Sun A collection of spectacular images of the Sun from various institutions ( The Boston Globe ) Satellite observations of solar luminosity Sun Trek , an educational website about the Sun The Swedish 1 - meter Solar Telescope , SST An animated explanation of the structure of the Sun ( University of Glamorgan ) Animation -- The Future of the Sun Solar Conveyor Belt Speeds Up -- NASA -- images , link to report on Science NASA 5 - year timelapse video of the Sun Sun in Ultra High Definition NASA 11 January 2015 Album of images and videos by Seán Doran ,",
"64": "based on SDO imagery ( hide ) The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Heliophysics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar neutrino Solar observation Solar phenomena Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Space weather Standard solar model Radiation Spectral class : G2V Solar space missions Current ACE DSCOVR GGS WIND Hinode ( Solar - B ) IRIS MinXSS PICARD RHESSI SOHO SDO SOLAR STEREO Past Apollo Telescope Mount ESRO 2B Genesis GOES 13 Helios Hinotori ( Astro - A ) IMP - 8 Intercosmos 26 ISEE 1 -- 3 Koronas - Foton Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO 1 OSO 2 OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 Solwind Pioneer 5 Pioneer 6 , 7 , and 8 Prognoz 6 SolarMax Spartan 201 Taiyo ( SRATS ) TRACE Ulysses Yohkoh ( Solar - A ) Planned Parker Solar Probe ( 2018 ) Aditya - L1 ( 2019 ) Solar Orbiter ( 2019 ) Proba - 3 ( 2020 ) Proposed ADAHELI",
"65": "EUVST Solar - C Cancelled Pioneer H OSO J Solar Sentinels Sun - Earth SORCE SXI ACRIMSAT The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon Other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian",
"66": "Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology",
"67": "Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Celestial objects within 0 -- 5 light - years → Primary member type Celestial objects by systems . Secondary members are listed in small print . Main - sequence stars G - type Sun ( 0 ly ) rest of Solar System α Cen ( 4.366 ± 0.007 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B red dwarf C ( Proxima Centauri ) ( 4.2430 ± 0.0017 ly ) planet b Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax . Astronomy Outline History Timeline Astronomer Glossary Astronomy by Manner Amateur Observational Sidewalk Celestial subject Galactic / Extragalactic Local system Solar Method Radio Submillimetre Infrared ( Far - infrared ) Visible - light ( optical ) Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma - ray Neutrino Cosmic rays Gravitational radiation High - energy Spherical Culture Australian Aboriginal Babylonian Chechen ( Nakh ) Chinese Egyptian Greek Hebrew Indian Inuit Medieval Islamic Serbian Tibetan Optical telescopes List Category Extremely large telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias Hubble Space Telescope Keck Observatory Large Binocular Telescope Southern African Large Telescope Very Large Telescope Related topics Archaeoastronomy Astrobiology Astrochemistry Astrophysics Astrology and astronomy Astrometry Astroparticle physics Photometry Physical cosmology List of astronomers Muslim Russian Women Portals Astronomy Cosmology Solar System Mars Jupiter Uranus Moon Space Spaceflight Star X-ray astronomy Category Commons Portal WikiProject LCCN : sh85130462 GND : 4055562 - 8 NDL : 00616878 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"68": "php?title=Sun&oldid=821379108 '' Categories : G - type main - sequence stars Light sources Plasma physics Space plasmas Stars with proper names Sun Astronomical objects known since antiquity Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2017 Featured articles Pages with numeric Bible version references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская",
"69": "Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית",
"70": "Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha /",
"71": "ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو",
"72": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 03 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang the song i wanna be sedated
|
[
"the Ramones",
"the Ramones"
] |
{
"0": "I Wanna Be Sedated - wikipedia I Wanna Be Sedated Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the single by the Ramones . For the Entourage episode , see I Wanna Be Sedated ( Entourage ) . `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' Picture sleeve ( Netherlands ) Single by Ramones from the album Road to Ruin A-side `` She 's the One '' Released September 21 , 1978 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1978 Genre Punk rock Length 2 : 29 Label Sire Songwriter ( s ) Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone Producer ( s ) Tommy Ramone , Ed Stasium Ramones singles chronology `` Needles and Pins '' ( 1978 ) `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' ( 1978 ) `` Rock ' n ' Roll High School '' ( 1979 ) `` Needles and Pins '' ( 1978 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1978 ) `` Rock ' n ' Roll High School '' ( 1979 ) `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' is a song by the American punk rock band the Ramones . It is one of the band 's best known songs . It was originally released on their fourth album , Road to Ruin , in September 1978 and was the B - side of the UK single `` She 's the One '' released on September 21 , 1978 . The song was later released as a single in the Netherlands in 1978 , then in the U.S. in 1980 by RSO Records from the Times Square soundtrack album . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Reception 4 Cover versions 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' was written by Joey Ramone . In an interview about the song , Joey explains the chorus : It 's a road song . I wrote it in 1977 , through the 78 . Well , Danny Fields was our first manager and he would work us to death .",
"1": "We would be on the road 360 days a year , and we went over to England , and we were there at Christmas time , and in Christmas time , London shuts down . There 's nothing to do , nowhere to go . Here we were in London for the first time in our lives , and me and Dee Dee Ramone were sharing a room in the hotel , and we were watching The Guns of Navarone . So there was nothing to do , I mean , here we are in London finally , and this is what we are doing , watching American movies in the hotel room . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song , directed by Bill Fishman , was released in September 1988 ( About ten years after the song was originally released ) to promote the compilation album Ramones Mania . The iconic video features the Ramones sitting at a table ( left to right : Johnny , Joey , Marky and Dee Dee ) , nonchalantly reading and eating corn flakes . Meanwhile , the background room erupts into a meeting place for nuns , acrobats , ballerinas , monsters , cheerleaders , clowns , doctors , fetish nurses , and smoking schoolgirls . The film is intentionally sped up to show the excitement of the background , while the band 's actions are in regular motion . This was achieved by having the band members move very slowly , while the crowd moved normally , and then speeding up the film . One of the video 's characters is a young Courtney Love . Reception ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' was number 145 on the Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Marky Ramone is the drummer on this track . In 1999 , National Public Radio included the song in the `` NPR 100 '' , in which NPR 's music editors sought to compile the one hundred most important American musical works of the 20th century . Cover versions ( edit ) The Adicts covered the song in the mid-80s when they were on Sire although it was n't released until the 1992 compilation Totally Adicted . It was later included as a bonus track on some versions of Sound of Music . Operation Ivy covered the song in their Ramones EP .",
"2": "Mötley Crüe singer Vince Neil recorded a version of the song as bonus track for his first solo album Exposed in 1992 . Shonen Knife has recorded a version of the song for the 1995 Japanese re-release of Burning Farm . Tiltwheel recorded the song for the tribute album Ramones Maniacs in 2001 . Juliana Hatfield 's band Blake Babies recorded a cover for their 2002 EP Epilogue . Canadian singer / songwriter Bruce Cockburn performed the song live with his side project Bambi and the Deerhunters in 2002 . The Offspring covered the song for the 2003 Ramones tribute album We 're a Happy Family . The band also performed the song in the film Idle Hands . Tyson Ritter of the All - American Rejects covered the song for the UK series Rock School . moe . covered the song on their live album Warts and All . The heavy metal band Viper covered the song on the album Maniacs in Japan . Brazilian rock singer Rita Lee covered this song in her 2004 album MTV Ao Vivo ( MTV Live ) . The instrumental version by Belgian electroband Neven features in the movie I Could Never Be Your Woman by Amy Heckerling . The Go - Go 's covered this song in their DVD Live Go - Go 's in Central Park . Superhumanoids recorded the song as a single in 2012 . New Found Glory covered the song on their 2013 Ramones tribute EP Mania . Kirsty MacColl covered the song in Titanic Days . The Sun King covered the song in his 3.12. 21 EP . Finnish singer Mirel Wagner covered the song for the trailer of the 2016 Gore Verbinski film A Cure for Wellness . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song appears on the soundtrack to the 1980 movie Times Square . The song is performed by a cover - band ( The Offspring ) at a High School Halloween Ball in the 1999 comedy - horror movie Idle Hands .",
"3": "On the show My So - Called Life , Rayanne makes a disastrous debut as the singer of a band while covering this song . Just before she is to come in , she panics and races off the stage , leaving Jordan to take over . The song briefly plays in the season 3 Gilmore Girls episode , `` Application Anxiety . '' The song is featured on the trailer and the soundtrack for the comedy Scary Movie . The song makes an appearance on the soundtrack featured in Burnout 3 : Takedown . The song is featured in the 2005 music video game Guitar Hero ( as a cover ) , as well as in the second installment of the Jam Sessions series and Rock Band 3 ( as a master recording ) , five years later . The character Spike from Buffy the Vampire Slayer is a big fan of the Ramones . This song is featured in the episode `` Crush '' . Spike manipulates Buffy into a date , hums a few bars of it and partly sings the chorus , afterwards he proceeds to ask Buffy if she likes the Ramones . The video has appeared on Beavis & Butt - head . It is extremely well received by the two and they say hardly anything the whole video out of enjoyment of the song so much . An episode from the third season of Entourage is named after the song ; in it , an old - school Hollywood producer pitches a script about the Ramones to E . In the song ' Overstayer ' by Every Time I Die , front man Keith Buckley sings `` ' I want to be sedated ' / Just like Joey said '' . 1970s portal The song is featured in the 2015 film Terminator Genisys , where Sarah Connor listens to it in one scene in 1984 , and later listens to it on a headset while she , Kyle Reese and the T - 800 are arming themselves in an underground bunker . It was also mentioned in the novelization of Terminator 2 : Judgment Day as one of the songs that John Connor listens to . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gina Boldman . `` I Wanna Be Sedated - The Ramones Listen , Appearances , Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ramones '' . Home.drenik.net .",
"4": "Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones - I Wanna Be Sedated ( 7 '' , Single ) `` . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Ramone : I wan na be sedated . Unplugged '' . YouTube . 2011 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones - `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' `` . Mvdbase.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Love - Other Works '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Ramones , ' I Wanna Be Sedated ' '' . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ The Collection ( Media notes ) . The Adicts . Taang ! Records . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Music Reviews '' . Impose Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Ramones Joey Ramone Johnny Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone C.J. Ramone Studio albums Ramones Leave Home Rocket to Russia Road to Ruin End of the Century Pleasant Dreams Subterranean Jungle Too Tough to Die Animal Boy Halfway to Sanity Brain Drain Mondo Bizarro Acid Eaters ¡ Adios Amigos ! Live albums It 's Alive Loco Live Greatest Hits Live We 're Outta Here ! You Do n't Come Close NYC 1978 Compilations Ramones Mania All the Stuff ( And More ! ) Vol. 1 All the Stuff ( And More ! ) Vol. 2 Hey ! Ho !",
"5": "Let 's Go : The Anthology Ramones Mania 2 Masters of Rock Best of the Chrysalis Years The Chrysalis Years Loud , Fast Ramones The Best of the Ramones Weird Tales of the Ramones Greatest Hits Essential Morrissey Curates The Ramones Songs `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' `` Beat on the Brat '' `` Judy Is a Punk '' `` I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend '' `` Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue '' `` Havana Affair '' `` 53rd & 3rd '' `` Carbona Not Glue '' `` Rockaway Beach '' `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' `` Teenage Lobotomy '' `` I Just Want to Have Something to Do '' `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' `` Danny Says '' `` The KKK Took My Baby Away '' `` Durango 95 '' `` Somebody Put Something in My Drink '' `` Bonzo Goes to Bitburg '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Pet Sematary '' `` Poison Heart '' Films Rock ' n ' Roll High School Lifestyles We 're Outta Here ! Around the World End of the Century Raw It 's Alive 1974 -- 1996 Tribute albums Ramones covers album series Gabba Gabba Hey Blitzkrieg Over You ! Ramones Maniacs We 're a Happy Family The Song Ramones the Same Brats on the Beat : Ramones for Kids File Under Ramones ( by The Huntingtons ) Osaka Ramones ( by Shonen Knife ) Associated personnel Jean Beauvoir Tony Bongiovi Clem Burke Danny Fields Mickey Leigh Walter Lure Linda Ramone Daniel Rey Andy Shernoff Ed Stasium Linda Stein Seymour Stein Arturo Vega Related articles Discography List of Ramones concerts `` R.A.M.O.N.E.S. ''",
"6": "`` Rosebud '' ( Simpsons episode ) Gabba Gabba Gabba Hey Ramones Museum The Ramainz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_Sedated&oldid=837164188 '' Categories : 1979 singles Ramones songs Songs written by Joey Ramone 1978 songs Song recordings produced by Ed Stasium Song recordings produced by Tommy Ramone Songs about drugs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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china in chinese is called zhongguo which means
|
[
"zhōng (中) meaning \"central\" or \"middle\"",
"guó (國/国), representing \"state\" or \"states\"; in contemporary usage, \"nation\"",
"Central States",
"zhōng (中) meaning \"central\" or \"middle\", and guó (國/国), representing \"state\" or \"states\"; in contemporary usage, \"nation\""
] |
{
"0": "Names of China - wikipedia Names of China Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Names of China Cathay Celestial Empire Four Seas Huaxia Nine Provinces Serica Shina Tianxia The names of China include the many contemporary and historical appellations given in various languages for the East Asian country known as Zhongguo ( 中國 / 中国 ) in its native language . China , the name in English for the country , was derived from Portuguese in the 16th century , and became popular in the mid 19th century . It is believed to be a borrowing from Middle Persian , and some have traced it further back to Sanskrit . It is also generally thought that the state of Qin that later formed the Qin dynasty is the ultimate source of the name , although there are other suggestions . Chinese names for China , aside from Zhongguo , include Zhonghua ( 中華 / 中华 ) , Huaxia ( 華夏 / 华夏 ) , Shenzhou ( 神州 ) and Jiuzhou ( 九州 ) . Han ( 漢 / 汉 ) and Tang ( 唐 ) are common names given for the Chinese ethnicity . The People 's Republic of China ( Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó ) and Republic of China ( Zhōnghuá Mínguó ) are the official names for the two contemporary sovereign states currently claiming sovereignty over the traditional area of China . `` Mainland China '' is used to refer to areas under the jurisdiction by the PRC usually excluding Hong Kong and Macau . There are also names for China that are derived from the languages of other ethnic groups other than the Han ; examples include `` Cathay '' from the Khitan language and `` Tabgach '' from Tuoba .",
"1": "Zhongguo Traditional Chinese 中 國 Simplified Chinese 中 国 Literal meaning Middle State ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Bopomofo ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄍ ㄨ ㄛ ˊ Wade -- Giles Chung - kuo Wu Romanization tson koh Gan Romanization Chungkoet Hakka Romanization dung gued Yue : Cantonese Jyutping zung gwok Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong - kok Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng - guók Zhonghua Traditional Chinese 中 華 Simplified Chinese 中 华 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Bopomofo ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄏ ㄨ ㄚ ˊ Wade -- Giles Chung - hua Wu Romanization tson gho Hakka Romanization dung fa Yue : Cantonese Jyutping zung waa Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong - hôa Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng - huà Contents ( hide ) 1 Sinitic names 1.1 Zhongguo 1.2 Huaxia 1.3 Tianxia and Tianchao 1.4 Jiangshan 1.5 Jiuzhou 1.6 Shenzhou 1.7 Sihai 1.8 Han 1.9 Tang 1.10 Dalu and Neidi 2 Official names 2.1 People 's Republic of China 2.2 Republic of China 3 Names in non-Chinese records 3.1 Chin , China 3.1.",
"2": "1 List of derived terms 3.2 Middle Kingdom 3.3 Seres , Ser , Serica 3.4 Sinae , Sin 3.5 Cathay 3.6 Tabgach 3.7 Nikan 3.8 Kara 3.9 Morokoshi 3.10 Mangi 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources Sinitic names ( edit ) Zhongguo ( edit ) The earliest known appearance of Zhongguo ( 中國 ) , inscribed on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun Chapter China ( 中國 ) of `` The Manchurian , Mongolian and Han Chinese Trilingual Textbook '' ( 滿 蒙 漢 三 語 合璧 教科書 ) published in Qing dynasty : `` Our country China is located in East Asia ... For 5000 years , culture flourished ( in the land of China ) ... Since we are Chinese , how can we not love China . '' Zhōngguó is the most common sinitic name for China in modern times . The first appearance of 中國 on an artifact was in the Western Zhou on a ritual vessel known as He zun . It is formed by combining the characters zhōng ( 中 ) meaning `` central '' or `` middle '' , and guó ( 國 / 国 ) , representing `` state '' or `` states '' ; in contemporary usage , `` nation '' . Prior to the Qin unification of China `` Zhongguo '' referred to the `` Central States '' ; the connotation was the primacy of a culturally distinct core area , centered on the Yellow River valley , as distinguished from the tribal periphery . In later periods , however , `` Zhongguo '' was not used in this sense . Dynastic names were used for the state in Imperial China and concepts of the state aside from the ruling dynasty were little understood .",
"3": "Rather , the country was called by the name of the dynasty , such as `` Han dynasty '' ( Hanchao 漢 朝 ) , `` Tang dynasty '' ( Tangchao 唐 朝 ) , `` The Great Ming '' ( Daming 大明 ) , `` The Great Qing '' ( Daqing 大 清 ) , as the case might be . Until the 19th century when the international system came to require a common legal language , there was no need for a fixed or unique name . There were different usages of the term `` Zhongguo '' in every period . It could refer to the capital of the emperor to distinguish it from the capitals of his vassals , as in Western Zhou . It could refer to the states of the Central Plain to distinguish them from states in outer regions . During the Han dynasty , three usages of `` Zhongguo '' were common . The Shi Jing explicitly defines `` Zhongguo '' as the capital ; the Records of the Grand Historian uses the concept zhong to indicate the center of civilization : `` Eight famous mountains are there in Tianxia . Three are in Man and Yi . Five are in Zhōnghuá . '' The Records of the Three Kingdoms uses the concept of the central states in `` Zhōnghuá '' , or the states in `` Zhōnghuá '' which is the center , depending on the interpretation . It records the following exhortation : `` If we can lead the host of Wu and Yue to oppose `` Zhongguo , '' then let us break off relations with them soon . '' In this sense , the term `` Zhongguo '' is synonymous with Zhōnghuá ( 中華 / 中华 ) and Huáxià ( 華夏 / 华夏 ) , names for `` China '' that comes from the Xia dynasty . `` Middle Kingdom 's Common Speech '' ( Medii Regni Communis Loquela , Zhongguo Guanhua , 中國 官 話 ) , the frontispiece of an early Chinese grammar published by Étienne Fourmont in 1742 From the Qin to Ming dynasty literati discussed `` Zhongguo '' as both a historical place or territory and as a culture .",
"4": "Writers of the Ming period in particular used the term as a political tool to express opposition to expansionist policies that incorporated foreigners into the empire . In contrast foreign conquerors typically avoided discussions of `` Zhongguo '' and instead defined membership in their empires to include both Han and non-Han peoples . Zhongguo appeared in a formal international legal document for the first time during the Qing dynasty in the Treaty of Nerchinsk , 1689 . The term was then used in communications with other states and in treaties . The Manchu rulers incorporated Inner Asian polities into their empire , and Wei Yuan , a statecraft scholar , distinguished the new territories from Zhongguo , which he defined as the 17 provinces of `` China proper '' plus the Manchu homelands in the Northeast . By the late 19th century the term had emerged as a common name for the whole country . The empire was sometimes referred to as Great Qing but increasingly as Zhongguo ( see the discussion below ) . Dulimbai Gurun is the Manchu name for China . The historian Zhao Gang writes that `` not long after the collapse of the Ming , China ( Zhongguo ) became the equivalent of Great Qing ( Da Qing ) -- another official title of the Qing state '' , and `` Qing and China became interchangeable official titles , and the latter often appeared as a substitute for the former in official documents . '' Qing referred to their realm as `` Dulimbai Gurun '' in Manchu . The Qing equated the lands of the Qing realm ( including present day Manchuria , Xinjiang , Mongolia , Tibet and other areas as `` China '' in both the Chinese and Manchu languages , defining China as a multi-ethnic state , rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas ; both Han and non-Han peoples were part of `` China '' . Officials used `` China '' ( though not exclusively ) in official documents , international treaties , and foreign affairs , and the `` Chinese language '' ( Dulimbai gurun i bithe ) referred to Chinese , Manchu , and Mongol languages , and the term `` Chinese people '' ( 中國 人 Zhongguo ren ; Manchu : Dulimbai gurun i niyalma ) referred to all Han , Manchus , and Mongol subjects of the Qing .",
"5": "Ming loyalist Han literati held to defining the old Ming borders as China and using `` foreigner '' to describe minorities under Qing rule such as the Mongols , as part of their anti-Qing ideology . When the Qing conquered Dzungaria in 1759 , they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into Dulimbai Gurun in a Manchu language memorial . The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the `` outer '' non-Han Chinese like the Inner Mongols , Eastern Mongols , Oirat Mongols , and Tibetans together with the `` inner '' Han Chinese , into `` one family '' united in the Qing state , showing that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family , the Qing used the phrase `` Zhongwai yijia '' ( 中外 一家 ) or `` neiwai yijia '' ( 內外 一家 , `` interior and exterior as one family '' ) , to convey this idea of `` unification '' of the different peoples . A Manchu language version of a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits called people from the Qing as `` people of the Central Kingdom ( Dulimbai Gurun ) '' . In the Manchu official Tulisen 's Manchu language account of his meeting with the Torghut Mongol leader Ayuki Khan , it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians , the `` people of the Central Kingdom '' ( dulimba - i gurun 中國 , Zhongguo ) were like the Torghut Mongols , and the `` people of the Central Kingdom '' referred to the Manchus . Mark Elliott noted that it was under the Qing that `` China '' transformed into a definition of referring to lands where the `` state claimed sovereignty '' rather than only the Central Plains area and its people by the end of the 18th century . Elena Barabantseva also noted that the Manchu referred to all subjects of the Qing empire regardless of ethnicity as `` Chinese '' ( 中國 之 人 ) , and used the term ( 中國 ) as a synonym for the entire Qing empire while using `` Han ren '' ( 漢人 ) to refer only to the core area of the empire , with the entire empire viewed as multiethnic .",
"6": "Joseph W. Esherick noted that while the Qing Emperors governed frontier non-Han areas in a different , separate system under the Lifanyuan and kept them separate from Han areas and administration , it was the Manchu Qing Emperors who expanded the definition of Zhongguo ( 中國 ) and made it `` flexible '' by using that term to refer to the entire Empire and using that term to other countries in diplomatic correspondence , while some Han Chinese subjects criticized their usage of the term and the Han literati Wei Yuan used Zhongguo only to refer to the seventeen provinces of China and three provinces of the east ( Manchuria ) , excluding other frontier areas . Due to Qing using treaties clarifying the international borders of the Qing state , it was able to inculcate in the Chinese people a sense that China included areas such as Mongolia and Tibet due to education reforms in geography which made it clear where the borders of the Qing state were even if they did n't understand how the Chinese identity included Tibetans and Mongolians or understand what the connotations of being Chinese were . The Treaty of Nanking ( 1842 ) English version refers to `` His Majesty the Emperor of China '' while the Chinese refers both to `` The Great Qing Emperor '' ( Da Qing Huangdi ) and to Zhongguo as well . The Treaty of Tientsin ( 1858 ) has similar language . In the late 19th century the reformer Liang Qichao argued in a famous passage that `` our greatest shame is that our country has no name . The names that people ordinarily think of , such as Xia , Han , or Tang , are all the titles of bygone dynasties . '' He argued that the other countries of the world `` all boast of their own state names , such as England and France , the only exception being the Central States . '' The Japanese term `` Shina '' was proposed as a basically neutral Western - influenced equivalent for `` China '' . Liang and Chinese revolutionaries , such as Sun Yat - sen , who both lived extensive periods in Japan , used Shina extensively , and it was used in literature as well as by ordinary Chinese . But with the overthrow of the Qing in 1911 , most Chinese dropped Shina as foreign and demanded that even Japanese replace it with Zhonghua minguo or simply Zhongguo .",
"7": "Liang went on to argue that the concept of tianxia had to be abandoned in favor of guojia , that is , `` nation , '' for which he accepted the term Zhongguo . After the founding of the Chinese Republic in 1912 , Zhongguo was also adopted as the abbreviation of Zhonghua minguo . Qing official Zhang Deyi objected to the western European name `` China '' and said that China referred to itself as Zhonghua in response to a European who asked why Chinese used the term guizi to refer to all Europeans . In the 20th century after the May Fourth Movement , educated students began to spread the concept of Zhōnghuá ( 中華 / 中华 ) , which represented the people , including 56 minority ethnic groups and the Han Chinese , with a single culture identifying themselves as `` Chinese '' . The Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China both used the title `` Zhōnghuá '' in their official names . Thus , `` Zhōngguó '' became the common name for both governments . Overseas Chinese are referred to as huáqiáo ( 華僑 / 华侨 ) , literally `` Chinese overseas '' , or huáyì ( 華裔 / 华裔 ) , literally `` Chinese descendant '' ( i.e. , Chinese children born overseas ) . `` Zhōngguó '' in different languages ( see also section on its translation Middle Kingdom ) Burmese : Alaï - praï - daï Catalan : País del Centre ( literally : The Middle 's Country / State ) Czech : Říše středu ( literally : `` The Empire of the Center '' ) Dutch : Middenrijk ( literally : `` Middle Empire '' or `` Middle Realm '' ) English : Middle Kingdom , Central Kingdom Finnish : Keskustan valtakunta ( literally : `` The State of the Center '' ) French : Empire du milieu ( literally : `` Middle Empire '' ) or Royaume du milieu ( literally : `` Middle Kingdom '' ) German : Reich der Mitte ( literally : `` Middle Empire '' ) Hmong : Suav Teb , Roob Kuj , Tuam Tshoj , 中國 ( literally : `` Land of the Xia , The Middle Kingdom ,",
"8": "Great Qing '' ) Hungarian : Középső birodalom ( literally : `` Middle Empire '' ) Indonesian : Tiongkok ( from Tiong - kok , the Hokkien name for China ) Italian : Impero di Mezzo ( literally : `` Middle Empire '' ) Japanese : Chūgoku ( 中国 ; ちゅう ごく ) Kazakh : Juñgo ( جۇڭگو ) Korean : Jungguk ( 중국 ; 中國 ) Li : Dongxgok Manchu : ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ( Dulimbai gurun ) or ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ ( Jungg'o ) ( They were the official names for `` China '' in Manchu language ) Mongolian : ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ( Dumdadu ulus ) ( the official name for `` China '' used in Inner Mongolia ) Polish : Państwo Środka ( literally : `` The State of the Center '' ) Portuguese : Império do Meio ( literally : `` Middle Empire '' ) Russian : Срединное Царство ( Sredínnoye Tsárstvo ;",
"9": "literally : `` Middle Empire '' ) Spanish : País del Centro ( literally : The Middle 's Country / State ) Swedish : Mittens rike ( literally : The Middle 's Kingdom / Empire / Realm / State ) Tibetan : Krung - go ( ཀྲུང ་ གོ ་ ) Uyghur : Junggo ( جۇڭگو ) Vietnamese : Trung Quốc / Tung Của ( 中國 ) Yi : ꍏꇩ ( / tʂõ ˧ ko ˨ ˩ / or / tʂõ ˧ kwɛ ˨ ˩ / ) Zhuang : Cunghgoz ( older orthography : Cuŋƅgoƨ ) `` Zhōnghuá '' in different languages Indonesian : Tionghoa ( from Tiong - hôa , the Hokkien counterpart ) Japanese : Chūka ( 中華 ; ちゅう か ) Korean : Junghwa ( 중화 ; 中華 ) Kazakh : Juñxwa ( حالىق ) Li : Dongxhwax Manchu : ᠵᡠᠩᡥᡡᠸᠠ ( Junghūwa ) Zhuang : Cunghvaz ( Old orthography : Cuŋƅvaƨ ) Tibetan : ཀྲུང ་ ཧྭ ( krung hwa ) Uyghur : جۇڭخۇا ( Jungxua ) Vietnamese : Trung hoa ( 中華 ) Yi : ꍏꉸ ( / tʂõ ˧ xɔ ˨ ˩ / or / tʂõ ˧ xwa ˨ ˩ / ) Huaxia ( edit ) Main article : Huaxia The name Huaxia ( 華夏 / 华夏 ; pinyin : huáxià ) , generally used as a sobriquet in Chinese text ,",
"10": "is the combination of two words : Hua which means `` flowery beauty '' ( i.e. having beauty of dress and personal adornment 有 服 章 之美 , 謂 之 華 ) . Xia which means `` greatness , grandeur '' ( i.e. having greatness of social customs / courtesy / polite manners and rites / ceremony 有 禮儀 之 大 , 故 稱 夏 ) . These two terms originally referred to the elegance of the traditional attire of the Han Chinese ( 漢服 Hàn fú , or simply 衣冠 Yī guān , literally clothes and headgear ) and the Confucian concept of rituals ( 禮 / 礼 lǐ ) . In the original sense , Huaxia refers to a confederation of tribes -- living along the Yellow River -- who were the ancestors of what later became the Han ethnic group in China . During the Warring States ( 475 -- 221 BCE ) , the self - awareness of the Huaxia identity developed and took hold in ancient China . Tianxia and Tianchao ( edit ) Main article : Tianxia Tianxia ( 天下 ; pinyin : Tiānxià ) literally means `` under heaven '' ; and Tianchao ( 天朝 ) means `` Heavenly Dynasty '' . These terms were usually used in the context of civil wars or periods of division , in which whoever ends up reunifying China is said to have ruled Tianxia , or everything under heaven . This fits with the traditional Chinese theory of rulership in which the emperor was nominally the political leader of the entire world and not merely the leader of a nation - state within the world . Historically the term was connected to the later Zhou Dynasty ( c. 1046 -- 256 BCE ) , especially the Spring and Autumn period ( eighth to fourth century BCE ) and the Warring States period ( from there to 221 BCE , when China was reunified by the Qin state ) . Russian : Поднебесная ( Podnebésnaya ; lit . `` under the heaven '' ) Jiāngshān ( edit ) Jiangshan ( 江山 ; pinyin : Jiāngshān ) literally means `` Rivers and mountains '' .",
"11": "This term is quite similar in usage to Tianxia , and simply refers to the entire world , and here the most prominent features of which being rivers and mountains . Use of this term is also common as part of the phrase `` designing rivers and mountains '' meaning maintaining and improving government and policy in the world . Jiuzhou ( edit ) Main article : Jiuzhou The name Jiuzhou ( 九州 ; pinyin : jiǔ zhōu ) means `` nine provinces '' . Widely used in pre-modern Chinese text , the word originated during the middle of Warring States period of China ( c. 400 -- 221 BCE ) . During that time , the Yellow River river region was divided into nine geographical regions ; thus this name was coined . Some people also attribute this word to the mythical hero and king , Yu the Great , who , in the legend , divided China into nine provinces during his reign . ( Consult Zhou for more information . ) Shenzhou ( edit ) This name means Divine Land ( 神州 ; pinyin : Shénzhōu ) and comes from the same period as Jiuzhou . It was thought that the world was divided into nine major states , one of which is Shenzhou , which is in turn divided into nine smaller states , one of which is Jiuzhou mentioned above . Sihai ( edit ) Main article : Four Seas This name , Four Seas ( 四海 ; pinyin : sìhǎi ) , is sometimes used to refer to the world , or simply China , which is perceived as the civilized world . It came from the ancient notion that the world is flat and surrounded by sea .",
"12": "Han ( edit ) Han Chinese name Traditional Chinese 漢 Simplified Chinese 汉 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hàn Wu Romanization hoe Gan Romanization Hon Hakka Romanization hon Yue : Cantonese Jyutping hon Southern Min Hokkien POJ hàn Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Háng Vietnamese name Vietnamese alphabet hán Korean name Hangul 한 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization han Japanese name Kana かん ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization kan The name Han ( 漢 / 汉 ; pinyin : hàn ) derives from the Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) , who presided over China 's first `` golden age '' . Han dynasty collapsed in 220 and was followed by a long period of disorder , including Three Kingdoms , Sixteen Kingdoms , and Southern and Northern Dynasties periods . During these periods , various non-Chinese ethnic groups invaded from the north and conquered areas of North China , which they held for several centuries . It was during this period that people began to use the term `` Han '' to refer to the natives of North China , who ( unlike the invaders ) were the descendants of the subjects of the Han dynasty . During the Yuan dynasty Mongolian rulers divided people into four classes : Mongols , Semu or `` Colour - eyeds '' , Hans , and `` Southerns '' . Northern Chinese were called Han , which was considered to be the highest class of Chinese . This class `` Han '' includes all ethnic groups in northern China including Khitan and Jurchen who have in most part sinicized during the last two hundreds years . The name `` Han '' became popularly accepted . During the Qing dynasty , the Manchu rulers also used the name Han to distinguish the local Chinese from the Manchus . After the fall of the Qing government , the Han became the name of a nationality within China . Today the term `` Han Persons '' , often rendered in English as Han Chinese , is used by the People 's Republic of China to refer to the most populous of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups of China .",
"13": "The `` Han Chinese '' are simply referred to as `` Chinese '' by some . Tang ( edit ) Tang Chinese name Chinese 唐 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Táng Wu Romanization daon Gan Romanization Tong Hakka Romanization tong Yue : Cantonese Jyutping tong Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tông / Tn̂g Vietnamese name Vietnamese alphabet đường Korean name Hangul 당 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization dang Japanese name Kana とう ( On ) , から ( Kun ) ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization tō ( On ) , kara ( Kun ) The name Tang ( 唐 ; pinyin : Táng ) comes from the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) that presided over China 's second golden age . It was during the Tang Dynasty that South China was finally and fully Sinicized ; Tang would become synonymous with China in Southern China and it is usually Southern Chinese who refer to themselves as `` Tang ren '' ( 唐人 , pinyin : Tángrén ; literally : `` People of Tang '' ) . For example , the sinicization and rapid development of Guangdong during the Tang period would lead the Cantonese to refer to themselves as Tong - yan ( 唐人 ) in Cantonese , while China is called Tong - saan ( 唐山 ; pinyin : Tángshān ; literally : `` Tang Mountain '' ) . Chinatowns worldwide , often dominated by Southern Chinese , also became referred to Tong - yan - gaai ( 唐人街 ; pinyin : Tángrénjiē ; literally : `` Tang people street '' ) . The Cantonese term is recorded as Tongsan in Old Malay as one of the local terms for China , along with the Sanskrit - derived Cina . It is still used in Malaysia today , usually in a derogatory sense .",
"14": "Among Taiwanese , Tn̂g - soan has been used , for example , in the saying , `` has Tangshan father , no Tangshan mother '' ( 有 唐山 公 , 無 唐山 媽 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Ū Tn̂g - soan kong , bô Tn̂g - soan má ) . This refers how the Han people crossing the Taiwan Strait in the 17th and 18th centuries were mostly men , and that many of their offspring would be through intermarriage with Taiwanese aborigine women . In Ryukyuan , Karate was originally called tii ( 手 , hand ) or karatii ( 唐 手 , Tang hand ) because 唐 ぬ 國 too - nu - kuku or kara - nu - kuku ( 唐 ぬ 國 ) was a common Ryukyuan name for China ; it was changed to karate ( 空手 , open hand ) to appeal to Japanese people after the First Sino - Japanese War . Dàlù and Neidi ( edit ) Dàlù ( 大陸 / 大陆 ; pinyin : dàlù ) , literally `` big continent '' or `` mainland '' in this context , is used as a short form of Zhōnggúo Dàlù ( 中國 大陸 / 中国 大陆 , Mainland China ) , excluding ( depending on the context ) Hong Kong and Macau , and / or Taiwan . This term is used in official context in both the mainland and Taiwan , when referring to the mainland as opposed to Taiwan . In certain contexts , it is equivalent to the term Neidi ( 内地 ; pinyin : nèidì , literally `` the inner land '' ) . While Neidi generally refers to the interior as opposed to a particular coastal or border location , or the coastal or border regions generally , it is used in Hong Kong specifically to mean mainland China excluding Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan . Increasingly , it is also being used in an official context within mainland China , for example in reference to the separate judicial and customs jurisdictions of mainland China on the one hand and Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan on the other .",
"15": "The term Neidi is also often used in Xinjiang and Tibet to distinguish the eastern provinces of China from the minority - populated , autonomous regions of the west . Official names ( edit ) People 's Republic of China ( edit ) People 's Republic of China `` People 's Republic of China '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 中 华 人 民 共 和 国 Traditional Chinese 中 華 人 民 共 和 國 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Bopomofo ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄏ ㄨ ㄚ ˊ ㄖ ㄣ ˊ ㄇ ㄧ ㄣ ˊ ㄍ ㄨ ㄥ ˋ ㄏ ㄜ ˊ ㄍ ㄨ ㄛ ˊ Wade -- Giles Chung - hua Jen - min Kung - ho - kuo Wu Romanization tson gho zin min gon ghu koh Gan Romanization Chungfa Ninmin Khungfokoet Hakka Romanization dung fa ngin min kiung fo gued Yue : Cantonese Jyutping zung waa jan man gung wo gwok Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong - hôa jîn - bîn kiōng - hô - kok Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng - huà Ìng - mìng Gê̤ṳng - huò - guók",
"16": "Vietnamese name Vietnamese alphabet Trung Hoa Nhân dân Cộng hòa quốc Korean name Hangul 중화 인민 공화국 Hanja 中華 人民 共和國 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Junghwa Inmin Gonghwaguk Japanese name Kanji 中華 人民 共和国 Kana ちゅう かじん みん きょう わ こく ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku The name New China has been frequently applied to China by the Communist Party of China as a positive political and social term contrasting pre-1949 China ( the establishment of the PRC ) and the new socialist state . This term is also sometimes used by writers outside mainland China . The PRC was known to many in the West during the Cold War as `` Communist China '' or `` Red China '' to distinguish it from the Republic of China which is commonly called `` Taiwan '' , `` Nationalist China '' or `` Free China '' . In some contexts , particularly in economics , trade , and sports , `` China '' is often used to refer to mainland China to the exclusion of Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan . In reporting by Western news services , `` China '' typically refers to the People 's Republic of China including Hong Kong and Macau , particularly when reporting politics .",
"17": "The official name of the People 's Republic of China in various official languages and scripts : Simplified Chinese : 中华 人民 共和国 ( pinyin : Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó ) -- Official language and script , used in Mainland China , Singapore and Malaysia Traditional Chinese : 中華 人民 共和國 ( pinyin : Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó ; Jyutping : zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 ) -- Official script in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan ( ROC ) . English : People 's Republic of China -- Official in Hong Kong Kazakh : As used within Republic of Kazakhstan , Қытай Халық Республикасы ( in Cyrillic script ) , Qıtay Xalıq Respwblïkası ( in Latin script ) , قىتاي حالىق رەسپۋبلىيكاسى ( in Arabic script ) ; as used within the People 's Republic of China , Жұңxуа Халық Республикасы ( in Cyrillic script ) , Juñxwa Xalıq Respwblïkası ( in Latin script ) , جۇڭحۋا حالىق رەسپۋبليكاسى ( in Arabic script ) . The Cyrillic script is the predominant script in the Republic of Kazakhstan , while the Arabic script is normally used for the Kazakh language in the People 's Republic of China . Korean : 중화 인민 공화국 ( 中華 人民 共和國 ;",
"18": "Junghwa Inmin Gonghwaguk ) -- Used in Yianbian Manchu : ᠵᡠᠩᡥᡡᠸᠠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡤᡠᠨᡥᡝᡬᠣ ( Junghūwa niyalmairgen gungheg'o ) Mongolian : ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ( Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu arad ulus ) -- Official in Inner Mongolia ; Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Ард Улс ( Bügd Nairamdakh Khyatad Ard Uls ) -- used in Mongolia Portuguese : República Popular da China -- Official in Macau Tibetan : ཀྲུང ་ ཧྭ ་ མི ་ དམངས ་ སྤྱི ་ མཐུན ་ རྒྱལ ་ ཁབ , Wylie : krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab ,",
"19": "ZYPY : Zhunghua Mimang Jitun Gyalkab -- Official in PRC 's Tibet Tibetan : རྒྱ ་ ནག ་ མི ་ དམངས ་ སྤྱི ་ མཐུན ་ རྒྱལ ་ ཁབ , Wylie : rgya nag mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab -- Official in Tibet Government - in - Exile Uyghur : جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىت ( Jungxua Xelq Jumhuriyiti ) -- Official in Xinjiang Yi : ꍏꉸꏓꂱꇭꉼꇩ ( Zho huop rep mip gop hop guop ) -- Official in Liangshan Zaiwa : Zhunghua Mingbyu Muhum Mingdan -- Official in Dehong Zhuang : Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz ( Old orthography : Cuŋƅvaƨ Yinƨminƨ Guŋƅoƨ ) -- Official in Guangxi Republic of China ( edit ) Republic of China `` Republic of China '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 中 華 民 國 Simplified Chinese 中 华 民 国 Postal Chunghwa Minkwo ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Mínguó Bopomofo ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄏ ㄨ ㄚ ˊ ㄇ ㄧ",
"20": "ㄣ ˊ ㄍ ㄨ ㄛ ˊ Wade -- Giles Chung - hua Min - kuo other Mandarin Xiao'erjing جْو خُوَ مٍ قُوَع Wu Romanization tson gho min koh Gan Romanization Chungfa Minkoet Hakka Romanization dung fa min gued Yue : Cantonese Jyutping zung waa man gwok Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong - hôa Bîn - kok Tâi - lô Tiong - hûa Tâi - pak Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng - huà Mìng - guók Chinese Taipei Traditional Chinese 中華 臺北 or 中華 台北 Simplified Chinese 中华 台北 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Táiběi Bopomofo ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄏ ㄨ ㄚ ˊ ㄊ ㄞ ˊ ㄅ ㄟ ˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jonghwa Tairbeei Wade -- Giles Chung1 - hua2 T'ai2 - pei3 Tongyong Pinyin Jhonghuá Táiběi MPS2 Jūnghuá Táiběi Hakka Romanization Chûng - fà Thòi - pet Southern Min",
"21": "Hokkien POJ Tiong - hôa Tâi - pak Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng - huà Dài - báe̤k Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen , and Matsu Traditional Chinese 臺 澎 金 馬 個 別 關 稅 領 域 Simplified Chinese 台 澎 金 马 个 别 关 税 领 域 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù Bopomofo ㄊ ㄞ ˊ ㄆ ㄥ ˊ ㄐ ㄧ ㄣ ㄇ ㄚ ˇ ㄍ ㄜ ˋ ㄅ ㄧ ㄝ ˊ ㄍ ㄨ ㄢ ㄕ ㄨ ㄟ ˋ ㄌ ㄧ ㄥ ˇ ㄩ ˋ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tair Perng Jin Maa Gehbye Guanshuey Liingyuh Wade -- Giles T'ai2 Peng2 Chin1 Ma3 Ke4 - pieh2 Kuan1 - shui4 Ling3 - yü4 Tongyong Pinyin Tái Péng Jin Mǎ Gèbié Guanshuèi Lǐngyù MPS2 Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuèi Lǐngyù Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tâi - phên - Kim - bé Kò",
"22": "- piàt Koan - sòe Léng - hèk Tâi - lô Tâi - phên - Kim - bé Kò - piàt Kuan - sùe Líng - hìk Taiwan Traditional Chinese 臺灣 or 台灣 Simplified Chinese 台湾 Postal Taiwan ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Táiwān Bopomofo ㄊ ㄞ ˊ ㄨ ㄢ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tair'uan Wade -- Giles T'ai2 - wan1 Tongyong Pinyin Táiwan MPS2 Táiwān Wu Romanization Wu Chinese pronunciation : ( d̥e uɛ ) Hakka Romanization Thòi - vàn Yue : Cantonese Jyutping Toi Waan Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tâi - oân Tâi - lô Tâi - uân Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dài - uăng Portuguese : ( Ilha ) Formosa Traditional Chinese 福 爾 摩 沙 Simplified Chinese 福 尔 摩 沙 Literal meaning beautiful island ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Fúĕrmóshā Bopomofo ㄈ ㄨ ˊ ㄦ ˇ ㄇ ㄛ ˊ",
"23": "ㄕ ㄚ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Fur'eelmosha Wade -- Giles Fu2 - êr3 - mo2 - sha1 Tongyong Pinyin Fúĕrmósha MPS2 Fúĕrmóshā Yue : Cantonese Jyutping fuk ji mo saa Vietnamese name Vietnamese alphabet Trung Hoa Dân Quốc Hán - Nôm 中華 民國 Korean name Hangul 중화 민국 Hanja 中華 民國 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Junghwa Minguk Japanese name Kanji 中華 民国 Kana ちゅう か みん こく ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization Chūka Minkoku Since its founding in 1912 , the Republic of China , or ROC , has sometimes been referred to as `` Republican China '' or `` Republican Era '' ( 民國 時代 ) , in contrast to the empire it replaced , or as `` Nationalist China '' , after the ruling Chinese Nationalist Party ( Kuomintang ) . 中華 ( Zhonghua ) is a term that pertains to `` China '' while 民國 ( mínguó ) , literally `` people 's country '' , stands for `` republic '' . With the separation from mainland China in 1949 as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the territory of the Republic of China has largely been confined to the island of Taiwan and some other small islands . Thus , the country is often simply referred to as simply `` Taiwan '' , although this may not be perceived as politically neutral . ( See Taiwan Independence . )",
"24": "Amid the hostile rhetoric of the Cold War , the government and its supporters sometimes referred to itself as `` Free China '' or `` Liberal China '' , in contrast to People 's Republic of China ( which was historically called the `` Bandit - occupied Area '' ( 匪 區 ) by the ROC ) . In addition , the ROC , due to pressure from the PRC , was forced to use the name `` Chinese Taipei '' ( 中華 台北 ) whenever it participates in international forums or most sporting events such as the Olympic Games . The official name of the Republic of China in various official languages and scripts : Simplified Chinese : 中华 民国 ( pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínguó ; Wade -- Giles : Chunghwa Minkuo ) , 中華 台北 ( pinyin : Zhōnghuá Táiběi ) , 台 澎 金马 个别 关税 领域 ( pinyin : Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù ) , 台湾 ( pinyin : Táiwān ) -- Official language and script , used in Mainland China , Singapore and Malaysia Traditional Chinese : 中華 民國 ( pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínguó ; Jyutping : zung1 waa4 man4 gwok3 ) , 中華 臺北 ( pinyin : Zhōnghuá Táiběi ) , 臺 澎 金馬 個別 關稅 領域 ( pinyin : Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù ) , 臺灣 ( pinyin : Táiwān ) -- Official script in Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan and the islands controlled by the ROC English : Republic of China -- Official in Hong Kong , Chinese Taipei -- official designation in several international organizations ( International Olympic Committee , FIFA , Miss Universe , World Health Organization ) , Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen , and Matsu -- World Trade Organization ,",
"25": "Taiwan -- Most commonly used Hindi : चीनी गणराज्य ( Cīnī Gaṇarājya ) -- Official in Arunachal Pradesh Kazakh : As used within Republic of Kazakhstan , Қытай Республикасы ( in Cyrillic script ) , Qıtay Respwblïkası ( in Latin script ) , قىتاي رەسپۋبلىيكاسى ( in Arabic script ) ; as used within the People 's Republic of China , Жұңxуа Республикасы ( in Cyrillic script ) , Juñxwa Respwblïkası ( in Latin script ) , جۇڭحۋا رەسپۋبليكاسى ( in Arabic script ) . The Cyrillic script is the predominant script in the Republic of Kazakhstan , while the Arabic script is normally used for the Kazakh language in the People 's Republic of China . Mongolian : ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ( Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu ulus ) -- Official in Inner Mongolia ; Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Улс ( Bügd Nairamdakh Khyatad Uls ) -- used in Mongolia Portuguese : República da China -- Official in Macau , Formosa -- former name Tibetan : ཀྲུང ་ ཧྭ ་ དམངས ་ གཙོའི ་ རྒྱལ ་ ཁབ ། , Wylie : krung hwa dmangs gtso'i rgyal khab ,",
"26": "ZYPY : Zhunghua Mang Jitun Gyalkab , Tibetan : ཐའེ ་ ཝན ། , Wylie : tha'e wan -- Official in PRC 's Tibet Tibetan : རྒྱ ་ ནག ་ དམངས ་ གཙོའི ་ རྒྱལ ་ ཁབ , Wylie : rgya nag dmangs gtso'i rgyal khab -- Official in Tibet Government - in - Exile Uyghur : جۇڭخۇا مىنگو , ULY : Jungxua Mingo -- Official in Xinjiang Zhuang : Cunghvaz Mingoz ( Old orthography : Cuŋƅvaƨ Minƨƅoƨ ) -- Official in Guangxi Japanese : 中華 民国 ( ちゅう か みん こく ; Chūka Minkoku ) -- Used in Japan Korean : 중화 민국 ( 中華 民國 ; Junghwa Minguk ) -- Used in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Names in non-Chinese Records ( edit ) Names used in the rest of Asia , especially East and Southeast Asia , are usually derived directly from words in a language of China . Those languages belonging to a former dependency ( tributary ) or Chinese - influenced country have an especially similar pronunciation to that of Chinese . Those used in Indo - European languages , however , have indirect names that came via other routes and bear little resemblance to what is used in China . Chin , China ( edit ) Further information : Chinas English , most Indo - European languages , and many others use various forms of the name `` China '' and the prefix `` Sino - '' or `` Sin - '' from the Latin Sina . Europeans had knowledge of a country known as Thina or Sina from the early period ; the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea from perhaps the first century AD recorded a country known as Thin ( θίν ) .",
"27": "The English name for `` China '' itself is derived from Middle Persian ( Chīnī چین ) . This modern word `` China '' was first used by Europeans starting with Portuguese explorers of the 16th century -- it was first recorded in 1516 in the journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa . The journal was translated and published in England in 1555 . China ( referring to today 's Guangdong ) , Mangi ( inland of Xanton ( Shandong ) ) , and Cataio ( located inland of China and Chequan ( Zhejiang ) , and including the capital Cambalu , Xandu , and a marble bridge ) are all shown as separate regions on this 1570 map by Abraham Ortelius The traditional etymology , proposed in the 17th century by Martin Martini and supported by later scholars such as Paul Pelliot and Berthold Laufer , is that the word `` China '' and its related terms are ultimately derived from the polity known as Qin , a state that existed on the furthest west of China since the 9th century BC , and which later unified China to form the Qin Dynasty ( 秦 , Old Chinese : * dzin ) . This is still the most commonly held theory , although many other suggestions have also been mooted . The existence of the word Cīna in ancient Hindu texts was noted by the Sanskrit scholar Hermann Jacobi who pointed out its use in the Book 2 of Arthashastra with reference to silk and woven cloth produced by the country of Cīna , although textual analysis suggests that Book 2 may not have been written long before 150 AD . The word is also found in other Sanskrit texts such as the Mahābhārata and the Laws of Manu . The Indologist Patrick Olivelle argued that the word Cīnā may not have been known in India before the first century BC , nevertheless he agreed that it probably referred to Qin but thought that the word itself was derived from a Central Asian language . Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of Jing ( 荆 , another name for Chu ) as the likely origin of the name .",
"28": "Another suggestion , made by Geoff Wade , is that the Cīnāh in Sanskrit texts refers to an ancient kingdom centered in present - day Guizhou , called Yelang , in the south Tibeto - Burman highlands . The inhabitants referred to themselves as Zina according to Wade . The term `` China '' can also be used to refer to : the modern states known as the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and ( before the 1970s ) the Republic of China ( ROC ) `` Mainland China '' ( 中國 大陸 / 中国 大陆 , Zhōngguó Dàlù in Mandarin ) , which is the territory of the PRC minus the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau ; `` China proper '' , a term used to refer to the historical heartlands of China without peripheral areas like Manchuria , Inner Mongolia , Tibet , and Xinjiang In economic contexts , `` Greater China '' ( 大 中華 地區 / 大 中华 地区 , dà Zhōnghuá dìqū ) is intended to be a neutral and non-political way to refer to Mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan . Sinologists usually use `` Chinese '' in a more restricted sense , akin to the classical usage of Zhongguo , to the Han ethnic group , which makes up the bulk of the population in China and of the overseas Chinese . Barbuda 's 1584 map , also published by Ortelius , already applies the name China to the entire country .",
"29": "However , for another century many European maps continued to show Cathay as well , usually somewhere north of the Great Wall List of derived terms ( edit ) Afrikaans : Sjina ( pronounced ( ˈʃina ) ) Albanian : Kinë ( pronounced ( kinə ) ) Amharic : Chayna ( from English ) Armenian : Չինաստան ( pronounced ( t͡ʃhinɑsˈtɑn ) ) Assamese : চীন ( pronounced ( sin ) ) Azeri : Çin ( IPA : ( tʃin ) ) Basque : Txina ( IPA : ( ˈtʃinə ) ) Bangla / Bengali : Cīn ( চীন pronounced ( ˈt͡ʃiːn ) ) Catalan : Xina ( ( ˈʃinə ) or ( ˈtʃina ) ) Chinese : 支那 Zhīnà ( obsolete and considered offensive due to historical Japanese usage ; originated from early Chinese translations of Buddhist texts in Sanskrit ) Chinese : 震 旦 Zhèndàn transcription of the Sanskrit / Pali `` Cīnasthāna '' in the Buddhist texts .",
"30": "Czech : Čína ( pronounced ( ˈtʃiːna ) ) Danish : Kina Dutch : China ( ( ʃiːnɑ ) ) English : China / ˈtʃaɪnə / Esperanto : Ĉinujo or Ĉinio , or Ĥinujo ( archaic ) Estonian : Hiina ( pronounced ( hiːnɑ ) ) Filipino ( Tagalog ) : Tsina ( ( tʃina ) ) Finnish : Kiina ( pronounced ( kiːnɑ ) ) French : Chine ( ( ʃin ) ) Galician : China ( pronounced ( tʃina ) ) Georgian : ჩინეთი ( pronounced ( tʃinɛthi ) ) German : China ( ( ˈçiːna ) , in the southern part of the German - speaking area also ( ˈkiːna ) ) Greek : Κίνα ( Kína ) ( ( ˈcina ) ) Hindustani : Cīn चीन or چين ( IPA ( ˈtʃiːn ) ) Hungarian : Kína ( ( kiːnɒ ) ) Icelandic : Kína ( ( khina ) ) Indonesian : Cina ( ( tʃina ) , unofficial ) , Tiongkok ( for country ) , Tionghoa ( for ethnicity , culture , and other non-country subject ) Interlingua : China Irish : An tSín ( ( ən ˈtjiːnj ) ) Italian : Cina ( ( ˈtʃiːna ) ) Japanese : Shina ( 支那 ) -- considered offensive in China , now largely obsolete in Japan and avoided out of deference to China ( the name Chūgoku is used instead ) ; See Shina ( word ) and kotobagari .",
"31": "Khmer : ចិន ( ( cən ) ) Korean : Jina ( 지나 ) Latvian : Ķīna ( ( ˈciːna ) ) Lithuanian : Kinija ( ( kjɪnjijaː ) ) Macedonian : Кина ( Kina ) ( ( kinə ) ) Malay : Cina ( ( tʃina ) ) -- considered less offensive than the historic Tongsan but some have argued for use of the Indonesian word Tionghua Malayalam : Cheenan / Cheenathi Maltese : Ċina ( ( ˈtʃiːna ) ) Marathi : Cīn चीन ( IPA ( ˈtʃiːn ) ) Nepali : Cīn चीन ( IPA ( ˈtʃiːn ) ) Norwegian : Kina ( ( çiːnɑ ) or ( ʂiːnɑ ) ) Pahlavi : Čīnī Persian : Chīn چين ( ( tʃin ) ) Polish : Chiny ( ( ˈçinɨ ) ) Portuguese : China ( ( ˈʃinɐ ) ) Romanian : China ( ( ˈkina ) ) Serbo - Croatian : Kina or Кина ( ( ˈkina ) ) Slovak : Čína ( ( ˈtʃiːna ) ) Spanish : China ( ( ˈtʃina ) ) Swedish : Kina ( ( ˈɕiːna ) ) Sylheti : ꠌꠤꠘ ( `` sin '' ) Tamil : Cīnā ( சீனா ) Thai : จีน RTGS : Chin ( ( t͡ɕiːn ) ) Tibetan : Rgya Nag ( རྒྱ ་ ནག ་ ) Turkish : Çin ( ( tʃin ) ) Vietnamese : Chấn Đán ( in Buddhist texts ) .",
"32": "Welsh : Tsieina ( ( ˈtʃəina ) ) Middle Kingdom ( edit ) The English translation of `` Zhongguo '' as the `` Middle Kingdom '' appeared via the Portuguese in the 16th century . It became popular in the mid 19th century . Some Western writers use the translation `` central kingdom '' to imply that China has a deeply rooted self - centered psychology as the center of the universe . Endymion Wilkinson points out that the Chinese were not unique in thinking of their country as central , although China was the only culture to use the concept for their name . Regarding the accuracy of the translation , Professor Chen Jian writes : `` I believe that ' Central Kingdom ' is a more accurate translation for ' Zhong Guo ' ( China ) than ' Middle Kingdom ' . The term ' Middle Kingdom ' does not imply that China is superior to other peoples and nations around it -- China just happens to be located in the middle geographically ; the term ' Central Kingdom ' , however , implies that China is superior to any other people and nation ' under the heaven ' and that it thus occupies a ' central ' position in the known universe . '' As pointed out by Wilkinson , this point of view neglects the historical usage of the term . Zhongguo was not commonly used as a name for China until quite recently , nor did it mean the `` Middle Kingdom '' to the Chinese , or even have the same meaning throughout the course of history . Sēres , sēr , Serica ( edit ) Main article : Serica Sēres ( Σῆρες ) was the Ancient Greek and Roman name for the northwestern part of China and its inhabitants . It meant `` of silk , '' or `` land where silk comes from . '' The name is thought to derive from the Chinese word for silk , `` sī '' ( 絲 / 丝 ) . It is itself at the origin of the Latin for silk , `` sērica '' . See the main article Serica for more details .",
"33": "Ancient Greek : Σῆρες Seres , Σηρικός Serikos Latin : Serica This may be a back formation from sērikos ( σηρικός ) , `` made of silk '' , from sēr ( σήρ ) , `` silkworm '' , in which case Sēres is `` the land where silk comes from . '' Sinae , Sin ( edit ) A mid-15th century map based on Ptolemy 's manuscript Geography . Serica and Sina are marked as separate countries ( top right and right respectively ) . Sīnae was an ancient Greek and Roman name for some people who dwelt south of the Seres ( Serica ) in the eastern extremity of the inhabitable world . References to the Sinae include mention of a city that the Romans called Sēra Mētropolis , which may be modern Chang'an . The name The Latin prefixes Sino - and Sin - , which are traditionally used to refer to China and the Chinese , came from Sīnae . It is generally thought that Chīna , Sīna and Thīna are variants that ultimately derived from Qin , which was the westernmost state in China that eventually formed the Qin Dynasty . There are however other opinions on its etymology ( See section on China above ) . Henry Yule thought that this term may have come to Europe through the Arabs , who made the China of the farther east into Sin , and perhaps sometimes into Thin . Hence the Thin of the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , who appears to be the first extant writer to employ the name in this form ; hence also the Sinæ and Thinae of Ptolemy . Some denied that Ptolemy 's Sinae really represented the Chinese as Ptolemy called the country Sērice and the capital Sēra , but regarded them as distinct from Sīnae . Marcian of Heraclea ( a condenser of Ptolemy ) tells us that the `` nations of the Sinae lie at the extremity of the habitable world , and adjoin the eastern Terra incognita '' .",
"34": "The 6th century Cosmas Indicopleustes refers to a `` country of silk '' called Tzinista , which is understood as referring to China , beyond which `` there is neither navigation nor any land to inhabit '' . It seems probable that the same region is meant by both . According to Henry Yule , Ptolemy 's misrendering of the Indian Sea as a closed basin meant that Ptolemy must also have misplaced the Chinese coast , leading to the misconception of Serica and Sina as separate countries . In the Hebrew Bible , there is a mention of a faraway country Sinim in the Book of Isaiah 49 : 12 which some had assumed to be a reference to China . In Genesis 10 : 17 , a tribes called the Sinites were said to be the descendants of Canaan , the son of Ham , but they are usually considered to be a different people , probably from the northern part of Lebanon . Arabic : Ṣīn صين French / English ( prefix of adjectives ) : Sino - ( i.e. Sino - American ) , Sinitic ( the Chinese language family ) . Hebrew : Sin סין Irish : An tSín Latin : Sīnae Cathay ( edit ) Main article : Cathay This group of names derives from Khitan , an ethnic group that originated in Manchuria and conquered parts of Northern China early tenth century forming the Liao dynasty , and later in the twelfth century dominated Central Asia as the Kara Khitan Khanate . Due to long period of domination of Northern China and then Central Asia by these nomadic conquerors , the name Khitan become associated with China to the people in and around the northwestern region . Muslim historians referred to the Kara Khitan state as Khitay or Khitai ; they may have adopted this form of `` Khitan '' via the Uyghurs of Kocho in whose language the final - n or - ń became - y . The name was then introduced to medieval and early modern Europe through Islamic and Russian sources . In English and in several other European languages , the name `` Cathay '' was used in the translations of the adventures of Marco Polo , which used this word for northern China .",
"35": "Words related to Khitay are still used in many Turkic and Slavic languages to refer to China . However , its use by Turkic speakers within China , such as the Uyghurs , is considered pejorative by the Chinese authority who tried to ban it . Belarusian : Кітай ( Kitay ) Bulgarian : Китай ( Kitay , IPA : ( kiˈtaj ) ) Classical Mongolian : Kitad English : Cathay Kazan Tatar : Кытай ( Qıtay ) Medieval Latin : Cataya , Kitai Mongolian : Хятад ( Khyatad ) ( the name for China used in the State of Mongolia ) Buryat : Хитад ( Khitad ) Portuguese : Catai ( ( kɐˈtaj ) ) Russian : Китай ( Kitáy , IPA : ( kjɪˈtaj ) ) Slovene : Kitajska ( ( kiːˈtajska ) ) Spanish : Catay Kazakh : Қытай ( Qıtay ) Kyrgyz : Кытай ( `` Qıtay '' ) Tajik : Хитой ( `` Khitoy '' ) Turkmen : Hytaý ( `` Хытай '' ) Ukrainian : Китай ( Kytai ) Uygur : Hyty Uzbek : Xitoy ( `` Хитой '' ) There is no evidence that either in the 13th or 14th century , Cathayans , i.e. Chinese , travelled officially to Europe , but it is possible that some did , in unofficial capacities , at least in the 13th century . During the campaigns of Hulagu ( the grandson of Genghis Khan ) in Persia ( 1256 -- 65 ) , and the reigns of his successors , Chinese engineers were employed on the banks of the Tigris , and Chinese astrologers and physicians could be consulted . Many diplomatic communications passed between the Hulaguid Ilkhans and Christian princes .",
"36": "The former , as the great khan 's liegemen , still received from him their seals of state ; and two of their letters which survive in the archives of France exhibit the vermilion impressions of those seals in Chinese characters -- perhaps affording the earliest specimen of those characters to reach western Europe . Tabgach ( edit ) `` Tabgach '' came from the metatheses of `` Tuoba '' ( * t'akbat ) , a dominant tribe of the Xianbei , and the surname of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the 5th century before sinicisation . It referred to Northern China , which was dominated by half - Xianbei , half - Chinese people . Byzantine Greek : Taugats Orhon Kok - Turk : Tabgach ( variations Tamgach ) Nikan ( edit ) Nikan ( Manchu : ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ , means `` Han ethnicity '' ) was a Manchu ethnonym of unknown origin that referred specifically to the ethnic group known in English as the Han Chinese ; the stem of this word was also conjugated as a verb , nikara ( - mbi ) , and used to mean `` to speak the Chinese language . '' Since Nikan was essentially an ethnonym and referred to a group of people ( i.e. , a nation ) rather than to a political body ( i.e. , a state ) , the correct translation of `` China '' into the Manchu language is Nikan gurun , literally the `` Nikan state '' or `` country of the Nikans '' ( i.e. , country of the Hans ) . This exonym for the Han Chinese is also used in the Daur language , in which it appears as Niaken ( ( njakən ) or ( ɲakən ) ) . As in the case of the Manchu language , the Daur word Niaken is essentially an ethnonym , and the proper way to refer to the country of the Han Chinese ( i.e. , `` China '' in a cultural sense ) is Niaken gurun , while niakendaaci - is a verb meaning `` to talk in Chinese . '' Kara ( edit ) Japanese : Kara ( から ; variously written in kanji as 唐 or 漢 ) .",
"37": "An identical name was used by the ancient and medieval Japanese to refer to the country that is now known as Korea , and many Japanese historians and linguists believe that the word `` Kara '' referring to China and / or Korea may have derived from a metonymic extension of the appellation of the ancient city - states of Gaya . The Japanese word karate ( 空手 , lit . `` empty hand '' ) is derived from the Okinawan word karatii ( 唐 手 , lit . `` Tang / Chinese hand '' ) and refers to Okinawan martial arts ; the character for kara was changed to remove the connotation of the style originating in China . Morokoshi ( edit ) Japanese : Morokoshi ( もろこし ; variously written in kanji as 唐 or 唐土 ) . This obsolete Japanese name for China is believed to have derived from a kun reading of the Chinese compound 諸 越 Zhūyuè or 百 越 Bǎiyuè as `` all the Yue '' or `` the hundred ( i.e. , myriad , various , or numerous ) Yue , '' which was an ancient Chinese name for the societies of the regions that are now southern China . The Japanese common noun tōmorokoshi ( トウモロコシ , 玉蜀黍 ) , which refers to maize , appears to contain an element cognate with the proper noun formerly used in reference to China . Although tōmorokoshi is traditionally written with Chinese characters that literally mean `` jade Shu millet , '' the etymology of the Japanese word appears to go back to `` Tang morokoshi , '' in which `` morokoshi '' was the obsolete Japanese name for China as well as the Japanese word for sorghum , which seems to have been introduced into Japan from China . Mangi ( edit ) From Chinese Manzi ( southern barbarians ) . The division of North China and South China under the Jin dynasty and Song dynasty weakened the idea of a unified China , and it was common for non-Han Chinese to refer to the politically disparate North and South by different names for some time . While Northern China was called Cathay , Southern China was referred to as Mangi . Manzi often appears in documents of the Mongol Yuan dynasty .",
"38": "The Mongols also called Southern Chinese `` Nangkiyas '' or `` Nangkiyad '' , and considered them ethnically distinct from North Chinese . The word `` Manzi '' also reached the Western world as `` Mangi '' ( as used by Marco Polo ) , also in Persian as Machin ماچين and Arabic as Māṣīn ماصين . The name is also commonly found on medieval maps . However , the Chinese themselves considered `` Mangi '' to be derogatory and never used it as a self appellation . Chinese : Manzi ( 蠻子 ) Latin : Mangi See also ( edit ) China portal History of Imperial China portal International relations portal Language portal Chinese romanization List of country name etymologies Names of the Qing dynasty Names of India Names of Japan Names of Korea Names of Vietnam Île - de-France , similar French concept Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2015 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ 7qiji.com . `` China 's 7 wonders ( 中國 七 大 奇蹟 ) . '' 何 尊 Retrieved on 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Joseph Esherick , `` How the Qing Became China , '' in Empire to Nation : Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2006 ) , pp. 232 -- 233 ^ Jump up to : Zarrow , Peter Gue ( 2012 ) . After Empire : The Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State , 1885 - 1924 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804778688 . , p. 93 - 94 . Jump up ^ Fourmont , Etienne . `` Linguae Sinarum Mandarinicae hieroglyphicae grammatica duplex , latinè , & cum characteribus Sinensium . Item Sinicorum Regiae Bibliothecae librorum catalogus ... ( A Chinese grammar published in 1742 in Paris ) '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Jiang 2011 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Peter K Bol , `` Geography and Culture : Middle - Period Discourse on the Zhong Guo : The Central Country , '' ( 2009 ) , 1 , 26 . Jump up ^ Esherick , `` How the Qing Became China , '' pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Hauer 2007 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Dvořák 1895 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Wu 1995 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Zhao ( 2006 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Zhao ( 2006 ) , p. 4 , 7 -- 10 , 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Mosca 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Dunnell 2004 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Dunnell 2004 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Dunnell 2004 , pp. 76 - 77 . Jump up ^ Cassel 2011 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Cassel 2012 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Cassel 2011 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Cassel 2012 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Perdue 2009 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Elliot 2000 , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Barabantseva 2010 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Esherick 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Esherick 2006 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Liang quoted in Joseph Esherick , `` How the Qing Became China , '' in Empire to Nation : Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2006 ) , p.",
"40": "235 , from Liang Qichao , `` Zhongguo shi xulun '' Yinbinshi heji 6 : 3 and in Lydia He Liu , The Clash of Empires : The Invention of China in Modern World Making ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2004 ) , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Douglas R. Reynolds . China , 1898 -- 1912 : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan . ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press 1993 ISBN 0674116607 ) , pp. 215 -- 16 n . 20 . Jump up ^ Henrietta Harrison . China ( London : Arnold ; New York : Oxford University Press ; Inventing the Nation Series , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 74133 - 3 ) , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Endymion Wilkinson , Chinese History : A Manual ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , Rev. and enl. , 2000 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00247 - 4 ) , 132 . Jump up ^ Lydia He . LIU ; Lydia He Liu ( 30 June 2009 ) . The Clash of Empires : the invention of China in modern world making . Harvard University Press . pp. 80 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04029 - 8 . Jump up ^ Between 1967 and 2014 , `` Cina '' / `` China '' is used . It was officially reverted to `` Tiongkok '' in 2014 by order of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono due to anti-discriminal reasons , but usage is unforced . Jump up ^ 孔穎達 《 春秋 左 傳 正義 》 : 「 中國 有 禮儀 之 大 , 故 稱 夏 ; 有 服 章 之美 , 謂 之 華. 」 Jump up ^ Dillon , Michael . China : A Cultural and Historical Dictionary . Routledge . p. 132 . ISBN 9781136791413 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ H. Mark Lai ( 4 May 2004 ) . Becoming Chinese American : A History of Communities and Institutions . AltaMira Press . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 9780759104587 . Jump up ^ Tai , Pao - tsun ( 2007 ) . The Concise History of Taiwan ( Chinese - English bilingual ed . ) . Nantou City : Taiwan Historica . p. 52 . ISBN 9789860109504 . Jump up ^ `` Entry # 60161 ( 有 唐山 公 , 無 唐山 媽 . ) '' . 臺灣 閩南 語 常用 詞 辭典 ( Dictionary of Frequently - Used Taiwan Minnan ) ( in Chinese and Hokkien ) . Ministry of Education , R.O.C. 2011 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ 《 中華 民國 教育 部 重 編 國語 辭典 修訂 本 》 : 「 以 其 位 居 四方 之 中 , 文化 美 盛 , 故 稱 其 地 為 『 中華 』. 」 Jump up ^ Wilkinson . Chinese History : A Manual . p. 32 . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , 4th ed ( AHD4 ) . Boston and New York , Houghton - Mifflin , 2000 , entries china , Qin , Sino - . Jump up ^ Axel Schuessler ( 2006 ) . ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese . University of Hawai'i Press . p. 429 . ISBN 978 - 0824829759 . ^ Jump up to : Yule , Henry . Cathay and the Way Thither . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 8120619668 .",
"42": "`` There are reasons however for believing the word China was bestowed at a much earlier date , for it occurs in the Laws of Manu , which assert the Chinas to be degenerate Kshatriyas , and the Mahabharat , compositions many centuries older that imperial dynasty of Ts'in ... And this name may have yet possibly been connected with the Ts'in , or some monarchy of the like title ; for that Dynasty had reigned locally in Shen si from the ninth century before our era ... '' ^ Jump up to : Samuel Wells Williams ( 2006 ) . The Middle Kingdom : A Survey of the Geography , Government , Literature , Social Life , Arts and History of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants . Routledge . p. 408 . ISBN 978 - 0710311672 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 957315 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Very Great Kingdom of China `` '' . The Book of Duarte Barbosa . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0451 - 2 . In the Portuguese original , the chapter is titled `` O Grande Reino da China '' . Jump up ^ Eden , Richard ( 1555 ) . Decades of the New World : `` The great China whose kyng is thought the greatest prince in the world . '' Myers , Henry Allen ( 1984 ) . Western Views of China and the Far East , Volume 1 . Asian Research Service . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Wade , Geoff . `` The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name ' China ' '' , Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 188 , May 2009 . pp. 8 - 11 Jump up ^ Berthold Laufer ( 1912 ) . `` The Name China '' . T'oung Pao. 13 ( 1 ) : 719 -- 726 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853212X00377 . Jump up ^ Yule , Henry . Cathay and the Way Thither . pp. 3 -- 7 . ISBN 8120619668 . ^ Jump up to : Wade , pp.",
"43": "12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bodde , Derk . Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe , eds . The Cambridge History of China : Volume 1 , The Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 BC - AD 220 . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 9780521243278 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wade , Geoff . `` The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name ' China ' '' . Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 188 , May 2009 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Liu , Lydia He , The clash of empires , p. 77 . ISBN 9780674019959 . `` Scholars have dated the earliest mentions of Cīna to the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata and to other Sankrit sources such as the Hindu Laws of Manu . '' Jump up ^ Wade , Geoff ( May 2009 ) . `` The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name ' China ' '' ( PDF ) . Sino - Platonic Papers. 188 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . `` This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic Laws of Manu and the Mahabharata , likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi . '' Jump up ^ Wilkinson , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Mao 's China and the Cold War . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4932 - 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Sino - '' . Merriam - Webster . ^ Jump up to : Yule , Henry . Cathay and the Way Thither , Volume 1 . p. xxxvii . ISBN 8120619668 . Jump up ^ Yule , Henry . Cathay and the Way Thither , Volume 1 . p. xl . ISBN 8120619668 . Jump up ^ Stefan Faller . `` The World According to Cosmas Indicopleustes -- Concepts and Illustrations of an Alexandrian Merchant and Monk '' . Transcultural Studies . 1 : 193 -- 232 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Sir William Smith , John Mee Fuller , eds. ( 1893 ) . Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Bible . p. 1328 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ John Kitto ( ed . ) . A cyclopædia of biblical literature . p. 773 . Jump up ^ Sir William Smith , John Mee Fuller , eds. ( 1893 ) . Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Bible . p. 1323 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sinor , D. ( 1998 ) , `` Chapter 11 -- The Kitan and the Kara Kitay '' , in Asimov , M.S. ; Bosworth , C.E. , History of Civilisations of Central Asia , 4 part I , UNESCO Publishing , ISBN 92 - 3 - 103467 - 7 ^ Jump up to : James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue ( 2004 ) . S.F. Starr , ed . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Boarderland . M.E. Sharpe . p. 43 . ISBN 9781317451372 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Yang , Shao - yun ( 2014 ) . `` Fan and Han : The Origins and Uses of a Conceptual Dichotomy in Mid-Imperial China , ca . 500 - 1200 '' . In Fiaschetti , Francesca ; Schneider , Julia . Political Strategies of Identity Building in Non-Han Empires in China . Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Samuel E. Martin , Dagur Mongolian Grammar , Texts , and Lexicon , Indiana University Publications Uralic and Altaic Series , Vol. 4 , 1961 Jump up ^ Henry Yule , Henri Cordier ( 1967 ) , Cathay and the Way Thither : Preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the western nations previous to the discovery of the Cape route , p. 177 Jump up ^ Tan Koon San . Dynastic China : An Elementary History . The Other Press .",
"45": "p. 247 . ISBN 9789839541885 . Sources ( edit ) Books Cassel , Par Kristoffer ( 2011 ) . Grounds of Judgment : Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth - Century China and Japan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199792127 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Cassel , Par Kristoffer ( 2012 ) . Grounds of Judgment : Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth - Century China and Japan ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199792054 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Dvořák , Rudolf ( 1895 ) . Chinas religionen ... ( in German ) . Volume 12 ; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte ( illustrated ed . ) . Aschendorff ( Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung ) . ISBN 0199792054 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Dunnell , Ruth W. ; Elliott , Mark C. ; Foret , Philippe ; Millward , James A ( 2004 ) . New Qing Imperial History : The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde . Routledge . ISBN 1134362226 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0804746842 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Hauer , Erich ( 2007 ) . Corff , Oliver , ed . Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache ( in German ) . Volume 12 ; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte ( illustrated ed . ) . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . ISBN 3447055286 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Perdue , Peter C ( 2009 ) .",
"46": "China Marches West : The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia ( reprint ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674042026 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Wilkinson , Endymion ( 2015 ) . Chinese History : A New Manual , 4th edition . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674088467 . Wu , Shuhui ( 1995 ) . Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717 - 1727 : anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao ( in German ) . Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica ( reprint ed . ) . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . ISBN 3447037563 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Zhao , Gang ( 2006 ) . `` Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century '' ( PDF ) . 32 ( 1 ) . Sage Publications . doi : 10.1177 / 0097700405282349 . JSTOR 20062627 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2014 . Name of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"47": "php?title=Names_of_China&oldid=819159861 '' Categories : Names of China History of China Country name etymology Language comparison Geographical naming disputes Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Multiple languages - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Kazakh - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Uighur - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles containing Tibetan - language text Articles containing Yi - language text Articles containing Zaiwa - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Khmer - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Slovene - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Mongolian script text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang i dreamed a dream in les miserables
|
[
"the character Fantine",
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"the character Fantine",
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{
"0": "I Dreamed a Dream - wikipedia I Dreamed a Dream Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see I Dreamed a Dream ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Song by Rose Laurens as Fantine from Les Misérables Language French English Published 1980 Recorded 1980 ( French cast ) 1985 ( London cast ) 1987 ( Broadway cast ) Genre Musical theatrical pop Composer ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyricist ( s ) Alain Boublil ( French ) Herbert Kretzmer ( English ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is a song from the musical Les Misérables . It is a solo that is sung by the character Fantine during the first act . The music is by Claude - Michel Schönberg , with orchestrations by John Cameron . The English lyrics are by Neil Diamond And Herbert Kretzmer , based on the original French libretto by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel from the original French production . The song is a lament , sung by the anguished Fantine , who has just been fired from her job at the factory and thrown onto the streets . She thinks back to happier days and wonders at all that has gone wrong in her life . The song is typically played in the key of E-flat major with the final chorus in F major , though the pitch is shifted up a bit for high - toned TVs , and it has also become a jazz standard . In the 1985 musical , the song occurs after Fantine has been fired , and before `` Lovely Ladies '' . In the original French production and the 2012 film adaptation , these two musical numbers are swapped around , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depressing descent into prostitution .",
"1": "The original French song was very extensively rewritten for the English production by Herbert Kretzmer , adding the prologue ( There was a time ... ) and cutting the last few lines which became the ending to `` Lovely Ladies '' ( ' Do n't they know they 're making love to one already dead ' ) . For the French revival in 1991 , the song was loosely translated back from the English version ; there are thus two very different French versions of the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Cover versions 3 Susan Boyle version 3.1 Chart performance 4 2012 film version 4.1 Reception 4.1. 1 Critical reception 4.1. 2 Commercial reception 5 Tomomi Kahara version 5.1 Commercial performance 5.2 Track listing 5.3 Charts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The song , as it appeared in the original Paris production from 1980 , was entitled J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( `` I had dreamed of another life '' ) , and was originally sung by Rose Laurens . The first English - language production of Les Misérables opened on the West End in London in October 1985 , with the role of Fantine portrayed by Patti LuPone . She would later feature the song on her 1993 album Patti LuPone Live ! When the musical made its Broadway début in New York City in March 1987 , Fantine was played by Randy Graff . Laurie Beechman would perform the role in the original U.S. touring production in 1988 and then on Broadway in 1990 . That year she included the song on her album Listen to My Heart . Debra Byrne sang the song on the Complete Symphonic Recording . Ruthie Henshall sang it on the Tenth Anniversary Concert Recording ( 1995 ) . A Broadway revival in 2006 featured Daphne Rubin - Vega ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Lea Salonga ( 2007 ) , and Judy Kuhn ( 2007 -- 08 ) . Lea Salonga sang it for the 25th Anniversary Concert in London ( 2010 ) .",
"2": "The show , and the song , has been translated into twenty - one languages , including Japanese , Hebrew , Icelandic , Norwegian , Czech , Polish , Spanish , and Estonian , and there have been 31 cast recordings featuring the song . The London cast version is Triple Platinum in the UK , for sales of more than 900,000 , and Platinum in the U.S. , for sales of more than one million . The Broadway cast version is Quadruple Platinum in the U.S. ( more than four million sold ) , where four other versions have also gone Gold . Cover versions ( edit ) Numerous popular singers have recorded cover versions of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . Neil Diamond recorded the song for his 1987 live album Hot August Night II and released the song as a single . It peaked at no . 13 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in November 1987 and at no . 90 on the UK Singles Chart . Diamond 's version features a lyrical alteration at the end of the song ; instead of `` Now life has killed the dream I dreamed '' Diamond sings , `` But life ca n't kill the dream I dreamed '' . Other male singers who have recorded the song include rock singer David Essex on his 1987 album Centre Stage , Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford on his 1987 album The Phantom Unmasked and on his 1992 release `` With Love '' , LuPone 's Evita co-star Mandy Patinkin on his 1994 album Experiment and British theater star Michael Ball ( Marius in the Original London production of Les Mis ) on his 1996 album The Musicals . In 1991 , Aretha Franklin included a version of the song on her album What You See is What You Sweat . Although not released as a single , Franklin has performed the song at various venues , including the 1993 inaugural celebration for U.S. President Bill Clinton . In the film The Commitments ( 1991 ) , one of the girls auditioning for the titular band sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as her audition song .",
"3": "Other female singers who have recorded versions of the song include English singer and stage actress Elaine Paige , from a 1993 performance at Birmingham Symphony Hall which was included on her 1995 album , Encore , original Annie title cast member Andrea McArdle in the 1996 recording On Broadway , New Zealander singer Hayley Westenra and British pop star Petula Clark , each in 2001 , Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe in 2005 , and Broadway actress Susan Egan in 2008 . British actress and singer Marti Webb performed the song on her album Performance ( 1989 ) . In 2008 , Italian rock noir band Belladonna covered the song in their London show . In 2010 , popera singer Rose Jang covered the song for her digital album Songs of Hope by Mnet Media . The song was covered on the Glee episode `` Dream On '' by Shelby Corcoran and Rachel Berry , portrayed by Idina Menzel and Lea Michele respectively . This song took the place of a meeting between Shelby and Rachel , who found out during that episode that Shelby was her birth mother . At the end of that episode , Rachel met Shelby for the first time in real life ( the sequence where Shelby and Rachel sang `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was , in fact , something akin to a dream sequence ) . Josh Groban and Michael Ball sang a duet at the end of Never Mind the Buzzcocks ( Broadcast 21 December 2010 ) . Joe McElderry recorded the song for his second album , Classic . Katherine Jenkins released a French cover of the song entitled `` J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie / I dreamed of another life '' in her 8th studio album Daydream . Kika Edgar recorded a Spanish cover titled `` Un sueño que alguna vez soñé / A dream I once dreamed '' for her album Broadway . In 2011 , Celtic Woman performed `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as part of their 2011 `` Believe '' tour , recorded by PBS at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta . The song was one of two songs sung as `` A Tribute to Broadway '' , the other song being `` Circle of Life '' from the Disney movie The Lion King .",
"4": "The song , which was only released on DVD and as part of the television special , was sung by Lisa Kelly and Chloë Agnew . As part of a compilation , and the title track to the Australian album , Lucy Maunder sang the song for ABC Classics I Dreamed a Dream : The Hit Songs of Broadway Susan Boyle version ( edit ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Single by Susan Boyle from the album I Dreamed a Dream Released 15 April 2010 Format Music Download Recorded 2009 Genre Operatic pop Length 3 : 11 Label Syco , Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) Herbert Kretzmer ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Susan Boyle singles chronology `` Wild Horses '' ( 2009 ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( 2010 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 2010 ) `` Wild Horses '' ( 2009 ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( 2009 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 2010 ) The song had a resurgence in popularity in 2009 when Scottish singer Susan Boyle performed it as her audition for the third series of the British reality television programme , Britain 's Got Talent . Boyle 's performance elicited a unanimous vote for passage into the next round of competition by judges Piers Morgan , Amanda Holden and Simon Cowell , with Morgan giving Boyle `` the biggest yes ( he had ) ever given '' in his three years of judging the show . Elaine Paige , Boyle 's role model , later expressed interest in singing a duet with her . The programme received high ratings and Boyle 's performance was quickly added to sites such as YouTube , where millions of people viewed it in the first month alone . Boyle sang the song again during the finals of Britain 's Got Talent on 30 May 2009 , where she placed second in the competition behind British dance troupe Diversity . Today , it is known as the song that catapulted her to super-stardom , and it helped sales of her album I Dreamed a Dream .",
"5": "Currently , the album has been declared as the fastest selling debut album of all time in the UK , and sold 701,000 copies in its first week in just the US , breaking the record for highest debut ever for a solo female artist . Shortly after Boyle 's audition aired on ITV in April , the Original London Cast Recording of LuPone singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was downloaded to such a degree that the song entered music charts in the U.S. and UK . The U.S. Billboard magazine 's Hot Digital Songs and Hot Singles Recurrents charts for the week of 2 May 2009 had LuPone 's 1985 recording at no . 61 and no . 20 , respectively . LuPone 's version also reached no . 45 on the UK Singles Chart on the week of 25 April 2009 . Susan Boyle 's later 2009 recording rivalled pre-order sales records on Amazon.com in November 2009 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' entered the Irish Singles Chart on 26 November 2009 at number 20 . It also entered the UK Singles Chart on 29 November 2009 at no . 37 .",
"6": "Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 65 France ( SNEP ) Download Chart 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 49 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 62 Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 27 2012 film version ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Song by Anne Hathaway from the album Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Published 1980 Released 21 December 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Musical theatrical pop Length 4 : 38 Label Universal Republic Composer ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyricist ( s ) Herbert Kretzmer `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was covered again for the 2012 film adaption . The movie was produced by Working Title Films and directed by Tom Hooper from a script by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg with Herbert Kretzmer . The role of Fantine was played by Anne Hathaway for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film changed the ordering of some songs , and this song was swapped around with `` Lovely Ladies '' , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depression , after she has become a prostitute . As with the rest of the film , the vocals for the song were recorded by Hathaway , live on the set , and later edited together with the music . Her performance of the song was released as part of the Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack on 21 December 2012 and was confirmed to be featured in the upcoming deluxe edition of the album . It was well received by music critics and it was very commercially successful , entering the U.S.",
"7": "Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the top thirty of the UK Singles Chart , along with entering various other singles charts around the world . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On his review of Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack , Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen mentions Hathaway 's rendition of the classic as one of the two decent tracks on the compilation , stating that `` There are a couple of redeeming moments on this chart - topping soundtrack ; Sacha Baron Cohen has fun with the jaunty `` Master of the House , '' and Anne Hathaway gives the schmaltzy `` I Dreamed a Dream '' her all . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) On the week ending 19 January 2013 the song entered and peaked in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number 69 , and spent a total of three weeks on the chart . The song was also a hit on the UK Singles Chart where it peaked at number 22 ( higher than Susan Boyle 's rendition ) and spent six weeks on the chart . It was also present for a week on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 73 . Among others , the song has also peaked in the Irish Singles Chart at number 26 , the Dutch Top 100 at number 58 , and the Spanish Singles Chart at number 21 . The song is also atop the iTunes Top Soundtrack Songs in Romania since January , 2013 , where the song sold over 6,000 digital copies .",
"8": "Tomomi Kahara version ( edit ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' Single by Tomomi Kahara from the album Dream : Self Cover Best Released 17 April 2013 Format CD single , music download Genre Pop Length 3 : 52 Label Universal J Songwriter ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) Tokiko Iwatani ( Japanese lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Satoshi Takebe Tomomi Kahara singles chronology `` Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o '' ( 2006 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o '' ( 2006 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 夢 やぶれ て - I DREAMED A DREAM - , lit . `` Broken Dreams '' ) is Tomomi Kahara 's twenty - seventh single and first in over seven years . `` Yume Yaburete '' is the Japanese version of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' from the musical Les Misérables . The Japanese lyrics were written by lyricist and translator Tokiko Iwatani . Despite being famously sung by Hiromi Iwasaki , the Japanese rendition of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was never released as a single until Kahara 's cover . The song was suggested for Kahara 's comeback by executives at Universal J , Kahara 's record label and the one behind the Japanese release of the soundtrack for the 2012 film adaptation of Les Misérables . Coincidentally , the song happened to be a favorite of Kahara 's that she often sang at auditions . The song was recorded with a backing orchestra of 41 musicians . The cover art for the single pays homage to the musical and the character of Fantine by depicting Kahara as a broken but hopeful woman . The single also includes a piano version of `` Yume Yaburete '' as well as a self - cover of Kahara 's 1996 hit song `` I 'm Proud '' .",
"9": "First pressing of the single includes a DVD featuring the music video for `` Yume Yaburete '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' entered the Oricon weekly singles chart at number 13 , marking Kahara 's first top 20 single since `` Anata ga Ireba '' ( 2004 ) . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 夢 やぶれ て `` Broken Dreams '' ) 3 : 52 2 . `` I 'm Proud '' ( 2013 Orchestra Version ) 4 : 44 3 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Piano Version ) 4 : 02 4 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Instrumental ) 3 : 52 5 . `` I 'm Proud '' ( 2013 Orchestra Version -- Instrumental ) 4 : 42 Total length : 21 : 14 ( show ) DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Music Video ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Japan Billboard Hot 100 6 Japan Hot Top Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Japan Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 9 Japan Daily Singles ( Oricon ) 11 Japan Weekly Singles ( Oricon ) 13 Japan Weekly Singles ( Recochoku ) 34 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables at IBDB.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Biamonte , Nicole ( 28 October 2010 ) . Pop - Culture Pedagogy in the Music Classroom : Teaching Tools from American Idol to YouTube . Scarecrow Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 7056 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone : Biography '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone Live ! Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Beechman Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Translations and Cast Recordings . LesMis.com '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum RIAA.com '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond 1987 version ( U.S. ) Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond 1987 version ( UK ) Chartstats.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond lyrics OldieLyrics.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Essex Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Crawford Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What You See Is What You Sweat track listing Discogs.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin : Biography '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Encore by Elaine Paige DiscountMusic.com '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea McArdle Billboard '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed A Dream -- Hit Songs of Broadway '' . ABC . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline Davies ; Paul Kelbie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Reality TV star Susan Boyle set for duet with idol Elaine Paige '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 April 2009 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` '' TV ratings : Britain 's Got Talent hits high note '' Guardian.co.uk `` . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Susan Boyle breaks past 100 million online views '' Reuters.com `` . 20 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dancers beat Boyle in talent show '' BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LuPone 1985 version ( US ) Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LuPone 1985 version ( UK ) Chartstats.com '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com -- Français '' ( in French ) . Les classement de telechargement single . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2009 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2011 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody . `` Various Artists - Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for charted songs in the United States : `` I Dreamed A Dream '' : `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 12 January 2013 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway 's chart history '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles , Week Ending 17 January 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Anne Hathaway -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 年 ぶり の 新曲 「 夢 やぶれ て 」 を リリース した 華原 朋美 さん '' . Yomiuri Shimbun. 23 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( オリコン ) 華原 朋美 、 復帰 曲 が 8 年 7 ヶ月 ぶり TOP20 '' . Oricon. 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Top Airplay '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 04 月 18 日 の CD シングル デイリー ランキング '' . Oricon .",
"13": "Archived from the original on 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` シングル ランキング 週間 4 / 17 ~ 4 / 23 '' . Recochoku . Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Les Misérables official website Idina Menzel Filmography Discography Studio albums Still I Ca n't Be Still Here I Stand Holiday Wishes Idina Live albums Live : Barefoot at the Symphony Singles `` Defying Gravity '' `` Brave '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Poker Face '' `` Let It Go '' Featured songs `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? ''",
"14": "`` One Short Day '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` For Good '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Concert tours Still I Ca n't Be Still Tour I Stand tour Barefoot at the Symphony Tour Idina Menzel : Live at Radio City Idina Menzel : World Tour Idina 2017 world tour Related articles Taye Diggs Book Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ''",
"15": "`` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Susan Boyle Discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home For Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Singles `` Wild Horses '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Perfect Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` You 'll See '' Featured singles `` Everybody Hurts '' `` A Mother 's Prayer '' Other songs `` Who I Was Born to Be '' Television Britain 's Got Talent I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story ( 2009 ) Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar ( 2011 ) Theatre I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) Concert tours Susan Boyle in Concert ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related articles Syco Music Columbia Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=I_Dreamed_a_Dream&oldid=816681355 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1980 songs 1987 singles Songs from musicals Works based on Les Misérables Neil Diamond songs Aretha Franklin songs Susan Boyle songs Tomomi Kahara songs Songs with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer Compositions in E-flat major 1980s jazz standards Syco Music singles Columbia Records singles Universal Music Japan singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Frenchdigital Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Articles containing Japanese - language text Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français 한국어 Italiano مصرى 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the scary nun in the conjuring 2
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"0": "The Conjuring 2 - wikipedia The Conjuring 2 Jump to : navigation , search The Conjuring 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by James Wan Produced by Peter Safran Rob Cowan James Wan Screenplay by Chad Hayes Carey W. Hayes James Wan David Leslie Johnson Story by Chad Hayes Carey W. Hayes James Wan Based on Characters by Chad Hayes Carey W. Hayes Starring Patrick Wilson Vera Farmiga Madison Wolfe Frances O'Connor Simon McBurney Franka Potente Music by Joseph Bishara Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Kirk Morri Production companies New Line Cinema The Safran Company Atomic Monster Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $320.4 million The Conjuring 2 is a 2016 American supernatural horror film , directed by James Wan . The screenplay is by Chad Hayes , Carey W. Hayes , Wan and David Leslie Johnson . It is the sequel to 2013 's The Conjuring and the third installment in The Conjuring series . Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga reprise their roles as paranormal investigators and authors Ed and Lorraine Warren from the first film . The film follows the Warrens as they travel to England to assist the Hodgson family , who are experiencing poltergeist activity at their Enfield council house in 1977 which later became referred to as the Enfield Poltergeist . The Conjuring 2 was released in North America on June 10 , 2016 . The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $320 million worldwide . A spin - off prequel film , The Nun , is scheduled to be released in 2018 with Peter Safran and Wan producing .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Sequel 8 Spin - off films 8.1 The Nun 8.2 The Crooked Man 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1976 , paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren document the Amityville murders at the Amityville house , to determine if a demonic presence was truly responsible for Ronald DeFeo Jr. murdering his family on November 13 , 1974 , and the subsequent haunting incident involving the Lutz family . During a seance , Lorraine is drawn into a vision where she relives the murders . A demonic nun figure appears and lures her to the basement , where she witnesses Ed being impaled before breaking out of the vision . In 1977 , the Hodgson family begins to experience strange occurrences in their home in the London suburb of Enfield . Janet , the second oldest of four children , is seen sleepwalking and conversing in her dreams with an entity in the form of an angry elderly man , who insists that the house is his . Eventually , all the Hodgson siblings and their mother Peggy witness paranormal events occurring right before their eyes , forcing them to seek refuge with their neighbors . When the media attempts to interview the Hodgsons , Janet is possessed by the spirit of the elderly man , Bill Wilkins , who is revealed to have previously lived and died in the house . During the possession , Wilkins states that he enjoys tormenting the family and wants to reclaim his home . As Janet begins to show more signs of demonic possession , the story eventually reaches the Warrens , and their assistance is requested to assist the local church in an investigation to prove whether or not Janet 's possession is a hoax .",
"2": "Lorraine , fearful that her vision of Ed 's death may become reality , warns him not to get too involved in the case , but she reluctantly agrees to travel to London with him . She has yet another vision of the demonic nun in Ed 's study wherein the demon says its name , which Lorraine scribbles in her Bible . While staying at the Hodgson residence , Ed and Lorraine consult with other paranormal investigators , including Maurice Grosse and Anita Gregory , on the legitimacy of the case . They also attempt to communicate with Wilkins ' spirit , hoping to convince him to stop haunting the family . One night , after the Hodgsons witness Janet being possessed , Gregory presents video evidence of Janet purposely wrecking the kitchen as if for a practical joke , thereby discrediting the haunting . Based on this discovery , Ed and Lorraine feel they have no choice but to leave the family on their own but soon discover that the spirit of Wilkins is only a pawn being manipulated by the demonic nun , to haunt Janet and break her will . Lorraine then realizes that her abilities have been blocked by the demonic nun , preventing her from grasping the truth of Janet 's possession . Ed and Lorraine quickly return to the Hodgson residence , only to find Janet being possessed once more and the rest of the Hodgsons locked outside the house . Ed ventures inside the house alone . A lightning strike hits a tree near the house , leaving a jagged stump resembling the object that impaled Ed in Lorraine 's vision . Ed finds Janet standing near the window , ready to leap onto the stump and commit suicide . He manages to grab Janet in time , but finds himself holding onto a curtain that is being torn from its rings by his and Janet 's weight . Lorraine remembers that she wrote the demon 's name -- Valak -- in her Bible . She enters the house and confronts Valak , addressing it by name and successfully condemns it back to Hell . Janet is freed of its possession , and Lorraine pulls her and Ed to safety . After returning home to the United States , Ed adds an item to his and Lorraine 's collection -- `` The Crooked Man '' zoetrope toy owned by Peggy 's youngest child Billy -- placing it near April 's music box and the Annabelle doll .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Patrick Wilson as Ed Warren Vera Farmiga as Lorraine Warren Madison Wolfe as Janet Hodgson Frances O'Connor as Peggy Hodgson Lauren Esposito as Margaret Hodgson Benjamin Haigh as Billy Hodgson Patrick McAuley as Johnny Hodgson Simon McBurney as Maurice Grosse Maria Doyle Kennedy as Peggy Nottingham Simon Delaney as Vic Nottingham Franka Potente as Anita Gregory Bob Adrian as Bill Wilkins Robin Atkin Downes as Demon Voice Bonnie Aarons as Valak ( Demon Nun ) Javier Botet as Crooked Man Steve Coulter as Father Gordon Abhi Sinha as Harry Whitmark Chris Royds as Graham Morris Sterling Jerins as Judy Warren Kent Allen as Daniel Wolfe Annie Young as Constable Heeps Elliot Joseph as Constable Joseph Cory English as Skeptic Kaplan Joseph Bishara as Demon Shannon Kook as Drew Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In July 2013 , prior to The Conjuring 's release , Variety reported that New Line Cinema was already in the early stages of development of a sequel , following the positive test screenings and reviews of the first film . The film deals with the case of the Enfield Poltergeist , which took place in the London Borough of Enfield from 1977 to 1979 , and involved the alleged haunting of two sisters , aged 11 and 13 , at their mother 's council house . The Conjuring 2 also touches on the Warrens ' most famous and most documented case , The Amityville Horror . Pre-production ( edit ) I 've been working very heavily on the script , and the idea of continuing the saga of Ed and Lorraine Warren is actually very exciting . So the idea of going back to kind of nurture my baby that I created is part of the reason why I 'm going back to do The Conjuring 2 . -- James Wan , explaining his reasons for returning to direct the sequel . In July 2013 , it was reported that Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson had signed on to reprise their roles from The Conjuring . This was confirmed in February 2014 . On October 21 , 2014 , it was announced that James Wan would return to direct the sequel , and production would begin in the summer of 2015 .",
"4": "In early July 2015 , lead actors Farmiga and Wilson visited Lorraine Warren at the New England Paranormal Research Center in Connecticut in preparation for their roles . On July 28 , 2015 , Wan officially began pre-production for the film . In August 2015 , the film was granted $5.6 million in tax credits from the California Film Commission for bringing the production to the state . On September 13 , 2015 , Don Burgess was confirmed as the film 's director of photography . In September 2015 , Frances O'Connor , Simon McBurney , newcomer Lauren Esposito , and Madison Wolfe joined the cast . Franka Potente , Simon Delaney , Maria Doyle Kennedy , and newcomers Patrick McAuley and Benjamin Haigh were also reported to have been cast in late September 2015 . In November 2015 , it was announced that Abhi Sinha had joined the cast of the film . On December 1 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Sterling Jerins would reprise her role as the Warrens ' daughter Judy . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Conjuring 2 began on September 21 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . Due to an inexplicable series of events during production of the first film , a priest from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe was brought in to bless the set of the sequel by the film 's producers . Production moved to London on November 18 , 2015 , with filming taking place in and around The Warrington , a pub in the residential district of Maida Vale . On November 22 , filming took place at Marylebone station . Filming concluded on December 1 , 2015 . Production lasted for 50 days , with 40 days filming on sound stages at Warner Bros. Studios , Burbank , and 10 days on location in London . Music ( edit ) The original musical score for The Conjuring 2 was written by Joseph Bishara and was released on June 3 , 2016 , by WaterTower Music . Bishara , a recurring collaborator of director James Wan , composed the score after having previously written the music for The Conjuring and the Insidious film series .",
"5": "Lead actor Patrick Wilson performs Elvis Presley 's `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' on a guitar in the film , while songs such as The Clash 's `` London Calling '' , Bee Gees 's `` I Started A Joke '' and the traditional nursery rhymes `` This Old Man '' and `` There Was a Crooked Man '' are also featured . Composer Mark Isham 's family themes from the first film , `` Photograph '' and `` Happy Family '' , were also used in The Conjuring 2 . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) In December 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released the first image from the film , introducing the character portrayed by Madison Wolfe . On January 6 , 2016 , James Wan posted a teaser clip to his social media accounts revealing that the first official trailer would debut the following day . Also on January 6 , Yahoo ! Movies exclusively released two stills from the film , featuring Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson . On March 26 , 2016 , Wan premiered the full - length trailer at WonderCon . In the weeks leading up to the film 's premiere , TV spots began airing . This was followed by a featurette titled Strange Happenings in Enfield , in which the Hodgson sisters and Lorraine Warren discuss their experiences with the case . Two weeks prior to The Conjuring 2 's premiere , fans were given the opportunity to take a 360 - degree virtual reality tour of the film 's Enfield house setting . Following that , another featurette was released , titled Audio Recordings , which featured a recording of the demon that inspired the film . Theatrical release ( edit ) The Conjuring 2 was originally scheduled to be released on October 23 , 2015 , but in October 2014 , Warner Bros. pulled the film from the schedule and set the film for an unspecified 2016 release date . In November 2014 , the release date was pushed back from its original release date of October 23 , 2015 , to June 10 , 2016 . The Conjuring 2 had its red carpet world premiere at the TCL Chinese Theatre on June 7 , 2016 , as part of the Los Angeles Film Festival 's program , three days prior to its wide release .",
"6": "On June 17 , 2016 , a 65 - year - old man died of a heart attack while watching the film at a cinema in Tiruvannamalai , India . Home media ( edit ) The Conjuring 2 was released as a digital download on August 30 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on September 13 , 2016 . Bonus features include behind the scenes footage , featurettes , and deleted scenes . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Conjuring 2 became a huge financial success like its predecessor , grossing $102.5 million in the United States and Canada and $217.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total gross of $320.4 million . Although it earned less in North America than the first film , it fared better internationally and overall , making 0.5 % more than the first film . The film was the highest grossing horror film of the year and the second highest - grossing horror film overall of all time , behind only 1973 's The Exorcist ( $441.3 million ) . It was partly credited for the success of fellow Warner Bros. horror film Lights Out , which was released a month later . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $98.3 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 14th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened on June 10 , 2016 , alongside Warcraft and Now You See Me 2 , and was projected to gross $35 -- 40 million from 3,343 theaters in its opening weekend . The film grossed $3.4 million from its Thursday night previews , besting the $3.3 million made by its predecessor , and $16.4 million in its first day .",
"7": "In its opening weekend , the film grossed $40.4 million from 3,434 theaters ( almost matching its predecessor 's $41.9 million opening ) , making it the biggest opening for a horror film since the original film in 2013 , the biggest ever for the month of June ( breaking The Purge 's record ) , and the fifth biggest for a horror film of all time , behind the first film , the second and third installments in the Paranormal Activity franchise ( $40.6 million and $52.5 million respectively ) , and Friday the 13th ( $40.6 million ) . Following a first - place finish in its first weekend of release , the film faced a steep decline of 63.2 % in its second weekend ( earning $14.8 million from 3,356 theaters ) ; this was a much larger drop than The Conjuring ( 46.9 % ) and Annabelle ( 57.3 % ) . As a result , it slipped to third place behind newcomers Finding Dory and Central Intelligence , another film from New Line Cinema . It began to lose a considerable number of theaters by its third weekend as a result of numerous newly released films . Forbes magazine noted that The Conjuring 2 was falling faster than the previous film , but had already made more than Insidious : Chapter 2 , Annabelle , and both The Purge and The Purge : Anarchy had done at that point in their releases . Unlike its predecessor , The Conjuring 2 proved to be more front - loaded , earning 2.5 times its opening weekend , compared to the original film earning 3.22 times its debut numbers . Outside North America , the film has been released across 60 countries . It became a big hit in Latin America and performed exceptionally well in other Catholic countries due to its spiritual themes , while it also did well in the U.K. , where the film is set . It was released across 44 countries the same weekend as its United States release , and grossed $51.5 million in its opening weekend from 10,400 screens , debuting in second place behind Warcraft . It added another $43.1 million in its second weekend from a total of 57 countries as well as passing the $100 million threshold .",
"8": "However , it still remained in second place at the international box office , behind then - newcomer Finding Dory . It recorded the biggest opening day of all time for a horror film in 24 markets , including Mexico ( $1.6 million ) , Brazil ( $735,000 ) , Australia ( $401,000 ) , and all of Latin America . Moreover , in terms of opening weekend , the film scored the biggest opening for a horror film in 26 markets , including Mexico ( $9 million ) , Brazil ( $4.1 million ) , and Australia ( $3 million ) . In Argentina , the film scored the second biggest opening for Warner Bros. with $2.85 million , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . In South Korea , the film opened to $4 million , France to $3.7 million , Spain to $1.85 million , Russia to $1.75 million , and Italy to $1.1 million . The film faced stiff competition against Central Intelligence in Germany , making $2.1 million in its opening weekend , placing in second behind the aforementioned film . In the United Kingdom , the film earned an opening weekend of £ 4.6 million ( $6.8 million ) from 504 theaters , over twice its predecessor 's opening ( $3.3 million ) . In terms of total earnings , its biggest markets outside of North America were in Mexico ( $20.3 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $15.3 million ) , South Korea ( $11.5 million ) and India ( $11.5 million ) . It has become the highest - grossing Warner Bros. film in Chile with a total gross of $5.4 million . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80 % based on 226 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Conjuring 2 ca n't help but lose a bit of its predecessor 's chilly sting through familiarity , but what remains is still a superior ghost story told with spine - tingling skill . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' .",
"9": "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . In her review for The Hollywood Reporter , Sheri Linden praised the film , saying , `` Three years after The Conjuring rattled the multiplex with old - school horror , director James Wan ups the ante with an excellent sequel . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a mixed review , writing , `` On one level , The Conjuring 2 is just a not - bad megaplex funhouse movie , no more and no less , but on another level it offers its potential fans a helping of reassurance to go along with the fear . If there are ghost demons out there , then God must be out there as well . Audiences , it was long ago proven , will pay to see both . '' TheWrap 's Alonso Duralde gave the film a positive review , stating , `` Frightening rarely strikes twice in the same place , despite the efforts of so many horror sequels , but even if The Conjuring 2 does n't deliver the delightful jolts of its predecessor , it maintains a consistent chill throughout , with a slow and steady dread that creeps up on you over time . '' In a mixed review , Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing , `` There are some solid scares ( Wan is too gifted in the dark art of gotcha manipulation to not make you leap a few times ) , but there 's nothing on par with the first film 's brilliant hide - and - clap scene with Lili Taylor . '' Jacob Wilkins of The Cavalier Daily lauded the film , calling Wan a `` master of horror '' and remarked that the film was `` fresh , original and unsettling '' . Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that he was `` pleasantly surprised '' by the sequel and what Wan has accomplished with the film , stating , `` Wan knows the tricks of this trade ( heightened sound effects , moving furniture , dark corners ) but somehow miraculously he really puts a fresh spin on it all here . It 's riveting stuff , even if in a familiar cinematic environment . '' He added , `` It is one hell of a movie . ''",
"10": "Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Horror The Conjuring 2 Nominated Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best Horror Movie of 2016 5th Place Golden Trailer Awards May 4 , 2016 Best Horror New Line Cinema Nominated Best Horror TV Spot Won People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Thriller Movie The Conjuring 2 Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Horror Film Nominated Future ( edit ) Main article : The Conjuring ( film series ) Sequel ( edit ) Wan has stated on further potential sequels , `` There could be many more ( Conjuring ) movies because the Warrens have so many stories '' . Screenwriters Chad and Carey Hayes have also expressed interest in working on a story for another sequel . However , Wan stated that he may be unable to direct the film due to his commitments to other projects . He stated to Collider.com , `` Assuming we are lucky enough to have a third chapter , there are other filmmakers that I would love to sort of continue on the Conjuring world , if we are lucky enough '' . Wan has also stated that , if a third film was to be made , it would ideally take place in the 1980s . Wan later stated that the sequel could include lycanthropy , `` Maybe we can go and do it like a classic American Werewolf in London style . That would be awesome ! The Warrens set against the backdrop of The Hound of Baskerville '' . In May 2017 , Safran said it would be unlikely that a third installment would be a `` haunted house '' film . In June 2017 , it was announced a third installment was in development , with The Conjuring 2 co-writer David Leslie Johnson hired to write the screenplay . In August 2017 , Wan told Entertainment Weekly that the filmmakers have `` been working hard on The Conjuring 3 '' , and that `` we 're in the midst of working on the script , and still hashing ( it ) out .",
"11": "We want to make sure that the script is in a really good place . With how much people have loved the first two ( Conjuring films ) , I do n't want to rush in to the third one if possible '' . Spin - off films ( edit ) The Nun ( edit ) Main article : The Nun ( 2018 film ) On June 15 , 2016 , it was reported that a spin - off film titled The Nun , focusing on the `` Demon Nun '' character Valak , was in development with Johnson writing the script . Safran and Wan are producing . Corin Hardy was hired to direct the film , with a screenplay by Wan and Gary Dauberman . It is scheduled to be released on July 13 , 2018 , with Demián Bichir and Taissa Farmiga cast in the lead roles . Bonnie Aarons will reprise her role in the film , and Charlotte Hope , Jonas Bloquet , and Ingrid Bisu are set to co-star . Filming began in May 2017 in Bucharest , Romania . The Crooked Man ( edit ) On May 31 , 2017 , Peter Safran said there was a possibility of a Crooked Man film . On June 14 , 2017 , it was reported that a spin - off film titled The Crooked Man , featuring the character of the same name from The Conjuring 2 , was in development with Mike Van Waes writing the screenplay from a story by James Wan , with Safran and Wan set to produce the project . See also ( edit ) List of horror films List of horror films of 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONJURING 2 ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' to Ward Off ' Warcraft , ' ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Conjuring 2 reviews '' . Metacritic .",
"12": "Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Conjuring ' Sequel in Development at New Line ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Haynes , Britt ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Getting a Rewrite From ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Orphan ' Scribe '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' : James Wan Reveals the Sequel 's Amityville Connection at WonderCon '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` FURIOUS 7 Director James Wan Talks THE CONJURING 2 and the Prospect of Helming a DC Superhero Movie '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ `` ( Comic - Con ' 13 ) Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson Already Signed For ' The Conjuring ' Sequel ! # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Patrick Wilson , Vera Farmiga Returning for ' Conjuring ' Sequel '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` James Wan Back At New Line For ' The Conjuring 2 ' And Overall Producing Deal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Wilson teases the return of Ed & Lorraine Warren in The Conjuring 2 ! '' . Rhino 's Horror . July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` James Wan Begins Pre-Production on The Conjuring 2 : The Enfield Poltergeist '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 18 , 2015 ) .",
"13": "`` California Film Tax Credits Go to ' Conjuring 2 , ' ' Chicken Soup for the Soul ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Code Black , ' ' Sea of Trees , ' ' Conjuring 2 , ' ' Benghazi ' and other projects '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Frances O'Connor Joins ' The Conjuring 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor Simon McBurney Joins ' Conjuring 2 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Summons Newcomer Lauren Esposito For Co-Starring Role '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' True Detective ' Actress Nabs Lead in ' Conjuring 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` James Wan Begins Shooting New Line Cinema 's Highly Anticipated `` The Conjuring 2 '' `` . Business Wire . September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verhoven , Beatrice ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Social Network ' Star Abhi Sinha Cast in James Wan 's ' Conjuring 2 ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sterling Jerins Joins HBO 's ' Divorce ' ; Kirby Howell - Baptiste In ' Downward Dog ' Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` First Pictures From The Conjuring 2 's Set '' . Empire . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Filming Begins ! ''",
"14": ". ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Polowy , Kevin ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : ' The Conjuring 2 ' Cast on Why They Needed an Exorcist on Set This Time '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Set Photos Take James Wan to London '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Northmore , Henry ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Casting call for James Wan 's The Conjuring 2 '' . The List . Jump up ^ Wan , James ( @ creepypuppet ) ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # conjuring2 ! Thank you so much to the amazing London crew ! We shot thru rain , wind & snow ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Filmed On A Notoriously Haunted Sound Stage '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' : 13 Things to Know About James Wan 's Horror Sequel '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Bishara 's ' The Conjuring 2 ' Score Now Available '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Bishara to Return for ' The Conjuring 2 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) : Soundtrack and Complete List of Songs '' . WhatSong . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EW First Look : Exclusive Sneak Peeks at 2016 's Hottest Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for Vera Farmiga 's ' Conjuring 2 ' Promises Plenty of Scares '' . Variety . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Trailer Debuts at WonderCon 2016 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` New TV spot for horror sequel The Conjuring 2 '' . FlickeringMyth.com . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 featurette introduces the real family behind the horror story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Take a 360 degree VR tour of The Conjuring 2 house '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Listen to a Recording of the Demon That Inspired `` The Conjuring 2 '' ( and the Nightmares You 'll Have Later ) `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros Scheduling Spree Continues With ' The Conjuring 2 ' , ' Mean Moms ' , 2 Others '' . Deadline.com . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Conjuring ' Sequel Pushed Back to 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Set for June 10 , 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Jonas Cuaron 's ' Desierto ' to Close LA Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 : Man dies while watching new horror film , his body goes missing '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Blu - ray Boasts Cool Extra Features , Including Deleted Scenes ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 Comes Home in September '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Box - Office Revenue Hits $4.48 B Against the Odds : `` It 's Tough Out There '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Movie Box Office Wrap - Up : Smaller Hits , Bigger Bombs And Disappointment For All '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Crosses $300 M & Becomes Third - Highest - Grossing Horror Franchise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Tops $300 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety .",
"17": "Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Box - Office Winners and Losers : From ' Finding Dory ' to ' Ben - Hur ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : How ' The Conjuring 2 ' Helped Make ' Lights Out ' A Horror Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` No. 14 ' The Conjuring 2 ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` $160 Million - Budgeted ' Warcraft ' Faces Tough Battle at Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Conjuring ' Scares Up $3.4 Million ; ' Warcraft ' Marches to $3.1 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Dominating Box Office with $39 Million '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' Conjures Scary - Good $40 Million Debut '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 12 , 2016 ) .",
"18": "`` ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Off Sequelitis With $40.4 M ; Largest Horror Opening Since First Film -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Drowns Animated Box Office Records With $136 Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Warcraft ' Crosses $400 M Global , ' Finding Dory ' Tops Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Do n't Breathe ' Cements 2016 As The Year Of The Leggy Horror Movie '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $19.3 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' Resurgence ' Rises To $175.8 M ; China Shells Out For ' TMNT2 ' Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' Soars to $40.4 M ; ' Warcraft ' Bombs in U.S. With $24.4 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 19 , 2016 ) .",
"19": "`` ' Finding Dory ' Splashes Out With $50.7 M Offshore Opening ; ' Warcraft ' Crosses $200 M In China -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $144.7 M In China Through Saturday ; Offshore Headed Past $250 M ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up Strong Start '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Cumes $261.7 M Overseas With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $50 M -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 puts the frighteners on gods and turtles at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics Overseas As Chinese Summer & Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Kick Into Gear -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Screams Up $37 M+ , ' Warcraft ' Spoils At $26 M+ , ' Now You See Me 2 ' At $22 M + '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( June 2 , 2016 ) .",
"20": "`` ' The Conjuring 2 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Conjuring 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Review : Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson Scare Up a Chilly British Haunting '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Jacob ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 '' provides twice the scares `` . The Cavalier Daily . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Review : Sequel Has Genuine Scares , But Why Does n't This Family Just Move ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pape , Danny ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations '' . FlickReel.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards -- Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spotlight ' Trailer Wins Best of Show at Golden Trailer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees Set '' . Deadline.com .",
"21": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Director James Wan : ' There Could Be Many More Movies ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` James Wan may not have the time to direct The Conjuring 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` James Wan on ' The Conjuring 2 , ' Superheroes , and His Guilty Pleasure Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` James Wan Already Has an Idea For The Conjuring 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( June 2016 ) . `` Could The Conjuring 3 Be About Werewolves ? Here 's What James Wan Thinks '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Says ' The Conjuring 3 ' Will Be a Very Different Film '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Conjuring 3 ' Is Summoned By New Line ; David Leslie Johnson Hired To Script '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Clark ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` James Wan gives update on The Conjuring 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 15 , 2016 ) .",
"22": "`` ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Corin Hardy Takes Vow To Helm ' The Nun , ' New Line 's ' Conjuring ' Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Conjuring ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' Finds Summer 2018 Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Demian Bichir to Star in ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Taissa Farmiga Set For New Line 's ' The Nun ' ; Spinoff of Sister Vera 's ' The Conjuring ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Aarons to Return as the Demon Sister in ' The Nun ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Charlotte Hope Joins New Line 's ' The Nun ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jonas Bloquet Joins New Line 's ' The Nun ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Toni Erdmann ' Star Ingrid Bisu Joins Horror - Thriller ' The Nun ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Cureton , Sean ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Conjuring : Nun Spinoff Begins Filming This Week '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Universe Producer Talks Potential Crooked Man Spinoff '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Crooked Man ' in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . External links ( edit ) Official website The Conjuring 2 on IMDb The Conjuring 2 at AllMovie The Conjuring 2 at Box Office Mojo The Conjuring 2 at Metacritic The Conjuring 2 at Rotten Tomatoes The Conjuring The Conjuring films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) Annabelle films Annabelle ( 2014 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Other films The Nun ( 2018 ) Short films The Nurse ( 2017 ) James Wan Films directed Saw ( 2003 ) Saw ( 2004 ) Dead Silence ( 2007 ) Death Sentence ( 2007 ) Insidious ( 2011 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Insidious : Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) Aquaman ( 2018 ) Films produced Annabelle ( 2014 ) Demonic ( 2015 ) Insidious : Chapter 3 ( 2015 ) Lights Out ( 2016 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Insidious : The Last Key ( 2018 ) The Nun ( 2018 ) La Llorona ( 2019 ) Comics written Malignant Man ( 2011 ) Horror portal 2010s portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"24": "php?title=The_Conjuring_2&oldid=837571521 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s sequel films American films American horror films American horror thriller films American sequel films Films about exorcism Films directed by James Wan Films set in 1976 Films set in 1977 Films set in Long Island Films set in London Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Demons in film Ghost films Haunted house films Horror films based on actual events New Line Cinema films Religious horror films Spirit possession in fiction Supernatural horror films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who has the most number one single hits
|
[
"The Beatles",
"The Beatles",
"The Beatles"
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{
"0": "List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Jump to : navigation , search This is a comprehensive listing that highlights significant achievements and milestones based upon Billboard magazine 's singles charts , most notably the Billboard Hot 100 . This list spans the period from the issue dated January 1 , 1955 to present . The Billboard Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4 , 1958 , and is currently the standard popular music chart in the United States . Prior to the creation of the Hot 100 , Billboard published four singles charts : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' , `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' and `` The Top 100 '' . These charts , which ranged from 20 to 100 slots , were phased out at different times between 1957 and 1958 . Though technically not part of the Hot 100 chart history , select data from these charts are included for computational purposes , and to avoid unenlightening or misleading characterizations . All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era , unless otherwise noted ( pre-Hot 100 charts ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - Time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.1 Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 2 Song milestones 2.1 Most weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 2.2 Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) 2.3 Most total weeks in the top ten 2.4 Most total weeks on the Hot 100 2.5 Number - one debuts 2.6 Biggest jump to number one 2.7 Biggest single - week upward movements 2.8 Longest climbs to number one 2.9 Biggest drop from number one 2.10 Biggest single - week downward movements 2.11 Biggest drops off the Hot 100 2.",
"1": "12 Number - one songs covered by different artists 2.13 Non-English language number - ones 2.14 Instrumental number - ones 3 Artist achievements 3.1 Most number - one singles 3.2 Most cumulative weeks at number one 3.3 Most consecutive number - one singles 3.4 Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 3.5 Most consecutive years charting a number - one single 3.6 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 3.7 Most top 10 singles 3.8 Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 3.9 Most top 40 singles 3.10 Most Hot 100 entries 3.11 Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 3.12 Self - replacement at number one 3.13 Simultaneously occupying the top two positions 3.14 Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 3.15 Posthumous number - ones 3.16 Age records 3.17 Gap records 4 Album achievements 4.1 Most number - one singles from one album 4.2 Most top ten singles from one album 4.3 Other album achievements 5 Producer achievements 5.1 Producers with the most number - one singles 6 Songwriter achievements 6.1 Songwriters with the most number - one singles 6.2 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 7 Selected additional Hot 100 achievements 8 See also 9 References 10 Additional sources All - time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) In 2008 , for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing songs on the chart over the 50 years , along with the best - performing artists . In 2013 , Billboard revised the rankings for the chart 's 55th anniversary edition . In 2015 , Billboard revised the rankings again . Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57 - year period of the Hot 100 , through October 2015 .",
"2": "Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 song list . Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Single Year ( s ) released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 1 . `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1961 * Chubby Checker # 1 for 3 weeks 2 . `` Smooth '' 1999 Santana featuring Rob Thomas # 1 for 12 weeks 3 . `` Mack the Knife '' 1959 Bobby Darin # 1 for 9 weeks 4 . `` How Do I Live '' 1997 LeAnn Rimes # 2 for 4 weeks 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock # 1 for 6 weeks 6 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 The Black Eyed Peas # 1 for 14 weeks 7 . `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys mix ) '' Los Del Rio # 1 for 14 weeks 8 . `` Physical '' 1981 Olivia Newton - John # 1 for 10 weeks 9 . `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Debby Boone # 1 for 10 weeks 10 . `` Hey Jude '' 1968 The Beatles # 1 for 9 weeks * -- re-released Source : Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist 1 . The Beatles 2 . Madonna 3 . Elton John 4 . Elvis Presley 5 . Mariah Carey 6 . Stevie Wonder 7 . Janet Jackson 8 . Michael Jackson 9 . Whitney Houston 10 .",
"3": "The Rolling Stones Source : Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Number of songs Artist Songs ( ranking ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Say You , Say Me '' ( 89 ) , `` All Night Long '' ( 91 ) Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' ( 20 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) , `` End of the Road '' ( 52 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 23 ) , `` Night Fever '' ( 39 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 56 ) Paul McCartney `` Silly Love Songs '' ( 37 ) , `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 6 ) , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 53 ) The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( 10 ) , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 45 ) Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' ( 11 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' ( 12 ) , `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 79 ) Diana Ross `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Upside Down '' ( 77 ) Andy Gibb `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 27 ) , `` Shadow Dancing '' ( 46 ) Marvin Gaye `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 38 ) , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 81 ) Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Billie Jean '' ( 83 ) Pharrell Williams `` Blurred Lines '' ( 48 ) , `` Happy '' ( 76 ) Elton John `` Candle In the Wind 1997 '' ( 49 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) ,",
"4": "`` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Source : Song milestones Most weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 16 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men `` One Sweet Day '' 1995 -- 96 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 14 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 -- 93 Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' 1994 Los del Río `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys mix ) Elton John `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' 1997 Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 2005 The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2015 13 Boyz II Men `` End of the Road '' Brandy and Monica `` The Boy Is Mine '' 1998 12 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 Eminem `` Lose Yourself '' 2002 -- 03 Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Yeah ! '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 Robin Thicke featuring T.I.",
"5": "and Pharrell `` Blurred Lines '' 2013 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' 2015 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 11 All - 4 - One `` I Swear '' 1994 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' 1997 Destiny 's Child `` Independent Women Part I '' 2000 -- 01 Drake `` God 's Plan '' 2018 10 Debby Boone `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Olivia Newton - John `` Physical '' 1981 -- 82 Santana featuring The Product G&B `` Maria Maria '' 2000 Ashanti `` Foolish '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Dilemma '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Gold Digger '' 2005 Beyoncé `` Irreplaceable '' 2006 -- 07 Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` Low '' 2008 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' 2011 -- 12 Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' 2014 Adele `` Hello '' 2015 -- 16 Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` One Dance '' 2016 Pre-Hot 100 Notes : In 1956 , Elvis Presley 's `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' was number 1 on the `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' charts for 11 weeks . In 1955 , The McGuire Sisters ' `` Sincerely '' was number 1 on the `` Most Played by Jockeys '' chart for 10 weeks . In 1955 , Pérez Prado 's `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' was number 1 on the `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart for 10 weeks .",
"6": "Source : Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) Kept off of number - one by 10 Foreigner `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 1981 -- 82 `` Physical '' ( Olivia Newton - John ) , `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( Hall & Oates ) Missy Elliott `` Work It '' 2002 -- 03 `` Lose Yourself '' ( Eminem ) 9 Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Remix ) '' ( Los del Río ) Shania Twain `` You 're Still the One '' 1998 `` Too Close '' ( Next ) , `` The Boy Is Mine '' ( Brandy and Monica ) 8 Shai `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston ) Deborah Cox `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here '' 1998 -- 99 `` I 'm Your Angel '' ( R. Kelly featuring Celine Dion ) , `` Have You Ever ? '' ( Brandy ) Brian McKnight `` Back at One '' 1999 -- 2000 `` Smooth '' ( Santana featuring Rob Thomas ) Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) , `` Burn '' ( Usher ) Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2015 `` Uptown Funk ! ''",
"7": "( Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ) Source : Most total weeks in the top ten Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 33 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 32 LeAnn Rimes `` How Do I Live '' 1997 -- 98 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 -- 17 31 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 -- 15 30 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 29 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 -- 12 28 Jewel `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' 1997 -- 98 Bruno Mars `` That 's What I Like '' 2017 26 Savage Garden `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 1997 -- 98 25 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1962 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Timbaland featuring OneRepublic `` Apologize '' 2007 -- 08 OneRepublic `` Counting Stars '' 2013 -- 14 Meghan Trainor `` All About That Bass '' 2014 -- 15 Fetty Wap `` Trap Queen '' 2015 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' 2017 -- 18 The total weeks displayed in this section are total weeks the song was charted inside the top 10 portion of the chart , instead of total weeks spent on the chart . Only songs that spent 25 weeks or more in the top 10 are considered for inclusion in this section .",
"8": "Source : Most total weeks on the Hot 100 87 weeks -- Imagine Dragons -- `` Radioactive '' ( 2014 ) 79 weeks -- Awolnation -- `` Sail '' ( 2014 ) 76 weeks -- Jason Mraz -- `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2009 ) 69 weeks -- LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' ( 1998 ) 68 weeks -- LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock -- `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2012 ) , OneRepublic -- `` Counting Stars '' ( 2014 ) 65 weeks -- Jewel -- `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' ( 1998 ) , Adele -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( 2012 ) 64 weeks -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Before He Cheats '' ( 2007 ) 62 weeks -- Lifehouse -- `` You and Me '' ( 2006 ) , The Lumineers -- `` Ho Hey '' ( 2013 ) Note : The year displayed is the year the songs ended their respective chart runs .",
"9": "Source : Number - one debuts Source : Michael Jackson -- `` You Are Not Alone '' ( September 2 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) Whitney Houston -- `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' ( November 25 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men -- `` One Sweet Day '' ( December 2 , 1995 ) Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( June 14 , 1997 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Honey '' ( September 13 , 1997 ) Elton John -- `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( October 11 , 1997 ) Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) Aerosmith -- `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( September 5 , 1998 ) Lauryn Hill -- `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' ( November 14 , 1998 ) Clay Aiken -- `` This Is the Night '' ( June 28 , 2003 ) Fantasia Barrino -- `` I Believe '' ( July 10 , 2004 ) Carrie Underwood -- `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( July 2 , 2005 ) Taylor Hicks -- `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( July 1 , 2006 ) Britney Spears -- `` 3 '' ( October 24 , 2009 ) Eminem -- `` Not Afraid '' ( May 22 , 2010 ) Kesha -- `` We R Who We R '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) Britney Spears -- `` Hold It Against Me '' ( January 29 , 2011 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' ( February 26 , 2011 ) Katy Perry -- `` Part of Me '' ( March 3 , 2012 ) Baauer -- `` Harlem Shake '' ( March 2 , 2013 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' ( September 6 , 2014 ) Justin Bieber -- `` What Do You Mean ? ''",
"10": "( September 19 , 2015 ) Adele -- `` Hello '' ( November 14 , 2015 ) Zayn Malik -- `` Pillowtalk '' ( February 20 , 2016 ) Justin Timberlake -- `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( May 28 , 2016 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` Shape of You '' ( January 28 , 2017 ) DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne -- `` I 'm the One '' ( May 20 , 2017 ) Drake -- `` God 's Plan '' ( February 3 , 2018 ) Drake -- `` Nice for What '' ( April 21 , 2018 ) Since 2009 , at least one song debuted at number one per year . In 1995 , four songs debuted at number one ( a record amount ) . Biggest Jump to number one 97 -- 1 -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 80 -- 1 -- T.I. featuring Rihanna -- `` Live Your Life '' ( October 18 , 2008 ) 78 -- 1 -- Eminem , Dr. Dre and 50 Cent -- `` Crack a Bottle '' ( February 21 , 2009 ) 77 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( September 16 , 2017 ) 72 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' ( September 1 , 2012 ) 71 -- 1 -- T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' ( September 6 , 2008 ) 64 -- 1 -- Maroon 5 -- `` Makes Me Wonder '' ( May 12 , 2007 ) 60 -- 1 -- Rihanna featuring Drake -- `` What 's My Name ? ''",
"11": "( November 20 , 2010 ) 58 -- 1 -- Flo Rida -- `` Right Round '' ( February 28 , 2009 ) Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . From 1955 to 2001 , under Billboard 's previous methodologies , only two singles ascended directly to # 1 from a previous position beneath the Top 20 : The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from # 27 to the top slot in April 1964 , and Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy Is Mine '' which jumped from # 23 to # 1 in June 1998 . Biggest single - Week upward movements 97 -- 1 ( 96 positions ) -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 ( 95 positions ) -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 94 -- 3 ( 91 positions ) -- Beyoncé and Shakira -- `` Beautiful Liar '' ( April 7 , 2007 ) 95 -- 7 ( 88 positions ) -- Akon featuring Eminem -- `` Smack That '' ( October 14 , 2006 ) 97 -- 9 ( 88 positions ) -- Drake featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` Make Me Proud '' ( November 5 , 2011 ) 96 -- 11 ( 85 positions ) -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' ( October 10 , 2009 ) 100 -- 15 ( 85 positions ) -- A.R. Rahman and Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger -- `` Jai Ho !",
"12": "( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( March 14 , 2009 ) 85 -- 2 ( 83 positions ) -- Katy Perry -- `` Roar '' ( August 31 , 2013 ) 86 -- 4 ( 82 positions ) -- Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron -- `` Breaking Free '' ( February 11 , 2006 ) 92 -- 10 ( 82 positions ) -- Nicki Minaj -- `` Chun - Li '' ( April 28 , 2018 ) Under Billboard 's previous methodologies , jumps of this magnitude were rare . One exception was Jeannie C. Riley 's `` Harper Valley PTA , '' which advanced 74 slots in August 1968 ; this upward acceleration went unmatched for 30 years , but has been surpassed over a dozen times since 2006 . Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . Longest climbs to number one 33rd week -- Los del Río -- `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' ( 1995 -- 96 ) 31st week -- Lonestar -- `` Amazed '' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 30th week -- John Legend -- `` All of Me '' ( 2013 -- 14 ) 27th week -- Creed -- `` With Arms Wide Open '' ( 2000 ) 26th week -- Vertical Horizon -- `` Everything You Want '' ( 2000 ) 25th week -- UB40 -- `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1988 ) 23rd week -- Patti Austin and James Ingram -- `` Baby , Come to Me '' ( 1983 ) , Sia featuring Sean Paul -- `` Cheap Thrills '' ( 2016 ) , Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug -- `` Havana '' ( 2017 -- 18 ) 22nd week -- Vangelis -- `` Chariots of Fire '' ( 1982 ) , Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis -- `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 -- 09 ) 21st week -- Nick Gilder -- `` Hot Child in the City '' ( 1978 ) , Robert John -- `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1979 ) ,",
"13": "Outkast -- `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Adele -- `` Set Fire to the Rain '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) Biggest drop from number one 1 -- 15 -- Billy Preston -- `` Nothing from Nothing '' ( October 26 , 1974 ) 1 -- 15 -- Dionne Warwicke and The Spinners -- `` Then Came You '' ( November 2 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Simon & Garfunkel -- `` The Sound of Silence '' ( January 29 , 1966 ) 1 -- 12 -- Barry White -- `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( September 28 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Andy Kim -- `` Rock Me Gently '' ( October 5 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Stevie Wonder -- `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' ( November 9 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' ( November 16 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- John Lennon and Plastic Ono Band -- `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( November 23 , 1974 ) 1 -- 11 -- Diana Ross -- `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( January 31 , 1976 ) 1 -- 10 -- Phil Collins -- `` Two Hearts '' ( February 4 , 1989 ) Source : Biggest single - week downward movements 17 -- 96 ( 79 positions ) -- Javier Colon -- `` Stitch by Stitch '' ( July 23 , 2011 ) 21 -- 99 ( 78 positions ) -- Jordan Smith -- `` Somebody to Love '' ( January 2 , 2016 ) 16 -- 93 ( 77 positions ) -- 5 Seconds of Summer -- `` Amnesia '' ( July 26 , 2014 ) 17 -- 92 ( 75 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Die in Your Arms '' ( June 23 , 2012 ) 23 -- 96 ( 73 positions ) -- Colbie Caillat -- `` I Do '' ( March 5 ,",
"14": "2011 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Never Let You Go '' ( March 27 , 2010 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Glee Cast -- `` Empire State of Mind '' ( October 16 , 2010 ) 16 -- 89 ( 73 positions ) -- Jonas Brothers -- `` Pushin ' Me Away '' ( August 9 , 2008 ) 13 -- 86 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- `` Hallelujah '' ( February 20 , 2010 ) 20 -- 92 ( 72 positions ) -- The Beatles -- `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( June 5 , 1982 ) Source : Biggest drops off the Hot 100 From # 4 -- Prince and The Revolution -- `` Purple Rain '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 8 -- Prince -- `` When Doves Cry '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 9 -- Soko -- `` We Might Be Dead by Tomorrow '' ( April 5 , 2014 ) From # 11 -- Jonas Brothers -- `` A Little Bit Longer '' ( August 30 , 2008 ) , Taylor Swift -- `` Mean '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) , One Direction -- `` Diana '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) , Mariah Carey -- `` All I Want for Christmas is You '' ( January 16 , 2016 ) † † From # 12 -- Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' * ( November 29 , 2008 ) , Lady Gaga -- `` Hair '' ( June 11 , 2011 ) , One Direction -- `` Midnight Memories '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) † -- `` Purple Rain '' and `` When Doves Cry '' reappeared on the Hot 100 for two weeks in 2016 , and the above reflects their re-entries only . When the songs originally charted in 1984 , their chart positions in their final week on the Hot 100 were well below the top 10 . † † -- A recurring holiday song charting during the Christmas season .",
"15": "* -- `` You Belong with Me '' later re-entered the Hot 100 as a single in 2009 to reach a peak of # 2 . The recurring song 's final week on the Hot 100 was in 2010 , when it was low as possible on the chart . Prior to 2008 , the biggest drop off the Hot 100 was `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues , which ranked at # 17 in its final week on the chart in December 1972 . This high drop - off position was matched in January 1975 by `` Junior 's Farm '' by Paul McCartney and Wings . The record went unchallenged for more than three decades , but every title listed above achieved its drop - off after just four weeks or less on the Hot 100 . `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Junior 's Farm '' dropped off after 18 and 12 weeks , respectively . Source : Number - one songs covered by different artists `` Go Away Little Girl '' -- Steve Lawrence ( 1963 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1971 ) `` The Loco - Motion '' -- Little Eva ( 1962 ) and Grand Funk ( 1974 ) `` Please Mr. Postman '' -- The Marvelettes ( 1961 ) and The Carpenters ( 1975 ) `` Venus '' -- Shocking Blue ( 1970 ) and Bananarama ( 1986 ) `` Lean on Me '' -- Bill Withers ( 1972 ) and Club Nouveau ( 1987 ) `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' -- The Supremes ( 1966 ) and Kim Wilde ( 1987 ) `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' -- Percy Sledge ( 1966 ) and Michael Bolton ( 1991 ) `` I 'll Be There '' -- The Jackson 5 ( 1970 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1992 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle ( 1975 ) and Christina Aguilera / Lil ' Kim / Mýa / Pink ( 2001 ) Source : Non-English language number - ones `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno ( Italian -- August 18 ,",
"16": "1958 for five non-consecutive weeks ) `` Sukiyaki '' -- Kyu Sakamoto ( Japanese -- June 15 , 1963 for three weeks ) `` Dominique '' -- The Singing Nun ( French -- December 7 , 1963 for four weeks ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( English / German -- March 29 , 1986 for three weeks ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- August 29 , 1987 for three weeks ) `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río ( English / Spanish -- August 3 , 1996 for fourteen weeks ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( English / Spanish -- May 27 , 2017 for sixteen weeks ) Instrumental number - ones `` The Happy Organ '' -- Dave `` Baby '' Cortez ( May 11 , 1959 for one week ) `` Sleep Walk '' -- Santo & Johnny ( September 21 , 1959 for two weeks ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith ( February 22 , 1960 for nine weeks ) `` Wonderland by Night '' -- Bert Kaempfert ( January 9 , 1961 for three weeks ) `` Calcutta '' -- Lawrence Welk ( February 13 , 1961 for two weeks ) `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr.",
"17": "Acker Bilk ( May 26 , 1962 for one week ) `` The Stripper '' -- David Rose ( July 7 , 1962 for one week ) `` Telstar '' -- The Tornados ( December 22 , 1962 for three weeks ) `` Love Is Blue '' -- Paul Mauriat ( February 10 , 1968 for five weeks ) `` Grazing in the Grass '' -- Hugh Masekela ( July 20 , 1968 for two weeks ) `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' -- Henry Mancini ( July 28 , 1969 for two weeks ) `` Frankenstein '' -- The Edgar Winter Group ( May 26 , 1973 for one week ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Love Unlimited Orchestra ( February 9 , 1974 for one week ) `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' -- MFSB and The Three Degrees † ( April 20 , 1974 for two weeks ) `` Pick Up the Pieces '' -- Average White Band † ( February 22 , 1975 for one week ) `` The Hustle '' -- Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony † ( July 26 , 1975 for one week ) `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' -- Silver Convention † ( November 29 , 1975 for three weeks ) `` Theme from S.W.A.T. '' -- Rhythm Heritage ( February 28 , 1976 for one week ) `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' -- Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ( October 9 , 1976 for one week ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- Bill Conti † ( July 2 , 1977 for one week ) `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' -- Meco ( October 1 , 1977 for two weeks ) `` Rise '' -- Herb Alpert ( October 20 , 1979 for two weeks ) `` Chariots of Fire '' -- Vangelis ( May 8 , 1982 for one week ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- Jan Hammer ( November 9 , 1985 for one week ) `` Harlem Shake '' -- Baauer † ( March 2 , 2013 for five weeks ) † -- Contains vocal part , but is considered an instrumental .",
"18": "See Instrumental # Borderline cases for more . Artist achievements Most number - one singles Number of singles Artist Biggest number - one 20 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 18 Elvis Presley † `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 14 Rihanna `` We Found Love '' 13 Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) 12 The Supremes `` Love Child '' Madonna `` Like a Virgin '' 11 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) Janet Jackson `` Miss You Much '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . The biggest number - one listed by each artist reflects its overall performance on the Hot 100 , as calculated by Billboard , and may not necessarily be the single which spent the most weeks at # 1 for the artist , such as Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for `` Take a Bow '' ) , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' ( fourteen weeks at # 1 , compared to sixteen for her duet with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' ) and Michael Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say Say Say '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for both his solo singles `` Billie Jean '' and `` Black or White '' ) . Billboard now credits the dual # 1 Presley single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' as a single chart entity , and credits Presley with 17 number one singles . `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' spent 11 weeks at # 1 , `` Hound Dog '' for 6 weeks , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' for 5 weeks . Many chart statisticians however , such as Joel Whitburn still lists Presley as having 18 number ones .",
"19": "Source : Most cumulative weeks at number one Weeks at number one Artist 79 Elvis Presley † Mariah Carey 60 Rihanna 59 The Beatles 50 Boyz II Men 47 Usher 41 Beyoncé 37 Michael Jackson 34 Elton John 33 Janet Jackson Katy Perry Drake † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Presley is sometimes credited with an `` 80th week '' that occurred when `` All Shook Up '' spent a ninth week on top of the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' chart . Although Billboard 's chart statistician Joel Whitburn still counts this 80th week based on preexisting research , Billboard magazine itself has since revised its methodology and officially credits Presley with 79 weeks . Much of Presley 's total factors in pre-Hot 100 data . If counting from the August 1958 Hot 100 inception , Presley totaled 22 weeks at # 1 . Source : Most consecutive number - one singles Number of singles Artist First hit and date Final hit and date Streak - breaking song 7 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( October 26 , 1985 ) `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( April 23 , 1988 ) `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( # 9 -- August 27 , 1988 ) 6 The Beatles `` I Feel Fine '' ( December 26 , 1964 ) `` We Can Work It Out '' ( January 8 , 1966 ) `` Nowhere Man '' ( # 3 -- March 26 , 1966 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) `` Love You Inside Out '' ( June 9 , 1979 ) `` He 's A Liar '' ( # 30 -- October 24 , 1981 ) 5 Elvis Presley `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' ( August 10 , 1959 ) `` Surrender '' ( March 20 ,",
"20": "1961 ) `` I Feel So Bad '' ( # 5 -- May 1961 ) The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( June 12 , 1965 ) `` Nothing but Heartaches '' ( # 11 -- September 4 , 1965 ) Michael Jackson `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( with Siedah Garrett ) ( September 19 , 1987 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( July 2 , 1988 ) `` Another Part of Me '' ( # 11 -- September 10 , 1988 ) Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Emotions '' ( October 12 , 1991 ) `` Ca n't Let Go '' ( # 2 -- January 25 , 1992 ) `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) `` My All '' ( May 23 , 1998 ) `` When You Believe '' ( with Whitney Houston ) ( # 15 -- January 30 , 1999 ) Katy Perry `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) ( June 19 , 2010 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( August 17 , 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( # 3 -- January 7 , 2012 ) Houston 's `` Thinking About You '' is not counted as intrerupting the streak , as it never appeared on the Hot 100 , due to not being released to Pop radio . Likewise , Perry 's `` Not Like the Movies '' and `` Circle the Drain '' were only promotional singles , not radio singles . Sources : Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 Number of weeks Artist Year ( s ) charted Singles Albums 12 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Meet the Beatles !",
"21": ", The Beatles ' Second Album Whitney Houston 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album 7 Michael Jackson `` Billie Jean '' Thriller Drake 2016 `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) Views The Monkees 1966 -- 67 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees , More of the Monkees Sources : Most consecutive years charting a number - one single Number of years Artist First number - one hit and week Final number - one hit and final week 11 Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Thank God I Found You '' ( February 19 , 2000 ) 7 Elvis Presley † `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( March 17 , 1956 ) `` Good Luck Charm '' ( April 28 , 1962 ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( February 1 , 1964 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( June 20 , 1970 ) 6 The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( December 27 , 1969 ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( August 15 , 1981 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' ( January 11 , 1986 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Artist Year charted Singles 6 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Love Me Do '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 1965 `` I Feel Fine '' `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` Help ! ''",
"22": "`` Yesterday '' Elvis Presley † 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' The Supremes 1965 `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' Jackson 5 1970 `` I Want You Back '' `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` I 'll Be There '' George Michael 1988 `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' Usher `` Yeah ! '' ( featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` My Boo '' ( Duet with Alicia Keys ) Rihanna `` Rude Boy '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts . Chart notes : If counting Presley 's dual hit song `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' separately then Elvis has 5 for 1956 . Some Presley songs included here charted # 1 on Cashbox , but not on the Billboard Top 100 , the precursor to the Billboard Hot 100 . Sources : Most top 10 singles Number of singles Artist Source 38 Madonna 36 † Elvis Presley 34 The Beatles 31 Rihanna 29 Michael Jackson 28 Stevie Wonder Mariah Carey 27 Elton John Janet Jackson 25 Drake † This total includes Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Elvis Presley 's total for the Hot 100 top 10 singles is 25 .",
"23": "Most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 Number of weeks Artist Years charted Singles 69 Katy Perry 2010 -- 11 `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Teenage Dream '' `` Firework '' `` E.T. '' ( featuring Kanye West ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' 61 The Chainsmokers 2016 -- 17 `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( featuring Daya ) `` Closer '' ( featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( with Coldplay ) 51 Drake 2015 -- 16 `` Hotline Bling '' `` Work '' ( Rihanna featuring Drake ) `` Summer Sixteen '' `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) 48 Ace of Base 1993 -- 94 `` All That She Wants '' `` The Sign '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' 46 Rihanna 2010 -- 11 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` S&M '' Source : Most top 40 singles 80 -- Elvis Presley † 71 -- Drake , Lil Wayne 57 -- Elton John 55 -- Taylor Swift 51 -- Glee Cast 50 -- The Beatles , Rihanna 49 -- Madonna 48 -- Jay - Z Sources : Note : † If his career before the Hot 100 inception is included , Presley is credited with 114 Top 40 entries . Most Hot 100 entries 207 -- Glee Cast 162 -- Drake 137 -- Lil Wayne 108 -- Elvis Presley 97 -- Jay - Z 91 -- James Brown 90 -- Chris Brown 87 -- Nicki Minaj 81 -- Kanye West 76 -- Taylor Swift Source : Notes : Elvis Presley 's career predated the inception of the Hot 100 by two years . He has charted 149 singles on Billboard if tracking his entire career .",
"24": "Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 431 -- Drake 326 -- Lil Wayne 216 -- Rihanna 207 -- Nicki Minaj 161 -- Chris Brown 159 -- Jay - Z 152 -- Nelly 141 -- Kenny Chesney 139 -- Destiny 's Child 139 -- Taylor Swift 139 -- Katy Perry Source : Self - replacement at number one The Beatles † -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' → `` She Loves You '' ( March 21 , 1964 ) ; `` She Loves You '' → `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( April 4 , 1964 ) Boyz II Men -- `` I 'll Make Love to You '' → `` On Bended Knee '' ( December 3 , 1994 ) Puff Daddy -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) → `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) ( August 30 , 1997 ) Ja Rule -- `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) → `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) ( March 9 , 2002 ) Nelly -- `` Hot in Herre '' → `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland ) ( August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' → `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) ( February 14 , 2004 ) Usher -- `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) → `` Burn '' ( May 22 , 2004 ) ; `` Burn '' → `` Confessions Part II '' ( July 24 , 2004 ) T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I.",
"25": "featuring Rihanna ) ( October 18 , 2008 ) ; `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( November 15 , 2008 ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` Boom Boom Pow '' → `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( July 11 , 2009 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' → `` Blank Space '' ( November 29 , 2014 ) The Weeknd -- `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' → `` The Hills '' ( October 3 , 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Sorry '' → `` Love Yourself '' ( February 13 , 2016 ) ; `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) → `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) Drake -- `` God 's Plan '' → `` Nice for What '' ( April 21 , 2018 ) † The Beatles are the only act in history to have three consecutive , self - replacing # 1s . Source : Simultaneously occupying the top two positions Elvis Presley : October 20 -- November 3 , 1956 ( Pre-Hot 100 charts ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles : From February 22 , 1964 until April 25 , 1964 the Beatles held the top two positions , with various singles . In some of the weeks , the band held the top three or top four slots , the only act in chart history to do so . On April 4 , 1964 , The Beatles occupied the entire top five .",
"26": "`` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` She Loves You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` Please Please Me '' Bee Gees : March 18 -- April 15 , 1978 `` Night Fever '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Puff Daddy : August 9 -- 30 , 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) Ja Rule : March 9 -- 23 , 2002 `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) Ashanti : April 20 -- May 18 , 2002 `` Foolish '' `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) Nelly : August 10 -- 31 , 2002 `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland , songs switched positions on August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast : December 20 , 2003 -- February 7 , 2004 `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) Usher : June 26 -- July 3 , 2004 ; July 17 , 2004 `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' 50 Cent : April 16 -- 30 , 2005 `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) Mariah Carey : September 10 , 2005 `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' Akon : December 2 , 2006 `` I Wanna Love You '' ( Akon featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Smack That '' ( Akon featuring Eminem ) April 14 , 2007 `` Do n't Matter '' `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) T.I. : October 18 , 2008 ; November 1 -- 29 , 2008 `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I.",
"27": "featuring Rihanna ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( songs switched positions several times ) Black Eyed Peas : June 27 -- July 18 , 2009 `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( songs switched positions on July 11 , 2009 ) Pharrell Williams : June 29 -- July 27 , 2013 `` Blurred Lines '' ( Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell ) `` Get Lucky '' ( Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams ) Iggy Azalea : June 7 -- July 5 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) The Weeknd : September 26 , 2015 `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` The Hills '' Justin Bieber : February 6 -- 13 , 2016 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' ( songs switched positions on February 13 , 2016 ) July 1 -- 22 , 2017 `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne ) Drake : April 21 -- 28 , 2018 `` Nice for What '' `` God 's Plan '' Simultaneously three or more singles in the Top 10 The Beatles : February 29 -- May 2 , 1964 ( Note : The Beatles had as many as five in the top ten April 4 -- 11 , 1964 ) `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Please Please Me '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' The Bee Gees : February 25 -- March 4 , 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Night Fever '' Ashanti : March 30 -- April 6 , 2002 `` Always On Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) `` What 's Luv ? ''",
"28": "( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) `` Foolish '' 50 Cent : May 31 -- June 7 , 2003 `` In Da Club '' `` 21 Questions '' ( 50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg ) `` Magic Stick '' ( Lil ' Kim featuring 50 Cent ) February 19 -- April 30 , 2005 ; May 14 -- 21 , 2005 ( Note : 50 Cent had as many as four in the top ten April 2 -- 9 , 2005 ) `` Disco Inferno '' `` How We Do '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Just a Lil Bit '' Usher : June 5 -- July 10 , 2004 `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' Akon : May 5 , 2007 and May 19 , 2007 `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) `` Do n't Matter '' `` I Tried '' ( Bone Thugs - n - Harmony featuring Akon ) T - Pain : November 3 -- December 29 , 2007 ( Note : All four titles below were in the top ten November 24 -- December 8 , 2007 ) `` Good Life '' ( Kanye West featuring T - Pain ) `` Cyclone '' ( Baby Bash featuring T - Pain ) `` Kiss Kiss '' ( Chris Brown featuring T - Pain ) `` Low '' ( Flo Rida featuring T - Pain ) Chris Brown : April 5 , 2008 and May 10 , 2008 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten on both charts ) `` With You '' `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) `` Shawty Get Loose '' ( Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown & T - Pain ) `` Forever '' Lil Wayne : September 27 , 2008 `` Got Money '' ( Lil Wayne featuring T - Pain ) `` Ca n't Believe It '' ( T - Pain featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Swagga Like Us '' ( Jay - Z & T.I.",
"29": "featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne ) Adele : March 3 , 2012 `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Iggy Azalea : August 30 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Black Widow '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora ) Ariana Grande : August 30 , 2014 `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) `` Break Free '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Zedd ) Justin Bieber : December 5 , 2015 -- February 6 , 2016 `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' The Chainsmokers : March 18 , 2017 `` Closer '' ( The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( The Chainsmokers and Coldplay ) Cardi B : January 6 -- 27 , 2018 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten January 6 -- 27 , 2018 ) `` No Limit '' ( G - Eazy featuring ASAP Rocky & Cardi B) `` MotorSport '' ( Migos , Nicki Minaj & Cardi B) `` Bodak Yellow ( Money Moves ) '' `` Finesse '' ( Bruno Mars & Cardi B) Drake : April 14 -- 28 , 2018 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten for each of the weeks mentioned ) `` God 's Plan '' `` Look Alive '' ( BlocBoy JB featuring Drake ) `` Walk It Talk It '' ( Migos featuring Drake ) `` Nice for What '' Posthumous number - ones Otis Redding ( d . December 10 , 1967 ) -- `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( March 16 , 1968 ) Janis Joplin ( d .",
"30": "October 4 , 1970 ) -- `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( March 20 , 1971 ) Jim Croce ( d . September 20 , 1973 ) -- `` Time in a Bottle '' ( December 29 , 1973 ) John Lennon ( d . December 8 , 1980 ) -- `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( December 27 , 1980 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d . March 9 , 1997 ) -- `` Hypnotize '' ( May 3 , 1997 ) and `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( August 30 , 1997 ) Soulja Slim ( d . November 26 , 2003 ) -- `` Slow Motion '' ( Juvenile featuring Soulja Slim ) ( August 7 , 2004 ) Static Major ( d . February 25 , 2008 ) -- `` Lollipop '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Static Major ) ( May 3 , 2008 ) Source : Age records Louis Armstrong ( age 62 years , 279 days ) is the oldest artist to top the Hot 100 . He set that record with `` Hello , Dolly ! '' on May 9 , 1964 . Cher ( age 52 years , 297 days ) is the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 . She set the record with `` Believe '' on March 13 , 1999 . The previous record holder was Grace Slick of Starship , who was 47 years , 156 days old when their hit `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' began its two - week reign on April 4 , 1987 . Michael Jackson ( age 11 years , 155 days ) is the youngest artist to top the Hot 100 . He achieved the record , as part of the Jackson 5 , with `` I Want You Back '' on January 31 , 1970 . Stevie Wonder ( age 13 years , 89 days ) is the youngest solo artist to top the Hot 100 . He set the record with `` Fingertips Pt. 2 '' on August 10 , 1963 . Little Peggy March ( age 15 years , 50 days ) is the youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 .",
"31": "The song which established this record for her was `` I Will Follow Him '' , which reached # 1 on April 27 , 1963 . Fred Stobaugh ( age 96 years , 23 days ) is the oldest living artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He was featured on the Green Shoe Studio song `` Oh Sweet Lorriane '' , which ranked at # 42 on September 14 , 2013 . The previous record was held by Tony Bennett , who was 85 years , 59 days old when his song `` Body and Soul '' , a duet with Amy Winehouse , ranked at # 87 on October 1 , 2011 . French - born Jordy Lemoine ( age 5 years , 156 days ) is the youngest artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He established the record when his song `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! ( It 's Tough to Be a Baby ) '' , where he is credited simply as Jordy , entered the chart on June 19 , 1993 . Asahd Khaled ( age 132 days ) is the youngest producer to chart on the Hot 100 , as an executive producer for the album `` Grateful '' by DJ Khaled . The album 's first single `` Shining '' featuring Jay - Z and Beyoncé entered the Hot 100 at # 62 on March 4 , 2017 . He also became the youngest producer to earn a Hot 100 # 1 ( age 209 days ) when the album 's second single , `` I 'm The One '' featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne , debuted atop the chart dated May 20 , 2017 . Gap Records The longest gap between # 1 hits on the Hot 100 for an artist is 24 years , 355 days by Cher . Her single `` Believe '' hit # 1 on March 13 , 1999 , her first time on top since `` Dark Lady '' on March 23 , 1974 . Cher also holds the record gap between first and most recent # 1 on the Hot 100 over the longest period of time : 33 years , 232 days .",
"32": "The first of three weeks at # 1 for `` I Got You Babe '' by Sonny & Cher was August 14 , 1965 . The last week at # 1 for Cher 's `` Believe '' was April 3 , 1999 . The record for the longest wait from an artist 's Hot 100 debut entry to its first # 1 belongs to Santana , with 30 years between the time he first cracked the Hot 100 with `` Jingo '' ( October 25 , 1969 ) and the first of 12 weeks at # 1 with `` Smooth , '' featuring Rob Thomas ( October 23 , 1999 ) . When the Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse duet `` Body and Soul '' debuted at # 87 for the week of October 1 , 2011 , Bennett became the artist with the longest overall span of singles on the Hot 100 -- 53 years , 58 days on account of his single `` Young and Warm and Wonderful '' which appeared at # 59 on the very first edition of the Hot 100 , dated August 4 , 1958 . Album achievements Most number - one singles from one album Number of Singles Artist Album Year 5 Michael Jackson Bad Katy Perry Teenage Dream Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Whitney Houston Whitney George Michael Faith Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Usher Confessions Source : Saturday Night Fever generated number - one singles for two different artists : `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' by the Bee Gees ; and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman . Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was a reissue of the Teenage Dream album , and featured an additional single , `` Part Of Me '' , which peaked at Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 . This brings her actual total to six . However , this does not count since the single comes from a reissue of the album and not the original release .",
"33": "Most Top ten singles from one album Number of singles Artist Album Year 7 Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 6 Michael Jackson Bad George Michael Faith Janet Jackson Janet . Katy Perry Teenage Dream 5 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Janet Jackson Control 1986 Genesis Invisible Touch Madonna True Blue Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Whitney Houston Whitney Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Bobby Brown Do n't Be Cruel New Kids on the Block Hangin ' Tough Bon Jovi New Jersey Milli Vanilli Girl You Know It 's True 1989 Various artists † Waiting to Exhale 1995 Usher Confessions Fergie The Dutchess 2006 The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D. 2009 Taylor Swift 1989 2014 Source : † Waiting to Exhale generated top ten singles for five different artists : `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' and `` Count on Me '' by Whitney Houston ( the latter with CeCe Winans ) , `` Not Gon ' Cry '' by Mary J. Blige , `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' by Brandy , and `` Let It Flow '' by Toni Braxton . Other album achievements Janet Jackson 's Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 has the most top 5 singles , with 7 . Janet Jackson has the most albums with five or more Top 10 hits . Those albums are Control , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 , and janet . Drake 's More Life places a record - breaking 22 entries to the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , on the April 8 , 2017 chart , eclipsing his previous record of 18 from his album Views less than one year earlier , on May 21 , 2016 . NOTE : Numbers listed here are , per Billboard 's rules , over one release .",
"34": "Producer achievements Producers with the most number - one singles Number of singles Producer ( s ) Best known producing for Biggest number - one hit and date 23 George Martin The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 22 Max Martin Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 16 Steve Sholes † Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' ( August 18 , 1956 ) Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis Janet Jackson `` Miss You Much '' ( October 7 , 1989 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) 14 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Songwriter achievements Songwriters with the Most number - one singles Number of singles Songwriter Best known writing for Biggest number - one hit and date 32 Paul McCartney The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 26 John Lennon 22 Max Martin Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 17 Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) 16 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Dr.",
"35": "Luke Katy Perry , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Songwriter ( s ) Year Number - one hits ( in chronological order ) 7 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1964 The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' † , `` She Loves You '' † , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' † , `` Love Me Do '' Peter and Gordon -- `` A World Without Love '' The Beatles -- `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' † † † Barry Gibb † † 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' † Andy Gibb -- `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' † Bee Gees -- `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' Frankie Valli -- `` Grease '' 5 Lamont Dozier Brian Holland Eddie Holland 1965 The Supremes -- `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , `` Back in My Arms Again '' † Four Tops -- `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' † The Supremes -- `` I Hear a Symphony '' John Lennon † † † Paul McCartney † † † 1965 The Beatles -- `` I Feel Fine '' , `` Eight Days a Week '' , `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Help ! '' , `` Yesterday '' † † † Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' † Chronologically sequential , replacing each other at # 1 † † Holds all - time record of writing the most consecutively charted ( self - replacing ) # 1 songs on the Hot 100 , with 4 .",
"36": "† † † Hold all - time record of writing the most consecutive # 1 A-side singles , with 6 . Record includes these five 1965 A-sides and `` We Can Work It Out '' , which hit # 1 in January 1966 . Source : Selected additional Hot 100 achievements The first # 1 song on the Hot 100 was `` Poor Little Fool '' by Ricky Nelson ( August 4 , 1958 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard incorporated sales and airplay data from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn ( November 30 , 1991 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard allowed songs without a commercial single release to chart on the Hot 100 was `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Céline Dion ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Though the song was making its first appearance on the Hot 100 that week , Billboard did not consider it a debut at # 1 , since it appeared on unpublished test charts prior to the allowance of airplay - only songs on the main chart . `` I 'm Your Angel '' also entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart that week at # 1 , so it would have been ineligible to chart on the Hot 100 before then . The first `` airplay - only '' song to reach # 1 ( no points from a commercial single release ) was `` Try Again '' by Aaliyah ( June 17 , 2000 ) . Drake holds the record for the most entries in the Hot 100 during a one - week period , with 24 on the April 8 , 2017 chart . The Beatles had long held this record , occupying 14 positions on the Hot 100 dated April 11 , 1964 , a feat unmatched for nearly 51 years . On March 7 , 2015 , Drake tied the Beatles mark , and he equaled it again on October 17 that year . Justin Bieber then reset the record to 17 on December 5 , 2015 , before Drake reclaimed the record with 20 on May 21 , 2016 .",
"37": "Drake also holds the record for the most debuting entries on a Hot 100 chart by any artist , with 21 on April 8 , 2017 . Cardi B is the record - holder among female artists for the most simultaneous entries in the Hot 100 , with 13 on the April 21 , 2018 chart . The Beatles are the only artists to simultaneously hold the top 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 albums chart . They achieved this feat for nine consecutive weeks , from February 29 , 1964 , to April 25 , 1964 . For the first five weeks of that run , through March 28 , 1964 , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles ( which swapped positions during March 1964 ) , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles held the top 2 spots on the albums charts . For the remaining weeks of the run , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' and their cover of `` Twist and Shout '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles continued their reign as the top 2 albums . Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , John Lennon , and Paul McCartney hold the record of writing all of the Top 3 singles for one week . The Gibbs co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 18 , 1978 -- # 1 `` Night Fever '' and # 2 `` Stayin ' Alive '' for the Bee Gees , and # 3 `` Emotion '' for Samantha Sang . Lennon and McCartney co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 14 , 1964 -- # 1 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , # 2 `` She Loves You '' , and # 3 `` Please Please Me '' , all for The Beatles . They continued this record the following week of March 21 , 1964 , when `` She Loves You '' switched places with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Black Eyed Peas hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time at # 1 on the Hot 100 , a total of 26 consecutive weeks from April to October 2009 .",
"38": "`` Boom Boom Pow '' spent the first 12 weeks on top , with `` I Gotta Feeling '' taking over for the remaining 14 weeks . Prior to August 2009 , Usher held this record , spending 19 consecutive weeks on top of the chart in 2004 with `` Yeah ! '' ( 12 weeks at # 1 ) and `` Burn '' ( first 7 of its 8 total weeks at # 1 ) . Taylor Swift holds the all - time record for most top ten debuts on the Hot 100 , with 14 . On December 4 , 2010 , Rihanna 's `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' reached the top spot two weeks after `` What 's My Name ? '' , becoming the first time in Hot 100 history that an album 's debut single hit # 1 after the second single did . Ed Sheeran became the first artist to debut more than one song in the top 10 for the same week . On the chart dated January 28 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' debuted at # 1 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at # 6 . Drake is the only other artist to have achieved this feat , doing so on April 8 , 2017 . and again on February 3 , 2018 . Drake is the only artist to have two debuts in the top 10 on two separate occasions . Drake is the only artist to have a number - one debut replace another number - one debut . He did this April 21 , 2018 , when `` Nice For What '' replaced `` God 's Plan '' at the summit , after the latter had spent eleven weeks on top . Drake holds the record for being on the Hot 100 for the most consecutive weeks . He placed at least one song , either in a lead or featured role , on every chart from his debut on May 23 , 2009 , to August 19 , 2017 , for a total of 431 weeks in a row . See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S.",
"39": "List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Find Out The Top Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . This contains the heading of the article only , no charts . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart : 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary Central '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hot 100 Songs & Artists of All Time : Chubby Checker 's ' The Twist ' & The Beatles Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Artists '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1s '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Fred Bronson . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars Notch 10th Week Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ( Hot 100 preview : Mar.",
"40": "21 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 6 November 1996 ) . `` First Look : The No. 1 That Got Away '' . People . 46 ( 19 ) : 137 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Call it a case of bad timing . Were it not for the Macarena , Donna Lewis would have had the top - ranked song in the US for nine straight weeks beginning in late August . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of May 2 , 1998 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 2 , 1998 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Letkemann , Jessica ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest No. 2 Hits Ever : The Top 40 Hot 100 Tunes To Not Hit No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ronson , Bruno Mars Top Hot 100 , Maroon 5 Debuts at No. 8 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Closer ' Ties Record for Most Weeks in Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Breaks Record for Most Weeks in Billboard Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Global Media . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Imagine Dragons ' ' Radioactive ' Ends Record Billboard Hot 100 Run '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the 30 Songs That Have Debuted at No.",
"41": "1 on the Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Billboard Music . 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( Jan 28 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Maintains No. 1 Album While Britney Spears Zooms to No. 1 on the Hot 100 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. 's ' Paper Trail ' Leads To No. 1 On The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Bottle ' Breaks Digital Record '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift Scores First - Ever No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With ' Never ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Sets New Record With Hot 100 No. 1 Jump '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' What 's My Name ? ' Rockets to No.",
"42": "1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Flo Rida Topples Single - Week Download Mark '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 7 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 25 , 2008 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of April 7 , 2007 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 14 , 2006 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Adele 's ' Someone Like You ' Holds No. 1 on Hot 100 for Fifth Week ; Rihanna , Drake on the Rise '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 10 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of March 14 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke No. 1 , Katy Perry No. 2 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 11 , 2006 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Holds Atop Billboard Hot 100 , Nicki Minaj 's ' Chun - Li ' Vaults to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of August 31 , 1968 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( Aug 4 , 2009 ) . `` Backwards Bullets : This Week In Charts 1996 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` John Legend 's ' All Of Me ' Tops Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Debuts At No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1998 ) . Billboard Top 10 Charts 1958 -- 1997 . Menomonee Falls , WI , USA : Record Research . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 127 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of July 23 , 2011 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of January 2 , 2016 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of July 26 , 2014 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of June 23 , 2012 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of March 5 , 2011 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of March 27 , 2010 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 16 , 2010 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of August 9 , 2008 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 20 , 2010 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 . Billboard . June 5 , 1982 . p. 68 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Records About Records '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga 's Biggest Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( August 30 , 2008 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( November 13 , 2010 ) '' . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 .",
"45": "^ Jump up to : `` US Singles Top 100 ( December 14 , 2013 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( January 16 , 2016 ) '' . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( November 29 , 2008 ) '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( June 11 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Originals and Covers Both that hit Number One '' . Billboard . Retro Hits. 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Me : Same Songs to Hit No. 1 By Two Different Artists '' . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hound Dog ( song ) # Elvis Presley 's version ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Do n't Be Cruel Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Top 40 Girl Group Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Madonna 's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Janet Jackson 's Biggest Billboard Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 3 April 2008 ) . `` Chart Beat : Fred discusses chart action on Mariah Carey / Madonna / Elvis Presley , James Brown , Fantasia and more ! '' . billboard.com . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved 14 March 2018 .",
"46": "Elvis collected his 17th No. 1 in November 1969 when `` Suspicious Minds '' became the final Hot 100 chart - topper of his career . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Staff ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary By The Numbers : Top 100 Artists , Most No. 1s , Biggest No. 2s , & More '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elvis 's Top 40 Hits '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Beatles discography # Singles Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Passes Bruno Mars for Most Weeks at No. 1 on Hot 100 Among Male Artists This Decade '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` How Katy Perry 's Hot 100 Record Stacks - Up Against The Beatles , Elvis , Michael , Mariah & Whitney Summit '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees Biography The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes Biography The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry Ties Michael Jackson 's Historic Hot 100 Record Summit '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 .",
"47": "^ Jump up to : `` Mariah Carey Biography -- Made Chart - Topping Entrance , Mixed Musical Styles , Life Took a Turn , Selected works -- Album , Single , Columbia , and Artist -- JRank Articles '' . Biography.jrank.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2007 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2006 . Record Research . pp. 669 -- 674 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 172 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' One Dance ' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Eighth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs 2000 '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` The 7 Billboard Hot 100 Milestones That Will ( Probably ) Never Be Broken '' . UPROXX Music . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Aerosmith Ascends To No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Number One Trivia : Artist With The Most # 1 's In The Same Calendar Year '' . Billboard . Retro Hits. 2000 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . `` Billboard Hot 100 : Week of January 02 , 1988 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 3 April 2008 ) . `` Chart Beat : Fred discusses chart action on Mariah Carey / Madonna / Elvis Presley , James Brown , Fantasia and more ! '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Until this week , Presley and Madonna were tied with 36 top 10 hits in the rock era , the highest total for any artist . The 68 - 3 rocket ride of `` 4 Minutes '' ( Warner Bros . ) gives Madonna her 37th top 10 hit , putting her in first place all by herself . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Billboard Hot 100 , as ' Nice for What ' Debuts at No. 1 , Replacing ' God 's Plan ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' Hits Hot 100 's Top 10 for First Time , ' Perfect ' Still No. 1 '' . billboard.com . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Hold Atop Hot 100 , Shawn Mendes Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Halsey Lead Hot 100 & Rihanna Returns to Top 10 , Fueled by VMAs Gains '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drake & Rihanna 's ' Too Good ' Hits New Heights on Hot 100 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Tops Hot 100 ; Drake Debuts Two in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 .",
"49": "Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Taylor Swift Tallies 55th Top 40 Hit With ' End Game ' '' . billboard.com . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Rihanna Earns 50th Top 40 Billboard Hot 100 Hit With N.E.R.D. Collab ' Lemon ' '' . billboard.com . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 23 March 2018 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Bad Wolves Bring Back The Cranberries ' ' Zombie ' & Taylor Swift Hits a Milestone '' . Billboard Magazine . Billboard Music . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Records : Most Hits Among Solo Artists & Most Simultaneously Charted Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 16 April 2018 ) . `` Drake , Taylor Swift , The Beatles & All the Acts Who Have Replaced Themselves at No. 1 on the Hot 100 '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard US Charts -- Beatles '' . Mybeatles.net . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas ' E.N.D. ' Up At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ben - Yehuda , Ayala ( June 25 , 2009 ) .",
"50": "`` Drake Flies Twice Into Top 10 Of Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke 's ' Blurred Lines ' Remains Atop Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Tops Hot 100 With ' Fancy , ' Matches Beatles ' Historic Mark '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Remains Atop Hot 100 With ' Fancy ' ; MAGIC ! , Calvin Harris Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Continues Record - Tying Run Atop Hot 100 ; Sam Smith Soars Into Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' No. 1 On Hot 100 For Fourth Week ; PSY Debuts In Top 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Leads Hot 100 For Fifth Week , Maroon 5 Debuts In Top 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Feel My Face ' & ' The Hills ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No.",
"51": "1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Dominates Hot 100 & Justin Bieber Has Week 's Three Top - Selling Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week & DJ Khaled 's ' Wild Thoughts , ' Featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller , Debuts at No. 4 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Rule Hot 100 , Imagine Dragons Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for Ninth Week & Becomes Top Radio Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100 's Top 10 , MAGIC ! Still No. 1 '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber , three simultaneous top 10s : Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' .",
"52": "Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Scores Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Eighth Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week as Twenty One Pilots Fly to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Dethrones Adele 's ' Hello ' Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Leads Hot 100 , Selena Gomez Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Match Beatles & Bee Gees With Three Songs in Hot 100 's Top 10 & Ed Sheeran Holds at No.",
"53": "1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce 's ' Perfect ' No. 1 on Hot 100 , Camila Cabello 's ' Havana ' Back Up to No. 2 '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect ' Rules Hot 100 , Bruno Mars & Cardi B 's ' Finesse ' Flies to No. 3 & Justin Timberlake 's ' Filthy ' Debuts at No. 9 '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With ' Havana , ' Featuring Young Thug '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' God 's Plan ' Becomes Drake 's Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 , The Weeknd Debuts at No. 4 & Migos Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radish , Robert of the ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Billboard Hot 100 Posthumous Number One Singles '' . Y ! Music . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Trevor ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Rewinding the Charts : ' Believe ' It , Cher Took Auto - Tune to No. 1 in 1999 '' . Billboard Magazine . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fred Stobaugh , 96 , Becomes Oldest Artist To Appear On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 .",
"54": "Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Blue Ivy Carter , Jay - Z and Beyoncé 's Daughter , Becomes Youngest Person Ever to Appear on a Billboard Chart '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) . Top Pop Singles 12th Edition . Record Research . p. 515 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` DJ Khaled Uses Son Asahd as Cover Art for Stacked ' I 'm the One ' Single Feat . Lil Wayne , Quavo , Chance the Rapper & Justin Bieber '' . Billboard . Billboard Music . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fresh , Mikey ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` DJ Khaled Shares His `` Shining '' Moment With Beyoncé And JAY - Z `` . Vibe . Billboard Music . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cher Chart History '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santana Chart Histiry '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Bennett Oldest Living Artist Ever On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Is Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' the Next ' Teenage Dream ' ? '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits ( or More ) '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Janet Jackson 's ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' Revisited By Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis : Track - by - Track Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits or More -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7358100/drake-hot-100-record-20-simultaneous-hits-one-dance Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Can Katy Perry Top Michael Jackson 's Hot 100 Record '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leight , Elias ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2010s '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( July 7 , 2001 ) . `` ' Remind ' Gets Ushered Into No. 1 '' . Billboard . Random House Digital , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Max Martin scores 20th No. 1 on top 100 with Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media .",
"56": "Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering George Martin : ' Fifth Beatle ' Holds Record for Most No. 1s by a Producer on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga ' Born ' To Be at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs version 2 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Luke * * * Top Songs as a Writer * * * Music VF , US & UK hit charts '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Chart Beat . Billboard . p. 130 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Singles Sales ( chart ) . Billboard .",
"57": "December 5 , 1998 . p. 125 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Ties the Beatles With 14 Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Record With 20 Simultaneous Hits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Breaks the Beatles & Drake 's Record for Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Bests Beyonce for the Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits Among Women '' . Billboard. 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Analysis : Adele Matches The Beatles , 50 Cent with Hot 100 , Billboard 200 Moves '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : How Historic Is Adele & Justin Bieber 's Current Chart Domination ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Black Eyed Peas Begin Record Six - Month Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas , Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Extends Her Lead As The Artist With The Most Top 10 Debuts With New Song '' . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8096886/drake-gods-plan-hot-100-number-one-debut-scary-hours . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8342063/drake-nice-for-what-hot-100-number-one-debut . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of No.",
"59": "2 Singles ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2008 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts , 1955 -- 1959 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Sixties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 074 - 1 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . ( hide ) Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and",
"60": "tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 Kpop Hot 100 European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums",
"61": "Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Music & Media ( defunct ) R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones&oldid=838250592 '' Categories : Billboard charts Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Kurdî Norsk Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8868717887523773702
|
how does the cash cab guy read the questions
|
[
"by way of a walkie-talkie and earpiece worn by the host",
"walkie-talkie and earpiece worn by the host",
"walkie-talkie and earpiece",
"by way of a walkie-talkie and earpiece worn by the host"
] |
{
"0": "Cash Cab ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Cash Cab ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search Cash Cab Title card for both Canadian and U.S. versions Genre Game show Created by Adam Wood Presented by Ben Bailey ( New York version ) Beth Melewski ( Chicago version ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 ( original ) 1 ( revived ) No. of episodes 200 + Production Producer ( s ) Lion Television Location ( s ) New York , New York Running time 24 -- 26 minutes Release Original network Discovery Channel Original release December 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Cash Cab External links Official website Cash Cab ( stylized as CA $ H CAB ) is an American game show that aired new episodes on the Discovery Channel from 2005 to 2012 . It began airing on December 5 , 2005 , hosted by stand - up comedian Ben Bailey , and aired its last episode on September 28 , 2012 . The show was revived on December 4 , 2017 . It is part of the global Cash Cab franchise that originated in the United Kingdom . While Bailey 's show took place in New York City , some episodes of season six took place in Las Vegas . Contestants who ultimately hailed the Cash Cab were not made aware that they were part of the game until they hired the cab and Bailey informed them of the show and its rules . In 2007 , Discovery Channel began airing a spin - off edition of the program , Cash Cab : After Dark , in which contestants were picked up near or after sunset as well as overnight and the cash value of the questions was double that of the regular version of the show . The questions were usually more difficult than the daytime version .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Broadcast history 2 Rules 2.1 Red Light Challenge 2.2 Shout - Outs 2.3 Video Bonus 2.4 Double Ride 3 Record payouts 4 Special editions 5 Taglines 6 Cash Cab : Chicago 7 Production 8 Broadcast and syndication 9 Accolades 10 International versions 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Broadcast history ( edit ) According to Variety , Discovery Channel initially ordered 40 episodes from Lion Television ( with Executive Producers Tom Cohen , Allison Corn and Tony Tackaberry ; with Ben Bailey being the most recent ) and taping of the initial run was completed in November 2005 before the show premiered that December . A new set of 40 episodes were taped and aired in 2006 and 2007 . Another 80 episodes were taped in 2007 and aired through spring and summer . Another 40 episodes were taped and aired in 2008 and 2009 . Another 40 episodes were taped for airing in 2010 and 2011 . The sixth season premiered on February 14 , 2011 , at 6 : 00 pm E / P. During a hiatus , Ben Bailey did a standup special recounting his time as host of the show . He correctly stated in the special that the show has been cancelled for the last two years ( taping for the then - current series wrapped in 2008 ) ; however , a renewal offer was made after the standup concert was taped during 2011 returning the show to the schedule . The seventh season premiered Thursday , January 5 , 2012 , at 6 : 00 pm E / P with two half - hour episodes . On April 18 , 2012 , it was announced that Cash Cab would end its 7 - year run . On March 27 , 2017 , Discovery announced it was working on episodes that will feature `` appearances from notables in comedy , film , and TV '' . On June 5 , 2017 , original host Ben Bailey confirmed he would return for a new season . Season 8 , which also aired on Discovery , premiered on December 4 , 2017 .",
"2": "Rules ( edit ) When the potential contestants enter the cab and state their destination , they are made aware that they are in the Cash Cab as ceiling lights and a fanfare plays inside , accompanied by the host 's greeting . While the only rules given on - camera after the introduction and before asking `` Do you want to play ? '' pertain to his or her driving and the `` three strikes and you 're out '' rule , the contestants are also informed that once their traveling begins , the cab will not take detours of any kind unless directed by a police officer , stop sign , traffic light or other legal means of diverting traffic . Bailey or Melewski offers them the chance to get out of the cab if they do not wish to play , and contestants who choose to play the game must stay in the cab until they reach their destination or get three strikes . For the first two seasons , the first four questions were worth $25 each , the next four questions were worth $50 each , and any question thereafter was worth $100 . In Cash Cab : After Dark - and beginning with the regular episodes of Season 3 - all of the money values were doubled to $50 , $100 and $200 . Beginning in the fourth season , some games were designated as Double Ride games , making the question values $100 , $200 and $400 . Each wrong answer earns the contestant ( s ) a strike . On the third strike , they forfeit all their winnings and Bailey or Melewski will immediately pull over and kick them out of the cab . Once players have exited the Cash Cab , a camera crew from the trailing production van is already on the street waiting to tape their departure . Red Light Challenge ( edit ) When a contestant has won at least $200 or $300 in a normal game or an After Dark game - or at least $600 on a Double Ride - and the cab is forced to stop at a traffic light , Bailey or Melewski will announce a Red Light Challenge . He or she reads a question that has multiple correct answers -- usually four to seven -- and the passenger ( s ) have 30 seconds to give those answers ; they do not always have to give all of the answers .",
"3": "Since there is no penalty for an incorrect answer , giving all the correct answers in the allotted time is worth $250 -- or $500 during Double Ride games -- regardless of how many incorrect answers a contestant might also blurt out along the way . The contestant does not receive the extra $250 ( or $500 ) if the 30 - second time limit runs out ; it is also not counted as a strike , and the contestant does n't lose any accumulated money . While only one Red Light Challenge is usually played per game , beginning in Season 4 there are multiple Red Light Challenges during certain games -- at least two per game -- with the second for accumulating at least $1,000 . Shout - Outs ( edit ) Contestants have two forms of help known as `` Shout - Outs '' at their disposal during the game ; each can be used only once , and neither may be used on a Red Light Challenge or a Video Bonus . In the Mobile Shout - Out , the contestant makes a phone call to someone they choose by means of a cell phone - either provided by Bailey or Melewski - or one belonging to a contestant . The call can take up to a maximum of 15 seconds before the contestant has to give an answer , with the result being either additional money or a strike . The contestant may also elect to use a Street Shout - Out , in which Bailey or Melewski immediately pulls the cab to a curb so that anyone on the sidewalk can be asked for help , without any official time limit . A second Street Shout - Out is included on a Double Ride . In the revived Cash Cab , the Mobile Shout - Out was replaced by the Social Media Shout - Out , in which Ben activates Facebook Live so that those on the site may help the contestant . Video Bonus ( edit ) Should the passenger ( s ) reach the destination without striking out , Bailey / Melewski offers a choice : the option of leaving the cab and keeping the prize money that they have won , or they can stay and try to double their money by risking it all on a Video Bonus question . Bailey / Melewski plays a video clip and asks the contestant ( s ) a single question based on its content .",
"4": "If the question is answered correctly , the contestant ( s ) win double what they have earned so far , but if they are wrong , they lose all of their money and `` leave with nothing but a free cab ride '' . Double Ride ( edit ) Beginning in Season 4 , this rarely occurring part of the show happens when randomly selected passengers are able to win double the amount of money of a normal game . The first four questions are worth $100 , the second four are worth $200 and the rest until the end of the game are worth $400 . The `` Red Light Challenge '' is worth $500 . Record payouts ( edit ) The current record of $6,200 won on one ride is held by Sam Meyer ( riding solo , on a Double Ride , taking and winning the Double - or - Nothing Video Bonus question ) on the episode that aired May 18 , 2009 . This topped the old record held by contestants Sean Devney and Steve Irolla , two New York City tour guides who won $4,100 after answering the `` Video Bonus '' question correctly . They reached their final destination with two strikes ( both on $200 questions ) . Special editions ( edit ) One episode of the program was a special celebrity edition , featuring actor Thomas Haden Church of Spider - Man 3 , NHL players Jed Ortmeyer and Ryan Hollweg of the New York Rangers and journalist Harry Smith , formerly of CBS ' The Early Show . All played for a charity of their choice , and Discovery Channel matched the contestants ' winnings . Another episode was a special in which the passengers were asked questions relating to the 2008 film Frost / Nixon . In this episode , the host of Cash Cab : Canada , Adam Growe , was driving the cab instead of Ben Bailey . On April 21 , 2009 , Discovery aired a charity episode of Cash Cab for its 250th episode featuring two rides by boat crew members from Deadliest Catch . Time Bandit co-captain Andy Hillstrand and Josh Harris , son of Cornelia Marie captain Phil Harris , went against Sig Hansen ( captain of the Northwestern ) and his two brothers . All cash values were doubled from the Season 3 payouts , the passengers received a second Street Shout - Out , and all money earned was donated by the passengers to the charities of their choice .",
"5": "In the Cash Cab : Las Vegas episodes , filmed in May 2010 and broadcast beginning in August of that year , celebrities play for charity and civilians play for themselves . Guests have included Mayor of Las Vegas , Oscar Goodman , comedian David Brenner , the band Neon Trees and magicians Penn & Teller . The prizes are sometimes doubled in a `` Double Down Ride '' , just like on the regular show . In the event they strike out or miss the Video Bonus question , their charities receive $500 , though some celebrities decide to also chip in with the amount of money lost , out of their own pockets . On December 4 , 2017 , Discovery aired a special Celebrity Edition , where as the unsuspecting passengers hailed the Cash Cab , they were joined by celebrities to help them , featuring NCIS : New Orleans actor , Scott Bakula , actor & comedian , Gilbert Gottfried , Friends actor , Matthew Perry . Taglines ( edit ) The show 's tagline in the first two seasons was : `` There are 13,000 cabs in New York City , but there 's only one that pays you ! '' Starting in season three , the tagline was modified : `` There are 13,000 cabs in the streets of the Big Apple , but there 's only one that pays you ! '' On Cash Cab : After Dark , the tagline is : `` Every night , 13,000 cabs hit the streets of the city that never sleeps , but there 's only one that pays you ! '' Cash Cab : Chicago ( edit ) During Season 6 of Cash Cab , a new spin - off series , Cash Cab : Chicago , hosted by comedian Beth Melewski and using the same rules as its New York counterpart , aired . The spin - off was cancelled after one season , but rerun episodes are aired along with Cash Cab episodes in syndication . Ben Bailey stated that the show was created during contract renewal negotiations . Production ( edit ) A support van tails the Cash Cab , containing producers and a camera crew for the various street shots . The staff provide logistical information and questions by way of a walkie - talkie and earpiece worn by the host .",
"6": "The Cash Cab is equipped with ten cameras : one on the host , three on the passengers , one pointing forward from the back window of the cab , and three ( front , left and right ) in the advertising shell on the roof of the cab showing the passing streetscape . The rear of the cab behind the seats contains ten recording decks and other production equipment . The lighting and the music that go off when contestants enter the cab consist of a switchboard that is connected to an iPod and the car stereo . The Video Bonus monitor is a DVD player that is embedded to the back of the front passenger seat . Some contestants are randomly picked as they walk along the sidewalk , while others are selected in advance . Even so , those picked in advance are never actually told that the cab that is supposed to take them to the show turns out to be the show itself . Near the end of the game at the player 's destination Ben Bailey or Beth Melewski appears to present the cash won . In reality , this cash is a prop and used for on - air purposes only . The winnings , which must be taxed , are sent via check . The Cash Cab in New York is a Toyota Sienna minivan with the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission call sign `` 1G12 '' in the first two seasons and during the After Dark shows . A new cab with the call sign of `` 7N78 '' has been used since , which also features new headliner lighting . Melewski 's Cash Cab is also a Toyota Sienna minivan with the Yellow Taxi call sign `` 4472 '' . Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) As of March 2017 , reruns air on Cozi TV and on Game Show Network . The New York City version reruns air on the Quest network in the UK . On October 26 , 2009 , MGM Television announced that the reruns would begin airing on local stations in January 2011 . Stations are allowed the option to air the series as a daily strip or as a weekend series . GSN began airing the series starting on March 13 , 2017 . On March 27 , 2017 , Discovery announced it was working on new episodes that will feature guest hosts from `` the worlds of comedy , film and TV '' as the drivers .",
"7": "Despite initial reports that he would not return , Bailey did host the revival episodes . Accolades ( edit ) Bailey has been nominated four times for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host , winning the award in 2010 , 2011 and 2013 . Cash Cab won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2013 , the show appeared in TV Guide 's list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . International versions ( edit ) Country Name Driver Channel Premiere Asia - Pacific Cash Cab Asia Oli Pettigrew AXN Asia 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2011 Arab World كاش تاكسي Cash Taxi Hisham Abdel Rahman MBC 1 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Australia Cash Cab Charlie Pickering James Kerley Channel V 000000002007 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2007 Austria QUIZ TAXI Max Schmiedl Puls 4 000000002011 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 2011 QUIZ TAXI eXtreme 000000002011 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2011 Belgium Taxi Vanoudenhoven Rob Vanoudenhoven Eén 000000002012 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2012 Brazil Taxi do Milão Supla RedeTV ! 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Canada Cash Cab Adam Growe Discovery Channel Canada ( Canada ) 000000002008 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2008 Taxi Payant Alexandre Barrette ( in French ) V ( Quebec ) 000000002009 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2009 Chile MEGA 000000002012 - 01",
"8": "- 01 - 0000 2012 China 超级 现金 车 Cash Cab Song Peng ( 宋 鹏 ) TVS3 000000002012 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2012 Colombia CityTV Czech Republic Taxík Aleš Háma Tomáš Matonoha Monika Absolonová Česká televize 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 France Taxi Cash Alexandre Devoise W9 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 Denmark Taxaquizzen Sigurd Kongshøj Larsen TV2 000000002011 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2011 Egypt كاش تاكسي Cash Taxi Nashwa Mustafa MBC Masr 000000002013 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 2013 Germany Quiz Taxi Thomas Hackenberg Kabel eins 000000002006 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2006 Greece Taxi Girl Vicki Stavropoulou Mega TV 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Hungary Tutifuvar - A taxiquiz Gianni Annoni Viasat 3 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 India Airtel Cash Cab Munish Mukhija UTV Bindass 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Indonesia Taxi Selebritis Farhan antv 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000",
"9": "2009 Italy Cash Taxi Marco Berry Sky Uno Cielo LA7 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Israel מונית הכסף Monit Hakesef Ido Rozenblum Channel 2 ( Keshet ) 000000002007 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2007 Jamaica Claro Cash Cab Felisha Lord Wayne W. Whyte Television Jamaica 000000002010 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 2010 Japan キャッシュ キャブ Kyasshukyabu Shinya Ueda and Teppei Arita Fuji TV 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2008 Kazakhstan Такси Taxi Murat Ospanov NTK 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Lithuania Pinigų taksi Karina Krysko LNK 000000002008 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2008 Malaysia Teksi Tunai Bob Lokman Astro Prima 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Mexico Taxi Cash Andrés Bustamante Televisa 000000002008 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 2008 Netherlands Cash Cab Kurt Rogiers Edo Brunner BNN 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Peru Gana Taxi Carlos Vílchez Frecuencia Latina 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Philippines Cash Cab Philippines Ryan Agoncillo",
"10": "AXN Philippines 000000002015 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2015 Poland TV4 Romania Taxi Maxi Kanal D Russia Такси Taxi Alex Kulichkov Eugene Rybov TNT 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2005 Serbia Кеш такси Keš taksi Ivan Ivanović Fox televizija reruns on Prva Plus 000000002007 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2007 Slovakia Taxík Peter Kočiš Jednotka 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Slovenia Taksi : Kviz z Jožetom Jože Robežnik RTV SLO 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Spain Taxi , taxi Joan Domínguez ( Madrid ) Telemadrid 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 ¡ Taxi ! Manolo Sarriá ( Andalusia ) Canal Sur 2 000000002010 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2010 Taxi Miki Nadal y Manolo Sarriá ( Spain ) laSexta 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Sweden Fredrik Belfrage Discovery Channel Taiwan 黃金 計程車 Gold Taxi David Chao ( 趙正平 ) Vincent Liang ( 梁赫群 ) Gui Gui ( 鬼 鬼 ) ECT 000000002009 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2009 Thailand",
"11": "แท็ ก ซี มหา เศรษฐี Cash Cab Thailand Ball Chernyim ( บอล เชิญ ยิ้ม ) Jeab Chernyim ( เจี๊ยบ เชิญ ยิ้ม ) Passakorn Ponlaboon ( ใบ เฟิร์น พั ส กร พล บูรณ์ ) Modernine TV 000000002015 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2015 Ukraine Таксi Taxi Gregory Herman 1 + 1 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 -- 2008 United Kingdom Cash Cab John Moody ITV 000000002005 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2005 United States Cash Cab Ben Bailey Discovery Channel 000000002005 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 2005 Cash Cab : After Dark 000000002007 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 2007 Cash Cab : Las Vegas 000000002010 - 08 - 08 - 0000 8 August 2010 Cash Cab : Chicago Beth Melewski 000000002011 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2011 Vietnam Taxi May Mắn Hiếu Hiền HTV7 000000002012 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2012 See also ( edit ) Taxicab Confessions BrainRush References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cash Cab logo '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Cash Cab Variety Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` It 's the End of the Road for Cash Cab '' . Vulture .",
"12": "New York Media LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/cash-cab-revival-discovery-david-steinberg-1202016938/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/06/ben-bailey-hosts-cash-cab-revival-discovery-series-1202107526/ Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/RealBenBailey/posts/1642811532426430 Jump up ^ `` Cash Cab Is Coming Back and There Will Be A Few Changes '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Joanne ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` He Drives This Game - Show Vehicle '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Cash Cab Shouts Out To Vegas Tonight '' . Vegas Chatter . August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The meter is running again : We climb into the ' Cash Cab ' with Ben Bailey '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` End of the road for ' Cash Cab Chicago ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Episode # 103 - Ben Bailey & ME ( FULL EPISODE ) . YouTube . 30 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cash Cab Can Be a Lucrative Ride '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Joanne ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` He Drives This Game - Show Vehicle '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cash Cab '' on Discovery HD `` . Avsforum.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ MGM Domestic Television to Launch Discovery Channel 's Hit Series `` CASH CAB '' Into U.S. Syndication , October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Kate ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cash Cab reboot coming to Discovery Channel without Ben Bailey '' . New York Daily News .",
"13": "Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Bailey to Return as Host for Discovery 's Revamped Cash Cab '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' , TV Guide , pp. 14 and 15 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) Official site Jump up ^ Buan - Deveza , Reyma ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Judy Ann to give birth on Christmas or New Year ? '' . ABS-CBNnews.com . ABS - CBN Corporation . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawyer drives Cach Taxi External links ( edit ) Official Discovery Channel Cash Cab website Cash Cab at TV.com Cash Cab on IMDb Preceded by The Price Is Right Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2008 -- 2010 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune ( tie ) Former TLC original programming 19 Kids and Counting Abby & Brittany The Adam Carolla Project Addicted Alaskan Women Looking for Love All - American Muslim Amazing Vacation Homes American Chopper American Hot Rod A Baby Story BBQ Pitmasters Ballroom Bootcamp Best Funeral Ever The Big Garage Big Hair Alaska Big Sexy Cheer Perfection Clean Sweep The Day the Universe Changed DC Cupcakes Everyday Exotic Extreme Couponing Extreme Machines Freaky Eaters The Good Buy Girls Great Books Here Comes Honey Boo Boo Hoarding : Buried Alive Home Made Simple Homemade Millionaire Hometime Honey , We 're Killing the Kids I Did n't Know I Was Pregnant In a Fix Inedible to Incredible Kids by the Dozen LA Ink Little Chocolatiers Little Parents , Big Pregnancy Little Parents , First Baby Livin ' for the Apocalypse Mall Cops : Mall of America A Makeover Story Miami Ink Miss America Pageant A Model Life Mostly True Stories ?",
"14": ": Urban Legends Revealed Moving Up My Five Wives NY Ink One Big Happy Family On the Fly Overhaulin ' Paleoworld Pete Rose : Hits & Mrs . Police Women of Broward County Police Women of Cincinnati Police Women of Dallas Police Women of Maricopa County Police Women of Memphis Property Ladder Quints by Surprise Ready Set Learn Sarah Palin 's Alaska Sex in Public Sextuplets Take New York Sin City Rules The Sisterhood Skinnamarink TV Strange Sex Starter Wives Confidential Street Customs Table for 12 Take Home Chef Toddlers & Tiaras Totally T - Boz Trading Spaces Trading Spaces : Family Trading Spouses Tuckerville Ultimate Cake Off Undercover Boss Urban Legends Welcome to Myrtle Manor What Not to Wear While You Were Out See also Template : TLC Programming Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy !",
"15": "( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cash_Cab_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=822121645 '' Categories : 2005 television series debuts Taxicabs Discovery Channel shows ProSieben television series RedeTV ! programmes V ( TV network ) shows Television programmes on Channel 2 ( Israel ) Cash Cab 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2005 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings American game shows American television series based on British television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Articles with Chinese - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with French - language external links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use British English from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"16": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3,
9,
8,
16,
2,
6,
11,
4,
5,
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13,
7,
15,
1,
12,
0
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[
10,
3,
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-9078934592669508929
|
when did the black death end in england
|
[
"December 1349"
] |
{
"0": "Black Death in England - wikipedia Black Death in England Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby York England portal The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic , which reached England in June 1348 .",
"1": "It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic , caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria . The term `` Black Death '' was not used until the late 17th century . Originating in China , it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony . The plague seems to have been spread by flea - infected rats , as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent . Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector . The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth , Dorset , from Gascony in June 1348 . By autumn , the plague had reached London , and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country , before dying down by December . Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information , and a figure of 40 -- 60 % of the population is widely accepted . The English government handled the crisis well , and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe . The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years ' War . In the long term , the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour , with subsequent rise in wages , resisted by the landowners , which caused deep resentment among the lower classes . The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment , and even though the rebellion was suppressed , in the long term serfdom was ended in England . The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts , and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular . In 1361 -- 62 the plague returned to England , this time causing the death of around 20 % of the population . After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries , in local or national outbreaks . From this point on its effect became less severe , and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 66 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 England in mid 14th Century 1.2 The Black Death 2 Progress of the plague 3 Medical practice 4 Victims 4.1 Death toll 4.1. 1 Impact of the Black Death : 1349 4.2 Social distribution 5 Consequences 5.1 Economic , social and political effects 5.2 Religious and cultural consequences 6 Recurrences 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources Background ( edit ) England in mid 14th century ( edit ) The Battle of Crécy established England as a military power . It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death , and estimates range from 3 to 7 million . The number is probably in the higher end , and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely . Earlier demographic crises − in particular the Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 − had resulted in great numbers of deaths , but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348 . England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society ; close to 90 % of the population lived on the countryside . Of the major cities , London was in a class of its own , with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants . Further down the scale were Norwich , with around 12,000 people , and York with around 10,000 . The main export , and the source of the nation 's wealth , was wool . Until the middle of the century the export had consisted primarily of raw wool to cloth makers in Flanders . Gradually though , the technology for cloth making used on the Continent was appropriated by English manufacturers , who started an export of cloths around mid-century that would boom over the following decades . Politically , the kingdom was evolving into a major European power , through the youthful and energetic kingship of Edward III . In 1346 , the English had won a decisive battle over the Scots at the Battle of Neville 's Cross , and it seemed that Edward III would realise his grandfather Edward I 's ambition of bringing the Scots under the suzerainty of the English crown . The English were also experiencing military success on the continent .",
"3": "Less than two months before the Battle of Neville 's Cross , a numerically inferior English army led by the king himself won a spectacular victory over the French royal forces at the Battle of Crécy . The victory was immediately followed by Edward laying siege to the port city of Calais . When the city fell the next year , this provided the English with a strategically important enclave that would remain in their possession for over two centuries . The Black Death ( edit ) Main article : Black Death The migration of the Black Death across Europe The term `` Black Death '' -- which refers to the first and most serious outbreak of the Second Pandemic -- was not used by contemporaries , who preferred such names as the `` Great Pestilence '' or the `` Great Mortality '' . It was not until the seventeenth century that the term under which we know the outbreak today became common , probably derived from Scandinavian languages . It is generally agreed today that the disease in question was plague , caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria . These bacteria are carried by fleas , which can be transferred to humans through contact with rats . Flea bites carry the disease into the lymphatic system , through which it makes its way to the lymph nodes . Here the bacteria multiply and form swellings called buboes , from which the term bubonic plague is derived . After three or four days the bacteria enter the bloodstream , and infect organs such as the spleen and the lungs . The patient will then normally die after a few days . A different strain of the disease is pneumonic plague , where the bacteria become airborne and enter directly into the patient 's lungs . This strain is far more virulent , as it spreads directly from person to person . These types of infection probably both played a significant part in the Black Death , while a third strain was more rare . This is the septicaemic plague , where the flea bite carries the bacteria directly into the blood stream , and death occurs very rapidly . A study reported in 2011 of skeletons exhumed from the `` Black Death '' cemetery in East Smithfield London found Yersina Pestis DNA . An archeological dig in the vicinity of Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire was reported in the science section of The Guardian for Nov.",
"4": "30 2016 not only confirming evidence of Yersina Pestis in the DNA of the human remains exhumed there but dating it to mid-1349 . Genotyping showed that it was ( at that time ) a newly evolved strain , ancestor of all modern strains and proved the `` Black Death '' was caused by bubonic plague . Modern medical knowledge would suggest that because it was a new mutation meant immune systems would have had little or no defence against it , which helps to explain its virulence . The `` Black Death '' seems to have originated in Central Asia , where Yersina Pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population . It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak , but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents . The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347 , through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea . From here it reached Sicily in October that same year , and by early 1348 it had spread all over the Italian mainland . It spread rapidly through France , and had reached as far north as Paris in June 1348 . Moving simultaneously westward , it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time . Progress of the plague ( edit ) In this year , in Melcombe , in the county of Dorset , a little before the Feast of St. John the Baptist , two ships , one of them from Bristol , came alongside . One of the sailors had brought with him from Gascony the seeds of the terrible pestilence and through him the men of the town of Melcombe were the first in England to be infected . Grey Friars ' Chronicle According to the chronicle of the grey friars at King 's Lynn , the plague arrived by ship from Gascony to Melcombe in Dorset -- today normally referred to as Weymouth -- shortly before `` the Feast of St. John The Baptist '' on 24 June 1348 . Other sources mention different points of arrival , including Bristol and Southampton . Though the plague might have arrived independently at Bristol at a later point , the Grey Friars ' Chronicle is considered the most authoritative account . If it is assumed that the chronicle reports the first outbreak of the plague , rather than its actual arrival , then the arrival most likely happened around 8 May .",
"5": "From Weymouth the disease spread rapidly across the south - west . The first major city to be struck was Bristol . London was reached in the autumn of 1348 , before most of the surrounding countryside . This had certainly happened by November , though according to some accounts as early as 29 September . Arrival in London happened by three principal roads : overland from Weymouth -- through Salisbury and Winchester -- overland from Gloucester , and along the coast by ship . The full effect of the plague was felt in the capital early the next year . Conditions in London were ideal for the plague : the streets were narrow and flowing with sewage , and houses were overcrowded and poorly ventilated . By March 1349 the disease was spreading in a haphazard way across all of southern England . During the first half of 1349 the Black Death spread northwards . A second front opened up when the plague arrived by ship at the Humber , wherefrom it spread both south and north . In May it reached York , and during the summer months of June , July and August , it ravaged the north . Certain northern counties , like Durham and Cumberland , had been the victim of violent incursions from the Scots , and were therefore left particularly vulnerable to the devastations of the plague . Pestilence is less virulent during the winter months , and spreads less rapidly . The Black Death in England had survived the winter of 1348 -- 49 , but during the following winter it gave in , and by December 1349 conditions were returning to relative normalcy . It had taken the disease approximately 500 days to traverse the entire country . Medical practice ( edit ) In order to treat patients infected with the plague , various methods were used including sweating , bloodletting , forced vomiting , and urinating . Several symptoms of the illness included blotches , hardening of the glands under the groin and underarms , and dementia . Within the initial phase of the disease , bloodletting was performed on the same side of where the physical manifestations of the buboes or risings appeared . For instance , if a rising appeared on the right side of the groin the physician would bleed a vein in the ankle on the same side .",
"6": "In the case of sweating , it was achieved with such medicines as Mithridate , Venice - Treacle , Matthiolus , Bezoar - Water , Serpentary Roots and Electuarium de Ovo . Sweating was used when measures were desperate ; if a patient had tokens , a severe version of risings , the physician would wrap the naked patient in a blanket drenched in cold water . This measure was only performed while the patient still had natural heat in his system . The desired effect was to make the patient sweat violently and thus purge all corruption from the blood which was caused by the disease . Another practice was the use of pigeons when treating swellings . Swellings which were white in appearance and deep were unlikely to break and must be anointed with Oil of Lillies or Camomil . Once the swelling rises to a head and is red in appearance and not deep in the flesh , it can be broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon 's tail . The feather 's fundament was held to the swelling and would draw out the venom . However , if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance since it had taken in coldness , the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling . If it was too late to prevent , the physician would take the young pigeon , cut her open from breast to back , break her open and apply the pigeon ( while still alive ) over the cold swelling . The cupping therapy was an alternative method which was heated and then placed over the swellings . Once the sore was broken , the physician would apply Mellilot Plaister with Linimentum Arcei and heal the sore with digence . Victims ( edit ) Death toll ( edit ) Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country , it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty . Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population , as described above , but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague . Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated , stating numbers as high as 90 % . Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25 % to over 60 % of the total population .",
"7": "The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in his 1948 British Medieval Population . Russell looked at inquisitions post mortem ( IPMs ) -- taken by the crown to assess the wealth of the greatest landowners after their death -- to assess the mortality caused by the Black Death , and from this arrived at an estimate of 23.6 % of the entire population . He also looked at episcopal registers for the death toll among the clergy , where the result was between 30 -- 40 % . Russell believed the clergy was at particular risk of contagion , and eventually concluded with a low mortality level of only 20 % . Several of Russell 's assumptions have been challenged , and the tendency since has been to adjust the assessment upwards . Philip Ziegler , in 1969 , estimated the death rate to be at around one third of the population . Jeremy Goldberg , in 1996 , believed a number closer to 45 % would be more realistic . A 2004 study by Ole Jørgen Benedictow suggests the exceptionally high mortality level of 62.5 % . Assuming a population of 6 million , this estimate would correspond to 3,750,000 deaths . Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole , of 60 % . A death rate at such a high level has not been universally accepted in the historical community . In 2016 , Carenza Lewis reported the results of a new method of assessing the death toll . She argues that pottery before and after the Black Death is datable because there was a change at that time from the high medieval to the late medieval style , and that counts of pottery of each type therefore provide a useful proxy for long term changes in population . She and her colleagues analysed pottery sherds from test pits in over fifty continuously occupied rural settlements in eastern England , and found a decline in the number of pottery producing pits of 45 % . Norfolk had the greatest drop of 65 % , while there was no drop in 10 % of settlements , mostly commercial centres .",
"8": "Impact of the Black Death : 1349 ( edit ) Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 ( when the epidemic was raging further south ) of ' great mortalities , pestilences and infections of the air ' . The ' Great Mortality ' , as it was then known , entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese . The clergy were on the front line of the disease , bringing comfort to the dying , hearing final confessions and organising burials . This , almost by necessity , put them at a greater risk of infection . Estimates suggest that the death rate of clergy in some parts of the archdiocese could have been as high as 48 % . This is reflected in the Ordination Register , which shows a massive rise in ordained clergy over the period -- some being recruited before the arrival of plague in a clerical recruitment drive , but many once plague had arrived , replacing those who had been killed . The nation 's population decreased by a third causing a labor shortage and giving the lower class negotiating power against their overlords . In 1346 , 111 priests and 337 acolytes were recruited . In 1349 , 299 priests and 683 acolytes are named , with 166 priests being ordained in one session alone in February 1350 . '' Social distribution ( edit ) Russell trusted the IPMs to give a true picture of the national average , because he assumed death rates to be relatively equal across the social spectrum . This assumption has later been proven wrong , and studies of peasant plague mortality from manor rolls have returned much higher rates . This could be a consequence of the elite 's ability to avoid infection by escaping plague - infected areas . It could also result from lower post-infection mortality among those more affluent , due to better access to care and nursing . If so , this would also mean that the mortality rates for the clergy -- who were normally better off than the general population -- were no higher than the average . ... destructive Death ( who seizes young and old alike , sparing no one and reducing rich and poor to the same level ) has lamentably snatched from both of us our dearest daughter , ( whom we loved best of all , as her virtues demanded ) .",
"9": "Edward III in a letter to King Alfonso of Castile The manorial records offer a good opportunity to study the geographical distribution of the plague . Its effect seems to have been about the same all over England , though a place like East Anglia , which had frequent contact with the Continent , was severely affected . On a local level , however , there were great variations . A study of the Bishop of Worcester 's estates reveal that , while his manors of Hartlebury and Hambury had a mortality of only 19 % , the manor of Aston lost as much as 80 % of its population . The manor rolls are less useful for studying the demographic distribution of the mortality , since the rolls only record the heads of households , normally an adult male . Here the IPMs show us that the most vulnerable to the disease were infants and the elderly . There seem to have been very few victims of the Black Death at higher levels of society . The only member of the royal family who can be said with any certainty to have died from the Black Death was in France at the time of her infection . Edward III 's daughter Joan was residing in Bordeaux on her way to marry Pedro of Castile in the summer of 1348 . When the plague broke out in her household she was moved to a small village nearby , but she could not avoid infection , and died there on 2 September . It is possible that the popular religious author Richard Rolle , who died on 30 September 1349 , was another victim of the Black Death . The English philosopher William of Ockham has been mentioned as a plague victim . This , however , is an impossibility . Ockham was living in Munich at the time of his death , on 10 April 1347 , two years before the Black Death reached that city . Consequences ( edit ) Economic , social and political effects ( edit ) Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour , and a corresponding rise in wages . The medieval world - view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio - economic development , and it became common to blame degrading morals instead . The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination , and reacted with coercion .",
"10": "In 1349 , King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers , fixing wages at pre-plague levels . The ordinance was reinforced by Parliament 's passing of the Statute of Labourers in 1351 . The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades . Peasants ' Revolt : rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed on the left , while the young Richard II pacifies the crowd on the right . These legislative measures proved largely inefficient at regulating the market , but the government 's repressive measures to enforce them caused public resentment . These conditions were contributing factors to the Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 . The revolt started in Kent and Essex in late May , and once the rebels reached London they burnt down John of Gaunt 's Savoy Palace , and killed both the Chancellor and the Treasurer . They then demanded the complete abolition of serfdom , and were not pacified until the young King Richard II personally intervened . The rebellion was eventually suppressed , but the social changes it promoted were already irreversible . By around 1400 serfdom was virtually extinct in England , replaced by the form of tenure called copyhold . It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-fourteenth century , without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the Valois government of France . To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington , whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis . The plague 's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war , where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355 . Another notable consequence of the Black Death was the raising of the real wage of England ( due to the shortage of labour as a result of the reduction in population ) , a trait shared across Western Europe , which in general led to a real wage in 1450 that was unmatched in most countries until the 19th or 20th century . The higher wages for workers combined with sinking prices on grain products led to a problematic economic situation for the gentry . As a result , they started to show an increased interest for offices like justice of the peace , sheriff and member of parliament . The gentry took advantage of their new positions and a more systematic corruption than before spread .",
"11": "A result of this was that the gentry as a group became highly disliked by commoners . Religious and cultural consequences ( edit ) The omnipresence of death also inspired greater piety in the upper classes , which can be seen in the fact that three Cambridge colleges were founded during or shortly after the Black Death . England did not experience the same trend of roving bands of flagellants , common on the continent . Neither were there any pogroms against the Jews , since the Jews had been expelled by Edward I in 1290 . In the long run , however , the increase in public participation may have served to challenge the absolute authority of the church hierarchy , and thus possibly helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation . The high rate of mortality among the clergy naturally led to a shortage of priests in many parts of the country . The clergy were seen to have an elevated status among ordinary people and this was partly due to their closeness with God , being his envoys on earth . However , as the church itself had given the cause of the Black Death to be the impropriety of the behaviour of men , the higher death rate among the clergy led the people to lose faith in the Church as an institution − it had proved as ineffectual against the horror of Y . Pestis as every other medieval institution . The corruption within the Catholic priesthood also angered the English people . Many priests abandoned the terrified people . Others sought benefits from the rich families who needed burials . The dissatisfaction led to anti-clericalism and the rise of John Wycliffe , an English priest . His ideas paved a path for the Christian reformation in England . Some people did n't lose their Christian faith , if anything it was renewed ; they began to long for a more personal relationship with God − around the time after the Black Death many chantries ( private chapels ) began to spread in use from not just the nobility , but to among the well to do . This change in the power of the papacy in England is demonstrated by the statutes of Praemunire . The Black Death also affected arts and culture significantly . It was inevitable that a catastrophe of such proportions would affect some of the greater building projects , as the amount of available labour fell sharply .",
"12": "The building of the cathedrals of Ely and Exeter was temporarily halted in the years immediately following the first outbreak of the plague . The shortage of labour also helped advance the transition from the Decorated style of building to the less elaborate Perpendicular style . The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English , as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled . This , in turn , would have contributed to the late - fourteenth century flowering of English literature , represented by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower . Recurrences ( edit ) In his diaries , Samuel Pepys gave a vivid description of the Great Plague of London ; one of the last outbreaks of the Second Pandemic . The Black Death was the first occurrence of the Second Pandemic , which would continue to strike England and the rest of Europe more or less regularly until the eighteenth century . The first serious recurrence in England came in the years 1361 − 62 . We know less about the death rates caused by these later outbreaks , but this so - called pestis secunda may have had a mortality of around 20 % . This epidemic was also particularly devastating for the population 's ability to recover , since it disproportionately affected infants and young men . This was also the case with the next occurrence , in 1369 , where the death rate was around 10 − 15 % . Over the following decades the plague would return -- on a national or a regional level -- at intervals of five to twelve years , with gradually dwindling death tolls . Then , in the decades from 1430 to 1480 , the disease returned in force . An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10 -- 15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479 -- 80 could have been as high as 20 % . From this point on outbreaks became fewer and more manageable . This was to a large extent the result of conscious efforts by central and local governments -- from the late fifteenth century onwards -- to curtail the disease . By the seventeenth century the Second Pandemic was over . One of its last occurrences in England was the famous Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 66 .",
"13": "See also ( edit ) Globalization and disease Abandoned village Depopulation Medieval demography Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Popular revolt in late medieval Europe List of Bubonic plague outbreaks List of epidemics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Black Death , 1347 , George Deaux , Weybright and Talley , New York , 1969 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 531 -- 32 Jump up ^ Smith , Richard M. ( 1991 ) . `` Demographic developments in rural England , 1300 - 1348 : a survey '' . In B.M.S. Campbell . Before the Black Death : Studies in The ' Crisis ' of the Early Fourteenth Century . Manchester : Manchester University Press . pp. 48 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3208 - 3 . Benedictow 2004 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Harvey , Barbara F. ( 1991 ) . `` Introduction : The ' Crisis ' of the Early Fourteenth Century '' . In B.M.S. Campbell . Before the Black Death : Studies in The ' Crisis ' of the Early Fourteenth Century . Manchester : Manchester University Press . pp. 1 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3208 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ziegler 2003 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 473 Jump up ^ Cipolla , Carlo M. ( 1993 ) . Before the Industrial Revolution : European Society and Economy 1000 -- 1700 ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Routledge . pp. 260 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09005 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deaux 1969 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Ormrod 2000 , pp. 276 -- 77 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 317 -- 19 Jump up ^ Ormrod 2000 , p.",
"14": "279 Jump up ^ `` death , n . '' . Oxford Dictionary of English . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , pp. 5 -- 6 Hatcher 2008 , pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Lewis 2016 , p. 778 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , p. 9 Hatcher 2008 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , pp. 17 , 40 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Gransden , Antonia ( 1957 ) . `` A Fourteenth - Century Chronicle from the Grey Friars at Lynn '' . English Historical Review . lxxii : 274 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / lxxii. cclxxxiii. 270 . Translation : Benedictow 2004 , p. 127 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_02.shtml BBC British History -- Middle Ages -- Black Death Arrival Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 127 Hatcher 2008 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , pp. 134 -- 35 Jump up ^ Deaux 1969 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Deaux 1969 , pp. 122 -- 23 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p.",
"15": "140 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , pp. 184 -- 6 Deaux 1969 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Eminent Physician , `` Treatise of the pestilence , with its pre-vision , pro-vision and pre-vention , and the doctor 's method of cure . From the manuscript of an eminent physician , who practis 'd in the last great plague in London '' , London : printed for J. Roberts , 1721 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Holt Literature and Language Arts . ISBN 0030564980 . Jump up ^ Eminent Physician , `` Treatise of the pestilence , with its pre-vision , pro-vision and pre-vention , and the doctor 's method of cure . From the manuscript of an eminent physician , who practis 'd in the last great plague in London '' , London : printed for J. Roberts , 1721 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Eminent Physician , 1721 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Eminent Physician , 1721 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Eminent Physician , 1721 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Eminent Physician , 1721 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 129 Benedictow 2004 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 227 Jump up ^ Russell 1948 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Russell 1948 , pp. 220 -- 3 Jump up ^ Russell 1948 , p. 367 Jump up ^ Hatcher 1994 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeremy ( 1996 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . p. 4 .",
"16": "ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Benedictow 2004 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Horrox , Rosemary ( 2006 ) . `` The Black Death , 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History ( review ) '' . English Historical Review . cxxi : 197 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / cej012 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2016 , pp. 77 -- 97 Jump up ^ Holt Literature and Language Arts , Sixth Course . Houston , Texas : Holt , Rinehart , Winston . 2003 . p. 107 . ISBN 0030564980 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of the Black Death : 1349 . '' Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 343 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , p. 377 Jump up ^ Benedictow 2004 , pp. 342 -- 53 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , pp. 235 -- 36 Jump up ^ Gottfried 1983 , pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Bolton 1996 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Hatcher 2008 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Russell 1948 , pp. 216 -- 18 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 546 Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , p. 246 ^ Jump up to : Hatcher 2008 , p. 248 Jump up ^ Deaux 1969 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Courtenay , W.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Ockham , William ( c. 1287 -- 1347 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 20493 . Jump up ^ Hilton & Dyer 2003 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Hilton & Dyer 2003 , pp. 152 -- 53 Prestwich 2005 , p. 548 Jump up ^ Ormrod 1996 , p.",
"17": "156 Jump up ^ Hatcher 1994 , pp. 206 , 247 Jump up ^ Harriss , Gerald ( 2005 ) . Shaping the Nation : England , 1360 -- 1461 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 447 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822816 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gottfried 1983 , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Ormrod 1986 , pp. 175 -- 88 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 550 Jump up ^ Allen , R.C. ' The Great divergence in European wages and prices from the middle ages to the First World War ' , Explorations in Economic History , 38 ( 2001 ) , pp. 411 -- 47 Jump up ^ Harrison , Dick ( 2000 ) . Stora Döden ( in Swedish ) . Stockholm : Ordfront . p. 145 . ISBN 91 - 7324 - 852 - 5 . Jump up ^ The three were Gonville and Caius ( 1348 ) , Trinity Hall ( 1350 ) and Corpus Christi ( 1352 ) ; Herlihy 1997 , pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Harper - Bill 1996 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Kelly , John ( 3 January 2006 ) . The Great Mortality ; An Intimate History of the Black Death . Harper Perennial . p. 384 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lindley 1996 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Lindley 1996 , pp. 129 , 137 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 253 Jump up ^ The first was the Plague of Justinian that affected the Byzantine Empire in the sixth to eight centuries A.D. , while the Third Pandemic -- active from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century -- had its greatest effect on China and India ; Benedictow 2004 , pp. 35 -- 44 Jump up ^ Bolton 1996 , p.",
"18": "27 ^ Jump up to : Gottfried 1983 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Bolton 1996 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Ormrod 1996 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003 , p. 25 Sources ( edit ) Benedictow , Ole J. ( 2004 ) . The Black Death 1346 - 1353 : The Complete History . Woodbridge : Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 943 - 5 . Bolton , Jim ( 1996 ) . `` ' The world upside down ' : plague as an agent of economic and social change '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . pp. 17 -- 78 . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Deaux , George ( 1969 ) . The Black Death , 1347 . London : Hamilton . ISBN 978 - 0679400110 . Goldberg , Jeremy ( 1996 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . pp. 1 -- 15 . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Gottfried , Robert S. ( 1983 ) . The Black Death : Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe . London : Hale . ISBN 0 - 7090 - 1299 - 3 . Harper - Bill , Christopher ( 1996 ) . `` The English church and English religion after the Black Death '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . pp. 79 -- 123 . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Hatcher , John ( 1977 ) . Plague , Population and the English Economy , 1348 - 1530 . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 21293 - 2 .",
"19": "Hatcher , John ( 1994 ) . `` England in the aftermath of the Black Death '' . Past & Present . cxliv : 3 -- 35 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 144.1. 3 . Hatcher , John ( 2008 ) . The Black Death : An Intimate History . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84475 - 4 . Herlihy , David ( 1997 ) . The Black Death and the transformation of the West . Cambridge , Mass. ; London : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3202 - 3 . Hilton , Rodney ; Dyer , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Bond Men Made Free : Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31614 - 6 . Horrox , Rosemary ( 1994 ) . The Black Death . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3497 - 3 . Lewis , Carenza ( June 2016 ) . `` Disaster recovery : new archaeological evidence for the long - term impact of the ' calamitous ' fourteenth century '' . Antiquity. 90 ( 351 ) . Lindley , Phillip ( 1996 ) . `` The Black Death and English art : a debate and some assumptions '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . pp. 124 -- 46 . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Ormrod , Mark ( 1986 ) . `` The English government and the Black Death of 1348 - 49 '' . In Mark Ormrod . England in the Fourteenth Century . Woodbridge : Boydell . pp. 175 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 448 - 4 . Ormrod , Mark ; Lindley , P.G. , eds. ( 1996 ) .",
"20": "The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Ormrod , Mark ( 1996 ) . `` The politics of pestilence : government in England after the Black Death '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . pp. 147 -- 81 . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Ormrod , Mark ( 2000 ) . `` England : Edward II and Edward III '' . In Michael Jones ( ed . ) . The New Cambridge Medieval History , vol. 6 : c. 1300 - c. 1415 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36290 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Prestwich , M.C. ( 2005 ) . Plantagenet England : 1225 -- 1360 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822844 - 9 . Russell , Josias Cox ( 1948 ) . British Medieval Population . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . Ziegler , Philip ( 2003 ) . The Black Death ( News ed . ) . Sutton : Sutton Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3202 - 3 .",
"21": "( hide ) Black Death Migration Causes Consequences Persecutions Notable deaths In medieval culture In England Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death_in_England&oldid=806532120 '' Categories : 14th century in England Black Death Medieval health disasters Death in England Health disasters in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who wants to be millionaire phone a friend
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"0": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? - Wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the general , international franchise . For the original version , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) . For other versions , see International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Genre Game show franchise Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Country of origin United Kingdom Production Running time 30 -- 120 minutes ( depending on the version ) Production company ( s ) Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2008 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original release 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- present External links Official UK version website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin , created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format , currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing ( or , in some cases , random ) difficulty . The maximum cash prize ( in the original British version ) was one million pounds . Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency . The original British version of the show debuted on 4 September 1998 , and aired on ITV with Chris Tarrant as its host until 11 February 2014 . Jeremy Clarkson took over for its revival in 2018 . International variants have aired in around 160 countries worldwide . The show 's format is a twist on the game show genre -- only one contestant plays at a time ( similar to some radio quizzes ) , and the emphasis is on suspense rather than speed . In most versions there are no time limits to answer the questions , and contestants are given the question before they must decide whether to attempt an answer .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Original rules 1.2 New formats and variations 1.3 Lifelines 1.4 Top prize winners 2 International versions 2.1 Australia 2.2 United States 2.3 Russia , Netherlands , Japan 2.4 India 2.5 Nepal 2.6 Phillipines 2.7 Other versions 3 Production 3.1 Creation 4 Hallmarks 4.1 Music 4.2 Set 4.3 Catchphrase 5 Reception 5.1 Awards , accolades and honours 5.2 Controversies 6 Other media 6.1 Merchandise 6.2 Disney Parks attraction 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Original rules ( edit ) The contestants must first play a preliminary round , called `` Fastest Finger First '' ( or , in the U.S. version , simply `` Fastest Finger '' ) , where they are all given a question and four answers from the host and are asked to put those four answers into a particular order ; in the first series of the British version and in pre-2003 episodes of the Australian version , the round instead required the contestants to answer one multiple - choice question correctly as quickly as possible . The contestant who does so correctly and in the fastest time goes on to play the main game for the maximum possible prize ( often a million units of the local currency ) . In the event that two or more contestants are tied for the fastest time , those contestants play another question to break the tie . If no one gets the question right , that question is discarded and another question is played in the same manner . If any contestants are visually impaired , the host reads the question and four choices all at once , then repeats the choices after the music begins . Main game contestants are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host . Questions are multiple choice : four possible answers are given ( labelled A , B , C and D ) , and the contestant must choose the correct one . The ' D ' answer on the first question ( except in the Shuffle format like in the US version ) is always incorrect and humorous . Upon answering a question correctly , the contestant wins a certain amount of money .",
"2": "In most versions , there is no time limit to answer a question ; a contestant may ( and often does ) take as long as they need to ponder an answer . After the first few questions , the host will ask the contestant if that is their `` final answer '' . When a contestant says `` final '' in conjunction with one of the answers , it is official , and can not be changed . The first five questions usually omit this rule , because the questions are generally so easy that requiring a final answer would significantly slow the game down ; thus , there are five chances for the contestant to leave with no money if they were to provide a wrong answer before obtaining the first guaranteed amount ; going for 1,000 units of currency after winning 500 units is the last point in the game at which a contestant can still leave empty - handed . Subsequent questions are played for increasingly large sums , roughly doubling at each turn . The first few questions often have some joke answers . On episodes of the UK version aired between 1998 and 2007 , the payout structure was as follows : first going from £ 100 to £ 300 in increments of £ 100 , then from £ 500 to £ 64,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question , and finally from £ 125,000 to £ 1,000,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question . After viewing a question , the contestant can leave the game with the money already won rather than attempting an answer . If the contestant answers a question incorrectly , then all of their winnings are lost , except that the £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 prizes are guaranteed : if a player gets a question wrong above these levels , then the prize drops to the previous guaranteed prize . Answering the £ 2,000 and £ 64,000 questions wrong does not reduce the prize money . The prizes are generally non-cumulative ; that is , answering a question correctly does not result in the amount being played for being added to the amount already won , rather the amount already won is written off and replaced by a larger sum , usually twice as large . The game ends when the contestant answers a question incorrectly , decides not to answer a question , or answers all questions correctly . New formats and variations ( edit ) When the U.S.",
"3": "Millionaire 's syndicated version debuted in 2002 , Fastest Finger was eliminated for the reduced episode length ( 30 minutes as opposed to the previous network version 's length of 60 minutes ) . Thus , contestants immediately take the Hot Seat , each of them called in after their predecessors ' games end . Contestants are required to pass a more conventional game show qualification test at auditions ; however , when the U.S. Millionaire revived its primetime version for specials , it also restored the Fastest Finger round ; this was done in 2004 for the Super Millionaire series which raised the top prize to $10,000,000 and in August 2009 for an eleven - night special that celebrated the U.S. version 's tenth anniversary . Long after the U.S. version eliminated its Fastest Finger round , numerous other versions ( including the Australian , Italian , Turkish , British , Russian , Dutch and French versions ) followed suit by eliminating their respective Fastest Finger First rounds ; additionally , some versions ( such as the British , Dutch , French and Russian versions ) have eliminated their respective Fastest Finger First rounds for special events wherein celebrities play for charity . In 2007 , it was announced that the UK version was changing its format , reducing the number of questions in the game from fifteen to twelve . The new payout structure was as follows : first going from £ 500 to £ 2,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question , then from £ 5,000 to £ 20,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question , then to £ 50,000 , £ 75,000 and £ 150,000 , and finally from £ 250,000 to £ 1,000,000 with the prize value doubling for each new question . Whereas the first safe haven remained at £ 1,000 , the second safe haven was moved to £ 50,000 . The new rules debuted in an episode that aired on 18 August 2007 . Within a period of four years following its introduction to the British Millionaire , the 12 - question format was subsequently carried over to a number of international versions , including the Arab , Bulgarian , Dutch , French , Polish , Spanish , and Turkish versions .",
"4": "In 2007 , the German version modified its format , so that contestants would be allowed to choose the option of playing in a new variant called `` Risk Mode '' . If the contestant chooses to play this variant , they are given access to a fourth lifeline that allows them to discuss a question with a volunteer from the audience , but the tenth - question safe haven is forfeited . This means that if the contestant answers any of questions 11 -- 15 incorrectly , they drop all the way to the guaranteed winnings gained by answering question 5 correctly . If the contestant chooses to the play the classic format , they keep the second safe haven . The risk format was subsequently adopted by such markets as Austria , the Czech Republic , Hungary , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Switzerland and Venezuela . In 2008 , the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit . The time limits were 15 seconds for questions 1 -- 5 , 30 seconds for questions 6 - 10 , and 45 seconds for questions 11 - 14 . After each of the 14 questions were answered correctly , the remaining time after giving an answer was banked for the million - dollar question . The clock for each question began counting down immediately after all of the question was revealed , and was temporarily paused when a lifeline was used . Contestants who exceeded the time limit were forced to walk away with any prize money they had won up to that point . The clock was later adopted by other international versions ; for example , the British version adopted it on 3 August 2010 , and the Indian version adopted it on 11 October the same year . In November 2008 , the Norway version introduced a new format , called the `` Hot Seat format '' , wherein 6 contestants play at once , with each taking turns to climb the money tree . Contestants are allowed to `` pass '' the onus of answering the question to the next contestant in line , who is unable to re-pass to the next contestant for that question . Also added were time limits on every question , with 15 seconds allocated for the first five questions , 30 for the middle five , and 45 for the last five . In addition , the option of walking away is eliminated , rendering several questions ' values pointless , as they can not be won .",
"5": "Also , if a player fails to give an answer within the time limit , it is considered an automatic pass . If a contestant can not pass on or correctly answer a question , he or she is eliminated and the highest value on the money tree is removed . The game ends either when all contestants are eliminated , or when the question for the highest value in the money tree is answered . If the final question is answered correctly , the answering player receives the amount of money ; if it is answered incorrectly or all contestants are eliminated before the final question is reached , the last contestant to be eliminated receives either nothing , or a smaller prize if the fifth question milestone is reached . This format was later introduced to various markets ( including Italy , Hungary , Vietnam , Indonesia , Australia , Chile and Spain ) over the course of a four - year period from 2009 to 2012 . In 2017 , Australia 's Hot Seat brought back the Fastest Finger First round , while the winner may select one of the lifelines - `` 50 : 50 '' , `` Ask a Friend '' or `` Switch the Question '' . On 13 September 2010 , the U.S. version adopted its `` shuffle format '' . Ten questions are asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts . The dollar values are randomised at the beginning of the game . The contestant is then shown the original order of difficulty for the ten questions as well as their categories , and those are then randomised as well . This means that the difficulty of the question is not tied to its value . The dollar values for each question remain hidden until a contestant either provides a correct answer or chooses to `` jump '' their question . In this format , the value of each question answered correctly is added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completes the round successfully can walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or can walk before the round is completed with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . Contestants who give an incorrect answer at any point in the round leave with $1,000 .",
"6": "After completing round one , the contestant moves on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorised questions are played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augments the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The contestant is now allowed to walk away with all the money in their bank ; an incorrect answer drops their winnings to $25,000 . The shuffle format was replaced with a modified version of the original format ( with only 14 questions ) for the fourteenth syndicated season ; the values of the last four questions remain unchanged . Lifelines ( edit ) Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . After using a lifeline , the contestant can either answer the question , use another lifeline , or walk away and keep the money ( although using the `` Double Dip '' lifeline requires the contestant to immediately answer and using the `` Jump the Question '' lifeline naturally prevents them from continuing with that question ) . Except for the first three seasons of the `` Jump the Question '' lifeline 's use , each lifeline can only be used once . In the Hot Seat format , the concept of lifelines is discarded in favor of the option to pass . The show 's original three lifelines are `` 50 / 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone a Friend '' , in which the contestant makes a thirty - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provide their phone numbers in advance ) and reads them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provides input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant . In countries where the show is broadcast live , friends selected for Phone - a-Friend are alerted when their contestant begins to play the main game , and are told to keep the phone free and to wait for three rings before answering . Phone - a-Friend was removed from the U.S.",
"7": "version beginning with the episode that aired on 11 January 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using web search engines and other Internet resources to assist them , which unfairly privileged individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline , by which friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , the U.S. version had a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as Cut the Question for a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 ( in the latter case , it could only be used on the first ten questions ) . During the U.S. Millionaire 's Super Millionaire spin - off , two new lifelines were introduced : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers ( one of which was usually a former Millionaire winner and at least one being female ) , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of thirty seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced the 50 : 50 lifeline , and the show also introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , similar to Three Wise Men but only had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed .",
"8": "In fact , the Hong Kong version introduced the `` Ask the Expert '' lifeline in an extra-length celebrity special in a one - off basis in 2001 ( once again in 2018 celebrity special over two episodes ) , while the celebrity contestants may ask a panel of the experts instead of the original Phone - a-Friend lifeline ; however , unlike the American version 's Ask the Expert , the experts were present in the audience , and the questions are visible to them . The U.S. version sometimes used corporate sponsorship for its lifelines . Phone - a-Friend was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . The German Millionaire 's risk format features an extra lifeline called `` Ask One of the Audience '' , in which the host will reread the question and ask the audience who think they would be able to answer that question to stand up . The contestant may choose one of these ( judging by looks only ) and discuss the question at length with said audience member . He may or may not choose an answer after that . If he chooses the suggested answer and it proves to be correct , the audience member will also receive a prize of € 500 . This lifeline is also implemented in the Costa Rican version , after the first milestone is reached . Starting in its thirteenth season , the U.S. syndicated version uses a variant of this lifeline , called `` Plus One '' , which allows the contestant to bring a companion with them for help , rather than having them select their companion from the audience . The U.S. Millionaire 's shuffle format introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve of the syndicated version .",
"9": "At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , if the contestant uses Jump the Question , they do not gain any money from the question they choose to skip ( for example , a contestant with a bank of $68,100 may jump the $100,000 question , but will still have only $68,100 instead of the typical $100,000 when they face the $250,000 question ) . Unlike other lifelines throughout the show 's history , this lifeline can not be used on the $1 million question , since it is the final question in the game . The introduction of Plus One reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from 29 October to 2 November 2012 , the shuffle format uses a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed from the show at the end of the thirteenth syndicated season . Top prize winners ( edit ) Main article : List of top prize winners of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Out of all contestants that have played the game , few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show . The first was John Carpenter , who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999 . Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question , using his Phone - a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million . Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel , the first winner of the UK version ; Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version , who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million ; Martin Flood from the Australian version , who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated , much like Charles Ingram , but was later cleared ; and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version , who is often referred to in Western media as the `` real - life Slumdog Millionaire '' .",
"10": "Of all the international versions , the Japanese version has produced the most number ( 38 ) of top prize winners , including juniors . The most recent Millionaire winner is Yevgeny Malischuk from the Kazakh version , winning 10,000,000 tenge in the episode broadcast on 24 March 2018 . International versions ( edit ) Main article : International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chris Tarrant , host of the original British version The original British version of Millionaire , hosted by Chris Tarrant , debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998 . At its peak in 1999 , one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers ( one out of every three Britons ) . Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public , but in the show 's later years , only celebrities appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like . On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years , and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished , stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned . Tarrant 's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013 , and the final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . Four years later , ITV announced that there will be a special 7 - episode revived series being broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson presenting , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . Australia ( edit ) The Australian version of the show debuted on the Nine Network on 18 April 1999 , and was hosted by Eddie McGuire until he became the CEO of the Nine Network , a position that required him to sacrifice his on - air commitments . The final episode of the original Australian series aired on 3 April 2006 ; however , after his resignation as Nine Network CEO , McGuire resumed his duties as Millionaire host for subsequent versions . Millionaire returned to Australia in 2007 , as six episodes with a new format aired during October and November of that year . This was followed by an abbreviated version called Millionaire Hot Seat which debuted on 20 April 2009 . United States ( edit ) The U.S.",
"11": "version of Millionaire premiered in primetime on ABC on 16 August 1999 , and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin . The original network version was the highest - rated of all television shows in the 1999 -- 2000 season , reaching an average audience of approximately 29 million viewers , but before long , ABC overexposed the primetime series and the audience tired of the show , which ultimately grilled it to cancellation , with its final episode airing on 27 June 2002 . A daily syndicated version of the programme debuted on 16 September 2002 , and was launched by Meredith Vieira , who remained host for 11 seasons , with her final first - run episodes airing in May 2013 . Later hosts after Vieira 's departure included Cedric the Entertainer and Terry Crews , who each held one - season tenures as host in 2013 and 2014 respectively ; and Chris Harrison , who became host in the autumn of 2015 . Russia , netherlands , Japan ( edit ) A Russian version of Millionaire debuted as О , счастливчик ! ( `` Oh , lucky man ! ! ! '' ) on NTV from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2001 . On 19 February 2001 , the show was relaunched as Кто хочет стать миллионером ? ( `` Who wants to become a millionaire ? '' ) , which aired on Channel One and was hosted by Maxim Galkin before 2008 , and Dmitry Dibrov after that . A Dutch version of the show , titled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs , first aired on SBS 6 from 1999 to 2006 with Robert ten Brink as its host , then was moved to RTL 4 , where it aired until 2008 ( later to be revived in 2011 ) with Jeroen van der Boom hosting . A Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire , hosted by Monta Mino , was launched by Fuji Television on 20 April 2000 ; it was a regular weekly programme for its first seven years , after which it only aired in occasional specials .",
"12": "India ( edit ) An Indian version of the program in Hindi , titled Kaun Banega Crorepati ( `` Who will become a millionaire '' ) , debuted on 3 July 2000 , with Amitabh Bachchan hosting in his first appearance on Indian television . Subsequent seasons of the show aired in 2005 -- 06 , 2007 , and every year since 2010 . The Indian version was immortalised by director Danny Boyle in his 2008 drama film Slumdog Millionaire , adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup , which won eight U.S. Academy Awards ( including Best Picture and Best Director ) and seven BAFTA Awards . Another Indian version in Malayalam titled Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran debuted on 9 April 2012 with Suresh Gopi as the anchor . Other Indian remakes include Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi in Tamil , Kannadada Kotyadhipati in Kannada , and Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu in Telugu . Nepal ( edit ) A Nepalese version of the program in Nepali language , titled Ko Banchha Crorepati ( `` Who will become a millionaire '' ) , debuted on 2018 . The host of the show is Rajesh Hamal , the famous Nepalese actor who worked in many movies and he have hosted many television shows in Nepal . The highest prize of the show is NPR 5 crores ( USD 5 Million ) . Phillipines ( edit ) A Filipino version of Millionaire was broadcast from 2000 to 2002 by the government - sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation , produced by Viva Television , and was hosted by Christopher de Leon . On 23 May 2009 , the show returned with a new home on TV5 , with Vic Sotto as the new host . The show aired its season finale on 7 October 2012 to give way to another game show hosted by Sotto , The Million Peso Money Drop ( the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live created by Endemol ) . However , the show returned to the air on 15 September 2013 for a new season together with Pinoy Explorer and Wow Mali !",
"13": "Pa Rin after the cancellation of the talent show Talentadong Pinoy ( which would be revived just one year later ) . Other versions ( edit ) Millionaire has also existed in many other countries , including a Chinese version aired in 2007 and 2008 with Lǐ Fán as its host ; a French version on TF1 , which debuted on 3 July 2000 and is hosted by Jean - Pierre Foucault ; a German version launched by RTL Television on 3 September 1999 , hosted by Günther Jauch ; a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung , which was broadcast by Asia Television from 2001 to 2005 , with actor Kenneth Chan as its host ; and a Sri Lankan version called Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi , which premiered in 2010 on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network . In total , over 100 different international variations of Millionaire have been produced since the original UK version made its 1998 debut . Production ( edit ) In March 2006 , original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire , together with the rest of its British programme library , as the first phase of a sell - off of the company 's format and production divisions . Millionaire and all of Celador 's other programmes were ultimately acquired by Dutch company 2waytraffic . Two years later , Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £ 137.5 million . The format of the show is currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television ; however , the U.S. version is distributed not by Sony but by the Walt Disney Company 's in - home sales and content distribution firm , Disney -- ABC Domestic Television . The idea to transform the UK programme into a global franchise was conceived by British television producer Paul Smith . He laid out a series of rules that the international variants in the franchise were to follow : for example , all hosts were required to appear on - screen wearing Armani suits , as Tarrant did in the UK ; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music , instead using the same music cues used by the British version ; and the lighting system and set design were required to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version .",
"14": "However , some of Smith 's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise 's history has progressed . Creation ( edit ) The format of the show was created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio , such as the bong game . Tentatively known as Cash Mountain , the show takes its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , in which it was sung by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm . Since the original version launched , several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright . Sponsored by the Daily Mail , Mike Bull , a Southampton - based journalist , took Celador to the High Court in March 2002 , claiming authorship of the lifelines , but Celador settled out of court with a confidentiality clause . In 2003 , Sydney resident John J. Leonard claimed to have originated a format substantially similar to that of Millionaire , but without the concept of lifelines . In 2004 , Alan Melville sued ITV for using the opening phrase `` Who wants to be a millionaire ? '' from his ideas for a game show based on the lottery , called Millionaires ' Row , for which he had sent his documents to Granada Television ; ITV counter-claimed , and the parties reached an out - of - court agreement / settlement . In 2002 , John Bachini started a claim against Celador , ITV , and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire . Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format , a two - page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990 , and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts , BT Lottery , also dating from 1990 . Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith , from a sister company of Celador 's , in March 1995 and again in January 1996 , and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996 .",
"15": "Bachini claimed that they used 90 % of his Millionaire format , which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire 's pilot : twenty questions , three lifelines , two safe havens ( £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 ) , and even starting from £ 1.00 . Bachini 's lifelines were known by different names ; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone - a-friend , but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did . Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain , a five - page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995 . The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing , and lost . Bachini won the right to go to trial , but could not continue at trial due to serious illness , so Celador reached an out - of - court settlement with Bachini . Hallmarks ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' score provides drama and tension , and unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the £ 2,000 to the £ 32,000 / £ 50,000 level , and then from the £ 64,000 / £ 75,000 level onwards , take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On Game Show Network ( GSN ) 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . The Strachans ' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers with numerous awards , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S.",
"16": "version 's clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) TV studio of ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? , the Salvadorian version of the show . The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the programme feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in `` Hot Seats '' , which are slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the center of the stage ; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporised , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress . When the U.S. Millionaire introduced its shuffle format , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage .",
"17": "According to Vieira , the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Catchphrase ( edit ) Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show . The most well - known of these catchphrases is the host 's question `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified . The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official , the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer . Regularly on tier - three questions , a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant 's statement of their answer and the host 's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct . Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the `` final answer '' catchphrase . In the United States , the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country 's version , to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases , which aired in 2006 . On the Australian versions , McGuire replaces the phrase with `` Lock it in ? '' ; likewise , the Indian version 's hosts have used varying `` lock '' catchphrases . There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask `` ( Is that your ) final answer ? '' or a literal translation thereof .",
"18": "Besides the `` final answer '' question , other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants ' requests to use lifelines , such as `` I 'd like to phone a friend '' ; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question , `` Some questions are only easy if you know the answer . '' Reception ( edit ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? has been credited with single - handedly reviving interest in , and breaking new ground for , the television game show . It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the most popular game shows in television history , and is credited by some with paving the way for the phenomenon of reality programming . Awards , accolades and honours ( edit ) In 2000 , the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its `` BFI TV 100 '' list , which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country . The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme , and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005 . The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009 , making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show , and the first to win multiple times . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first , and so far only , Gameshow Hall of Fame special .",
"19": "Controversies ( edit ) Charles Ingram and his wife Diana in August 2006 In April 2003 , British Army Major Charles Ingram , his wife Diana , and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock were convicted of using fraudulent means to win £ 1 million on the UK version of the show when Ingram was a contestant on the show in September 2001 . The allegation was that when Tarrant asked a question , Whittock , one of that episode 's nine other Fastest Finger First contestants , would cough to guide Ingram to the correct answer . Ingram won the £ 1 million top prize , but members of the production staff raised suspicions over Whittock 's coughing along with the Ingrams ' behaviour after the recording , and the police were called in to investigate . The defence claimed that Whittock simply suffered from allergies ; however , all three were found guilty and given suspended sentences . After the trial , ITV aired a documentary about the scandal , along with Ingram 's entire game , complete with Whittock 's coughing sounds . As a joke , Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme 's commercial break . In 2006 , a screenshot from the UKGameshows.com site was digitally altered and used in a piece on the satire site BS News . The image was also widely circulated as an email in which it was purported to show contestant Fiona Wheeler from the UK version , failing to answer her £ 100 question correctly after using all three lifelines because she was too sceptical of the assistance that was given ; the image was actually a digitally altered screenshot of Wheeler 's answering a different question from a higher tier ; in the actual screenshot , Wheeler is shown about to win her eventual prize of £ 32,000 . The hoax , an exaggeration of real - life incidents of contestants losing horribly , might have been inspired by an infamous moment from the French version of the show , in which a contestant requested help from the audience on a € 3,000 question which asked which celestial body orbits the Earth : the Moon , the Sun , Mars , or Venus . The majority of the audience provided the answer of `` the Sun '' , although the correct answer is the Moon , and the contestant ended up leaving with only € 1,500 as a result .",
"20": "The hoax also borrows elements from a number of infamous moments on the U.S. version , where numerous unlucky contestants won nothing after submitting a wrong answer to one of the first five questions . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998 , and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001 . The U.S. version also saw two board games of its own , released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000 . Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version 's Hot Seat format , which was released by UGames ; a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro ; and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1 's games division . An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000 . Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire , featuring Tarrant 's likeness and voice , were released by Zoo Digital Publishing and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008 . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the U.S. version , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation consoles , produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five games based on the U.S. network version for PCs and the PlayStation , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . Two additional U.S.",
"21": "Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the 2008 -- 10 clock format , with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010 -- 11 season . The second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season ( 2011 -- 12 ) . Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016 . This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one and four in round two . Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , with the top three playing round two alone . There was no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses were automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building housing the California version after its 2004 closure A theme park attraction based on the show , known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! , appeared at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it .",
"22": "When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theatre who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Showbiz ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` Fewer -- and Harder -- Questions on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Millionaire Is Looking for a Few Fast Fingers '' . Fox News . 17 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` New prize levels for Millionaire '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic. 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KBC to give away Rs 50 mn in 60 minutes '' . Business Standard . 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ `` Ai là triệu phú phiên bản mới sẽ ra mắt vào ngày 7 / 9 '' . VTV.vn ( in Vietnamese ) . 12 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Canal13.cl ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sweating Bullets on the Hot Seat as a Know - It - All Phone - a-Friend '' . latimes.com. 25 April 2001 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. version ) . Season 8 . Episode 66 . 11 January 2010 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . about.com . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire. 23 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' Celebrates Halloween With an Added `` Crystal Ball '' Lifeline , A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag `` . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Vigoda , Arlene ( 22 November 1999 ) . `` Million - dollar winner untaxed by celebrity '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Aussie ' Millionaire ' winner emerges '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` ' Real Slumdog Millionaire ' is first to win $1 m on Indian gameshow '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanglin , Douglas ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Real - life ' Slumdog Millionaire ' wins $1 M in India '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian man becomes real life Slumdog Millionaire as he wins game show '' . The Telegraph . 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnier , Mark ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Indian from modest background becomes TV game show millionaire '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` ' Slumdog Millionaire ' comes to life for Sushil Kumar '' . Entertainment Weekly PopWatch . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it is time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail .",
"25": "5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Jesse ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` McGuire CEO show live on air '' . The Age . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Joel ( 4 April 2006 ) . `` No McGuire , no Millionaire '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 5 August 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Dan ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` ' I was n't given the flick ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nine boss David Gyngell puts Eddie McGuire to work '' . Herald Sun . 5 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` Game on . It 's Eddie v Andrew '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Devlyn , Darren ( 8 April 2009 ) . `` Eddie McGuire and Andrew O'Keefe to go head to head '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Returns for its Ten Year Anniversary '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 29 November 2001 ) . `` ABC 's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime '' . TV Series Finale. 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire. 23 July 2002 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Vieira to leave `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' `` . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cedric the Entertainer Will Host `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , '' Replace Meredith Vieira `` . The Huffington Post . 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ The history of the game `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' on Russian TV schastlivchik.com ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? : Information on the project Channel One official site . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Tomoko , Yamakawa . `` Japan , Power Exporter of Program Formats '' . Webzine . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visiware and Sony successfully launched the 2nd - screen application for Fuji - TV 's Who Wants to Be A Millionaire in Japan '' . Visiware . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Saxena , Poonam ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` Five crore question : What makes KBC work ? '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original ( Article , Interview with Amitabh Bachchan ) on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India scraps millionaire TV show '' . BBC News . 25 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KBC 4 beats Bigg Boss 4 in its final episode '' . One India .",
"27": "Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Danny Boyle interview '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ( 11 November 2008 ) . `` Danny Boyle 's `` Slumdog Millionaire '' Captures Mumbai , a City of Extremes - NYTimes `` . Somini Sengupta . Jump up ^ `` The 81st Academy Awards ( 2009 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ningalkkum Akam Kodeeswaran 's debut '' . Kerala TV . 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be A Millionaire : Feature Show Archived retrieved via www.viva.com.ph 04 - 05 2009 Jump up ^ WWTBAM Feature Article coutesy of www.telebisyon.net retrieved via www.telebisyon.net 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Fragment of the old show retrieved via www.youtube.com 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.pep.ph/news/21758/Vic-Sotto-hosts-his-first-game-show-via-%3Cem%3EWho-Wants-To-Be-A-Millionaire%3C-em%3E Jump up ^ Who Wants to be a Millionaire on TV5 hosted by Vic Sotto retrieved via www.tv5.com.ph 05 - 16 - 2009 Jump up ^ `` Millionaire dominates global TV '' . BBC News . 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Tryhorn , Chris ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Sony to buy Millionaire firm for £ 137.5 m '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 .",
"28": "^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe. 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . 15 September 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Commentary provided by Tarrant on the DVD Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? : Magic Moments and More . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger. 11 December 2006 Jump up ^ Certain non-English Millionaire shows ' hosts , in their `` final answer '' phrases , translate these words as `` definitive answer '' , `` final decision '' , etc . Jump up ^ `` The BFI TV 100 at the BFI website '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira biography '' . www.hollywood.com . Archived from the original on 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . TV Guide . 27 January -- 2 February 2001 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . 31 August 2006 . GSN . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Legends Reference Pages '' . Snopes.com. 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 2nd Edition ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hot Seat - Australia Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chi Vuol Essere Milionario - Italy Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qui Veut Gagner des Millions - France Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/Who_Wants_to_be_a_Millionaire,_Tabletop.pdf Millionaire Tabletop instructions Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? DVD Game - UK '' . Myreviewer.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN. 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ The rules of the Facebook game are sourced from the following page : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire on Facebook '' . Ludia . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( 29 December 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire - Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . External links ( edit ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? at the National Film and Sound Archive Original United Kingdom version Official website at itv.com Challenge TV Classic WWTBAM website Who Wants to be a Millionaire ?",
"31": "at Ukgameshow.com Major Charles Ingram affair in detail Internet Movie Database pages Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US - 1999 - 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US - current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? ( Argentina ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( Australia ) on IMDb Die Millionenshow ( Austria ) on IMDb Qui sera millionnaire ? ( Belgium - in French ) on IMDb Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Belgium - in Dutch ) on IMDb Tko želi biti milijunaš ? ( Croatia ) on IMDb Hvem vil være millionær ? ( Denmark ) on IMDb Haluatko miljonääriksi ? ( Finland ) on IMDb Qui veut gagner des millions ? ( France ) on IMDb Wer wird Millionär ? ( Germany ) on IMDb Ποιος Θέλει Να Γίνει Εκατομμυριούχος ( Greece ) on IMDb 百 萬 富翁 ( Hong Kong ) on IMDb Legyen ön is milliomos ! ( Hungary ) on IMDb Viltu vinna milljón ? ( Iceland ) on IMDb ? מי רוצה להיות מיליונר ( Israel ) on IMDb Kaun Banega Crorepati ( India ) on IMDb Chi vuol essere milionario ? ( Italy ) on IMDb クイズ $ ミリオネア ( Japan ) on IMDb Lotto Weekend Miljonairs ( Netherlands ) on IMDb Vil du bli millionær ? ( Norway ) on IMDb Milionerzy ( Poland ) on IMDb ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? ( Spain ) on IMDb Vem vill bli miljonär ? ( Sweden ) on IMDb ( hide ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? National variants and hosts Top prize winners Play It !",
"32": "50 -- 50 Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Quiz ( play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F&oldid=838115238 '' Categories : Quiz shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Russian - language external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use British English from April 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! - Wikipedia The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! Jump to : navigation , search The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! The Cat in the Hat pilot Genre Children 's television Education Comedy Directed by Tony Collingwood Voices of Martin Short Jacob Ewaniuk Alexa Torrington Rob Tinkler Theme music composer David Schweitzer Opening theme `` The Cat in the Hat Knows a lot About That ! '' Ending theme `` The Cat in the Hat Knows a lot About That ! '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) David Schweitzer Country of origin Canada United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 60 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Collingwood O'Hare Portfolio Entertainment Random House Children 's Entertainment KQED Corus Entertainment Distributor Portfolio Entertainment Release Original network PBS Kids , Treehouse TV , CBC Kids Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release August 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 07 ) -- present External links Website The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! is an animated television series that premiered August 7 , 2010 on Treehouse TV in Canada , on September 6 , 2010 on PBS Kids in the US and also in the UK on CITV and Tiny Pop . The award - winning series is based on Random House 's Beginner Books franchise , The Cat in the Hat 's Learning Library , and is developed by Portfolio Entertainment , Random House Children Entertainment and Collingwood O'Hare Productions . The first season has 40 half - hour episodes . PBS Kids renewed it for a second season of 20 episodes which premiered on September 10 , 2012 . A 20 episode third season is currently in development .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Animals 4 Voice Cast 5 DVDs 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Each episode features The Cat in the Hat ( voiced by Martin Short ) , who leads six - year - old neighbours Nick and Sally , the Fish , and Thing One and Thing Two on a variety of adventures in his `` Thinga - ma - jigger '' , a Seussian contraption that can sprout wings , pontoons , booster rockets , change size , and do just about anything else necessary to further the adventure . The adventures are prompted by a question posed by either Nick or Sally at the beginning of each episode , which will inevitably lead them around the globe to `` make natural science discoveries . '' Similar to other PBS Kids series such as Curious George and Sid the Science Kid , The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! focuses on introducing preschoolers to various science and learning concepts . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 20 September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 20 March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) TBA ( TBA ) Specials 6 November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) December 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat -- Voiced by Martin Short and Keith Wickham in the U.K. A knowledgeable , adventurous , anthropomorphic cat . He loves to explore the world and act as Nick and Sally 's guide , and he frequently speaks in rhyming patterns reminiscent of the Dr.",
"2": "Seuss character on which he is based . Nick -- Voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk ( seasons 1 - 2 ) and Deandray Hamilton ( season 3 ) and Bob Lloyd in the U.K. A seven - year - old boy . He is Sally 's next door neighbour and best friend . He wears an orange sweater , white short - sleeves - undershirt , blue pants , and gray shoes with black soles . Sally -- Voiced by Alexa Torrington ( seasons 1 - 2 ) and Halle Nunes ( season 3 ) and Joanna Ruiz in the U.K. A six - year - old girl . She is Nick 's next door neighbour and best friend . She wears a dark pink headband , short - sleeved white undershirt , a dark pink jumper with 2 matching buttons , and dark pink Mary - Jane shoes with brown soles . Fish -- Voiced by Rob Tinkler and Simon Greenall in the U.K. A moderately pessimistic fish who is loosely based on the fish in the original story . Unlike the fish in the book , however , he is red and appears to belong to the Cat instead of Sally or Nick . He is also much more cooperative in the Cat 's adventures . Thing One and Thing Two -- Also voiced by Rob Tinkler . The Cat 's two zany , energetic helpers of indeterminate species . Sally 's mom -- Voiced by Tracey Hoyt . Whenever Sally asks permission to go on an adventure with the Cat , her voice is heard responding . In some of the episodes , she appears . Nick 's mom -- Also voiced by Tracey Hoyt . Whenever Nick asks permission to go on an adventure with the Cat , her voice is heard responding . In some of the episodes , she appears . She talks with a Jamaican accent . Animals ( edit ) Zhu Zhu -- Voiced by Heather Bambrick . Zhu Zhu is a giant panda enlisted by the Cat , Sally , and Nick to find a present for their panda . She appears in `` Bamboozled '' where she lives in the forest of Bamwamabooboo . Daphne -- A dolphin . Fifi -- A red mouse .",
"3": "Ralph -- Sometimes called a reindeer and sometimes called a caribou who has grey fur . In the Christmas episode , he wins the candy cane hunt and also has been stowed away in the Thingamajigger . Buster and Brenda -- booby birds Betty the Beaver -- Voiced by Angela Lewis . A beaver who has large teeth , just like a real beaver . The Things destroyed her dam . Betty 's Friend -- Voiced by Jeffrey Tambor . Betty 's friend helped fix her dam . He appeared later in `` The Cat In The Hat Knows A Lot About Christmas ! '' . Voice Cast ( edit ) Martin Short as the Cat in the Hat Jacob Ewaniuk as Nick Alexa Torrington as Sally Robert Tinkler as Fish , Thing One and Thing Two Tracey Hoyt as Sally 's mom and Nick 's mom DVDs ( edit ) Various DVDs were released by NCircle Entertainment beginning in late October 2010 where every DVD is in region 1 , subtitled in English and Spanish , approximately 60 minutes except for a few , in Dolby Digital , in 5.1 surround and Dolby surround stereo in Spanish . Every DVD has the bonus segments from the show .",
"4": "Wings and Things Show Me the Honey Migration Vacation I Love the Nightlife Oh Give Me a Home Many Ants Make Light Work Up and Away A Plan for Sand Whale Music Flower Power Dress Up Day Bathtime Tales About Tails A Sticky Situation Trees Company Rain Game You Should Be Dancing A Tale About Tails Told from the Cold Snowman 's Land Flight of the Penguin A Long Winter 's Nap Reindeer Games Surprise , Little Guys Super Secret Digger Night Lights Along Came a Spider Teeny Weeny Adventure Hold On Tight Trick and Treats Batty for Bats Aye Aye Trick or Treat Breeze from the Trees Nest Best Thing The Lost Egg The Tree Doctor Miles and Miles of Reptiles Now You See Me Be Cool Itty Bitty Water Ocean Commotion Reef Magic Digging The Deep King Cecil the Seahorse Ice Is Nice Help with Kelp Safari , So Good ! Treetop Tom Stripy Safari The King of Swing Elephant Walk Follow the Prints Let 's Go on an Adventure Maps Incredible Journey I See Seeds Sniff and Seek Go Snails Go Space is the Place Jumping on the Moon No Night Today Planet Name Game Top of the Sky Tough Enough The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween ! Awards ( edit ) 2012 Parents ' Choice Award -- Winner in Television 2012 Cynopsis : Kids ! magination Awards -- Winner , TV Series based on books 2012 Cynopsis : Kids ! magination Awards -- Winner , Song for a TV Series 2012 Kidscreen Awards -- Recognized , Best Integrated Promotion 2012 Teachers ' Choice Awards -- For the Classroom : `` Wings and Things '' ( DVD NCircle Entertainment ) 2012 Young Artist Awards -- Nominated , Best Performance in a Voice - Over , TV or Feature Film Young Actor 2012 Parents ' Choice Award -- Best Website 2012 Kidscreen Awards -- Finalist , Best Companion Website 2012 Cynopsis : Kids !",
"5": "magination Awards -- Honorable Mention , Website for a TV Series or TV Special 2012 Webby Awards -- Website , Official Honoree 2011 -- Nomination , Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program ( Martin Short ) 2011 Daytime Emmy Awards -- Nomination , Outstanding Original Song in Children 's & Animation 2011 NAPPA Awards -- `` Told from the Cold '' ( DVD NCircle Entertainment ) 2011 WGC Screenwriting Awards -- Winner , Animation 2011 Young Artist Awards -- Nominated , Best Performance in a Voice - Over , TV or Feature Film Young Actor 2011 Young Artist Awards -- Nominated , Best Performance in a Voice - Over , TV or Feature Film Young Actress 2011 Youth Media Alliance -- Nomination , Award of Excellence , Animation Three to Five Years 2010 Parents ' Choice Awards -- Recommended Seal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Program Credits '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . pbs.org . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CAT IN THE HAT KNOWS A LOT ABOUT THAT ! DEBUTS ON PBS KIDS THIS LABOR DAY '' . pbs.org. April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Official Press Release '' . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season Three for Portfolio 's Cat in the Hat Series '' . Worldscreen . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . pbs.org . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official Treehouse TV 's website The Cat In The Hat Knows A Lot About That ! at the Big Cartoon DataBase The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! on IMDb The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! at TV.com Dr.",
"6": "Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ?",
"7": "Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T .",
"8": "Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr.",
"9": "Seuss ( 1994 ) PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ?",
"10": "( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers !",
"11": "The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why !",
"12": "( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) SciGirls ( since 2010 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go !",
"13": "PBS Kids Preschool Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cat_in_the_Hat_Knows_a_Lot_About_That!&oldid=835478966 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2010 American television series debuts 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010 Canadian television series debuts Science education television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American preschool education television series British children 's animated television programmes Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated comedy television series Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series Canadian preschool education television series Fictional trios Treehouse TV shows Television programs based on children 's books Television programs based on works by Dr. Seuss Television series by Corus Entertainment PBS Kids shows American flash animated television series Canadian flash animated television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use Canadian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4,
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13,
12,
6,
5,
1,
2,
10,
3,
0,
8,
7
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[
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5675431682011947120
|
when do new episodes of ncis los angeles return
|
[
"October 1, 2017",
"May 13, 2018",
"May 13, 2018",
"May 13, 2018"
] |
{
"0": "NCIS : Los Angeles ( season 9 ) - wikipedia NCIS : Los Angeles ( season 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search NCIS : Los Angeles ( season 9 ) Starring Chris O'Donnell Daniela Ruah Eric Christian Olsen Barrett Foa Renée Felice Smith Nia Long Linda Hunt LL Cool J Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 8 List of NCIS : Los Angeles episodes The ninth season of NCIS : Los Angeles premiered on October 1 , 2017 on CBS for the 2017 -- 18 television season . The season is due to contain 24 episodes . The season contained the show 's 200th episode . The season is set to conclude on May 20 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Chris O'Donnell as Grisha `` G . '' Callen , NCIS Special Agent in Charge ( SAC ) Daniela Ruah as Kensi Blye , NCIS Special Agent Eric Christian Olsen as Marty Deeks , L.A.P.D. Liaison Detective Barrett Foa as Eric Beale , NCIS Technical Operator Renée Felice Smith as Nell Jones , NCIS Special Agent and Intelligence Analyst Nia Long as Shay Mosley , NCIS Executive Assistant Director for Pacific Operations ( EADPAC ) Linda Hunt as Henrietta Lange , NCIS Supervisory Special Agent ( SSA ) and Operations Manager LL Cool J as Sam Hanna , NCIS Senior Special Agent , second in command Recurring ( edit ) Vyto Ruginis as Arkady Kolcheck Peter Cambor as Nate Getz , NCIS Special Agent Bar Paly as Anastasia `` Anna '' Kolcheck , NCIS consultant and Callen 's girlfriend . John M. Jackson as Retired Rear Admiral A.J.",
"1": "Chegwidden , USN , JAG Andrea Bordeaux as Harley Hidoko , NCIS Special Agent and Executive Assistant to the EADPAC . Jeff Kober as Harris Keane Pamela Reed as Roberta Deeks , Deeks ' mother . Daniel J. Travanti as Nikita Aleksandr Reznikov / Garrison , Callen 's father Ravil Isyanov as Anatoli Kirkin Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 193 `` Party Crashers '' John Peter Kousakis R. Scott Gemmill October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 901 8.95 Hetty turns in retirement papers and disappears , Shay Mosley comes to Los Angeles to oversee the team and makes staffing changes ; Sam insists that Callen find a new partner . 194 `` Se Murio El Payaso '' Rick Tunell Kyle Harimoto October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 825 8.46 When the daughter of a notorious counterfeiter arrives in Los Angeles , Sam is sent undercover as a financier , while Callen partners with Anna ( Bar Paly ) to track the family 's latest scheme . 195 `` Assets '' Tawnia McKiernan Kyle Harimoto October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 902 8.65 During the murder investigation of a Navy Lieutenant on leave in Los Angeles , the NCIS team uncovers classified surveillance briefs she smuggled into the city that may have been sold to a foreign buyer . Meanwhile , Sam decides to sell his house . 196 `` Plain Sight '' Dennis Smith Joseph C. Wilson October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 903 8.18 After weapons with a $1 million street value are stolen , the team tracks the evidence to a wealthy charity event , prompting Mosley to be added to the guest list with Callen and Sam as her security detail .",
"2": "197 5 `` Mountebank '' Terrence O'Hara Jordana Lewis Jaffe October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 904 7.50 Sam goes undercover as a day trader after a prominent investment banker with ties to a Russian oligarch is murdered . Also , one of Callen 's aliases is the victim of credit card theft , and Mosley is concerned it signals something bigger . 198 6 `` Can I Get a Witness ? '' James Hanlon Chad Mazero November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 826 8.03 LAPD Detective Whiting calls in a favor from Deeks after his former partner , LAPD Lieutenant Bates , goes rogue and only Deeks can bring him in . 199 7 `` The Silo '' James Whitmore , Jr . Frank Military November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 905 7.86 After an Air Force captain Kensi dated a decade ago breaches a missile launch facility , she is transported to the location to help thwart the use of nuclear weapons . 200 8 `` This Is What We Do '' John Peter Kousakis R. Scott Gemmill November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 906 6.95 When a group of migrants and Border Patrol officers are slaughtered near Camp Pendleton , the team discovers that the killers are there for one of their old enemies ; Nell must work with her bossy older sister Sydney , a Homeland Security analyst . 201 9 `` Fool Me Twice '' Benny Boom Andrew Bartels November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 907 7.64 Callen and the team question Joelle 's backstory after she escapes from a kidnapping and turns to Callen for help .",
"3": "202 10 `` Forasteira '' Eric Pot Erin Broadhurst December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 908 7.53 The team tracks a highly - skilled assailant determined to avenge her father 's death by killing a Brazilian diplomat . Meanwhile , Deeks helps Guy , his mother 's boyfriend , with a theft . 203 11 `` All Is Bright '' Ruba Nadda Chad Mazero December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 909 7.21 The team investigates a ransomware attack that disrupts the entire power grid and paralyzes the city ; Sam struggles to find a way for his family to celebrate the holidays after his wife 's death . 204 12 `` Under Pressure '' Diana C. Valentine Joe Sachs January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 911 7.87 After napalm is detected at a crime scene , the team investigates the sole casualty for possible links to terrorism . 205 13 `` Các Tù Nhân '' James Hanlon R. Scott Gemmill January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 910 9.12 Eric and Nell find a cryptic clue Hetty left behind in a book that points to Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . At first , they clash with Mosley as they try to find out what Hetty is doing there , but Mosley comes around and gets them tickets to Vietnam . Meanwhile , Hetty tries to look insane while being interrogated by her `` buyer '' , who 's after the secret information she has . The title of the episode , `` Các Tù Nhân '' is Vietnamese for `` Prisoners . ''",
"4": "206 14 `` Goodbye , Vietnam '' John Peter Kousakis R. Scott Gemmill March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 912 8.03 The OSP team must work with Hetty 's old unit to locate her before she is sold off , while Nell and Eric must work with Sydney to uncover information that would help the team . 207 15 `` Liabilities '' Lily Mariye Kyle Harimoto March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 913 8.02 The team 's follow up on an old case leads them to Jennifer Kim ( Malese Jow ) , Granger 's estranged daughter , who may be the only one able to help them prevent a rogue North Korean agent from causing a terrorist attack in Los Angeles . Hetty readjusts to the OSP office following her return , especially to Mosley . In the end of the episode , Callen and Sam learn that Granger is dead . 208 16 `` Warrior of Peace '' Terence Nightingall Andrew Bartels March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 914 8.58 Callen 's father is apprehended as part of an exchange for two American photographers being held hostage in Iran . 209 17 `` The Monster '' Dennis Smith Adam George Key & Frank Military April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 915 7.12 While Investigating a missing person 's case , the team uncovers a killer who puts on a show for high paying voyeurs . 210 18 `` Vendetta '' James Whitmore , Jr . Jordana Lewis Jaffe April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 916 8.14 NCIS partners with the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) on a case when a notorious international weapons Dealer returns to the states .",
"5": "211 19 `` Outside the Lines '' Suzanne Saltz Joseph C. Wilson April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 917 7.57 Sam and Hidoko are sent undercover after a cryptocurrency farm is robbed of over $10 million in Bitcoin codes . 212 20 `` Reentry '' Eric Pot Lee A. Carlisle & Andrew Bartels April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 918 TBD 213 21 `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' Rick Tunell Chad Mazero & Jordana Lewis Jaffe May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 919 TBD 214 22 `` Venganza '' Yangzom Brauen Erin Broadhurst & Kyle Harimoto May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 920 TBD 215 23 `` A Line In The Sand '' Frank Military Frank Military May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) TBA TBD 216 24 `` Ninguna Salida '' John Peter Kousakis Joe Sachs & R. Scott Gemmill May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Episode Air date 18 -- 49 rating Viewers ( millions ) `` Party Crashers '' October 1 , 2017 1.3 / 4 8.95 `` Se Murio El Payaso '' October 8 , 2017 1.0 / 4 8.46 `` Assets '' October 15 , 2017 1.1 / 4 8.65 `` Plain Sight '' October 22 , 2017 1.1 / 3 8.18 5 `` Mountebank '' October 29 , 2017 0.8 / 3 7.50 6 `` Can I Get a Witness ? ''",
"6": "November 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 8.03 7 `` The Silo '' November 12 , 2017 0.9 / 3 7.86 8 `` This Is What We Do '' November 19 , 2017 0.7 / 2 6.95 9 `` Fool Me Twice '' November 26 , 2017 0.9 / 3 7.64 10 `` Forasteira '' December 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 7.53 11 `` All is Bright '' December 17 , 2017 0.9 / 3 7.21 12 `` Under Pressure '' January 7 , 2018 0.9 / 3 7.87 13 `` Cac Tu Nhan '' January 14 , 2018 1.1 / 4 9.12 14 `` Goodbye , Vietnam '' March 11 , 2018 0.9 / 3 8.03 15 `` Liabilities '' March 18 , 2018 0.9 / 3 8.02 16 `` Warrior of Peace '' March 25 , 2018 1.1 / 4 8.58 17 `` The Monster '' April 1 , 2018 0.8 / 3 7.12 18 `` Vendetta '' April 8 , 2018 0.9 / 3 8.14 19 `` Outside the Lines '' April 22 , 2018 0.8 / 3 7.57 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 -- 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( March 22 , 2018 ) .",
"7": "`` ' Scorpion ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' MacGyver ' : CBS Announces ( Series ? ) Finale Dates '' . TVseriesfinale.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' Ten Days in the Valley ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjust down , ' 60 Minutes , ' AFV ' and NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd , ' ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down , final World Series & NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy , ' ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 .",
"8": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and ' Sunday Night Football ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' The Simpsons ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down , NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Simpsons , ' ' Ghosted , ' Golden Globes arrivals down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up , other FOX shows adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) .",
"9": "`` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # LA918 ) `` Reentry '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # LA919 ) `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # LA920 ) `` Venganza '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .",
"10": "( hide ) NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar . '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present ,",
"11": "and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS:_Los_Angeles_(season_9)&oldid=838524017 '' Categories : NCIS : Los Angeles 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 26 . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
5,
6,
8,
3,
9,
2,
4,
7,
0,
11,
1,
10
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[
5,
6,
8,
3,
9
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-7254388745571129306
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who is the actor that plays the good doctor on tv
|
[
"Alfred Thomas \"Freddie\" Highmore"
] |
{
"0": "Freddie Highmore - wikipedia Freddie Highmore Jump to : navigation , search Freddie Highmore Highmore at the premiere of Bates Motel in March 2013 Alfred Thomas Highmore ( 1992 - 02 - 14 ) 14 February 1992 ( age 26 ) Camden Town , London , England Residence London , England Education Highgate School , London Alma mater Emmanuel College , Cambridge ( B.A. ) Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Parents Edward Highmore ( father ) Sue Latimer ( mother ) Alfred Thomas `` Freddie '' Highmore ( born 14 February 1992 ) is an English actor . He made his professional acting debut in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty ( 1999 ) . He is known for his roles in the films Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , and The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , and in the television series Bates Motel and The Good Doctor . For his roles in the first two , he won two consecutive Critics ' Choice Movie Awards for Best Young Performer . Highmore starred as Norman Bates in the acclaimed A&E drama - thriller series Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , for which he was nominated three times for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and won a People 's Choice Award . In 2017 , Highmore began producing and starring as Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999 -- 2004 : Beginnings and Finding Neverland 2.2 2005 -- 2011 : Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and The Spiderwick Chronicles 2.3 2012 -- present : Bates Motel , screenwriting debut and The Good Doctor 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Highmore was born on 14 February 1992 in Camden Town , London , into a show business family . His mother , Sue Latimer , is a talent agent whose clients include actors Daniel Radcliffe and Imelda Staunton , and his father , Edward Highmore , is an actor . He has a younger brother named Bertie . His home is in Highgate , North London . Highmore was educated at a primary school in Hampstead Garden Suburb in Hampstead and at Highgate School , an independent school , followed by Emmanuel College , Cambridge , where he earned a Double First in Spanish and Arabic . Career ( edit ) 1999 -- 2004 : beginnings and Finding Neverland ( edit ) Highmore began his acting career with small roles on television at the age of 7 . He made his film debut in Coky Giedroyc 's comedy Women Talking Dirty ( 1999 ) , playing the son of a woman ( Helena Bonham Carter ) who has recently become estranged from her commitment - phobic French lover . In 2001 , Highmore played a young King Arthur in the TNT miniseries The Mists of Avalon , a revisionist take on the Arthurian legends that depicted the women of Camelot as the real power behind the throne . In 2001 , in the BBC miniseries Happy Birthday Shakespeare , he portrayed a young boy who dreams of moving his family to Stratford - upon - Avon .",
"2": "Highmore has acted alongside members of his family in two separate films ; his brother Bertie played his brother in Women Talking Dirty , and his father Edward played his father in Hallmark Entertainment 's television film Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) . In 2004 , Highmore returned to the big screen for the family adventure film Two Brothers , directed by Jean - Jacques Annaud . He played the son of a French administrator who refuses to believe that his new friend , a tiger cub , might be dangerous after having tasted blood . He next had a major role alongside Kenneth Branagh , Zoë Wanamaker and Eddie Izzard in the fantasy film Five Children and It ( 2004 ) . That same year , Highmore made his breakthrough with a critically acclaimed performance as troubled Peter Llewelyn Davies in Marc Forster 's semi-biographical film Finding Neverland . He received several awards and nominations for the role , including a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer , and nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role . 2005 -- 2011 : Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and the Spiderwick Chronicles ( edit ) Highmore at the San Diego Comic - Con International , 23 July 2009 In 2005 , he portrayed the main role of Charlie Bucket in Tim Burton 's musical fantasy film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , adapted from the book of the same name by Roald Dahl . He was reportedly recommended by co-star Johnny Depp , with whom Highmore had worked in Finding Neverland ; Depp had been impressed by the young actor 's performance and thus put his name forward for the role . Highmore had not seen the original 1971 version of the film , and decided not to see it until he was done filming so his portrayal of Charlie would not be influenced . For his role , he again won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and was awarded the Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent . Highmore also lent his voice to the film 's accompanying video game of the same name . He next appeared as a young Max Skinner in Ridley Scott 's comedy - drama film A Good Year , which was released in the UK on 27 October 2006 .",
"3": "Also in 2006 , he began portraying protagonist Arthur Montgomery in the live - action / animated fantasy adventure film Arthur and the Invisibles , released on 13 December 2006 . Two sequels followed : Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) and Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) . For the third film and the trilogy 's accompanying video game , Highmore provided voice acting . In 2007 , he lent his voice to the adventure fantasy film The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) and its video game of the same name . He then portrayed the title character in the drama film August Rush ( 2007 ) , alongside Keri Russell , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , and Robin Williams . The story follows a musical prodigy as he searches for his birth parents . This film received a wide release on 21 November 2007 . Highmore next starred in the dual role of American twins Simon and Jared Grace , alongside Sarah Bolger as their sister Mallory , in the fantasy adventure film The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , based on the popular children 's stories of the same name by Tony DiTerlizzi . The film also had a video game , The Spiderwick Chronicles , in which Highmore reprised the characters of Simon and Jared in a voice role . That same year , he provided voice acting for the role of Little Jack in the animated film A Fox 's Tale ( 2008 ) . In 2009 , Highmore voiced the lead character in the animated film Astro Boy , and provided his voice to its accompanying video game , Astro Boy : The Video Game . He then played the main role in Toast , a BBC autobiographical film about chef Nigel Slater , which was aired on 30 December 2010 . The miniseries marked the third time Highmore has worked with Helena Bonham Carter . Also in 2010 , he starred as Hally Ballard , opposite Ving Rhames , in the drama film Master Harold ... and the Boys , based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard . The following year , he co-starred alongside Emma Roberts in the romantic comedy - drama The Art of Getting By ( 2011 ) .",
"4": "2012 -- present : Bates Motel , screenwriting debut and the Good Doctor ( edit ) Highmore at PaleyFest for Bates Motel , 10 May 2013 In 2013 , Highmore voiced the title character in the animated adventure film Justin and the Knights of Valour . From 2013 to 2017 , he portrayed the iconic role of Norman Bates , alongside Vera Farmiga as his mother Norma , in the A&E drama - thriller series Bates Motel , a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho that restarts the storyline in the present day . He won a People 's Choice Award in 2016 for his performance , and has received nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television ( 2013 ) , the Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama ( 2013 ) , and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series ( 2014 -- 2015 , and 2017 ) . Highmore ventured into writing and directing during his time working on the series , writing the fourth season episode `` Unfaithful '' and the fifth season episode `` Inseparable '' , and directing the fifth season episode `` The Body '' . In August 2014 , it was reported that NBC had purchased a comedy pilot script written and executive produced by Highmore and Bates Motel showrunner Kerry Ehrin . However , the pilot was not picked up to series . In 2015 , he appeared in the Libertines ' music video for `` You 're My Waterloo '' , alongside Marama Corlett . In 2016 , Highmore starred in Stephen Poliakoff 's BBC Two seven - part miniseries Close to the Enemy , the coming - of - age comedy - drama film Almost Friends , and Nick Hamm 's political comedy - drama film The Journey . The following year , he began portraying the lead role of Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer . In 2017 , he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his performance . Highmore has been cast as the voice of the Duke of Cheshire in the animated film adaptation of The Canterville Ghost .",
"5": "He is attached to play the title character , Baby Face Nelson , in the A&E drama pilot Baby Face , which he co-wrote and will executive produce with Kerry Ehrin . Highmore will also executive produce Ehrin 's drama pilot Long Distance for NBC . Personal life ( edit ) Highmore lives in London , which he has said keeps him grounded . He is close friends with his Bates Motel co-star Vera Farmiga , and is godfather to Fynn , her son with her husband Renn Hawkey . He is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club . Highmore speaks Spanish , French , and Arabic , in addition to his native English .",
"6": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Women Talking Dirty Sam Two Brothers Raoul Normandin Finding Neverland Peter Llewelyn Davies Five Children and It Robert 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2006 A Good Year Young Max Skinner 2006 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 August Rush Evan Taylor aka August Rush 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon Voice role 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2008 A Fox 's Tale Little Jack Voice role 2009 Astro Boy Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Voice role 2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Arthur Montgomery Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds Arthur Montgomery Master Harold ... and the Boys Hally Ballard 2011 The Art of Getting By George Zinavoy 2013 Justin and the Knights of Valour Justin Voice role 2016 The Journey Jack 2016 Almost Friends Charlie Brenner Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Happy Birthday Shakespeare Steven Green Television film 2001 The Mists of Avalon Young Arthur 2 episodes 2001 Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story Son at Playground 2 episodes 2002 I Saw You Oscar Bingley Television film Toast Nigel Slater Television film 2013 -- 2017 Bates Motel Norman Bates 50 episodes Also wrote 2 episodes and directed `` The Body '' 2016 Close to the Enemy Victor Ferguson 7 episodes 2017 Tour de Pharmacy Adrian Baton Television film 2017 -- present The Good Doctor Dr.",
"7": "Shaun Murphy Lead role ; also producer Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2009 Astro Boy : The Video Game Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Music videos ( edit ) The Libertines -- `` You 're My Waterloo '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Freddie Highmore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1984 -- 2004 , listed birth name as `` Alfred Thomas Highmore '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TVLine . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freddie Highmore -- Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark . `` Freddie Highmore keeps it real in music - filled ' August Rush ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore : ' When You 're Eighteen , You Ca n't Act the Kid Anymore ' '' . The Independent . 5 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Highmore gains double first '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Freddie Highmore Chronicles '' ( PDF ) . The Washington Post . 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore cast as titular Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' . JohnAugust.com. 23 May 2004 .",
"8": "Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Details for Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Details for Arthur and The War Of Two Worlds '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Freddie Highmore talks August Rush on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Highmore Joins Spiderwick Chronicles '' . Empire . 24 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore Signed for Imagi Studios ' Astro Boy '' ( PDF ) . Imagi Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore and Kristen Bell Join Astro Boy : The Video Game '' . GamersHell.com. 5 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New BBC One drama , Helena Bonham Carter and Freddie Highmore star in Toast '' . BBC News . 21 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( 21 April 2010 ) . `` Roberts , Highmore assigned ' Homework ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' Finds its Young Norman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 18 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( 28 June 2014 ) . `` Gravity , The Walking Dead , and Breaking Bad Win Big at the Fortieth Annual Saturn Awards '' . Nerdist .",
"9": "Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' Tops Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : ' Justified ' , ' Olive Kitteridge ' , HBO Lead The Field '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Star Freddie Highmore On Writing Season 4 , Episode 8 Of A&E 's ' Psycho ' Prequel '' . Design & Trend . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Elena ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : 8 Things to Know About Season 5 , Rihanna 's Casting , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` ' Bates Motel 's ' Freddie Highmore , Kerry Ehrin Sell Comedy to NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Jazz ( 2 December 2015 ) .",
"10": "`` The Libertines Share Romantic `` You 're My Waterloo '' Video Starring Freddie Highmore `` . Pitchfork Media . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two announces new Stephen Poliakoff drama with stellar cast '' . BBC News . 30 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Freddie Highmore , Haley Joel Osment to Star in Coming - of - Age Film ' Holding Patterns ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Toronto : John Hurt , Toby Stephens , Freddie Highmore Join ' The Journey ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Star Freddie Highmore to Topline ABC 's David Shore Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore goes from ' Bates ' killer to life - saving ' Good Doctor ' '' . USA Today . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Cannes : Freddie Highmore Lends Voice to Animated ' Oscar Wilde 's The Canterville Ghost ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel 's ' Freddie Highmore and Kerry Ehrin Sell Drama Pilot to A&E ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` NBC Buys ' Long Distance ' Drama From ' Bates Motel ' Duo Kerry Ehrin & Freddie Highmore And Producer Danielle Gelber '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` Freddie Highmore : ' staying in London and avoiding social media has kept me grounded ' '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine Podcast : Dream Emmy Q&A With Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore '' . TVLine. 12 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Freddie Highmore on re-imagining Psycho 's serial killer ' '' . London Evening Standard . 12 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Rubin V. ( 27 April 2013 ) . `` Freddie Highmore grows up : From ' Chocolate Factory ' to ' Bates Motel ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddie Highmore . Freddie Highmore on IMDb Awards for Freddie Highmore Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Jonathan Lipnicki ( 1996 ) Jurnee Smollett ( 1997 ) Ian Michael Smith ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell ( 2000 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2001 ) Kieran Culkin ( 2002 ) Keisha Castle - Hughes ( 2003 ) Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning (",
"12": "2005 ) Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin ( 2006 ) Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky ( 2007 ) Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Hailee Steinfeld ( 2010 ) Thomas Horn ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Ellar Coltrane ( 2014 ) Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges ( 2016 ) Brooklynn Prince ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Newcomer Bryan Singer ( 1996 ) Ewen Bremner ( 1997 ) Gary Oldman ( 1998 ) Vinnie Jones ( 1999 ) Carrie - Anne Moss / Damien O'Donnell ( 2000 ) Jamie Bell ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2002 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2003 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Kelly Reilly ( 2006 ) Brandon Routh / Eva Green ( 2007 ) Sam Riley ( 2008 ) Gemma Arterton ( 2009 ) Aaron Johnson ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor Matt Bomer ( 2015 ) Kevin Hart ( 2016 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway ( 1984 ) Barret Oliver ( 1985 ) Carrie Henn ( 1986 ) Kirk Cameron ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1988 ) Adan Jodorowsky ( 1989 /",
"13": "90 ) Edward Furlong ( 1991 ) Scott Weinger ( 1992 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Christina Ricci ( 1995 ) Lucas Black ( 1996 ) Jena Malone ( 1997 ) Tobey Maguire ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Devon Sawa ( 2000 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2001 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2002 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Ivana Baquero ( 2006 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2007 ) Jaden Smith ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2010 ) Joel Courtney ( 2011 ) Suraj Sharma ( 2012 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2013 ) Mackenzie Foy ( 2014 ) Ty Simpkins ( 2015 ) Tom Holland ( 2016 ) VIAF : 76564503 LCCN : no2005079407 ISNI : 0000 0001 1850 4678 GND : 142250546 SUDOC : 086271989 BNF : cb14596222r ( data ) BNE : XX4746390 SNAC : w63f5ksg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Highmore&oldid=837580722 '' Categories : 1992 births 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of Emmanuel College ,",
"14": "Cambridge Best Newcomer Empire Award winners English male child actors English male film actors English male screenwriters English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors English television directors English television producers Living people Male actors from London People educated at Highgate School People from Camden Town People from Highgate Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is to be done burning questions of our movement
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[
"a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin in 1901 and published in 1902"
] |
{
"0": "What is to Be Done ? - Wikipedia What is to Be Done ? Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Lenin 's pamphlet . For other uses , see What Is To Be Done ? ( disambiguation ) . Original cover What Is To Be Done ? Burning Questions of Our Movement ( Russian : Что делать ? , tr . Chto delat ' ? ) , is a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin in 1901 and published in 1902 . Its title is inspired by the novel of the same name by the 19th century Russian revolutionary Nikolai Chernyshevsky . In What Is to Be Done ? , Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic battles with employers over wages , working hours and the like . To convert the working class to Marxism , Lenin insists that Marxists should form a political party , or `` vanguard '' , of dedicated revolutionaries to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers . The pamphlet precipitated in part the split of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party ( RSDLP ) between Lenin 's Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main points 2 Lih 's interpretation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Main points ( edit ) Lenin first confronted the so - called `` Economist '' trend in Russian Social Democracy , who followed the line of Eduard Bernstein . He explained that Bernstein 's positions were opportunist , a point expressed by the French socialist Alexandre Millerand , as in taking a post in a bourgeois government . Against the Economists ' demand for `` freedom of criticism '' , Lenin advanced the position that the orthodox Marxists had the same right to criticize in return . He stressed that in the struggle against the bourgeoisie , revolutionary Social Democrats would need to pay particular attention to theoretical questions , recalling Friedrich Engels ' position that there were three forms of Social Democratic struggle : political , economic , and theoretical . Lenin puts the case that workers will not spontaneously become Marxists just by fighting battles over wages with their employers ; instead , Marxists need to form a political party to publicise Marxist ideas and persuade workers to become Marxists .",
"1": "He goes on to argue that to understand politics you must understand all of society , not just workers and their economic struggles with their employers . To become political and to become Marxists , workers need to learn about all of society , not just their own corner of it : Class political consciousness can be brought to the workers only from without ; that is , only from outside the economic struggle , from outside the sphere of relations between workers and employers . The sphere from which alone it is possible to obtain this knowledge is the sphere of relationships ( of all classes and strata ) to the state and the government , the sphere of the interrelations between all classes . Writing about the wave of strikes in late nineteenth century Russia , Lenin states that `` the history of all countries shows that the working class , exclusively by its own efforts , is able to develop only trade - union consciousness '' ; that is , combining into unions , etc . Socialist theory , however , in Russia , as elsewhere in Europe , was the product of the `` educated representatives of the propertied classes '' , the intellectuals or `` revolutionary socialist intellectuals '' . Lenin states that Marx and Engels themselves , the very founders of modern scientific socialism , belonged to this bourgeois intelligentsia . Lih 's interpretation ( edit ) Lars T. Lih has suggested that Lenin 's pamphlet has been widely misinterpreted partly by mistranslations of key terms used by Lenin . Lih says that those historians and textbooks that misinterpret the pamphlet follow `` three mutually reinforcing strands '' : The first is that the essence of Lenin 's outlook is his loss of confidence in the workers and his fear of their `` spontaneity '' ( `` stikhiinost '' ) . Lenin 's hard - eyed realism about the incapacity of the workers , combined with his own fanatical will to revolution , gave birth to the idea of a party based on `` professional revolutionaries '' from the intelligentsia . Second , Lenin 's outlook is a profound revision of orthodox Marxism . `` Lenin is quite ready to reinterpret Marx , while claiming , of course , that he is merely following the letter of the doctrine . '' Third , the book where this profound innovation is set forth `` What Is to Be Done ? '' is therefore the founding document of Bolshevism and the key text for understanding communism .",
"2": "Lih argues that `` even if we examine the controversial passages in What is to be Done ? we misunderstand them if we are not alive to the meanings of the words used . Some of these have been translated in such a way as to confuse or even to draw readers to the opposite of what Lenin 's real views were '' . Therefore , Lih argues , the word спонтанность , when translated as `` spontaneity , '' distorts his views , and has different contextual connotations ; how конспирация does not mean `` conspiracy '' , but `` the rules and procedures needed for an underground organisation to survive '' ; тред - юнионизм does not mean `` trade unionism '' , but non-revolutionary `` only trade unionism '' , and революционер по профессии should not be translated as `` professional revolutionary '' . See also ( edit ) Vladimir Lenin bibliography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Le Blanc , Revolution , Democracy , Socialism : Selected Writings of Lenin ( Pluto Press , London : 2008 ) , 9 , 128 Jump up ^ Malia , Martin ( 1994 ) . The Soviet Tragedy : A History of Socialism in Russia , 1917 -- 1991 . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 919795 - 0 . Jump up ^ North , David . `` The Origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done ? '' . World Socialist Web Site . International Committee of the Fourth International . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , What Is To Be Done ? ( 1901 ) , Lenin Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Paul Le Blanc , Revolution , Democracy , Socialism : Selected Writings of Lenin ( Pluto Press , London : 2008 ) , 31 , 137 - 138 ^ Jump up to : Lih , Lars ( 2005 ) . Lenin Rediscovered : What is to be Done ? in Context . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13120 - 0 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ Lars T. Lih , `` How a Founding Document Was Found , or One Hundred Years of Lenin 's What is to Be Done ? . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History ( 2003 ) 4 # 1 pp : 5 - 49 , quote at pp 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Joe Craig , `` Review -- ' Lenin Rediscovered : What is to be Done ? In Context ' by Lars T. Lih '' , Part 1 The Merger Formula , 10 November 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : What is to Be Done ? Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article : Что делать ? What Is To Be Done ? by Vladimir I. Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive Paul Blackledge , What was Done , an extended review of Lars Lih 's Lenin Rediscovered from International Socialism review of Lih 's book from Socialist Democracy ( Ireland ) `` What They Did to What is to be Done ? '' , Hal Draper 's essay contextualizing WITBD ( hide ) Works by Vladimir Lenin The Development of Capitalism in Russia ( 1899 ) What Is To Be Done ?",
"4": "( 1902 ) One Step Forward , Two Steps Back ( 1904 ) Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution ( 1905 ) Materialism and Empirio - criticism ( 1909 ) Philosophical Notebooks ( 1913 ) The Right of Nations to Self - Determination ( 1914 ) Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1916 ) The State and Revolution ( 1917 ) The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky ( 1918 ) `` Left - Wing '' Communism : An Infantile Disorder ( 1920 ) Testament ( 1922 -- 1923 ) VIAF : 220581586 LCCN : n84067953 GND : 4123632 - 4 SUDOC : 117231916 BNF : cb119713936 ( data ) BNE : XX2052572 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Is_To_Be_Done%3F&oldid=789360271 '' Categories : Communist books Works by Vladimir Lenin Pamphlets 1902 books Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 22 : 21 . About Wikipedia",
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when did the ouija board first come out
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[
"July 1, 1890",
"July 1, 1890",
"July 1, 1890",
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{
"0": "Ouija - wikipedia Ouija Jump to : navigation , search ( show ) Part of a series of articles on the paranormal Main articles Afterlife Angel Astral projection Aura Bilocation Clairvoyance Close encounter Cold spot Conjuration Deity Demon Demonic possession Demonology Devil Ectoplasm Electronic voice phenomenon Exorcism Extrasensory perception Fairy Fear of ghosts Forteana Ghost Ghost hunting Ghost story God Haunted house Hypnosis Indigo children Magic Mediumship Miracle Occult Orb Ouija Paranormal Paranormal fiction Paranormal television Poltergeist Precognition Psychic Psychic reading Psychokinesis Psychometry Reincarnation Remote viewing Residual haunting Retrocognition Shadow people Soul Spirit photography Spirit possession Spirit world Spiritualism Stone Tape Supernatural Telepathy UFO UFO sightings Ufology Will - o ' - the - wisp Haunted locations United Kingdom United States World Articles on skepticism Cold reading Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Debunking Hoax James Randi Educational Foundation Magical thinking Prizes for evidence of the paranormal Pseudoskepticism Scientific skepticism Related articles on science , psychology , and logic Agnosticism Anomalistics Argument from ignorance Argumentum ad populum Bandwagon effect Begging the question Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty Urban legend Related articles on Social change and Parapsychology Countermovement Death and culture Parapsychology Scientific literacy Social movement This article is about the spiritualist use of the ouija board . For other uses , see Ouija ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Ouida .",
"1": "Original Ouija board created in 1894 Part of a series on ( hide ) Spiritualism Spirit Spiritualism Spiritualist beliefs Spiritism Practices Mediumship Faith healing Psychometry Automatic writing Related topics Afterlife Spirit world Spirit guide Shamanism Animism Psychic Clairvoyant Paranormal Occult Parapsychology The ouija ( / ˈwiːdʒə / WEE - jə or / ˈwiːdʒi / WEE - jee ) , also known as a spirit board or talking board , is a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet , the numbers 0 -- 9 , the words `` yes '' , `` no '' , `` hello '' ( occasionally ) , and `` goodbye '' , along with various symbols and graphics . It uses a small heart - shaped piece of wood or plastic called a planchette . Participants place their fingers on the planchette , and it is moved about the board to spell out words . `` Ouija '' is a trademark of Hasbro , Inc. , but is often used generically to refer to any talking board . According to Hasbro , players take turns asking questions and then `` wait to see what the planchette spells out '' for them . Following its commercial introduction by businessman Elijah Bond on July 1 , 1890 , the ouija board was regarded as a parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I. Spiritualists believed that the dead were able to contact the living and reportedly used a talking board very similar to a modern ouija board at their camps in Ohio in 1886 to ostensibly enable faster communication with spirits . Some Christian denominations have `` warned against using ouija boards '' , holding that they can lead to demonic possession . Occultists , on the other hand , are divided on the issue , with some saying that it can be a positive transformation ; others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution `` inexperienced users '' against it . Paranormal and supernatural beliefs associated with Ouija have been harshly criticized by the scientific community , since they are characterized as pseudoscience .",
"2": "The action of the board can be parsimoniously explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer , a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 China 1.2 Talking boards 1.3 Commercial parlor game 2 Scientific investigation 3 Use in creation of literature 4 Religious responses 5 Notable users 6 In popular culture 6.1 Books 6.2 Movies 6.3 Television 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) China ( edit ) See also : Fuji ( planchette writing ) Wang Chongyang , founder of the Quanzhen School , depicted in Changchun Temple , Wuhan One of the first mentions of the automatic writing method used in the ouija board is found in China around 1100 AD , in historical documents of the Song Dynasty . The method was known as fuji `` planchette writing '' . The use of planchette writing as an ostensible means of necromancy and communion with the spirit - world continued , and , albeit under special rituals and supervisions , was a central practice of the Quanzhen School , until it was forbidden by the Qing Dynasty . Several entire scriptures of the Daozang are supposedly works of automatic planchette writing . According to one author , similar methods of mediumistic spirit writing have been practiced in ancient India , Greece , Rome , and medieval Europe . Talking boards ( edit ) As a part of the spiritualist movement , mediums began to employ various means for communication with the dead . Following the American Civil War in the United States , mediums did significant business in presumably allowing survivors to contact lost relatives . The ouija itself would be created and named in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1890 , but the use of talking boards was so common by 1886 that news reported the phenomenon taking over the spiritualists ' camps in Ohio . Commercial parlor Game ( edit ) A modern Ouija board plus planchette Businessman Elijah Bond had the idea to patent a planchette sold with a board on which the alphabet was printed , much like the previously existing talking boards .",
"3": "The patentees filed on May 28 , 1890 for patent protection and thus are credited with the invention of the Ouija board . Issue date on the patent was February 10 , 1891 . They received U.S. Patent 446,054 . Bond was an attorney and was an inventor of other objects in addition to this device . An employee of Elijah Bond , William Fuld , took over the talking board production . In 1901 , Fuld started production of his own boards under the name `` Ouija '' . Charles Kennard ( founder of Kennard Novelty Company which manufactured Fuld 's talking boards and where Fuld had worked as a varnisher ) claimed he learned the name `` Ouija '' from using the board and that it was an ancient Egyptian word meaning `` good luck . '' When Fuld took over production of the boards , he popularized the more widely accepted etymology : that the name came from a combination of the French and German words for `` yes '' . The Fuld name became synonymous with the Ouija board , as Fuld reinvented its history , claiming that he himself had invented it . The strange talk about the boards from Fuld 's competitors flooded the market , and all these boards enjoyed a heyday from the 1920s through the 1960s . Fuld sued many companies over the `` Ouija '' name and concept up until his death in 1927 . In 1966 , Fuld 's estate sold the entire business to Parker Brothers . Hasbro purchased the product line in 1991 and continues to hold all trademarks and patents . About ten brands of talking boards are sold today under various names . Scientific investigation ( edit ) The ouija phenomenon is considered by the scientific community to be the result of the ideomotor response . Michael Faraday first described this effect in 1853 , while investigating table - turning . Various studies have been produced , recreating the effects of the ouija board in the lab and showing that , under laboratory conditions , the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily . A 2012 study found that when answering yes or no questions , ouija use was significantly more accurate than guesswork , suggesting that it might draw on the unconscious mind .",
"4": "Skeptics have described ouija board users as ' operators ' . Some critics noted that the messages ostensibly spelled out by spirits were similar to whatever was going through the minds of the subjects . According to Professor of neurology Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience and the Paranormal ( 2003 ) : The planchette is guided by unconscious muscular exertions like those responsible for table movement . Nonetheless , in both cases , the illusion that the object ( table or planchette ) is moving under its own control is often extremely powerful and sufficient to convince many people that spirits are truly at work ... The unconscious muscle movements responsible for the moving tables and Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples of a class of phenomena due to what psychologists call a dissociative state . A dissociative state is one in which consciousness is somehow divided or cut off from some aspects of the individual 's normal cognitive , motor , or sensory functions . In the 1970s ouija board users were also described as `` cult members '' by sociologists , though this was severely scrutinised in the field . Ouija boards have been criticized in the press since their inception , having been variously described as `` ' vestigial remains ' of primitive belief - systems '' and a con to part fools from their money . Some journalists have described reports of ouija board findings as ' half truths ' and have suggested that their inclusion in national newspapers lowers the national discourse overall . Use in creation of literature ( edit ) Ouija boards have been the source of inspiration for literary works , used as guidance in writing or as a form of channeling literary works . As a result of Ouija boards ' becoming popular in the early 20th century , by the 1920s many `` psychic '' books were written of varying quality often initiated by ouija board use . Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that her novel Jap Herron : A Novel Written from the Ouija Board ( 1917 ) was dictated by Mark Twain 's spirit through the use of a Ouija board after his death . Pearl Lenore Curran ( February 15 , 1883 -- December 4 , 1937 ) , alleged that for over 20 years she was in contact with a spirit named Patience Worth .",
"5": "This symbiotic relationship produced several novels , and works of poetry and prose , which Pearl Curran claimed were delivered to her through channelling Worth 's spirit during sessions with a ouija board , and which works Curran then transcribed . In late 1963 , Jane Roberts and her husband Robert Butts started experimenting with a ouija board as part of Roberts ' research for a book on extra-sensory perception . According to Roberts and Butts , on December 2 , 1963 they began to receive coherent messages from a male personality who eventually identified himself as Seth , culminating in a series of books dictated by `` Seth '' . In 1982 , poet James Merrill released an apocalyptic 560 - page epic poem titled The Changing Light at Sandover , which documented two decades of messages dictated from the Ouija board during séances hosted by Merrill and his partner David Noyes Jackson . Sandover , which received the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1983 , was published in three volumes beginning in 1976 . The first contained a poem for each of the letters A through Z , and was called The Book of Ephraim . It appeared in the collection Divine Comedies , which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977 . According to Merrill , the spirits ordered him to write and publish the next two installments , Mirabell : Books of Number in 1978 ( which won the National Book Award for Poetry ) and Scripts for the Pageant in 1980 . Religious responses ( edit ) Since early in the ouija board 's history , it has been criticized by several Christian groups including Roman Catholics . Catholic Answers , a Christian apologetics organization , states that `` The Ouija board is far from harmless , as it is a form of divination ( seeking information from supernatural sources ) . '' In 2001 , Ouija boards were burned in Alamogordo , New Mexico , by fundamentalist groups alongside Harry Potter books as `` symbols of witchcraft . '' Religious criticism has also expressed beliefs that the Ouija board reveals information which should only be in God 's hands , and thus it is a tool of Satan . A spokesperson for Human Life International described the boards as a portal to talk to spirits and called for Hasbro to be prohibited from marketing them .",
"6": "Bishops in Micronesia called for the boards to be banned and warned congregations that they were talking to demons and devils when using the boards . Notable users ( edit ) Dick Brooks , of the Houdini Museum in Scranton , Pennsylvania , uses a Ouija board as part of a paranormal and seance presentation . Jane Roberts contacted Seth initially through the Ouija board an ' energy personality essence no longer focused in the physical world ' . The book Seth Speaks was an explanation of reality by Seth . G.K. Chesterton used a Ouija board in his teenaged years . Around 1893 , he had gone through a crisis of scepticism and depression , and during this period Chesterton experimented with the Ouija board and grew fascinated with the occult . Early press releases stated that Vincent Furnier 's stage and band name `` Alice Cooper '' was agreed upon after a session with a Ouija board , during which it was revealed that Furnier was the reincarnation of a 17th - century witch with that name . Alice Cooper later revealed that he just thought of the first name that came to his head while discussing a new band name with his band . Poet James Merrill used a Ouija board for years and even encouraged entrance of spirits into his body . Before he died , he recommended that people must not use Ouija boards . Former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi claimed under oath that , in a séance held in 1978 with other professors at the University of Bologna , the `` ghost '' of Giorgio La Pira used a Ouija to spell the name of the street where Aldo Moro was being held by the Red Brigades . According to Peter Popham of The Independent : `` Everybody here has long believed that Prodi 's Ouija board tale was no more than an ill - advised and bizarre way to conceal the identity of his true source , probably a person from Bologna 's seething far - left underground whom he was pledged to protect . '' The Mars Volta wrote their album Bedlam in Goliath ( 2008 ) based on their alleged experiences with a Ouija board . According to their story ( written for them by a fiction author , Jeremy Robert Johnson ) , Omar Rodriguez Lopez purchased one while traveling in Jerusalem .",
"7": "At first the board provided a story which became the theme for the album . Strange events allegedly related to this activity occurred during the recording of the album : the studio flooded , one of the album 's main engineers had a nervous breakdown , equipment began to malfunction , and Cedric Bixler - Zavala 's foot was injured . Following these bad experiences the band buried the Ouija board . In the murder trial of Joshua Tucker , his mother insisted that he had carried out the murders while possessed by the Devil , who found him when he was using a Ouija board . Bill Wilson , the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous , used a Ouija board and conducted seances in attempts to contact the dead . Much of William Butler Yeats 's later poetry was inspired , among other facets of occultism , by the Ouija board . Yeats himself did not use it , but his wife did . In London in 1994 , convicted murderer Stephen Young was granted a retrial after it was learned that four of the jurors had conducted a Ouija board séance and had `` contacted '' the murdered man , who had named Young as his killer . Young was convicted for a second time at his retrial and jailed for life . Aleister Crowley had great admiration for the use of the ouija board and it played a passing role in his magical workings . Jane Wolfe , who lived with Crowley at Abbey of Thelema , also used the Ouija board . She credits some of her greatest spiritual communications to use of this implement . Crowley also discussed the Ouija board with another of his students , and the most ardent of them , Frater Achad ( Charles Stansfeld Jones ) : it is frequently mentioned in their unpublished letters . In 1917 Achad experimented with the board as a means of summoning Angels , as opposed to Elementals . In one letter Crowley told Jones : `` Your Ouija board experiment is rather fun . You see how very satisfactory it is , but I believe things improve greatly with practice . I think you should keep to one angel , and make the magical preparations more elaborate . '' Over the years , both became so fascinated by the board that they discussed marketing their own design .",
"8": "Their discourse culminated in a letter , dated February 21 , 1919 , in which Crowley tells Jones , `` Re : Ouija Board . I offer you the basis of ten percent of my net profit . You are , if you accept this , responsible for the legal protection of the ideas , and the marketing of the copyright designs . I trust that this may be satisfactory to you . I hope to let you have the material in the course of a week . '' In March , Crowley wrote to Achad to inform him , `` I 'll think up another name for Ouija . '' But their business venture never came to fruition and Crowley 's new design , along with his name for the board , has not survived . Crowley has stated , of the Ouija Board that , There is , however , a good way of using this instrument to get what you want , and that is to perform the whole operation in a consecrated circle , so that undesirable aliens can not interfere with it . You should then employ the proper magical invocation in order to get into your circle just the one spirit you want . It is comparatively easy to do this . A few simple instructions are all that is necessary , and I shall be pleased to give these , free of charge , to any one who cares to apply . E.H. Jones and C.W. Hill , whilst prisoners of the Turks during the First World War , used a Ouija board to convince their captors that they were mediums as part of an escape plan . In popular culture ( edit ) Ouija boards have figured prominently in horror tales in various media as devices enabling malevolent spirits to spook their users . Most often , they make brief appearances , relying heavily on the atmosphere of mystery the board already holds in the mind of the viewer , in order to add credence to the paranormal presence in the story being told . Books ( edit ) In Stephen King 's post-apocalyptic novel The Stand , Nadine Cross is contacted by Randall Flagg ( also known as the dark man or Satan 's Imp ) twice via Ouija board . The first time is unintentionally , in college ; the second time , in post-plague Boulder , she deliberately opens herself up to the communication , with dire consequences .",
"9": "The Ouija Board ( Paranormal Adventure Series Book 1 ) by Shelby White centers on a group of friends who unintentionally release evil through their use of a Ouija board , as does The Harrowing by Alexandra Sokoloff . In For What It 's Worth by Janet Tashjian a boy uses a Ouija board to contact the spirits of Janis Joplin , Jimi Hendrix , and Jim Morrison . Issue # 79 of Bart Simpson , a comic book series based on The Simpsons , contains a story called `` The Demon '' in which Bart and Lisa find a Ouija board and unleash a demon . Issue # 10 of Bart Simpson 's Treehouse of horror contains the story `` Scareway to Heaven '' in which a Ouija board results in demon possession . The Invisible Histories of the Spiral Mountain ; or The Hymns of Melchizedek , an occult novel by Christopher of Detroit , contains several chapter that use the talking board for communication with the protagonist 's higher self . Movies ( edit ) The Uninvited , made in 1944 , features a scene with an impromptu board the characters put together . The 1973 blockbuster film , The Exorcist , also uses a ouija board to explain why the young girl becomes possessed . Alison 's Birthday has one too , with its claustrophobia - inducing filming , as do the films Deadly Messages and Awakenings . The earliest Western film to hinge its entire plot around the ( mis ) use of a Ouija board , Witchboard ( 1986 ) , makes a nod to The Exorcist ( where there is a sequence in which a board is used ) , with a main character called Linda , and her partner quipping `` So what you 're telling me is ... that I 'm living with Linda Blair ? '' Witchboard was so successful it spawned two sequels : Witchboard 2 : The Devil 's Doorway , and Witchboard III : The Possession . In the same year as the first of the trilogy , the film Spookies also had its own Ouija board scene . What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) also includes a séance scene with a board .",
"10": "Paranormal Activity ( 2007 ) involved a violent entity haunting a couple that becomes powerful when the man uses a Ouija board , despite the woman 's objection . Another 2007 film , Ouija , depicted a group of adolescents whose use of the board causes a murderous spirit to follow them , while four years later , The Ouija Experiment portrayed a group of friends whose use of the board opens , and fails to close , a portal between the worlds of the living and the dead . The 2014 film Ouija featured a group of friends whose use of the board prompted a series of deaths . That film was followed by a 2016 prequel , Ouija : Origin of Evil , which also features the device . Television ( edit ) In season 1 episode 5 of The West Wing , the Ouija boards are mentioned by two characters who compare having a Ouija board to believing in UFO 's . In Season 3 Episode 8 of Reba ( TV series ) , Barbra Jean and Reba use an Ouija Board to try and clean Barbra Jean and Brock 's house after Reba convinced her that the house was haunted . While holding the séance Reba pretended to be a ghost causing Barbra Jean to scream and run up stairs . The electric then goes out and Barbra Jean screams once again . At the end of the episode Barbra Jean asked Reba if they should ask the board if Brock was being a good husband in Vegas and the planchette moved . Reba then jumped across the table into Barbra Jean 's arms . See also ( edit ) List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Dowsing Divided consciousness Dual consciousness Left brain interpreter Bicameralism ( psychology ) Alien hand syndrome Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Trademark Registration Number 0519636 under First Use in Commerce '' . tsdr.uspto.gov . Jump up ^ `` Ouija Board ( 2001 ) Instructions - Hasbro '' ( PDF ) . Hasbro.com . Hasbro , Inc . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brunvand , Jan Harold ( 1998 ) . American folklore : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis .",
"11": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3350 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strange and Mysterious History of the ouija Board '' . ^ Jump up to : Raising the devil : Satanism , new religions , and the media . University Press of Kentucky . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Practically since its invention a century ago , mainstream Christian religions , including Catholicism , have warned against the use of oujia boards , claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism ( Hunt 1985 : 93 - 95 ) . Occultists are divided on the oujia board 's value . Jane Roberts ( 1966 ) and Gina Covina ( 1979 ) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world . But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings , cautioning inexperienced persons away from it . Jump up ^ Carlisle , Rodney P. ( 2 April 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society . SAGE Publications . p. 434 . ISBN 9781412966702 . In particular , Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery ; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession , as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ - filled environment . ^ Jump up to : Heap , Michael . ( 2002 ) . Ideomotor Effect ( the Ouija Board Effect ) . In Michael Shermer . The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience . ABC - CLIO . pp. 127 - 129 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 654 - 7 Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ; Ed Zotti ( 3 July 2000 ) . `` How does a Ouija board work ? '' . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Robert T. ( 31 October 2009 ) . `` Ouija board '' .",
"12": "Skeptic 's Dictionary . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ French , Chris . ( 2013 ) . `` The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Silvers , Brock . The Taoist Manual ( Honolulu : Sacred Mountain Press , 2005 ) , p. 129 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Chao Wei - pang. 1942 . `` The origin and Growth of the Fu Chi '' , Folklore Studies 1 : 9 -- 27 ^ Jump up to : Orlando , Eugene . `` Ancient Ouija Boards : Fact ot Fiction ? '' . Museum of Talking Boards . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cornelius , J.E. Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board , pp. 20 -- 21 . Feral House , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , Cheryl A ; Irving Kirsch ; Howard Shane ; Kristen L. Niederauer ; Steven M. Graham ; Alyson Bacon . `` Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response '' . Psychological Science . Blackwell Publishing . 9 ( 1 ) : 71 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9280.00013 . JSTOR 40063250 . ^ Jump up to : Gauchou HL ; Rensink RA ; Fels S. ( 2012 ) . Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions . Conscious Cogn. 21 ( 2 ) : 976 - 982 . Jump up ^ Shenefelt PD. ( 2011 ) . Ideomotor signaling : from divining spiritual messages to discerning subconscious answers during hypnosis and hypnoanalysis , a historical perspective . Am J Clin Hypn. 53 ( 3 ) : 157 - 167 . Jump up ^ Faraday , Michael ( 1853 ) . `` Experimental investigation of table - moving '' . Journal of the Franklin Institute . 56 ( 5 ) : 328 -- 333 .",
"13": "doi : 10.1016 / S0016 - 0032 ( 38 ) 92173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Table - turning '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Garrow , Hattie Brown ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Suffolk 's Lakeland High teens find their own answers '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Brian ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` Crying rape through a Ouija board '' . Detroit Free Press . McClatchy -- Tribune Business News . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tucker , Milo Asem ( Apr 1897 ) . `` Comparative Observations on the Involuntary Movements of Adults and Children '' . The American Journal of Psychology . University of Illinois Press . 8 ( 3 ) : 402 . JSTOR 1411486 . Jump up ^ Hines , Terence. ( 2003 ) . Pseudoscience and the Paranormal . Prometheus Books . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 979 - 4 Jump up ^ Robbins , Thomas ; Dick Anthony ( 1979 ) . `` The Sociology of Contemporary Religious Movements '' . Annual Review of Sociology . Annual Reviews . 5 : 81 -- 7 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. so. 05.080179. 000451 . JSTOR 2945948 . Jump up ^ Howerth , I.W. ( Aug 1927 ) . `` Science and Religion '' . The Scientific Monthly . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 25 ( 2 ) : 151 . doi : 10.2307 / 7828 . JSTOR 7828 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alfred H. ( Sep 1921 ) . `` Newspaper Conscience -- A Study in Half - Truths '' . The American Journal of Sociology . The University of Chicago Press .",
"14": "27 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 205 . doi : 10.1086 / 213304 . JSTOR 2764824 . Jump up ^ White , Stewart Edward ( March 1943 ) . The Betty Book . USA : E.P. Dutton & CO. , Inc . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 89804 - 151 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Book Review - Jap Herron '' . Twainquotes.com . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ ESP Power , by Jane Roberts ( 2000 ) ( introductory essay by Lynda Dahl ) . ISBN 0 - 88391 - 016 - 0 Jump up ^ `` All Past National Book Critics Circle Awards Winners and Finalists '' . National Book Critics Circle . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners & finalists by category '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Book Awards -- 1979 '' . National Book Foundation . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Are Ouija boards harmless ? '' . Catholic Answers . 1996 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ishizuka , Kathy ( 1 February 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter book burning draws fire '' . School Library Journal . New York . 48 ( 2 ) : 27 . Jump up ^ `` Book banning spans the globe '' . Houston Chronicle. 3 October 2002 . Jump up ^ LaRocca , Lauren ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` The Potter phenomenon '' . The Frederick News - Post . Jump up ^ Zyromski , Page McKean ( October 2006 ) . `` Facts for Teaching about Halloween '' . Catechist MAgazine . Jump up ^ Smith , Hortense ( 7 February 2010 ) . `` Pink Ouija Board Declared `` A Dangerous Spiritual Game , '' Possibly Destroying Our Children ( The Craft ) `` . Jezebel . Jump up ^ Dernbach , Katherine Boris ( Spring 2005 ) .",
"15": "`` Spirits of the Hereafter : Death , Funerary Possession , and the Afterlife in Chuuk , Micronesia '' . Ethnology . Pittsburgh . 44 ( 2 ) : 99 . doi : 10.2307 / 3773992 . JSTOR 3773992 . Jump up ^ `` Psych Theater '' . psychictheater.com . Jump up ^ Chesterton , G.K. ( 2006 ) . Autobiography . Ignatius Press . p. 77ff . ISBN 1586170716 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Biography '' . The Rock Radio . Jump up ^ Hunt , Stoker . Ouija : The Most Dangerous Game . Chapter 6 , pages 44 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Popham , Peter ( 2 December 2005 ) . `` The seance that came back to haunt Romano Prodi '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Bedlam in Goliath Offers Weird Ouija Tale of The Mars Volta '' . Alarm Magazine . 2007 . Jump up ^ Horton , Paula ( 15 March 2008 ) . `` Teen gets 41 years in Benton City slayings '' . McClatchy -- Tribune Business News . Jump up ^ Horton , Paula ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Mom says son influenced by Satan on day of Benton City slayings '' . McClatchy -- Tribune Business News -- via Boxden . Jump up ^ Raphael , Matthew J. ( May 2002 ) . Bill W. and Mr. Wilson : The Legend and Life of A.A. 's Cofounder . Univ of Massachusetts Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 360 - 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Conradt , Stacy ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` The Quick 10 : 10 Famous Uses of the Ouija Board '' . Mental Floss . Jump up ^ Mills , Heather ( 25 October 1994 ) .",
"16": "`` Retrial order in ' Ouija case ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Spencer , J.R. ( November 1995 ) . `` Seances , and the Secrecy of the Jury -- Room '' . The Cambridge Law Journal . 54 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 522 . doi : 10.1017 / S0008197300097282 . JSTOR 4508123 . Jump up ^ `` Jury deliberations may be studied '' . BBC News . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ouija board ' appeal dismissed '' . BBC News . 7 December 2004 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cornelious , J. Edward Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board 2005 ISBN 978 - 1 - 932595 - 10 - 9 Jump up ^ Mini site J. Edward 's book , Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board Jump up ^ `` Jones , Elias Henry '' . National Library of Wales Welsh Biography Online . Jump up ^ `` THE OUIJA EXPERIMENT '' . PHASE 4 FILMS . Phase 4 Films Inc. n.d . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ouija Experiment ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . References ( edit ) Cain , D. Lynn , `` OUIJA -- For the Record '' 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 15871 - 3 Carpenter , W.B. , `` On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement , independently of Volition '' , Royal Institution of Great Britain , ( Proceedings ) , 1852 , ( 12 March 1852 ) , pp. 147 -- 153 . Cornelius , J. Edward , Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board . Feral House , 2005 .",
"17": "ISBN 1 - 932595 - 10 - 4 Gruss , Edmond C. , The Ouija Board : A Doorway to the Occult 1994 ISBN 0 - 87552 - 247 - 5 Hunt , Stoker , Ouija : The Most Dangerous Game . 1992 ISBN 0 - 06 - 092350 - 4 Hill , Joe , Heart - Shaped Box Murch , R. , `` A Brief History of the Ouija Board '' , Fortean Times , No. 249 , ( June 2009 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 . Schneck , R.D. , `` Ouija Madness '' , Fortean Times , No. 249 , ( June 2009 ) , pp. 30 -- 37 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ouija . Information on talking boards Museum Of Talking Boards The Official Website of William Fuld and home of the Ouija board Skeptics Ouija board helps psychologists probe the subconscious from New Scientist The Skeptics ' Dictionary : Ouija An Encyclopedia of Claims , Frauds , and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural How does a Ouija board work ? from The Straight Dope Do Ouija Boards Work - The Fact and Fiction Trade marks and patents Trade - Mark Registration : `` Ouija '' ( Trademark no . 18,919 ; 3 February 1891 : Kennard Novelty Company ) `` Ouija or Egyptian Luck Board '' ( patent no. 446,054 ; 10 February 1891 : Elijah J. Bond -- assigned to Charles W. Kennard and William H.A. Maupin ) `` Talking - Board '' ( patent no. 462,819 ; 10 November 1891 : Charles W. Kennard ) `` Game Apparatus '' ( patent no . 479,266 : 19 July 1892 : William Fuld ) `` Game Apparatus '' ( patent no . 619,236 : 7 February 1899 : Justin F. Simonds ) `` Ouija or Talking Board '' ( patent no.",
"18": "1,125,833 ; 19 January 1915 : William Fuld ) `` Design for the Movable Member of a Talking - Board '' ( patent no. D56 , 001 ; 10 August 1920 : William Fuld ) `` Design of Finger - Rest and Pointer for a Game '' ( patent no . D56 , 085 ; 10 August 1920 : John Vanderkamp -- assigned to Goldsmith Publishing Company ) `` Message Interpreting Device '' or `` Psychic Messenger '' ( patent no. 1,352,046 ; 7 September 1920 : Frederick H. Black ) `` Design for the Movable Member of a Talking - Board '' ( patent no. D56 , 001 ; 10 August 1920 : William Fuld ) `` Ouija Board '' ( patent no. D56 , 449 ; 26 October 1920 : Clifford H. McGlasson ) `` Psychic Game '' ( patent no. 1,370,249 ; 1 March 1921 : Theodore H. White ) `` Ouija Board '' ( patent no. 1,400,791 ; 20 December 1921 : Harry M. Bigelow ) `` Game Board '' ( patent no. 1,422,042 ; 4 July 1922 : John R. Donnelly ) `` ( Magnetic ) Toy '' ( patent no. 1,422,775 ; 11 July 1922 : Leon Martocci - Pisculli ) `` Psychic Instrument '' ( patent no. 1,476,158 ; 4 December 1923 : Grover C. Haffner ) `` Game '' ( patent no. 1,514,260 ; 4 November 1924 : Alfred A. Rees ) `` Amusement Device '' ( patent no. 1,870,677 ; 9 August 1932 : William A. Fuld ) `` Amusement Device '' ( patent no. 2,220,455 ; 5 November 1940 : John P. McCarthy ) `` Finger Pressure Actuated Message Interpreting Amusement Device '' ( patent no. 2,511,377 ; 13 June 1950 : Raymond S. Richmond ) `` Message Device With Freely Swingable Pointer '' ( patent no. 3,306,617 ;",
"19": "28 February 1967 : Thomas W. Gillespie ) Other `` ' Ouija board ' appeal ( against second guilty verdict ) dismissed '' -- R. v. Young ( 1995 ) BBC video on Ouija Board Ouija at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Spiritualism and spiritism History and beliefs Apport Automatic writing Cross-correspondences Ectoplasm Materialization Mediumship Séance Spirit guides Spiritual healing Spirit obsession Spirit photography Spirit possession Spirit world Table - turning Theism Spiritualists Derek Acorah Rosemary Altea Charles Bailey Ada Besinnet Eddy Brothers Bangs Sisters Stephen E. Braude Rosemary Brown Sylvia Browne Eva Carrière Doris Collins Florence Cook Mina Crandon William Crookes Geraldine Cummins Pearl Curran Frank Decker Arthur Conan Doyle Helen Duncan Harry Edwards John Edward William Eglinton Colin Evans Fox sisters Leslie Flint Arthur Ford Colin Fry Eileen Garrett Kathleen Goligher Rita Goold Jan Guzyk Robert Hare Alec Harris Gordon Higginson Richard Hodgson Daniel Dunglas Home Elizabeth Hope William Hope Cecil Husk Swami Laura Horos James H.",
"20": "Hyslop Allan Kardec Franek Kluski Gladys Osborne Leonard Oliver Lodge Heinrich Melzer Carmine Mirabelli Francis Ward Monck William Usborne Moore William Stainton Moses Einer Nielsen Eusapia Palladino Leonora Piper Ethel Post-Parrish James Van Praagh Bert Reese Estelle Roberts Jane Roberts William Roy Rudi Schneider Maria Silbert Henry Slade Doris Stokes Emanuel Swedenborg Rosina Thompson Stanisława Tomczyk Ena Twigg George Valiantine Jack Webber Etta Wriedt Organizations List of Spiritualist organizations Spiritualist churches Spiritist centres London Spiritualist Alliance National Spiritualist Association of Churches Spiritualists ' National Union Spiritualist Association of Great Britain Spiritual Church Movement Arthur Findlay College International Spiritualist Federation Skeptics David Abbott John Henry Anderson George Miller Beard Ruth Brandon Lionel Branson Derren Brown William Carpenter Milbourne Christopher Edward Clodd Edmund Smith Conklin Millais Culpin Stuart Cumberland Eric Dingwall Joseph Dunninger Henry Evans Chris French Martin Gardner G. Stanley Hall Trevor H. Hall William A. Hammond C.E.M. Hansel Carlos María de Heredia Carl Hertz Terence Hines Harry Houdini Joseph Jastrow Stanley LeFevre Krebs Rose Mackenberg David Marks John Nevil Maskelyne Henry Maudsley Joseph McCabe Henry C. McComas Georgess McHargue Charles Arthur Mercier Albert Moll John Mulholland Fulton Oursler Joe Nickell E. Clephan Palmer Ronald Pearsall Frank Podmore Massimo Polidoro Harry Price Julien Proskauer James Randi Donovan Rawcliffe Joseph Rinn C.E.",
"21": "Bechhofer Roberts Chung Ling Soo Gordon Stein Amy Tanner Ivor Lloyd Tuckett Lyttelton Winslow Richard Wiseman Methods of divination Theriomancy Ailuromancy Alectryomancy Augury Myomancy Myrmomancy Ornithomancy Bibliomancy I Ching Rhapsodomancy Bible Homer Virgil Scrying Crystal gazing Oculomancy Catoptromancy Hydromancy Cleromancy Astragalomancy Belomancy Cartomancy Favomancy Fortune - telling Kumalak Merindinlogun Molybdomancy Obi divination Opele Opon Ifá Rhabdomancy Runic magic Tarotology Necromancy Necromancy Taghairm Somatomancy Bone divination Cephalomancy Chiromancy Omphalomancy Podomancy Rumpology Scapulimancy Other Apophenia Astrology Esotericism Ifá Technomancy Western esotericism Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer 's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who ? Hi Ho !",
"22": "Cherry - O Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag Life Magic : The Gathering Mall Madness Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Perfection Pictionary Pit Risk Rook Scattergories Scrabble ( U.S. and Canada ) Simon Sorry ! Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Distributed worldwide by Hasbro Beyblade ( except Japan and parts of Asia ) CirKis ( except U.S. , UK , France and Germany ) FurReal Friends ( except Japan ) iDog ( except Japan ) Yo - kai Watch ( except Asia ) Licensed products Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ?",
"23": "Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ouija&oldid=818583514 '' Categories : Spiritism Divination software and games Parker Brothers games Magic tricks Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 11 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6163677680292872516
|
where was the movie the glass castle filmed
|
[
"Welch, West Virginia",
"Welch, West Virginia",
"Welch, West Virginia",
"in Welch, West Virginia"
] |
{
"0": "The Glass Castle ( film ) - wikipedia The Glass Castle ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Glass Castle Theatrical release poster Directed by Destin Daniel Cretton Produced by Gil Netter Ken Kao Screenplay by Destin Daniel Cretton Andrew Lanham Marti Noxon Based on The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls Starring Brie Larson Woody Harrelson Max Greenfield Sarah Snook Naomi Watts Music by Joel P. West Cinematography Brett Pawlak Edited by Nat Sanders Production company Gil Netter Productions Distributed by Lionsgate Release date August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) ( Manhattan ) August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $21.7 million The Glass Castle is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Destin Daniel Cretton and written by Cretton , Andrew Lanham , and Marti Noxon , based on Jeannette Walls 's 2005 memoir of the same name . Depicting Walls 's real - life childhood spent squatting in homes and living in poverty , the film stars Brie Larson as Walls with Naomi Watts , Woody Harrelson , Max Greenfield , and Sarah Snook in supporting roles . The film was released on August 11 , 2017 , by Lionsgate and received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the performances of its cast ( particularly Larson and Harrelson ) but criticized the mishandled tones and material .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 3 Release 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Brie Larson as Jeannette Walls , the second daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Lori , Maureen and Brian 's second sister Ella Anderson as Young Jeannette Walls Chandler Head as Youngest Jeannette Walls Woody Harrelson as Rex Walls , Jeannette , Lori , Brian and Maureen 's alcoholic father and Rose Mary 's husband Sarah Snook as Lori Walls , the oldest daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette , Maureen and Brian 's older sister Olivia Kate Rice as Youngest Lori Walls Sadie Sink as Young Lori Walls Naomi Watts as Rose Mary Walls , Jeannette , Lori , Brian and Maureen 's eccentric mother and Rex 's wife Josh Caras as Brian Walls , the son of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette , Lori and Maureen 's brother Iain Armitage as Youngest Brian Walls Charlie Shotwell as Young Brian Walls Brigette Lundy - Paine as Maureen Walls , the youngest daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette , Lori and Brian 's younger sister Charlie and Noemie Guyon as Baby Maureen Walls Eden Grace Redfield as three - year - old Maureen Walls Shree Crooks as Young Maureen Walls Max Greenfield as David , Jeanette 's fiancé . Dominic Bogart as Robbie Joe Pingue as Uncle Stanley Production ( edit ) In April 2012 , it was revealed that Lionsgate acquired the rights to the book and Jennifer Lawrence was in talks to star in the film . In October 2013 , it was revealed that Destin Daniel Cretton was in talks to direct the film and re-write the screenplay with Andrew Lanham from a previous draft by Marti Noxon . In October 2015 , Brie Larson joined the cast of the film , replacing Lawrence who exited the film after a male lead could n't be found . In November 2015 , Woody Harrelson joined the cast of the film . In March 2016 , Naomi Watts joined the cast .",
"2": "In April 2016 , Max Greenfield and Sarah Snook joined the cast . In May 2016 , Ella Anderson joined the cast . Principal photography began on May 20 , 2016 , in Welch , West Virginia . Release ( edit ) The Glass Castle was released on August 11 , 2017 , by Lionsgate . Box office ( edit ) The Glass Castle grossed $17.3 million in the United States and Canada and $3.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $21.2 million . In North America , The Glass Castle was released alongside The Nut Job 2 : Nutty by Nature and Annabelle : Creation , and was projected to gross around $5 million from 1,461 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.7 million on its first day and $4.7 million over the weekend , finishing 9th at the box office . The film made $2.6 million in its second weekend ( a drop of 45.5 % ) , finishing 12th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 50 % based on 104 reviews , and an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Glass Castle has an affecting real - life story and a hard - working cast in its corner , but they are n't enough to outweigh a fundamentally misguided approach to the material . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 56 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers said the film `` peddles easy uplift instead of cold , hard truths '' and gave it two stars out of four , saying , `` Hollywood has a knack for sanitizing books that deserve better . In the case of The Glass Castle , it 's a damn shame . ''",
"3": "Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times also gave the film two out of four stars and was equally as critical for how the material was presented , writing : `` ... a film that presents overwhelming evidence of Rex and Rose Mary as appalling human beings for 90 percent of the journey , and then asks us to give them a break ? No sale . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Glass Castle '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Glass Castle ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Annabelle : Creation is a Potent Prequel '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence In Talks To Star After Lionsgate Buys Rights To Jeannette Walls Memoir '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Short Term 12 ' Director Circles ' Glass Castle ' Starring Jennifer Lawrence ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Brie Larson Eyed for Lead in Lionsgate 's ' Glass Castle ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson In Talks For ' The Glass Castle ' Opposite Brie Larson '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Naomi Watts Joins Brie Larson in ' Glass Castle ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Max Greenfield in Talks to Star With Brie Larson in ' Glass Castle ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety .",
"4": "Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Snook In Talks For Lionsgate 's ' The Glass Castle ' Opposite Brie Larson '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Larson , Brie ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` So happy that this deeply intelligent , ridiculously talented and totally inspiring creature @ ellaanderson4u is joining us as young Jeannette in The Glass Castle . We had the best time at color me mine . # tbt '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Be in a movie : ' The Glass Castle ' filming today in Welch '' . Bluefield Daily Telograph . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Samantha ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Glass Castle ' : Academy Award winning actress films scene in McDowell County '' . Bluefield Daily Telograph . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Glass Castle ' : Brie Larson , Woody Harrelson and Naomi Watts Drama Gets Summer Bow '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Annabelle : Creation ' Will Be This Summer 's Last Scream At The B.O. With Estimated $30 M+ Opening -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` New Line 's Dollhouse Of Dough : ' Annabelle : Creation ' Opening To $36 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Flexes Muscle With $21 M+ Opening During Sleepy Summer Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Glass Castle ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes .",
"5": "Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Glass Castle reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Glass Castle ' Review : Legendary Memoir Gets the Mediocre - Movie Treatment '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Attempt to redeem reprehensible dad cracks ' The Glass Castle ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . External links ( edit ) The Glass Castle on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glass_Castle_(film)&oldid=822343638 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films Films about journalists Films about writers Films based on American novels Biographical films about journalists Biographical films about writers American biographical films Drama films based on actual events 2010s biographical films Lions Gate Entertainment films Films shot in West Virginia Films based on non-fiction books 2010s drama films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when do the oakland raiders move to vegas
|
[
"scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium)",
"The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season",
"2020 National Football League (NFL) season",
"The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019"
] |
{
"0": "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas - wikipedia Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum before a football game . The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season ( although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium ) , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2016 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2016 3.2 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 .",
"1": "From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 -- 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 .",
"2": "The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the 3 decade long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it was up for the team to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland Coliseum .",
"3": "2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay Area from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city .",
"4": "San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff ( the owner of the Athletics ) 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest that the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities .",
"5": "The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2019 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2016 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta .",
"6": "The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . ''",
"7": "In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes .",
"8": "On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2017 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room rate tax increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced .",
"9": "In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project .",
"10": "On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL .",
"11": "Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders so as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . Popular culture ( edit ) In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers , which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017 , Spencer Strasmore ( Dwayne Johnson ) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League .",
"12": "Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums , from No. 1 ( Lambeau ) to 31 ( Soldier ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NFL 's Best and Worst Stadiums '' . Athlon Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good guys wear black '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( June 24 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ESPN film examines XFL 's short life , legacy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago , '' said Charlie Ebersol , son of Dick Ebersol , the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon . `` I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders relocation to Las Vegas : Timeline of events '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : Kukura , Joe . `` NFL May Bribe Raiders , 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding '' . Nbcbayarea.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Raiders '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Taylor Price ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Niners strike gold with new stadium '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodell : Levi 's might fit Raiders ESPN.com ( 07 / 18 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ Torres , Bianca ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium '' . SF Gate . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . 2014 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis , San Antonio group meet '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ DailyNewsVinny ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` 2 . To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams . But A 's declined '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ J.T.",
"14": "the Brick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT `` the Brick '' `` . KGMZ . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Nathan Fenno ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium , sight unseen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NFL team in Duluth - Superior ? Proctor is going long '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland ' disrespect , ' has sole focus on Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 -- 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 .",
"16": "Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Davis : Raiders ' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK 'd '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boilard , Kevin ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : NFL against Las Vegas , wants to keep Raiders in Oakland '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland , Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders '' . KPIX - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Andre . `` Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland , Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland ? Negotiations on $1.3 - billion stadium OK 'd '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adelson no longer involved in Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders ' stadium deal '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skurski , Jay ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bills ' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ballers ' recap : Meet Candace Brewer , the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 .",
"18": "External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website ( hide ) Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T.",
"19": "the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders_relocation_to_Las_Vegas&oldid=806312419 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders Las Vegas Raiders National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 .",
"20": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Coffee - wikipedia Coffee This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the beverage . For the seed from which it is made , see Coffee bean . For other uses , see Coffee ( disambiguation ) . Coffee A cup of coffee . Type Hot or cold ( usually hot ) Country of origin Yemen ( drink ) , Ethiopia ( plant ) Introduced Approx . 15th century Color Dark brown , beige , light brown , black Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans , which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant . The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa ( specifically having its origin in Ethiopia and Sudan ) and Madagascar , the Comoros , Mauritius , and Réunion in the Indian Ocean . The plant was exported from Africa to countries around the world and coffee plants are now cultivated in over 70 countries , primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas , Southeast Asia , India , and Africa . The two most commonly grown are the highly regarded arabica , and the less sophisticated but stronger and more hardy robusta . Once ripe , coffee berries are picked , processed , and dried . Dried coffee seeds ( referred to as beans ) are roasted to varying degrees , depending on the desired flavor . Roasted beans are ground and brewed with near - boiling water to produce coffee as a beverage . Coffee is slightly acidic and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content . Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world . It can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways ( e.g. , espresso , French press , cafe latte , etc . ) . It is usually served hot , although iced coffee is also served . Clinical studies indicate that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial in healthy adults , with continuing research on whether long - term consumption inhibits cognitive decline during aging or lowers the risk of some forms of cancer . The earliest credible evidence of coffee - drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen . It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is now prepared .",
"1": "Coffee seeds were first exported from East Africa to Yemen , as the coffea arabica plant is thought to have been indigenous to the former . Yemeni traders took coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed . By the 16th century , it had reached Persia , Turkey , and North Africa . From there , it spread to Europe and the rest of the world . Coffee is a major export commodity : it is the top agricultural export for numerous countries and is among the world 's largest legal agricultural exports . It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries . Green ( unroasted ) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world . Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and the way developed countries trade with developing nations and the impact of its cultivation on the environment , in regards to clearing of land for coffee - growing and water use . Consequently , the markets for fair trade coffee and organic coffee are expanding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Legendary accounts 2.2 Historical transmission 3 Biology 4 Cultivation 4.1 Ecological effects 5 Production 6 Processing 6.1 Roasting 6.2 Grading roasted beans 6.3 Roast characteristics 6.4 Decaffeination 6.5 Storage 6.6 Brewing 6.7 Nutrition 6.8 Serving 6.9 Instant coffee 7 Sale and distribution 7.1 Commodity market 8 Health and pharmacology 8.1 Method of action 8.2 Health effects 8.2. 1 Mortality 8.2. 2 Cardiovascular disease 8.2. 3 Mental health 8.2. 4 Type II diabetes 8.2. 5 Cancer 8.2.",
"2": "6 Risks 8.3 Caffeine content 9 Coffeehouses 10 Social and culture 10.1 Break 10.2 Prohibition 10.3 Fair trade 10.4 Folklore and culture 10.5 Economic impacts 10.6 Competition 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Coffee beans The word `` coffee '' entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve , in turn borrowed from the Arabic qahwah ( قهوة ) . The Arabic word qahwah was traditionally held to refer to a type of wine whose etymology is given by Arab lexicographers as deriving from the verb qahiya ( قَهِيَ ) , `` to lack hunger '' , in reference to the drink 's reputation as an appetite suppressant . It has also been proposed that the source may be the Proto - Central Semitic root q-h-h meaning `` dark '' . Alternatively , the word Khat , a plant widely used as stimulant in Yemen and Ethiopia before being supplanted by coffee has been suggested as a possible origin , or the Arabic word quwwah ' ( meaning `` strength '' ) . It may also come from the Kingdom of Kaffa in southeast Ethiopia where Coffea arabica grows wild , but this is considered less likely ; in the local Kaffa language , the coffee plant is instead called `` bunno '' . The expression `` coffee break '' was first attested in 1952 . The term `` coffee pot '' dates from 1705 . History ( edit ) Main article : History of coffee Legendary accounts ( edit ) According to legend , ancestors of today 's Oromo people in a region of Kaffa in Ethiopia were believed to have been the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant , though no direct evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the native populations might have used it as a stimulant or even known about it , earlier than the 17th century .",
"3": "The story of Kaldi , the 9th - century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered coffee when he noticed how excited his goats became after eating the beans from a coffee plant , did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal . Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Omar . According to an ancient chronicle ( preserved in the Abd - Al - Kadir manuscript ) , Omar , who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer , was once exiled from Mocha in Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab ( modern day Wusab , about 90 km east of Zabid ) . Starving , Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery , but found them to be bitter . He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor , but they became hard . He then tried boiling them to soften the seed , which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid . Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days . As stories of this `` miracle drug '' reached Mocha , Omar was asked to return and was made a saint . From Ethiopia , the coffee plant was introduced into the Arab World through Egypt and Yemen . Historical transmission ( edit ) View of Mocha , Yemen during the second half of the 17th century The earliest credible evidence of coffee - drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al - Ghaffar in Yemen . It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed , in a similar way to how it is now prepared . Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay awake for their religious rituals . Accounts differ on the origin of coffee ( seeds ) prior to its appearance in Yemen . One account credits Muhammad ben Said for bringing the beverage to Aden from the African coast . Other early accounts say Ali ben Omar of the Shadhili Sufi order was the first to introduce coffee to Arabia . According to al Shardi , Ali ben Omar may have encountered coffee during his stay with the Adal king Sadadin 's companions in 1401 . Famous 16th century Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al - Haytami notes in his writings of a beverage called qahwa developed from a tree in the Zeila region .",
"4": "Over the door of a Leipzig coffeeshop is a sculptural representation of a man in Turkish dress , receiving a cup of coffee from a boy By the 16th century , it had reached the rest of the Middle East , Persia , Turkey , and northern Africa . The first coffee smuggled out of the Middle East was by Sufi Baba Budan from Yemen to India in 1670 . Before then , all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilised . Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest . The first plants grown from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore . Coffee then spread to Italy , and to the rest of Europe , to Indonesia , and to the Americas . A late 19th century advertisement for coffee essence A coffee can from the first half of the 20th century . From the Museo del Objeto del Objeto collection . In 1583 , Leonhard Rauwolf , a German physician , gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten - year trip to the Near East : A beverage as black as ink , useful against numerous illnesses , particularly those of the stomach . Its consumers take it in the morning , quite frankly , in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful . It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu . -- Léonard Rauwolf , Reise in die Morgenländer ( in German ) John Evelyn recorded tasting the drink at Oxford in England in a diary entry of May 1637 to where it had been brought by an Ottoman student of Balliol College from Crete named Nathaniel Conopios of Crete . From the Middle East , coffee spread to Italy . The thriving trade between Venice and North Africa , Egypt , and the Middle East brought many goods , including coffee , to the Venetian port . From Venice , it was introduced to the rest of Europe . Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600 , despite appeals to ban the `` Muslim drink . '' The first European coffee house opened in Rome in 1645 . A 1919 advertisement for G Washington 's Coffee . The first instant coffee was invented by inventor George Washington in 1909 .",
"5": "The Dutch East India Company was the first to import coffee on a large scale . The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon . The first exports of Indonesian coffee from Java to the Netherlands occurred in 1711 . Through the efforts of the British East India Company , coffee became popular in England as well . Oxford 's Queen 's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654 , is still in existence today . Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 , and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vienna , when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks . When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period , it was initially not as successful as it had been in Europe as alcoholic beverages remained more popular . During the Revolutionary War , the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically ; this was also due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants , and a general resolution among many Americans to avoid drinking tea following the 1773 Boston Tea Party . After the War of 1812 , during which Britain temporarily cut off access to tea imports , the Americans ' taste for coffee grew . Coffee consumption declined in England , giving way to tea during the 18th century . The latter beverage was simpler to make , and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there . During the Age of Sail , seamen aboard ships of the British Royal Navy made substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water . The Frenchman Gabriel de Clieu took a coffee plant to the French territory of Martinique in the Caribbean , from which much of the world 's cultivated arabica coffee is descended . Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas . Coffee was cultivated in Saint - Domingue ( now Haiti ) from 1734 , and by 1788 it supplied half the world 's coffee . The conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow Haitian Revolution . The coffee industry never fully recovered there . It made a brief come - back in 1949 when Haiti was the world 's 3rd largest coffee exporter , but fell quickly into rapid decline . Meanwhile , coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727 , although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822 .",
"6": "After this time massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations , first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later São Paulo . Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800 , to being a significant regional producer in 1830 , to being the largest producer in the world by 1852 . In 1910 -- 20 , Brazil exported around 70 % of the world 's coffee , Colombia , Guatemala , and Venezuela , exported half of the remaining 30 % , and Old World production accounted for less than 5 % of world exports . Cultivation was taken up by many countries in Central America in the latter half of the 19th century , and almost all involved the large - scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings , coups and bloody suppression of peasants . The notable exception was Costa Rica , where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms . Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries . Rapid growth in coffee production in South America during the second half of the 19th century was matched by growth in consumption in developed countries , though nowhere has this growth been as pronounced as in the United States , where high rate of population growth was compounded by doubling of per capita consumption between 1860 and 1920 . Though the United States was not the heaviest coffee - drinking nation at the time ( Nordic countries , Belgium , and Netherlands all had comparable or higher levels of per capita consumption ) , due to its sheer size , it was already the largest consumer of coffee in the world by 1860 , and , by 1920 , around half of all coffee produced worldwide was consumed in the US . Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries . Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income . It has become the primary export and backbone for African countries like Uganda , Burundi , Rwanda , and Ethiopia , as well as many Central American countries . Biology ( edit ) Main articles : Coffea and coffee varieties Illustration of Coffea arabica plant and seeds Robusta coffee flowers Several species of shrub of the genus Coffea produce the berries from which coffee is extracted .",
"7": "The two main species commercially cultivated are Coffea canephora ( predominantly a form known as ' robusta ' ) and C. arabica. C. arabica , the most highly regarded species , is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan and possibly Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya. C. canephora is native to western and central Subsaharan Africa , from Guinea to Uganda and southern Sudan . Less popular species are C. liberica , C. stenophylla , C. mauritiana , and C. racemosa . All coffee plants are classified in the large family Rubiaceae . They are evergreen shrubs or trees that may grow 5 m ( 15 ft ) tall when unpruned . The leaves are dark green and glossy , usually 10 -- 15 cm ( 4 -- 6 in ) long and 6 cm ( 2.4 in ) wide , simple , entire , and opposite . Petioles of opposite leaves fuse at base to form interpetiolar stipules , characteristic of Rubiaceae . The flowers are axillary , and clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously . Gynoecium consists of inferior ovary , also characteristic of Rubiaceae . The flowers are followed by oval berries of about 1.5 cm ( 0.6 in ) . When immature they are green , and they ripen to yellow , then crimson , before turning black on drying . Each berry usually contains two seeds , but 5 -- 10 % of the berries have only one ; these are called peaberries . Arabica berries ripen in six to eight months , while robusta take nine to eleven months . Coffea arabica is predominantly self - pollinating , and as a result the seedlings are generally uniform and vary little from their parents . In contrast , Coffea canephora , and C. liberica are self - incompatible and require outcrossing . This means that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated vegetatively . Cuttings , grafting , and budding are the usual methods of vegetative propagation . On the other hand , there is great scope for experimentation in search of potential new strains . In 2016 , Oregon State University entomologist George Poinar , Jr.",
"8": "announced the discovery of a new plant species that 's a 45 - million - year - old relative of coffee found in amber . Named Strychnos electri , after the Greek word for amber ( electron ) , the flowers represent the first - ever fossils of an asterid , which is a clade of flowering plants that not only later gave us coffee , but also sunflowers , peppers , potatoes , mint -- and deadly poisons . Cultivation ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by coffee production Map showing areas of coffee cultivation : r : Coffea canephora m : Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica a : Coffea arabica The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the rainy season . This method loses about 50 % of the seeds ' potential , as about half fail to sprout . A more effective method of growing coffee , used in Brazil , is to raise seedlings in nurseries that are then planted outside at six to twelve months . Coffee is often intercropped with food crops , such as corn , beans , or rice during the first few years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements . Coffee plants grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , termed the bean belt or coffee belt . Of the two main species grown , arabica coffee ( from C. arabica ) is generally more highly regarded than robusta coffee ( from C. canephora ) ; robusta tends to be bitter and have less flavor but better body than arabica . For these reasons , about three - quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica . Robusta strains also contain about 40 -- 50 % more caffeine than arabica . Consequently , this species is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends . Good quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends to provide a full - bodied taste and a better foam head ( known as crema ) . Additionally , Coffea canephora is less susceptible to disease than C. arabica and can be cultivated in lower altitudes and warmer climates where C. arabica will not thrive .",
"9": "The robusta strain was first collected in 1890 from the Lomani River , a tributary of the Congo River , and was conveyed from the Congo Free State ( now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) to Brussels to Java around 1900 . From Java , further breeding resulted in the establishment of robusta plantations in many countries . In particular , the spread of the devastating coffee leaf rust ( Hemileia vastatrix ) , to which C. arabica is vulnerable , hastened the uptake of the resistant robusta . Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee . Over 900 species of insect have been recorded as pests of coffee crops worldwide . Of these , over a third are beetles , and over a quarter are bugs . Some 20 species of nematodes , 9 species of mites , and several snails and slugs also attack the crop . Birds and rodents sometimes eat coffee berries , but their impact is minor compared to invertebrates . In general , arabica is the more sensitive species to invertebrate predation overall . Each part of the coffee plant is assailed by different animals . Nematodes attack the roots , coffee borer beetles burrow into stems and woody material , and the foliage is attacked by over 100 species of larvae ( caterpillars ) of butterflies and moths . Mass spraying of insecticides has often proven disastrous , as predators of the pests are more sensitive than the pests themselves . Instead , integrated pest management has developed , using techniques such as targeted treatment of pest outbreaks , and managing crop environment away from conditions favouring pests . Branches infested with scale are often cut and left on the ground , which promotes scale parasites to not only attack the scale on the fallen branches but in the plant as well . The 2 - mm - long coffee borer beetle ( Hypothenemus hampei ) is the most damaging insect pest to the world 's coffee industry , destroying up to 50 percent or more of the coffee berries on plantations in most coffee - producing countries . The adult female beetle nibbles a single tiny hole in a coffee berry and lays 35 to 50 eggs . Inside , the offspring grow , mate , and then emerge from the commercially ruined berry to disperse , repeating the cycle .",
"10": "Pesticides are mostly ineffective because the beetle juveniles are protected inside the berry nurseries , but they are vulnerable to predation by birds when they emerge . When groves of trees are nearby , the American yellow warbler , rufous - capped warbler , and other insectivorous birds have been shown to reduce by 50 percent the number of coffee berry borers in Costa Rica coffee plantations . Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor , aroma , body , and acidity . These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee 's growing region , but also on genetic subspecies ( varietals ) and processing . Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown , such as Colombian , Java and Kona . Arabica coffee beans are cultivated mainly in Latin America , eastern Africa or Asia , while robusta beans are grown in central Africa , throughout southeast Asia , and Brazil . Ecological effects ( edit ) A flowering Coffea arabica tree in a Brazilian plantation Originally , coffee farming was done in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects . Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose , but many species have been planted as well . These include leguminous trees of the genera Acacia , Albizia , Cassia , Erythrina , Gliricidia , Inga , and Leucaena , as well as the nitrogen - fixing non-legume sheoaks of the genus Casuarina , and the silky oak Grevillea robusta . This method is commonly referred to as the traditional shaded method , or `` shade - grown '' . Starting in the 1970s , many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation , in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy . This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields , but requires the clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides , which damage the environment and cause health problems . Unshaded coffee plants grown with fertilizer yield the most coffee , although unfertilized shaded crops generally yield more than unfertilized unshaded crops : the response to fertilizer is much greater in full sun . While traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields , the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior .",
"11": "In addition , the traditional shaded method provides living space for many wildlife species . Proponents of shade cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation , pesticide pollution , habitat destruction , and soil and water degradation are the side effects of the practices employed in sun cultivation . The American Birding Association , Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center , National Arbor Day Foundation , and the Rainforest Alliance have led a campaign for ' shade - grown ' and organic coffees , which can be sustainably harvested . Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full - sun systems , and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species . Another issue concerning coffee is its use of water . It takes about 140 liters ( 37 U.S. gal ) of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee , and coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage , such as Ethiopia . Used coffee grounds may be used for composting or as a mulch . They are especially appreciated by worms and acid - loving plants such as blueberries . Some commercial coffee shops run initiatives to make better use of these grounds , including Starbucks ' `` Grounds for your Garden '' project , and community sponsored initiatives such as `` Ground to Ground '' . Climate change may significantly impact coffee yields within a few decades . Kew Royal Botanic Gardens concluded that global warming threatens the genetic diversity of Arabica plants found in Ethiopia and surrounding countries . Production ( edit ) Top ten green coffee producers in 2014 Rank Country Teragrams Brazil 2.8 Vietnam 1.4 Colombia 0.7 Indonesia 0.6 5 Ethiopia 0.4 6 India 0.3 7 Honduras 0.3 8 Guatemala 0.2 9 Peru 0.2 10 Uganda 0.2 World 8.8 Processing ( edit ) See also : Coffee production Traditional coffee beans drying in Kalibaru , Indonesia Coffee berries and their seeds undergo several processes before they become the familiar roasted coffee . Berries have been traditionally selectively picked by hand ; a labor - intensive method , it involves the selection of only the berries at the peak of ripeness .",
"12": "More commonly , crops are strip picked , where all berries are harvested simultaneously regardless of ripeness by person or machine . After picking , green coffee is processed by one of two methods -- the dry process method , simpler and less labor - intensive as the berries can be strip picked , and the wet process method , which incorporates fermentation into the process and yields a mild coffee . Then they are sorted by ripeness and color and most often the flesh of the berry is removed , usually by machine , and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seed . When the fermentation is finished , the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue , which generates massive amounts of coffee wastewater . Finally , the seeds are dried . The best ( but least used ) method of drying coffee is using drying tables . In this method , the pulped and fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds , which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee , and then the coffee is mixed by hand . In this method the drying that takes place is more uniform , and fermentation is less likely . Most African coffee is dried in this manner and certain coffee farms around the world are starting to use this traditional method . Next , the coffee is sorted , and labeled as green coffee . Another way to let the coffee seeds dry is to let them sit on a concrete patio and rake over them in the sunlight . Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds , though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high . An Asian coffee known as kopi luwak undergoes a peculiar process made from coffee berries eaten by the Asian palm civet , passing through its digestive tract , with the beans eventually harvested from feces . Coffee brewed from this process is among the most expensive in the world , with bean prices reaching $160 per pound or $30 per brewed cup . Kopi luwak coffee is said to have uniquely rich , slightly smoky aroma and flavor with hints of chocolate , resulting from the action of digestive enzymes breaking down bean proteins to facilitate partial fermentation . Roasting ( edit ) See also : Coffee roasting Roasted coffee beans The next step in the process is the roasting of the green coffee . Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state , and with rare exceptions all coffee is roasted before it is consumed .",
"13": "It can be sold roasted by the supplier , or it can be home roasted . The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee bean both physically and chemically . The bean decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume , causing it to become less dense . The density of the bean also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging . The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the bean reaches approximately 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) , though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates . During roasting , caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks down starches , changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown , which alters the color of the bean . Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process , and may disappear entirely in darker roasts . During roasting , aromatic oils and acids weaken , changing the flavor ; at 205 ° C ( 401 ° F ) , other oils start to develop . One of these oils , caffeol , is created at about 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) , which is largely responsible for coffee 's aroma and flavor . Roasting is the last step of processing the beans in their intact state . During this last treatment , while still in the bean state , more caffeine breaks down above 235 ° C ( 455 ° F ) . Dark roasting is the utmost step in bean processing removing the most caffeine . Although , dark roasting is not to be confused with the Decaffeination process . Grading roasted beans ( edit ) See also : Food grading Coffee `` cuppers '' , or professional tasters , grade the coffee Depending on the color of the roasted beans as perceived by the human eye , they will be labeled as light , medium light , medium , medium dark , dark , or very dark . A more accurate method of discerning the degree of roast involves measuring the reflected light from roasted seeds illuminated with a light source in the near - infrared spectrum . This elaborate light meter uses a process known as spectroscopy to return a number that consistently indicates the roasted coffee 's relative degree of roast or flavor development . Roast characteristics ( edit ) The degree of roast has an effect upon coffee flavor and body . Darker roasts are generally bolder because they have less fiber content and a more sugary flavor .",
"14": "Lighter roasts have a more complex and therefore perceived stronger flavor from aromatic oils and acids otherwise destroyed by longer roasting times . Roasting does not alter the amount of caffeine in the bean , but does give less caffeine when the beans are measured by volume because the beans expand during roasting . A small amount of chaff is produced during roasting from the skin left on the seed after processing . Chaff is usually removed from the seeds by air movement , though a small amount is added to dark roast coffees to soak up oils on the seeds . Decaffeination ( edit ) Decaffeination may also be part of the processing that coffee seeds undergo . Seeds are decaffeinated when they are still green . Many methods can remove caffeine from coffee , but all involve either soaking the green seeds in hot water ( often called the `` Swiss water process '' ) or steaming them , then using a solvent to dissolve caffeine - containing oils . Decaffeination is often done by processing companies , and the extracted caffeine is usually sold to the pharmaceutical industry . Coffee container Storage ( edit ) Main article : Coffee bean storage Coffee is best stored in an airtight container made of ceramic , glass , or non-reactive metal . Higher quality prepackaged coffee usually has a one - way valve which prevents air from entering while allowing the coffee to release gases . Coffee freshness and flavor is preserved when it is stored away from moisture , heat , and light . The ability of coffee to absorb strong smells from food means that it should be kept away from such smells . Storage of coffee in the refrigerator is not recommended due to the presence of moisture which can cause deterioration . Exterior walls of buildings which face the sun may heat the interior of a home , and this heat may damage coffee stored near such a wall . Heat from nearby ovens also harms stored coffee . In 1931 , a method of packing coffee in a sealed vacuum in cans was introduced . The roasted coffee was packed and then 99 % of the air was removed , allowing the coffee to be stored indefinitely until the can was opened . Today this method is in mass use for coffee in a large part of the world . Brewing ( edit ) See also : Coffee preparation A contemporary automatic coffeemaker Coffee beans must be ground and brewed to create a beverage .",
"15": "The criteria for choosing a method include flavor and economy . Almost all methods of preparing coffee require that the beans be ground and then mixed with hot water long enough to allow the flavor to emerge but not so long as to draw out bitter compounds . The liquid can be consumed after the spent grounds are removed . Brewing considerations include the fineness of grind , the way in which the water is used to extract the flavor , the ratio of coffee grounds to water ( the brew ratio ) , additional flavorings such as sugar , milk , and spices , and the technique to be used to separate spent grounds . Ideal holding temperatures range from 85 -- 88 ° C ( 185 -- 190 ° F ) to as high as 93 ° C ( 199 ° F ) and the ideal serving temperature is 68 to 79 ° C ( 154 to 174 ° F ) . The recommended brew ratio for non-espresso coffee is around 55 to 60 grams of grounds per litre of water , or two level tablespoons for a 5 - or 6 - ounce cup . The roasted coffee beans may be ground at a roastery , in a grocery store , or in the home . Most coffee is roasted and ground at a roastery and sold in packaged form , though roasted coffee beans can be ground at home immediately before consumption . It is also possible , though uncommon , to roast raw beans at home . Coffee beans may be ground in several ways . A burr grinder uses revolving elements to shear the seed ; a blade grinder cuts the seeds with blades moving at high speed ; and a mortar and pestle crushes the seeds . For most brewing methods a burr grinder is deemed superior because the grind is more even and the grind size can be adjusted . The type of grind is often named after the brewing method for which it is generally used . Turkish grind is the finest grind , while coffee percolator or French press are the coarsest grinds . The most common grinds are between these two extremes : a medium grind is used in most home coffee - brewing machines . Coffee may be brewed by several methods . It may be boiled , steeped , or pressurized . Brewing coffee by boiling was the earliest method , and Turkish coffee is an example of this method .",
"16": "It is prepared by grinding or pounding the seeds to a fine powder , then adding it to water and bringing it to the boil for no more than an instant in a pot called a cezve or , in Greek , a bríki . This produces a strong coffee with a layer of foam on the surface and sediment ( which is not meant for drinking ) settling at the bottom of the cup . Coffee percolators and automatic coffeemakers brew coffee using gravity . In an automatic coffeemaker , hot water drips onto coffee grounds that are held in a paper , plastic , or perforated metal coffee filter , allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while extracting its oils and essences . The liquid drips through the coffee and the filter into a carafe or pot , and the spent grounds are retained in the filter . In a percolator , boiling water is forced into a chamber above a filter by steam pressure created by boiling . The water then seeps through the grounds , and the process is repeated until terminated by removing from the heat , by an internal timer , or by a thermostat that turns off the heater when the entire pot reaches a certain temperature . Coffee may be brewed by steeping in a device such as a French press ( also known as a cafetière , coffee press or coffee plunger ) . Ground coffee and hot water are combined in a cylindrical vessel and left to brew for a few minutes . A circular filter which fits tightly in the cylinder fixed to a plunger is then pushed down from the top to force the grounds to the bottom . The filter retains the grounds at the bottom as the coffee is poured from the container . Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the water , all the coffee oils remain in the liquid , making it a stronger beverage . This method of brewing leaves more sediment than in coffee made by an automatic coffee machine . Supporters of the French press method point out that the sediment issue can be minimized by using the right type of grinder : they claim that a rotary blade grinder cuts the coffee bean into a wide range of sizes , including a fine coffee dust that remains as sludge at the bottom of the cup , while a burr grinder uniformly grinds the beans into consistently - sized grinds , allowing the coffee to settle uniformly and be trapped by the press .",
"17": "Within the first minute of brewing 95 % of the caffeine is released from the coffee bean . The espresso method forces hot pressurized and vaporized water through ground coffee . As a result of brewing under high pressure ( ideally between 9 -- 10 atm ) , the espresso beverage is more concentrated ( as much as 10 to 15 times the quantity of coffee to water as gravity - brewing methods can produce ) and has a more complex physical and chemical constitution . A well - prepared espresso has a reddish - brown foam called crema that floats on the surface . Other pressurized water methods include the moka pot and vacuum coffee maker . Cold brew coffee is made by steeping coarsely ground beans in cold water for several hours , then filtering them . This results in a brew lower in acidity than most hot - brewing methods . Nutrition. ( edit ) Brewed coffee from typical grounds prepared with tap water contains 40 mg caffeine per 100 gram and no essential nutrients in significant content . In espresso , however , likely due to its higher amount of suspended solids , there are significant contents of magnesium , the B vitamins , niacin and riboflavin , and 212 mg of caffeine per 100 grams of grounds . Serving ( edit ) See also : List of coffee beverages Enjoying coffee , painting by unknown artist in the Pera Museum Once brewed , coffee may be served in a variety of ways . Drip - brewed , percolated , or French - pressed / cafetière coffee may be served as white coffee with a dairy product such as milk or cream , or dairy substitute , or as black coffee with no such addition . It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener . When served cold , it is called iced coffee . Espresso - based coffee has a variety of possible presentations . In its most basic form , an espresso is served alone as a shot or short black , or with hot water added , when it is known as Caffè Americano . A long black is made by pouring a double espresso into an equal portion of water , retaining the crema , unlike Caffè Americano .",
"18": "Milk is added in various forms to an espresso : steamed milk makes a caffè latte , equal parts steamed milk and milk froth make a cappuccino , and a dollop of hot foamed milk on top creates a caffè macchiato . A flat white is prepared by adding steamed hot milk ( microfoam ) to espresso so that the flavour is brought out and the texture is unusually velvety . It has less milk than a latte but both are varieties of coffee to which the milk can be added in such a way as to create a decorative surface pattern . Such effects are known as latte art . Coffee can also be incorporated with alcohol to produce a variety of beverages : it is combined with whiskey in Irish coffee , and it forms the base of alcoholic coffee liqueurs such as Kahlúa and Tia Maria . Darker beers such as stout and porter give a chocolate or coffee - like taste due to roasted grains even though actual coffee beans are not added to it . Instant coffee ( edit ) Main article : Instant coffee Instant coffee A number of products are sold for the convenience of consumers who do not want to prepare their own coffee or who do not have access to coffeemaking equipment . Instant coffee is dried into soluble powder or freeze - dried into granules that can be quickly dissolved in hot water . Originally invented in 1907 , it rapidly gained in popularity in many countries in the post-war period , with Nescafé being the most popular product . Many consumers determined that the convenience in preparing a cup of instant coffee more than made up for a perceived inferior taste , although , since the late 1970s , instant coffee has been produced differently in such a way that is similar to the taste of freshly brewed coffee . Paralleling ( and complementing ) the rapid rise of instant coffee was the coffee vending machine invented in 1947 and widely distributed since the 1950s . Canned coffee has been popular in Asian countries for many years , particularly in China , Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . Vending machines typically sell varieties of flavored canned coffee , much like brewed or percolated coffee , available both hot and cold . Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of bottled coffee drinks , which are typically lightly sweetened and pre-blended with milk .",
"19": "Bottled coffee drinks are also consumed in the United States . Liquid coffee concentrates are sometimes used in large institutional situations where coffee needs to be produced for thousands of people at the same time . It is described as having a flavor about as good as low - grade robusta coffee , and costs about 10 ¢ a cup to produce . The machines can process up to 500 cups an hour , or 1,000 if the water is preheated . Sale and distribution ( edit ) Main article : Economics of coffee Brazilian coffee sacks Coffee ingestion on average is about a third of that of tap water in North America and Europe . Worldwide , 6.7 million metric tons of coffee were produced annually in 1998 -- 2000 , and the forecast is a rise to seven million metric tons annually by 2010 . Brazil remains the largest coffee exporting nation , however Vietnam tripled its exports between 1995 and 1999 and became a major producer of robusta seeds . Indonesia is the third - largest coffee exporter overall and the largest producer of washed arabica coffee . Organic Honduran coffee is a rapidly growing emerging commodity owing to the Honduran climate and rich soil . In 2013 , The Seattle Times reported that global coffee prices dropped more than 50 percent year - over-year . In Thailand , black ivory coffee beans are fed to elephants whose digestive enzymes reduce the bitter taste of beans collected from dung . These beans sell for up to $1,100 a kilogram ( $500 per lb ) , achieving the world 's most expensive coffee some three times costlier than beans harvested from the dung of Asian palm civets . Commodity Market ( edit ) Coffee is bought and sold as green coffee beans by roasters , investors , and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange - traded funds . Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC , with contract deliveries occurring every year in March , May , July , September , and December . Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations . Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels .",
"20": "Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and , since 2007 , on the New York Intercontinental Exchange . Dating to the 1970s , coffee has been incorrectly described by many , including historian Mark Pendergrast , as the world 's `` second most legally traded commodity '' . Instead , `` coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries , '' from 1970 to circa 2000 . This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show `` Third World '' commodity exports by value in the period 1970 -- 1998 as being in order of crude oil in first place , coffee in second , followed by sugar , cotton , and others . Coffee continues to be an important commodity export for developing countries , but more recent figures are not readily available due to the shifting and politicized nature of the category `` developing country '' . International Coffee Day , which is claimed to have originated in Japan in 1983 with an event organized by the All Japan Coffee Association , takes place on September 29 in several countries . Health and pharmacology ( edit ) Method of action ( edit ) Skeletal formula of a caffeine molecule The primary psychoactive chemical in coffee is caffeine , an adenosine antagonist that is known for its stimulant effects . Coffee also contains the monoamine oxidase inhibitors β - carboline and harmane , which may contribute to its psychoactivity . In a healthy liver , caffeine is mostly broken down by the hepatic microsomal enzymatic system . The excreted metabolites are mostly paraxanthines -- theobromine and theophylline -- and a small amount of unchanged caffeine . Therefore , the metabolism of caffeine depends on the state of this enzymatic system of the liver . Polyphenols in coffee have been shown to affect free radicals in vitro , but there is no evidence that this effect occurs in humans . Polyphenol levels vary depending on how beans are roasted as well as for how long . As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute and the European Food Safety Authority , dietary polyphenols , such as those ingested by consuming coffee , have little or no direct antioxidant value following ingestion .",
"21": "Health effects ( edit ) Findings have been contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits , and results are similarly conflicting regarding the potentially harmful effects of coffee consumption . Furthermore , results and generalizations are complicated by differences in age , gender , health status , and serving size . Extensive scientific research has been conducted to examine the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions . The consensus in the medical community is that moderate regular coffee drinking in healthy individuals is either essentially benign or mildly beneficial . There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child 's growth . Mortality ( edit ) In 2012 , the National Institutes of Health -- AARP Diet and Health Study analysed the relationship between coffee drinking and mortality . They found that higher coffee consumption was associated with lower risk of death , and that those who drank any coffee lived longer than those who did not . However the authors noted , `` whether this was a causal or associational finding can not be determined from our data . '' A 2014 meta - analysis found that coffee consumption ( 4 cups / day ) was inversely associated with all - cause mortality ( a 16 % lower risk ) , as well as cardiovascular disease mortality specifically ( a 21 % lower risk from drinking 3 cups / day ) , but not with cancer mortality . Additional meta - analysis studies corroborated these findings , showing that higher coffee consumption ( 2 -- 4 cups per day ) was associated with a reduced risk of death by all disease causes . Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease . A 2012 meta - analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure , with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day . Moreover , in one preliminary study , habitual coffee consumption was associated with improved vascular function . A 2014 meta - analysis concluded that cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and stroke is less likely with 3 -- 5 cups of non-decaffeinated coffee per day but more likely with over 5 cups per day . A 2016 meta - analysis showed that coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of death in patients who have had a myocardial infarction .",
"22": "Drinking four or more cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of hypertension compared to drinking little or no coffee ; however , drinking 1 -- 3 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk . Mental health ( edit ) One review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption , but this effect has not been confirmed in larger studies . Long - term studies of both risk and potential benefit of coffee consumption by elderly people , including assessment on symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease and cognitive impairment , are not conclusive . Some research suggests that a minority of moderate regular caffeine consumers experience some amount of clinical depression , anxiety , low vigor , or fatigue when discontinuing their caffeine use . However , the methodology of these studies has been criticized . Withdrawal effects are more common and better documented in heavy caffeine users . Coffee caffeine may aggravate pre-existing conditions such as migraines , arrhythmias , and cause sleep disturbances . Caffeine withdrawal from chronic use causes consistent effects typical of physical dependence , including headaches , mood changes and the possibility of reduced cerebral blood flow . Type II diabetes ( edit ) In a systematic review and meta - analysis of 28 prospective observational studies , representing 1,109,272 participants , every additional cup of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumed in a day was associated with a 9 % ( 95 % CI 6 % , 11 % ) and 6 % ( 95 % CI 2 % , 9 % ) lower risk of type 2 diabetes , respectively . Cancer ( edit ) The effects of coffee consumption on cancer risk remain unclear , with reviews and meta - analyses showing either no relationship or a slightly lower risk of cancer onset . Risks ( edit ) Instant coffee has a greater amount of acrylamide than brewed coffee . It was once thought that coffee aggravates gastroesophageal reflux disease but recent research suggests no link . Caffeine content ( edit ) Depending on the type of coffee and method of preparation , the caffeine content of a single serving can vary greatly . The caffeine content of a cup of coffee varies depending mainly on the brewing method , and also on the variety of seed .",
"23": "According to the USDA National Nutrient Database , an 8 - ounce ( 237 ml ) cup of `` coffee brewed from grounds '' contains 95 mg caffeine , whereas an espresso ( 25 ml ) contains 53 mg . According to an article in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association , coffee has the following caffeine content , depending on how it is prepared : Serving size Caffeine content Brewed 7 oz , 207 ml 80 -- 135 mg Drip 7 oz , 207 ml 115 -- 175 mg Espresso 1.5 -- 2 oz , 45 -- 60 ml 100 mg While the percent of caffeine content in coffee seeds themselves diminishes with increased roast level , the opposite is true for coffee brewed from different grinds and brewing methods using the same proportion of coffee to water volume . The coffee sack ( similar to the French press and other steeping methods ) extracts more caffeine from dark roasted seeds ; the percolator and espresso methods extract more caffeine from light roasted seeds : Light roast Medium roast Dark roast Coffee sack -- coarse grind 0.046 0.045 0.054 Percolator -- coarse grind 0.068 0.065 0.060 Espresso -- fine grind 0.069 0.062 0.061 Coffea arabica normally contains about half the caffeine of Coffea robusta . A Coffea arabica bean containing very little caffeine was discovered in Ethiopia in 2004 . See Low caffeine coffee . Coffeehouses ( edit ) See also : Coffeehouse for a social history of coffee , and caffè for specifically Italian traditions A coffeehouse in Cairo , 18th century Widely known as coffeehouses or cafés , establishments serving prepared coffee or other hot beverages have existed for over five hundred years . Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams who banned them , and the drink , for Muslims between 1512 and 1524 . In 1530 the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus . The first coffeehouse in Constantinople was opened in 1475 by traders arriving from Damascus and Aleppo . Soon after , coffeehouses became part of the Ottoman Culture , spreading rapidly to all regions of the Ottoman Empire .",
"24": "In the 17th century , coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire , and coffeehouses were established and quickly became popular . The first coffeehouses in Western Europe appeared in Venice , as a result of the traffic between La Serenissima and the Ottomans ; the very first one is recorded in 1645 . The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650 by a Jewish man named Jacob in the building now known as `` The Grand Cafe '' . A plaque on the wall still commemorates this and the Cafe is now a cocktail bar . By 1675 , there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England . A legend says that after the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683 , the Viennese discovered many bags of coffee in the abandoned Ottoman encampment . Using this captured stock , a Polish soldier named Kulczycki opened the first coffeehouse in Vienna . This story never happened . Nowadays it is proven that the first coffeehouse in Vienna was opened by the Armenian Johannes Theodat in 1685 . In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope . This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment ; Voltaire , Rousseau , and Denis Diderot frequented it , and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie , the first modern encyclopedia . America had its first coffeehouse in Boston , in 1676 . Coffee , tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns ; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston , where John Adams , James Otis , and Paul Revere planned rebellion . First patent for the espresso machine , Angelo Moriondo ( 1884 ) The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan , Italy , in 1938 by Achille Gaggia , and from there spread in coffeehouses and restaurants across Italy and the rest of Europe in the early 1950s .",
"25": "An Italian named Pino Riservato opened the first espresso bar , the Moka Bar , in Soho in 1952 , and there were 400 such bars in London alone by 1956 . Cappucino was particularly popular among English drinkers . Similarly in the United States , the espresso craze spread . North Beach in San Francisco saw the opening of the Caffe Trieste in 1957 , which saw Beat Generation poets such as Allen Ginsberg and Bob Kaufman alongside Italian immigrants . Similar such cafes existed in Greenwich Village and elsewhere . The first Peet 's Coffee & Tea store opened in 1966 in Berkeley , California by Dutch native Alfred Peet . He chose to focus on roasting batches with fresher , higher quality seeds than was the norm at the time . He was a trainer and supplier to the founders of Starbuck 's . Baristas at work in the first Starbucks coffee shop in Seattle The international coffeehouse chain Starbucks began as a modest business roasting and selling coffee beans in 1971 , by three college students Jerry Baldwin , Gordon Bowker , and Zev Siegl . The first store opened on March 30 , 1971 at the Pike Place Market in Seattle , followed by a second and third over the next two years . Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing , and pushed to sell premade espresso coffee . The others were reluctant , but Schultz opened Il Giornale in Seattle in April 1986 . He bought the other owners out in March 1987 and pushed on with plans to expand -- from 1987 to the end of 1991 , the chain ( rebranded from Il Giornale to Starbucks ) expanded to over 100 outlets . The company has 16,600 stores in over 40 countries worldwide . South Korea experienced almost 900 percent growth in the number of coffee shops in the country between 2006 and 2011 . The capital city Seoul now has the highest concentration of coffee shops in the world , with more than 10,000 cafes and coffeehouses . A contemporary term for a person who makes coffee beverages , often a coffeehouse employee , is a barista . The Specialty Coffee Association of Europe and the Specialty Coffee Association of America have been influential in setting standards and providing training .",
"26": "Social and Culture ( edit ) Main article : Coffee culture Davoser Café by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , 1928 Coffee is often consumed alongside ( or instead of ) breakfast by many at home or when eating out at diners or cafeterias . It is often served at the end of a formal meal , normally with a dessert , and at times with an after - dinner mint , especially when consumed at a restaurant or dinner party . Break ( edit ) A coffee break in the United States and elsewhere is a short mid-morning rest period granted to employees in business and industry , corresponding with the Commonwealth terms `` elevenses '' , `` smoko '' ( in Australia ) , `` morning tea '' , `` tea break '' , or even just `` tea '' . An afternoon coffee break , or afternoon tea , often occurs as well . The coffee break originated in the late 19th century in Stoughton , Wisconsin , with the wives of Norwegian immigrants . The city celebrates this every year with the Stoughton Coffee Break Festival . In 1951 , Time noted that `` ( s ) ince the war , the coffee break has been written into union contracts '' . The term subsequently became popular through a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign of 1952 which urged consumers , `` Give yourself a Coffee - Break -- and Get What Coffee Gives to You . '' John B. Watson , a behavioral psychologist who worked with Maxwell House later in his career , helped to popularize coffee breaks within the American culture . Coffee breaks usually last from 10 to 20 minutes and frequently occur at the end of the first third of the work shift . In some companies and some civil service , the coffee break may be observed formally at a set hour . In some places , a cart with hot and cold beverages and cakes , breads and pastries arrives at the same time morning and afternoon , an employer may contract with an outside caterer for daily service , or coffee breaks may take place away from the actual work - area in a designated cafeteria or tea room . More generally , the phrase `` coffee break '' has also come to denote any break from work . Prohibition ( edit ) The Coffee Bearer , Orientalist painting by John Frederick Lewis ( 1857 ) Coffee was initially used for spiritual reasons .",
"27": "At least 1,100 years ago , traders brought coffee across the Red Sea into Arabia ( modern - day Yemen ) , where Muslim dervishes began cultivating the shrub in their gardens . At first , the Arabians made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries . This beverage was known as qishr ( kisher in modern usage ) and was used during religious ceremonies . Coffee drinking was prohibited by jurists and scholars ( ulema ) meeting in Mecca in 1511 as haraam , but the subject of whether it was intoxicating was hotly debated over the next 30 years until the ban was finally overturned in the mid-16th century . Use in religious rites among the Sufi branch of Islam led to coffee 's being put on trial in Mecca : it was accused of being a heretical substance , and its production and consumption were briefly repressed . It was later prohibited in Ottoman Turkey under an edict by the Sultan Murad IV . Coffee , regarded as a Muslim drink , was prohibited by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as 1889 ; it is now considered a national drink of Ethiopia for people of all faiths . Its early association in Europe with rebellious political activities led to Charles II outlawing coffeehouses from January 1676 ( although the uproar created forced the monarch to back down two days before the ban was due to come into force ) . Frederick the Great banned it in Prussia in 1777 for nationalistic and economic reasons ; concerned about the price of import , he sought to force the public back to consuming beer . Lacking coffee - producing colonies , Prussia had to import all its coffee at a great cost . A contemporary example of religious prohibition of coffee can be found in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . The organization holds that it is both physically and spiritually unhealthy to consume coffee . This comes from the Mormon doctrine of health , given in 1833 by founder Joseph Smith in a revelation called the Word of Wisdom . It does not identify coffee by name , but includes the statement that `` hot drinks are not for the belly , '' which has been interpreted to forbid both coffee and tea . Quite a number of members of the Seventh - day Adventist Church also avoid caffeinated drinks . In its teachings , the Church encourages members to avoid tea , coffee , and other stimulants .",
"28": "Abstinence from coffee , tobacco , and alcohol by many Adventists has afforded a near - unique opportunity for studies to be conducted within that population group on the health effects of coffee drinking , free from confounding factors . One study was able to show a weak but statistically significant association between coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease , other cardiovascular disease , all cardiovascular diseases combined , and all causes of death . For a time , there had been controversy in the Jewish community over whether the coffee seed was a legume and therefore prohibited for Passover . Upon petition from coffeemaker Maxwell House , the coffee seed was classified in 1923 as a berry rather than a seed by orthodox Jewish rabbi Hersch Kohn , and therefore kosher for Passover . Fair trade ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade coffee See also : Fair trade debate Small - sized bag of coffee beans The concept of fair trade labeling , which guarantees coffee growers a negotiated preharvest price , began in the late 1980s with the Max Havelaar Foundation 's labeling program in the Netherlands . In 2004 , 24,222 metric tons ( of 7,050,000 produced worldwide ) were fair trade ; in 2005 , 33,991 metric tons out of 6,685,000 were fair trade , an increase from 0.34 % to 0.51 % . A number of fair trade impact studies have shown that fair trade coffee produces a mixed impact on the communities that grow it . Many studies are skeptical about fair trade , reporting that it often worsens the bargaining power of those who are not part of it . Coffee was incorporated into the fair - trade movement in 1988 , when the Max Havelaar mark was introduced in the Netherlands . The very first fair - trade coffee was an effort to import a Guatemalan coffee into Europe as `` Indio Solidarity Coffee '' . Since the founding of organizations such as the European Fair Trade Association ( 1987 ) , the production and consumption of fair trade coffee has grown as some local and national coffee chains started to offer fair trade alternatives . For example , in April 2000 , after a year - long campaign by the human rights organization Global Exchange , Starbucks decided to carry fair - trade coffee in its stores .",
"29": "Since September 2009 all Starbucks Espresso beverages in UK and Ireland are made with Fairtrade and Shared Planet certified coffee . A 2005 study done in Belgium concluded that consumers ' buying behavior is not consistent with their positive attitude toward ethical products . On average 46 % of European consumers claimed to be willing to pay substantially more for ethical products , including fair - trade products such as coffee . The study found that the majority of respondents were unwilling to pay the actual price premium of 27 % for fair trade coffee . Folklore and Culture ( edit ) The Oromo people would customarily plant a coffee tree on the graves of powerful sorcerers . They believed that the first coffee bush sprang up from the tears that the god of heaven shed over the corpse of a dead sorcerer . Johann Sebastian Bach was inspired to compose the humorous Coffee Cantata , about dependence on the beverage . Economic impacts ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by coffee production Map of coffee areas in Brazil Market volatility , and thus increased returns , during 1830 encouraged Brazilian entrepreneurs to shift their attention from gold to coffee , a crop hitherto reserved for local consumption . Concurrent with this shift was the commissioning of vital infrastructures , including approximately 7,000 km of railroads between 1860 and 1885 . The creation of these railways enabled the importation of workers , in order to meet the enormous need for labor . This development primarily affected the State of Rio de Janeiro , as well as the Southern States of Brazil , most notably São Paulo , due to its favourable climate , soils , and terrain . Coffee production attracted immigrants in search of better economic opportunities in the early 1900s . Mainly , these were Portuguese , Italian , Spanish , German , and Japanese nationals . For instance , São Paulo received approximately 733,000 immigrants in the decade preceding 1900 , whilst only receiving approximately 201,000 immigrants in the six years to 1890 . The production yield of coffee increases . In 1880 , São Paulo produced 1.2 million bags ( 25 % of total production ) , in 1888 2.6 million ( 40 % ) , in 1902 8 million bags ( 60 % ) . Coffee is then 63 % of the country 's exports .",
"30": "The gains made by this trade allow sustained economic growth in the country . The four years between planting a coffee and the first harvest extends seasonal variations in the price of coffee . The Brazilian Government is thus forced , to some extent , to keep strong price subsidies during production periods . Competition ( edit ) Coffee competitions take place across the globe with people at the regional competing to achieve national titles and then compete on the international stage . World Coffee Events holds the largest of such events moving the location of the final competition each year . The competition includes the following events : Barista Championship , Brewers Cup , Latte Art and Cup Tasters . A World Brewer 's Cup Championship takes place in Melbourne , Australia , every year that houses contestants from around the world to crown the World 's Coffee King . See also ( edit ) Coffee portal Drink portal Food portal Caffè Coffee and doughnuts Gustav III of Sweden 's coffee experiment List of coffee drinks List of hot beverages Sustainable coffee Organizations : International Coffee Agreement National Coffee Association The Coffeelands Trust References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Topik , Steven ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) . The World That Trade Created . Routledge . ISBN 9781317453826 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maurin , O. ; Davis , A.P. ; Chester , M. ; Myungi , E.F. ; Jaufeerally - Fakim , Y. ; Fay , M.F. ( 2007 ) . `` Towards a Phylogeny for Coffea ( Rubiaceae ) : Identifying Well - supported Lineages Based on Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences '' . Annals of Botany . Oxford University Press . 100 ( 7 ) : 1565 -- 1583 . PMC 2759236 . PMID 17956855 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcm257 . ^ Jump up to : Oder , Tom ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` How coffee changed the world '' . Mother Nature Network . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nehlig , A. ( 2015 ) .",
"31": "`` Effects of coffee / caffeine on brain health and disease : What should I tell my patients ? '' . Practical Neurology . 16 ( Dec 16 ) : 89 -- 95 . PMID 26677204 . doi : 10.1136 / practneurol - 2015 - 001162 . Jump up ^ Liu , J. ; Shen , B. ; Shi , M. ; Cai , J. ( 2016 ) . `` Higher Caffeinated Coffee Intake Is Associated with Reduced Malignant Melanoma Risk : A Meta - Analysis Study '' . PLoS ONE . 11 ( 1 ) : e0147056 . Bibcode : 2016PLoSO ... 1147056L . PMC 4729676 . PMID 26816289 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147056 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg & Bealer 2001 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Wild , Antony ( March 25 , 2004 ) . Coffee : A dark history . pp. 217 -- 229 . ISBN 9781841156491 . Jump up ^ `` FAOSTAT Core Trade Data ( commodities / years ) '' . FAO Statistics Division . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . To retrieve export values : Select the `` commodities / years '' tab . Under `` subject '' , select `` Export value of primary commodity . '' Under `` country , '' select `` World . '' Under `` commodity , '' hold down the shift key while selecting all commodities under the `` single commodity '' category . Select the desired year and click `` show data . '' A list of all commodities and their export values will be displayed . Jump up ^ Mussatto , Solange I. ; Machado , Ercília M.S. ; Martins , Silvia ; Teixeira , José A. ( 2011 ) . `` Production , Composition , and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues '' . Food and Bioprocess Technology . 4 ( 5 ) : 661 -- 672 .",
"32": "doi : 10.1007 / s11947 - 011 - 0565 - z . hdl : 1822 / 22361 . Jump up ^ OED , s.v. `` Coffee '' . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` coffee , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1891 . ^ Jump up to : Kaye , Alan ( 1986 ) . `` The Etymology of Coffee : The Dark Brew '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 106 ( 3 ) : 557 . JSTOR 602112 . doi : 10.2307 / 602112 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Bennett Alan & Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) The World of Caffeine : The Science and Culture of the World 's Most Popular Drug . p. 24 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0415927226 . Jump up ^ Crawford , J. ( April 1852 ) . `` History of Coffee '' . Journal of the Statistical Society of London . 15 ( 1 ) : 58 . JSTOR 2338310 . doi : 10.2307 / 2338310 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . etymonline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweetser , Heather Marie ( 2012 ) A Chapter in the History of Coffee : A Critical Edition and Translation of Murtaḍā az - Zabīdī 's Epistle on Coffee M.A. Thesis , Ohio State University . Page 12 . Jump up ^ Ukers , William ( 1935 ) . All About Coffee . New York : Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Souza 2008 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Houtsma , M. Th. ; Wensinck , A.J. ; Arnold , T.W. ; Heffening , W. ; Lévi - Provençal , E. ( eds . ) . `` Ḳawah '' . First Encyclopedia of Islam . IV .",
"33": "E.J. Brill . p. 631 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09790 - 2 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hattox , Ralph S. ( 1985 ) . Coffee and coffeehouses : The origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East . University of Washington Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 96231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burton , Richard F. ( 1856 ) . First footsteps in East Africa . London : Longman . p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Meyers , Hannah ( March 7 , 2005 ) . `` Suave Molecules of Mocha -- Coffee , Chemistry , and Civilization '' . New Partisan . New Partisan . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/tilling/oxfordcoffeeclub.htm Jump up ^ Diary of John Evelyn ( various editions ) Jump up ^ Ukers , William H. ( 1922 ) . `` The Introduction of Coffee into Holland '' . All About Coffee . New York : Tea and Coffee Trade Journal . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 4092 - 5 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dobelis , Inge N. , ed. ( 1986 ) . Magic and medicine of plants . Pleasantville , NY : Reader 's Digest . pp. 370 -- 371 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 221 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Dieter . `` History of Indonesian coffee '' . Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 39 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Adams , John ( July 6 , 1774 ) . `` John Adams to Abigail Adams '' .",
"34": "The Adams Papers : Digital Editions : Adams Family Correspondence , Volume 1 . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote : When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon , and I had ridden 35 miles at least . `` Madam '' said I to Mrs. Huston , `` is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled , or paid no Duties ? '' `` No sir , said she , we have renounced all Tea in this Place . I cant make Tea , but I'le make you Coffee . '' Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since , and have borne it very well . Tea must be universally renounced . I must be weaned , and the sooner , the better . ( 2 ) Stone , William L. ( 1867 ) . `` Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel 's Adventures '' . Mrs. General Riedesel : Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga ( Translated from the Original German ) . Albany : Joel Munsell . p. 147 . She then became more gentle , and offered me bread and milk . I made tea for ourselves . The woman eyed us longingly , for the Americans love it very much ; but they had resolved to drink it no longer , as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war . At Google Books . Note : Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel , commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution . ( 3 ) Heiss , Mary Lou ; Heiss , Robert J. ( 2007 ) . `` A History of Tea : The Boston Tea Party '' . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . pp. 21 -- 24 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . At Google Books .",
"35": "( 4 ) Zuraw , Lydia ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` How Coffee Influenced The Course of History '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ( 5 ) DeRupo , Joseph ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` American Revolution : Stars , Stripes -- and Beans '' . NCA News . National Coffee Association . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ( 6 ) Luttinger , Nina ; Dicum , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The coffee book : anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop . The New Press . p. 33 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . At Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Pendergrast 2001 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2005 ) . Nelson 's Sailors . Osprey Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 906 - 6 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Pendergrast , Mark ( 2010 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . Basic Books . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02404 - 9 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , pp. 20 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : `` The production and consumption of coffee '' . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Cousin , Tracey L. ( June 1997 ) . `` Ethiopia Coffee and Trade '' .",
"36": "American University . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Botanical Aspects '' . London : International Coffee Organization . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charrier A , Berthaud J in Clifford & Wilson , p. 20 Jump up ^ van der Vossen , H.A.M. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Duke , James A. ( 1983 ) . `` Coffea arabica L . '' . Purdue University . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Article : Peaberry Coffee '' . Acorns. 2004 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamon , S. ; Noirot , M. ; Anthony , F. ( 1995 ) . `` Developing a coffee core collection using the principal components score strategy with quantitative data '' ( PDF ) . Core Collections of Plant Genetic Resources . Wiley - Sayce Co . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pradeepkumar , T. ; Kumar , Pradeep ( January 1 , 2008 ) . Management of Horticultural Crops : Vol. 11 Horticulture Science Series : In 2 Parts . New India Publishing . pp. 601 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89422 - 49 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , K.C. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Wilson , K.C. in Clifford & Wilson , pp. 161 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric Coffee Ancestor Found in Amber '' . discovery.com. 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major coffee producers '' . National Geographic . 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Belachew , Mekete ( 2003 ) . `` Coffee '' .",
"37": "In Uhlig , Siegbert . Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. 1 . Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz . p. 763 . Jump up ^ Daviron , Benoit ; Ponte , Stefano ( 2005 ) . The Coffee Paradox : Global Markets , Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development . Zed Books . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84277 - 457 - 1 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van der Vossen , H.A.M. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 55 Jump up ^ Waller , J.M. ; Bigger , M. ; Hillocks , R.J. ( 2007 ) . Coffee pests , diseases and their management . Wallingford , Oxfordshire : CABI . p. 171 . ISBN 1 - 84593 - 129 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bardner , R. in Clifford & Wilson , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Bardner , R. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Bardner , R. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Bardner , R. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Bardner , R. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Graham , Rex ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Insect - eating birds reduce worst coffee plantation pest by 50 percent '' . birdsnews.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davids , Kenneth ( 2001 ) . Coffee : A Guide to Buying , Brewing , and Enjoying ( 5th ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24665 - X . Jump up ^ Castle , Timothy James ( 1991 ) . The Perfect Cup : A Coffee Lover 's Guide to Buying , Brewing , and Tasting . Reading , Mass. : Aris Books . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 57048 - 3 .",
"38": "^ Jump up to : Janzen , Daniel H. , ed. ( 1983 ) . Costa Rican natural history . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 39334 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson , K.C. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Salvesen , David ( 1996 ) . `` The Grind Over Sun Coffee '' . Zoogoer . Smithsonian National Zoological Park . 25 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , K.C. in Clifford & Wilson , p. 165 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring Consumer Interest in Mexican Shade - grown Coffee '' ( PDF ) . Montréal : Commission for Environmental Cooperation . October 1999 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Problems with Sun Coffee '' . Coffee & Conservation . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shade - Grown Coffee Plantations '' . Smithsonian Zoolongical Park website -- Migratory Bird Center . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rain Forest - Saving Arbor Day Coffee '' . Arbor Day Foundation . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wong , Kate ( September 27 , 2000 ) . `` Is Shade - Grown Coffee for the Birds ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rickert , Eve ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Environmental effects of the coffee crisis : a case study of land use and avian communities in Agua Buena , Costa Rica '' . MES thesis . The Evergreen State College . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Fred ( February 25 , 2006 ) . `` Earth : The parched planet '' .",
"39": "New Scientist . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Deborah L. ; Gershuny , Grace , eds. ( 1992 ) . `` Coffee wastes '' . The Rodale book of composting . Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87857 - 991 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grounds for Your Garden '' . Starbucks.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Us Coffee Grounds to Ground '' . Groundtoground.org . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Suzanne ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Starbucks concerned world coffee supply is threatened by climate change '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Caroline ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Another Reason to Hate Global Warming : Lousy Coffee '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Jump up ^ `` FAOSTAT Production / Crops for green coffee , 2014 '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Statistics Division . 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent , J. - C. in Clarke & Macrae , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Kummer 2003 , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Marcone , Massimo F. ( 2004 ) . `` Composition and properties of Indonesian palm civet coffee ( Kopi Luwak ) and Ethiopian civet coffee '' . Food Research International . 37 ( 9 ) : 901 -- 912 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodres. 2004.05. 008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Said , Sammy ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 Most Expensive Coffee in the World '' . The Richest , Valnet Property . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thuot , Buon Me ( January 15 , 2012 ) .",
"40": "`` Coffee in Vietnam : it 's the shit '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kummer 2003 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Ball , Trent ; Guenther , Sara ; Labrousse , Ken ; Wilson , Nikki . `` Coffee Roasting '' . Washington State University . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kummer 2003 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Cipolla , Mauro . `` Educational Primer : Degrees of Roast '' . Bellissimo Info Group . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Which Has More Caffeine : Light or Dark Roast Coffee ? '' . Scribblers Coffee . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Roasting Operations '' . Permit Handbook . Bay Area Air Quality Management District . May 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Water Process '' . Swisswater.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Coffee Ratings -- Coffee Buying Guide '' . Consumer Reports . May 2013 . Storing coffee . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Alton . `` True Brew '' . Food Network . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New Process Keep Coffee Fresh in High Vacuum Cans . Popular Science . October 1931 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Borchgrevink , Carl P. ; Susskind , Alex M. ; Tarras , John M. ( 1999 ) . `` Consumer preferred hot beverage temperatures '' . Food Quality and Preference. 10 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 121 .",
"41": "doi : 10.1016 / S0950 - 3293 ( 98 ) 00053 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Brewing -- How to Get the Most Out of Your Coffee '' . Mountain City Coffee Roasters. 2009 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Scott . `` Brewing Techniques '' . The Coffee FAQ . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ukers , William Harrison ( 1922 ) . All about Coffee ( 2nd ed . ) . Gale Research . p. 725 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 4092 - 3 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Joel ( November 2002 ) . Really Useful : The Origins of Everyday Things . Firefly Books . p. 1948 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55297 - 622 - 7 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davids , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Coffee : A Guide to Buying , Brewing , and Enjoying. 01 Productions . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56426 - 500 - 5 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prince , Mark ( November 11 , 2003 ) . `` How To Use A Press Pot '' . coffeegeek.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salvaggio , A. ; Periti , M. ; Miano , L. ; Quaglia , G. ; Marzorati , D. ( 1991 ) . `` Coffee and cholesterol , an Italian study '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 134 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 156 . PMID 1862798 . Jump up ^ Bonné , Jon ( August 20 , 2004 ) . `` My coffee is cold : A brewing system without heat proves it 's a contender when it comes to taste '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ Basic Report : 14209 , Coffee , brewed from grounds , prepared with tap water a ndb.nal.usda.gov Jump up ^ `` Full Report ( All Nutrients ) : 14210 , Beverages , coffee , brewed , espresso , restaurant - prepared '' . usda.gov . May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Castle , Timothy ; Nielsen , Joan ( 1999 ) . The Great Coffee Book . Ten Speed Press . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58008 - 122 - 1 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fried , Eunice ( November 1993 ) . `` The lowdown on caffè latte '' . Black Enterprise . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Emily Wise ( May 2003 ) . The Food Lover 's Guide to Florence : With Culinary Excursions in Tuscany . Ten Speed Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58008 - 435 - 2 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Patrick ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hey hipsters , hands off my flat white '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corney , John . `` How to make a flat white '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to Beer . Oxford University Press . September 9 , 2011 . ISBN 9780199912100 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of Brewing Coffee Beers '' . All About Beer . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hobhouse , Henry ( December 13 , 2005 ) . Seeds of Wealth : Five Plants That Made Men Rich . Shoemaker & Hoard . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59376 - 089 - 2 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Instant Coffee -- How it 's made .",
"43": "Coffeetea.about.com ( October 6 , 2009 ) . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 197 Jump up ^ `` Report : Coke , Pepsi faceoff brewing '' . CNN Money . Cable news network . December 6 , 2005 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regarding liquid coffee concentrate '' . Commodities Report . The Wall Street Journal . March 21 , 2005 . p . C4 . Jump up ^ FAO ( 2003 ) . `` Coffee '' . Medium - term prospects for agricultural commodities . Projections to the year 2010 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Global output is expected to reach 7.0 million metric tons ( 117 million bags ) by 2010 compared with 6.7 million metric tons ( 111 million bags ) in 1998 -- 2000 Jump up ^ Scofield , Alex. `` Vietnam : Silent Global Coffee Power '' . INeedCoffee . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allison , Melissa ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Starbucks lowers prices on bagged coffee at grocers Business & Technology '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Topper , Rachel ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Elephant Dung Coffee : World 's Most Expensive Brew Is Made With Pooped - Out Beans '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NYMEX Coffee Futures Contract Overview via Wikinvest Jump up ^ Ellis , Blake ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Coffee prices on the rise '' . CNN Money . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Galatola , Thomas ( February 14 , 2012 ) .",
"44": "`` Coffee Futures Fall to Lowest in 14 Months : Commodities at Close '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pendergrast , Mark ( April 2009 ) . `` Coffee : Second to Oil ? '' . Tea & Coffee Trade Journal : 38 -- 41 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 Jump up ^ Talbot , John M. ( 2004 ) . Grounds for Agreement : The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 50 . So many people who have written about coffee have gotten it wrong . Coffee is not the second most valuable primary commodity in world trade , as is often stated . ( ... ) It is not the second most traded commodity , a nebulous formulation that occurs repeatedly in the media . Coffee is the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries . Jump up ^ Ismail , Izwan ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Let 's drink to coffee ! '' . New Straits Times Online . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast buffet : National coffee day -- Eatocracy -- CNN.com Blogs '' . Eatocracy.cnn.com . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ten things you did n't know about coffee '' . Global Saskatoon . September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herraiz , Tomas ; Chaparro , Carolina ( 2006 ) . `` Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and β - carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee '' . Life Sciences . 78 ( 8 ) : 795 -- 802 . PMID 16139309 . doi : 10.1016 / j. lfs. 2005.05. 074 . Jump up ^ Zivković , R.",
"45": "( 2000 ) . `` Coffee and health in the elderly '' . Acta Medica Croatica. 54 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 36 . PMID 10914439 . Jump up ^ Bakalar , Nicholas ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` Coffee as a Health Drink ? Studies Find Some Benefits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Robert J. ; Spencer , Jeremy P. E ; Rice - Evans , Catherine ( 2004 ) . `` Flavonoids : Antioxidants or signalling molecules ? '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 36 ( 7 ) : 838 -- 849 . PMID 15019969 . doi : 10.1016 / j. freeradbiomed. 2004.01. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Studies force new view on biology of flavonoids '' , by David Stauth , EurekAlert ! . Adapted from a news release issued by Oregon State University Jump up ^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies ( 2011 ) . `` Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to coffee C21 and reduction of spontaneous DNA strand breaks pursuant to Article 13 ( 5 ) of Regulation ( EC ) No 1924 / 20061 '' ( PDF ) . EFSA Journal . 9 ( 12 ) : 2465 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2011.2465 . Jump up ^ Kummer 2003 , pp. 160 -- 165 Jump up ^ van Dam , Rob ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Ask the Expert : Coffee and Health '' . Harvard School of Public Health . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levounis P , Herron AJ ( 2014 ) . The Addiction Casebook . American Psychiatric Pub . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58562 - 458 - 4 . Jump up ^ Freedman , N.D. ; Park , Y. ; Abnet , C.C. ; Hollenbeck , A.R.",
"46": "; Sinha , R. ( 2012 ) . `` Association of Coffee Drinking with Total and Cause - Specific Mortality '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 20 ) : 1891 -- 1904 . PMC 3439152 . PMID 22591295 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1112010 . Jump up ^ Crippa , Alessio ; Discacciati , Andrea ; Larsson , Susanna C. ; Wolk , Alicja ; Orsini , Nicola ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes , cardiovascular disease , and cancer : a dose - response meta - analysis . '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 180 ( 8 ) : 763 -- 75 . PMID 25156996 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kwu194 . Jump up ^ Je , Youjin ; Giovannucci , Edward ( 2014 ) . `` Coffee consumption and total mortality : a meta - analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 111 ( 7 ) : 1162 -- 73 . PMID 24279995 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007114513003814 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Y. ; Wu , K. ; Zheng , J. ; Zuo , R. ; Li , D. ( 2015 ) . `` Association of coffee drinking with all - cause mortality : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Public Health Nutrition. 18 ( 7 ) : 1282 -- 91 . PMID 25089347 . doi : 10.1017 / S1368980014001438 . Jump up ^ Wu , Jiang - nan ; Ho , Suzanne C. ; Zhou , Chun ; Ling , Wen - hua ; Chen , Wei - qing ; Wang , Cui - ling ; Chen , Yu - ming ( 2009 ) . `` Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases : A meta - analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 137 ( 3 ) : 216 -- 225 . PMID 18707777 .",
"47": "doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2008.06. 051 . Jump up ^ Mostofsky , E. ; Rice , M.S. ; Levitan , E.B. ; Mittleman , M.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Habitual Coffee Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure : A Dose - Response Meta - Analysis '' . Circulation : Heart Failure . 5 ( 4 ) : 401 -- 405 . PMC 3425948 . PMID 22740040 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCHEARTFAILURE. 112.967299 . Jump up ^ Siasos , Gerasimos ; Tousoulis , Dimitris ; Stefanadis , Christodoulos ( 2013 ) . `` Effects of Habitual Coffee Consumption on Vascular Function '' . Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 63 ( 6 ) : 606 -- 607 . PMID 24184234 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jacc. 2013.08. 1642 . Jump up ^ Siasos , G. ; Oikonomou , E. ; Chrysohoou , C. ; Tousoulis , D. ; Panagiotakos , D. ; Zaromitidou , M. ; Zisimos , K. ; Kokkou , E. ; Marinos , G. ; Papavassiliou , A.G. ; Pitsavos , C. ; Stefanadis , C. ( 2013 ) . `` Consumption of a boiled Greek type of coffee is associated with improved endothelial function : The Ikaria Study '' . Vascular Medicine . 18 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 62 . PMID 23509088 . doi : 10.1177 / 1358863X13480258 . Jump up ^ Ding M , Bhupathiraju SN , Satija A , van Dam RM , Hu FB ( February 2014 ) . `` Long - term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease : a systematic review and a dose - response meta - analysis of prospective cohort studies '' . Circulation. 129 ( 6 ) : 643 -- 59 .",
"48": "PMID 24201300 . doi : 10.1161 / circulationaha. 113.005925 . Jump up ^ Brown , OI ; Allgar , V ; Wong , K-Y K ( 2016 ) . `` Coffee reduces death after myocardial infarction : a meta - analysis '' . Coronary Artery disease : 1 . PMID 27315099 . doi : 10.1097 / MCA. 0000000000000397 . Jump up ^ Zhang Z , Hu G , Caballero B , Appel L , Chen L ( June 2011 ) . `` Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension : a systematic review and meta - analysis of prospective observational studies '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 93 ( 6 ) : 1212 -- 9 . PMID 21450934 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 110.004044 . Jump up ^ de Paulis , Tomas ; Martin , Peter R. ( April 27 , 2004 ) . `` Cerebral effects of noncaffeine constituents in roasted coffee '' . In Nehlig , Astrid . Coffee , Tea , Chocolate , and the Brain . London : Taylor & Francis . pp. 187 -- 196 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30691 - 4 . Jump up ^ Panza , Francesco ; Solfrizzi , V. ; Barulli , M.R. ; Bonfiglio , C. ; Guerra , V. ; Osella , A. ; Seripa , D. ; Sabbà , C. ; Pilotto , A. ; Logroscino , G. ( 2015 ) . `` Coffee , tea , and caffeine consumption and prevention of late - life cognitive decline and dementia : a systematic review '' . J Nutr Health Aging. 19 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 28 . PMID 25732217 . doi : 10.1007 / s12603 - 014 - 0563 - 8 . Jump up ^ Silverman , K. ; Evans , S.M. ; Strain , E.C. ; Griffiths , R.R. ( October 15 , 1992 ) .",
"49": "`` Withdrawal syndrome after the double - blind cessation of caffeine consumption '' . New England Journal of Medicine . Massachusetts Medical Society . 327 ( 16 ) : 1109 -- 1114 . PMID 1528206 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199210153271601 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Effects of caffeine on human behavior '' . Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40 ( 9 ) : 1243 -- 1255 ( 1245 , 1249 ) . PMID 12204388 . doi : 10.1016 / S0278 - 6915 ( 02 ) 00096 - 0 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Butt , M.S. ; Sultan , M.T. ( 2011 ) . `` Coffee and its consumption : benefits and risks '' . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 51 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 373 . PMID 21432699 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408390903586412 . ^ Jump up to : Juliano , L.M. ; Griffiths , R.R. ( 2004 ) . `` A critical review of caffeine withdrawal : empirical validation of symptoms and signs , incidence , severity , and associated features '' ( PDF ) . Psychopharmacology. 176 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . PMID 15448977 . doi : 10.1007 / s00213 - 004 - 2000 - x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caffeine Withdrawal '' . Information about Caffeine Dependence . Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . 2003 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mathew , R.J. ; Wilson , W.H. ( 1985 ) . `` Caffeine Consumption , Withdrawal and Cerebral Blood Flow '' . Headache.",
"50": "25 ( 6 ) : 305 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1526 - 4610.1985. hed2506305. x . Jump up ^ Ding , Ming ; Bhupathiraju , Shilpa N ; Chen , Mu ; van Dam , Rob M ; Hu , Frank B ( February 2014 ) . `` Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes : A Systematic Review and a Dose - Response Meta - analysis '' . Diabetes Care ( Systematic Review & Meta - Analysis ) . 37 ( 2 ) : 569 -- 86 . PMC 3898757 . PMID 24459154 . doi : 10.2337 / dc13 - 1203 . Jump up ^ Xie , F. ; Wang , D. ; Huang , Z. ; Guo , Y. ( 2014 ) . `` Coffee consumption and risk of gastric cancer : a large updated meta - analysis of prospective studies '' . Nutrients. 6 ( 9 ) : 3734 -- 46 . PMC 4179186 . PMID 25237829 . doi : 10.3390 / nu6093734 . Jump up ^ Akter , S. ; Kashino , I. ; Mizoue , T. ; Matsuo , K. ; Ito , H. ; Wakai , K. ; Nagata , C. ; Nakayama , T. ; Sadakane , A. ; Tanaka , K. ; Tamakoshi , A ; Sugawara , Y. ; Sawada , N. ; Inoue , M. ; Tsugane , S. ; Sasazuki , S. ( 2016 ) . `` Coffee drinking and colorectal cancer risk : an evaluation based on a systematic review and meta - analysis among the Japanese population '' . Jpn J Clin Oncol. in press . PMID 27174958 . doi : 10.1093 / jjco / hyw059 . Jump up ^ Bravi , F. ; Tavani , A. ; Bosetti , C. ; Boffetta , P. ; La Vecchia , C. ( 2016 ) .",
"51": "`` Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease : a systematic review and meta - analysis of prospective studies '' . Eur J Cancer Prev. in press : 1 . PMID 27111112 . doi : 10.1097 / CEJ. 0000000000000252 . Jump up ^ `` Survey Data on Acrylamide in Food : Individual Food Products '' . Food and Drug Administration . July 2006 ( December 2002 ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , J. ; Oh , S. - W. ; Myung , S. - K. ; Kwon , H. ; Lee , C. ; Yun , J.M. ; Lee , H.K. ( 2013 ) . `` Association between coffee intake and gastroesophageal reflux disease : A meta - analysis '' . Diseases of the Esophagus. 27 : 311 -- 317 . PMID 23795898 . doi : 10.1111 / dote. 12099 . Jump up ^ Coffee and Caffeine 's Frequently Asked Questions from the alt. drugs. caffeine , alt. coffee , rec. food. drink. coffee Newsgroups , January 7 , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Bunker , M.L. ; McWilliams , M. ( 1979 ) . `` Caffeine content of common beverages '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 74 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 32 . PMID 762339 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic Staff ( October 3 , 2009 ) . `` Caffeine content of common beverages '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved July 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Caffeine content of various drinks '' . Celestialseasonings . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See for example the following websites : `` Coffee and Caffeine 's Frequently Asked Questions '' . faqs.org . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . , `` How Much Caffeine in a Cup of Coffee , Tea , Cola or Chocolate Bar ? '' .",
"52": "talkaboutcoffee.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . , `` How much caffeine is there in ( drink / food / pill ? ) '' . January 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Coffee , brewed , espresso , restaurant - prepared and Coffee , brewed from grounds , prepared with tap water , in the USDA nutrient database Jump up ^ Verlengia F , Rigitano A , Nery JP , Tosello A. Variations of the caffeine content in coffee beverages . ASIC , 2nd Int Sci Colloq Green and Roasted Coffee Chem. 1965 , 106 -- 114 : ^ Jump up to : Blackstock , Colin ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Scientists discover decaf coffee bean '' . London : Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Standage , Tom ( June 14 , 2007 ) . A History of the World in Six Glasses . Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84354 - 595 - 8 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Dolce Vita. 1999 . Coffee . London , UK : New Holland Books Jump up ^ Cowan , Brian ( October 2006 ) . `` Rosee , Pasqua ( fl. 1651 -- 1656 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 92862 . Subscription required . Jump up ^ `` History of Coffee '' . Nestlé Professional . Nestlé. 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Felix Czeike , Historisches Lexikon Wien . vol. 2 ( Wien 1993 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ernst Grabovszki , Innere Stadt , Wien , 1 . Bezirk ( Erfurt 2002 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Weinberg & Bealer 2001 , pp. 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Danko , C. ( 2009 ) . `` America 's First Coffeehouse '' . Massachusetts Travel Journal .",
"53": "Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Pendergrast 2001 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Marshall , Carolyn ( September 3 , 2007 ) . `` Alfred H. Peet , 87 , Dies ; Leader of a Coffee Revolution '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , pp. 252 -- 253 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 302 Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Corporation '' . Company profile from Hoover 's . Hoover 's . 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Expo Seoul 2013 to Provide Hub for Korea 's Booming Coffee Market '' . Asia Today . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barista Training Standards -- A Global Perspective '' . Cafe Culture . November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stoughton , WI -- Where the Coffee Break Originated '' . www.stoughtonwi.com . Stoughton , Wisconsin Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Mr. Osmund Gunderson decided to ask the Norwegian wives , who lived just up the hill from his warehouse , if they would come and help him sort the tobacco . The women agreed , as long as they could have a break in the morning and another in the afternoon , to go home and tend to their chores . Of course , this also meant they were free to have a cup of coffee from the pot that was always hot on the stove . Mr. Gunderson agreed and with this simple habit , the coffee break was born . Jump up ^ `` Time -- March 1951 '' . Time . March 5 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Coffee break '' . npr.org . December 2 , 2002 .",
"54": "Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Wherever the coffee break originated , Stamberg says , it may not actually have been called a coffee break until 1952 . That year , a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign urged consumers , ' Give yourself a Coffee - Break -- and Get What Coffee Gives to You . ' Jump up ^ Other historians accredit the conception of the Coffee Break to John Catrone , an electrician , who coined the phrase while working in Revere , Massachusetts in the 1950s . Hunt , Morton M. ( 1993 ) . The story of psychology ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . p. 260 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24762 - 1 . ( work ) for Maxwell House that helped make the ' coffee break ' an American custom in offices , factories , and homes . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel W. ( 2004 ) . A new introduction to Islam . Chichester , West Sussex : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 149 -- 151 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5807 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Kate ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Food Stories : The Sultan 's Coffee Prohibition '' . Accidental Hedonist . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Bersten 1999 , p. 53 Jump up ^ `` Coffee facts , coffee trivia & coffee information ! '' . Coffee Facts . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Are the Mormons ? '' . Beliefnet . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee consumption and mortality in Seventh - Day Adventists '' . Nutrition Research Newsletter . Frost & Sullivan . September 1992 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 .",
"55": "Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A few new Passover haggadahs , and a facelift for an old favorite '' . JTA . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Total Production of Exporting Countries , 2003 to 2008 '' . International Coffee Organization . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee '' . Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rice , Robert A. ( March 2001 ) . `` Noble Goals and Challenging Terrain : Organic and Fair Trade Coffee Movements '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics . Springer Netherlands . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 66 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1011367008474 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European Fair Trade Association '' . EFTA. 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Balch - Gonzalez , Margaret ( 2003 ) . `` Good Coffee , Better World , The Ethics and Economics of Fair Trade Coffee '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : De Pelsmacker , Patrick ; Driesen , Liesbeth ; Rayp , Glenn ( 2005 ) . `` Do Consumers Care about Ethics ? Willingness to Pay for Fair - Trade Coffee '' . Journal of Consumer Affairs . 39 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 385 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6606.2005. 00019. x . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Serves up its First Fairtrade Lattes and Cappuccinos Across the UK and Ireland '' . London : Fairtrade Foundation . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ Allen 1999 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Pendergrast 2001 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Mattoon , Jr. , Robert H. ( May 2 , 1977 ) . `` Railroads , Coffee , and the Growth of Big Business in São Paulo , Brazil '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 57 ( 2 ) : 273 -- 295 . JSTOR 2513775 . doi : 10.2307 / 2513775 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Rex A. , ed. ( 1997 ) . `` The Coffee Economy , 1840 -- 1930 '' . Brazil : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Smith , Teresa ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Canadian coffee king crowned in Ottawa '' . Ottawacitizen.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Brewers Cup '' . World Brewers Cup . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Coffee Events '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Allen , Stewart Lee ( 1999 ) . The Devil 's Cup : Coffee , the Driving Force in History . Soho : Random House . ISBN 1 - 56947 - 174 - 6 . Bersten , Ian ( 1999 ) . Coffee , Sex & Health : A History of Anti-coffee Crusaders and Sexual Hysteria . Sydney : Helian Books . ISBN 0 - 9577581 - 0 - 3 . Clarke , Ronald James ; Macrae , R. , eds. ( 1987 ) . Coffee . 2 : Technology .",
"57": "Barking , Essex : Elsevier Applied Science . ISBN 1 - 85166 - 034 - 8 . Clifford , M.N. ; Wilson , K.C. , eds. ( 1985 ) . Coffee : Botany , Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage . Westport , Connecticut : AVI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 0787 - 7 . Ganchy , Sally ( 2009 ) . Islam and Science , Medicine , and Technology . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4358 - 5066 - 1 . Hünersdorff , Richard von & Hasenkamp , Holger G. ( 2002 ) Coffee : a bibliography : a guide to the literature on coffee London : Hünersdorff Jacob , Heinrich Eduard ( 1998 ) . Coffee : The Epic of a Commodity . Short Hills , N.J. : Burford Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58080 - 070 - 9 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Kummer , Corby ( August 19 , 2003 ) . The Joy of Coffee : The Essential guide to Buying , Brewing , and Enjoying . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 30240 - 9 . Luttinger , Nina and Dicum , Gregory . The Coffee Book : Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop ( Bazaar Book , 2006 ) Metcalf , Allan A. ( 1999 ) . The World in So Many Words : A Country - by - country Tour of Words that have Shaped our Language . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 95920 - 9 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Pendergrast , Mark ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . London : Texere . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 088 - 1 . Rao , Scott . The Professional Barista 's Handbook .",
"58": "Siasos , G. ; Oikonomou , E. ; Chrysohoou , C. ; Tousoulis , D. ; Panagiotakos , D. ; Zaromitidou , M. ; Zisimos , K. ; Kokkou , E. ; Marinos , G. ; Papavassiliou , A.G. ; Pitsavos , C. ; Stefanadis , C. ( 2013 ) . `` Consumption of a boiled Greek type of coffee is associated with improved endothelial function : The Ikaria Study '' . Vascular Medicine . 18 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 62 . PMID 23509088 . doi : 10.1177 / 1358863X13480258 . Siasos , G. ; Tousoulis , D. ; Stefanadis , C. ( February 2014 ) . `` Effects of habitual coffee consumption on vascular function '' . Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 63 ( 6 ) : 606 -- 607 . PMID 24184234 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jacc. 2013.08. 1642 . Souza , Ricardo M. ( 2008 ) . Plant - Parasitic Nematodes of Coffee . シュプリンガー ・ ジャパン 株式 会社 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8719 - 6 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The World of Caffeine : The Science and Culture of the World 's Most Popular Drug . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92722 - 6 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Weissman , Michaele .",
"59": "God in a Cup : The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Coffee External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutCoffeeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Bhanoo , Sindya N. ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret May Be in the Coffee '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Benjamin Joffe - Walt and Oliver Burkeman , The Guardian , September 16 , 2005 , `` Coffee trail '' -- from the Ethiopian village of Choche to a London coffee shop .",
"60": "Coffee Topics Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain beverage Misc .",
"61": "Coffee and doughnuts Coffee cup Coffee cup sleeve Demitasse Tasse à café Coffee leaf rust King Gustav 's twin experiment Coffee vending machine Demitasse spoon Single - serve coffee container Third wave of coffee Coffee portal Category : Coffee Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Coffee production Top 20 producers ( 2014 ) Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Guatemala Honduras India Indonesia Java Ivory Coast Mexico Nicaragua Papua New Guinea Peru Tanzania Thailand Uganda Vietnam Other cultivators Angola Bolivia Cameroon Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Guadeloupe Guam Haiti Jamaica Kenya Laos Martinique Panama Paraguay Philippines Puerto Rico Sri Lanka United States ( Hawaii ) Venezuela Lists List of countries by coffee production List of countries by coffee exports GND : 4029189 - 3 NDL : 00566222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee&oldid=807224943 '' Categories : Coffea drinks Crops Herbal and fungal stimulants Non-alcoholic drinks Hot drinks Turkish words and phrases Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 All articles",
"62": "with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from July 2016 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español",
"63": "Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies",
"64": "नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited",
"65": "on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when are the next commonwealth games going to be held
|
[
"between 27 July and 7 August 2022",
"2022",
"between 27 July and 7 August 2022"
] |
{
"0": "2022 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia 2022 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search XXII Commonwealth Games Logo of Birmingham 's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid Host city Birmingham , England Motto Heart of the UK , Soul of the Commonwealth Nations participating 73 Commonwealth nations ( expected ) Athletes participating ~ 5000 Events TBA in 18 sports Opening ceremony 27 July Closing ceremony 7 August Queen 's Baton Final Runner TBD Main venue Alexander Stadium < XXI XXIII > Part of a series on 2022 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athlete 's Village ) Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating nations Medal table Event calendar Closing ceremony CGF CGE The 2022 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022 , is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is scheduled to be held in Birmingham , England . This is due to be the third time England has hosted the Games . The Games are expected to take place between 27 July and 7 August 2022 . The city was announced as the host at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham on 21 December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 1.1 First selection 1.1. 1 Withdrawal of Durban as host 1.2 Second selection 1.2. 1 Birmingham awarded as replacement host 2 Venues 2.1 Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area 2.2 Venues outside West Midlands 3 Sports 4 References 5 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2022 Commonwealth Games First selection ( edit ) Two cities initially launched bids for the games ; Durban , South Africa and Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Edmonton withdrew its bid in February 2015 , leaving Durban as the only bid to go forward to CGF General Assembly in September 2015 . The coastal South African city of Durban initially secured the right to host the games , as they were the sole bidder for the event .",
"1": "The city previously considered bidding for the 2020 or 2024 Summer Olympics . Withdrawal of Durban as host ( edit ) It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints . This was confirmed one month later on 13 March 2017 when the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) stripped Durban of their rights to host the games . It would have marked the first time the games were held in Africa and the second time a Commonwealth republic would have hosted , following Delhi , India in 2010 . The games were set to open on the 18 July 2022 , coinciding with the birthday of the late South African President , Nelson Mandela . Second selection ( edit ) A new bidding process was launched , where Liverpool and Birmingham expressed their interests in hosting the games . On 14 March 2017 , Manchester , who previously hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games , expressed their interest in hosting the games . In September 2017 , Birmingham beat Liverpool for the recommended bid for England . With Birmingham being the sole bidder for the event they won the right to stage the Games . However , it was announced that the bid was not fully compliant , and the bidding process was extended until 30 November 2017 . The CGF had 170 questions regarding Birmingham 's bid . Birmingham awarded as replacement host ( edit ) On 21 December 2017 , Birmingham was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban 's replacement host . Louise Martin , president of the Commonwealth Games Federation , made the official announcement at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham . 2022 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Nation Votes Birmingham England Unanimous Venues ( edit ) Birmingham has a wealth of existing sports venues , arenas and conference halls that are ideal for hosting sport during the Games . 95 % of the competition venues are already in place for the 2022 games . Alexander Stadium which will host the ceremonies and athletics will be renovated and the capacity will be increased to 50,000 seats . A 400 metre warm up track will also be developed . This would leave the stadium well placed to become the home of UK Athletics , hosting all the major national and international competitions after the Games .",
"2": "Genting Arena Symphony Hall Villa Park Stadium Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area ( edit ) Venue Sport Capacity Status Alexander Stadium Ceremonies Athletics 50,000 Upgrade National Exhibition Centre Boxing Judo Table Tennis Freestyle Wrestling 5,000 Existing Genting Arena Badminton 15,000 Existing Arena Birmingham Artistic and Rhythmic Gymnastics 15,000 Existing Symphony Hall Weightlifting 2,200 Existing University of Birmingham Squash Hockey 5,000 Existing Sandwell Aquatics Centre Swimming Diving 5,000 New Villa Park Stadium Rugby 7s 42,000 Existing Victoria Square Basketball 3x3 3,000 Existing Ericsson Indoor Arena , Coventry Netball 7,000 Existing Victoria Park , Leamington Spa Bowls 2,000 Existing Venues outside West Midlands ( edit ) Venue Sport Capacity Status Lee Valley VeloPark , London Cycling ( track ) 6,000 Existing Sports ( edit ) On 22 December 2017 , the BBC Reported that the organisers of the games are currently in talks with the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) about the inclusion of women 's cricket . It was also reported that shooting is likely to be excluded from the games citing a lack of facilities around Birmingham , if this is true it will be the first time since 1970 where shooting has not been included in the games . The dropping of shooting from the games programme was confirmed by the Commonwealth Games Federation CEO , David Grevemberg in January 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth Games : Birmingham announced as host of 2022 event '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sport , Telegraph ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Birmingham named 2022 Commonwealth Games host city '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ `` Edmonton withdraws bid for 2022 Commonwealth Games euronews , world news '' . Euronews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games 2022 : Durban ' may drop out as host ' '' . BBC News . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Durban is # ReadyToInspire , are you ? '' . Durban - 2022 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Liverpool and Birmingham battle to host Commonwealth Games 2022 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Manchester in discussions to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham beats Liverpool for hosting the 2022 commonwealth games '' . www.independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham beats Liverpool to become UK candidate for potential 2022 Commonwealth bid '' . 7 September 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games England to reveal 2022 candidate city in September '' . Inside the Game . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games 2022 : Birmingham bid ' not fully compliant ' '' . 6 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Federation had ' 170 queries ' over Birmingham 's 2022 bid '' . 31 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 2022 Heart of the UK , Soul of the Commonwealth '' . www.birmingham2022.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ Elkes , Neil ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` See how Alexander Stadium could be transformed for Commonwealth Games '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , David . `` How Birmingham 's Victoria Square would look hosting basketball in 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . www.expressandstar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Elkes , Neil ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Lawn bowls venue unveiled for city 's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 2022 : Four unanswered questions for the Commonwealth Games '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Optional Sports at 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . Around the Rings. 2018 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 2022 : Shooting dropped from Commonwealth Games '' . BBC . 2018 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` No shooting at 2022 Commonwealth Games , top official suggests T20 mixed cricket '' . Indian Express . 2018 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 .",
"5": "External links ( edit ) Birmingham 2022 Preceded by Gold Coast 2018 Birmingham Host City XXII Commonwealth Games Succeeded by TBA 2026 ( hide ) Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA 2030 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games Commonwealth Games portal 2020s portal England portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=838243555 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games Scheduled multi-sport events 2022 in multi-sport events 2022 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games in the United Kingdom Sport in Birmingham , West Midlands July 2022 sports events 2022 in English sport Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Français हिन्दी 日本 語 Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7082194731003653651
|
where can tight junctions be found in the body
|
[
"Internal epithelia",
"the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells"
] |
{
"0": "Tight junction - wikipedia Tight junction Jump to : navigation , search Tight junction Diagram of Tight junction Details Identifiers Latin junctio occludens TH H1. 00.01. 1.02007 FMA 67397 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Tight junctions , also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes ( singular , zonula occludens ) are multiprotein junctional complex whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway . Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations , anions , or water . Tight junctions are present only in vertebrates . The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Functions 3 Classification 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tight junctions are composed of a branching network of sealing strands , each strand acting independently from the others . Therefore , the efficiency of the junction in preventing ion passage increases exponentially with the number of strands . Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes , with extracellular domains joining one another directly . Although more proteins are present , the major types are the claudins and the occludins . These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO - 1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane , which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton . Thus , tight junctions join together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells . Functions ( edit ) They perform vital functions : They hold cells together .",
"1": "Barrier function , which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance : Tight Junctions help to maintain the polarity of cells by preventing the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins between the apical and lateral / basal surfaces , allowing the specialized functions of each surface ( for example receptor - mediated endocytosis at the apical surface and exocytosis at the basolateral surface ) to be preserved . This aims to preserve the transcellular transport . Tight Junctions prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between plasma membranes of adjacent cells , so materials must actually enter the cells ( by diffusion or active transport ) in order to pass through the tissue . Investigation using freeze - fracture methods in electron microscopy is ideal for revealing the lateral extent of tight junctions in cell membranes and has been useful in showing how tight junctions are formed . The constrained intracellular pathway exacted by the tight junction barrier system allows precise control over which substances can pass through a particular tissue . ( Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the blood -- brain barrier . ) At the present time , it is still unclear whether the control is active or passive and how these pathways are formed . In one study for paracellular transport across the tight junction in kidney proximal tubule , a dual pathway model is proposed : large slit breaks formed by infrequent discontinuities in the TJ complex and numerous small circular pores . In human physiology there are two main types of epithelia using distinct types of barrier mechanism . Epidermal structures such as skin form a barrier from many layers of keratinized squamous cells . Internal epithelia on the other hand more often rely on tight junctions for their barrier function . This kind of barrier is mostly formed by only one or two layers of cells . It was long unclear whether tight cell junctions also play any role in the barrier function of the skin and similar external epithelia but recent research suggests that this is indeed the case . Classification ( edit ) Epithelia are classed as `` tight '' or `` leaky '' , depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement : Tight epithelia have tight junctions that prevent most movement between cells .",
"2": "Examples of tight epithelia include the distal convoluted tubule , the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney , and the bile ducts ramifying through liver tissue . Leaky epithelia do not have these tight junctions , or have less complex tight junctions . For instance , the tight junction in the kidney proximal tubule , a very leaky epithelium , has only two to three junctional strands , and these strands exhibit infrequent large slit breaks . See also ( edit ) Cadherin Gap junction Tight junction protein ( disambiguation ) Zonulin TEM of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of ~ 55,000 x and 80 kV with Tight junction . Note that the three dark lines of density correspond to the density of the protein complex , and the light lines in between correspond to the paracellular space . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , JM ; Van Itallie , CM ( August 2009 ) . `` Physiology and function of the tight junction '' . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1 : a002584 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a002584 . PMC 2742087 . PMID 20066090 . Jump up ^ Department , Biology . `` Tight Junctions ( and other cellular connections ) '' . Davidson College . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Chalcroft , J.P. ; Bullivant , S ( 1970 ) . `` An interpretation of liver cell membrane and junction structure based on observation of freeze - fracture replicas of both sides of the fracture '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 47 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 60 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 47.1. 49 . PMC 2108397 . PMID 4935338 . Jump up ^ Guo , P ; Weinstein , AM ; Weinbaum , S ( Aug 2003 ) . `` A dual - pathway ultrastructural model for the tight junction of rat proximal tubule epithelium '' . American Journal of Physiology . Renal Physiology. 285 ( 2 ) : F241 -- 57 .",
"3": "doi : 10.1152 / ajprenal. 00331.2002 . PMID 12670832 . Jump up ^ Kirschner , Nina ; Brandner , JM ( June 2012 ) . `` Barriers and more : functions of tight junction proteins in the skin '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1257 : 158 -- 166 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2012. 06554. x . Jump up ^ Department , Biology . `` Tight Junctions and other cellular connections '' . Davidson College . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tight junctions .",
"4": "An Overview of the Tight Junction at Zonapse.Net Occludin in Focus at Zonapse.Net Tight Junctions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Histology image : 20502loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University ( hide ) Proteins of epithelium Lateral / cell - cell Cell adhesion molecules : Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels : Gap junction / Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton : Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins : Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal / cell - matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome / Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia / Kinocilium Microvilli / Stereocilia ( STRC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tight_junction&oldid=835166186 '' Categories : Cell anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2197542686080749603
|
who sang one bad apple spoils the bunch
|
[
"The Osmonds"
] |
{
"0": "One Bad Apple - wikipedia One Bad Apple Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the episode , see One Bad Apple ( My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episode ) . `` One Bad Apple '' Single by The Osmonds from the album Osmonds B - side `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' Released November 14 , 1970 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded October 26 , 1970 Genre Pop , R&B , bubblegum pop Length 2 : 46 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) George Jackson The Osmonds singles chronology `` I 've Got Loving on My Mind '' ( 1970 ) `` One Bad Apple '' ( 1970 ) `` Double Lovin ' '' ( 1971 ) `` I 've Got Loving on My Mind '' ( 1970 ) `` One Bad Apple '' ( 1970 ) `` Double Lovin ' '' ( 1971 ) `` One Bad Apple '' was a number - one hit single released by The Osmonds on November 14 , 1970 . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 2 , 1971 . It hit the top of the chart on February 13 , 1971 and stayed there for five weeks . It also reached number six on the R&B chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1971 . Both `` One Bad Apple '' and the Donny Osmond - credited single `` Sweet and Innocent '' are on the 1970 album Osmonds . It was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 4 , 1971 . The song was written by George Jackson , who originally had the Jackson 5 in mind when he wrote it . According to Donny Osmond , Michael Jackson later told him that the Jackson 5 almost recorded this song first , but chose to record `` ABC '' instead . `` One Bad Apple '' was also used as the theme to The Osmonds cartoon show on ABC - TV .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Other versions 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References Other versions ( edit ) 1984 : Nolan Thomas covered it on his only album , Yo Little Brother 1974 : The Credibility Gap recorded `` You Ca n't Judge a Book by Its Hair '' and a German version ( with totally unrelated lyrics ) , `` Foreign Novelty Smash , '' both of which borrow melodic themes from `` One Bad Apple '' and the Jackson 5 's `` The Love You Save . '' Both recordings appear on the album A Great Gift Idea ! 1997 : Aaron Carter on his self - titled debut album Aaron Carter . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 - 71 ) Peak position Australia KMR 37 Canada RPM New Zealand ( Listener ) 17 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard R&B / Soul 6 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 37 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position UK 89 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada 20 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. R&B / Soul ( Billboard ) 48 U.S. Cash Box 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 445 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` One Bad Apple by The Osmonds Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Acm64edbk7I Reference starts at 0 : 36 Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 12 April 1971 Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 445 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MONTH DD , 19YY '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16. . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1971 '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1971 - 12 - 25 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1971 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Preceded by `` Knock Three Times '' by Tony Orlando and Dawn US Billboard Hot 100 number one single February 13 , 1971 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me and Bobby McGee '' by Janis Joplin Preceded by `` If You Could Read My Mind '' by Gordon Lightfoot Canadian RPM 100 number - one single February 27 , 1971 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? ''",
"3": "by Creedence Clearwater Revival ( hide ) The Osmonds Merrill Osmond Jay Osmond Donny Osmond Marie Osmond Jimmy Osmond Alan Osmond Wayne Osmond Studio albums The Wonderful World of The Osmond Brothers Hello ! The Osmond Brothers Osmonds Homemade Phase III Crazy Horses The Plan Love Me for a Reason The Proud One Osmond Family Christmas Live albums The Osmonds Live Compilation albums Osmondmania ! Singles `` Mister Sandman '' `` Ovan Regnbagen '' `` Taking a Chance on Love '' `` One Bad Apple '' `` Yo - Yo '' `` Down by the Lazy River '' `` Hold Her Tight '' `` We Can Make it Together '' `` Crazy Horses '' `` Goin ' Home '' `` Let Me In '' `` Love Me for a Reason '' `` I Ca n't Stop '' `` The Proud One '' `` I Ca n't Live a Dream '' `` I 'm Still Gonna Need You '' `` I Think About Your Lovin ' '' `` Never Ending Song of Love '' `` Anytime '' Related articles The Osmonds Donny & Marie ( 1976 ) Donny & Marie ( 1998 ) George Osmond Olive Osmond Tom Osmond Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Bad_Apple&oldid=836788864 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1970 singles Songs written by George Jackson ( songwriter ) The Osmonds songs Aaron Carter songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 21 : 09 . About Wikipedia",
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813008019706037994
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where is the tennessee titans football stadium located
|
[
"36°9′59″N 86°46′17″W / 36.16639°N 86.77139°W",
"on the east bank of the Cumberland River, directly across the river from downtown Nashville",
"Nashville, Tennessee",
"Nashville, Tennessee, United States"
] |
{
"0": "Nissan stadium - wikipedia Nissan stadium Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with International Stadium Yokohama , also known as Nissan Stadium in Kanagawa , Japan . Nissan Stadium Exterior view in 2009 with previous LP Field signage Former names Adelphia Coliseum ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Coliseum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) LP Field ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Address 1 Titans Way Location Nashville , Tennessee Coordinates 36 ° 9 ′ 59 '' N 86 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 36.16639 ° N 86.77139 ° W / 36.16639 ; - 86.77139 Coordinates : 36 ° 9 ′ 59 '' N 86 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 36.16639 ° N 86.77139 ° W / 36.16639 ; - 86.77139 Owner Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County Operator Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County Executive suites 177 Capacity 67,700 ( 1999 ) 68,498 ( 2000 ) 68,798 ( 2001 ) 68,804 ( 2002 ) 68,809 ( 2003 ) 68,932 ( 2004 ) 69,149 ( 2005 ) 69,143 ( 2006 -- present ) Surface Tifsport Bermuda Sod Construction Broke ground May 3 , 1997 Opened August 27 , 1999 Construction cost US $290 million ( $417 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous McKissack & McKissack Moody Nolan Project manager The Larkin Group Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc .",
"1": "General contractor The Stadium Group , comprising Bovis , Jones & Jones Construction and Beers Construction Tenants Tennessee Titans ( NFL ) ( 1999 -- present ) Tennessee State Tigers ( NCAA ) ( 1999 -- present ) Music City Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1999 -- present ) Nissan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nashville , Tennessee , United States , owned by the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County . It is primarily used for football and is the home field of the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Tennessee State Tigers of Tennessee State University . The stadium is also the site of the Franklin American Mortgage Music City Bowl , a postseason college football bowl game played each December , and is occasionally used as a venue for soccer matches . Nissan Stadium is used for large concerts , such as the CMA Music Festival nightly concerts which take place for four days every June . Facilities are included to enable the stadium to host other public events , meetings , parties , and gatherings . Nissan Stadium is located on the east bank of the Cumberland River , directly across the river from downtown Nashville and has a listed seating capacity of 69,143 . Its first event was a preseason game between the Titans and the Atlanta Falcons on August 27 , 1999 . Since opening in 1999 it has been known by multiple names , including Adelphia Coliseum from 1999 to 2002 , The Coliseum from 2002 to 2006 , and LP Field from 2006 to 2015 . The stadium features three levels of seating , with the lower bowl completely encompassing the field . The club and upper levels form the stadium 's dual towers , rising above the lower bowl along each sideline . All of the stadium 's luxury suites are located within the towers . Three levels of suites are located in the stadium 's eastern tower : one between the lower and club levels , and two between the club and upper levels . The western tower has only two levels of suites , both between the club and upper levels . The pressbox is located between the lower and club levels in the western tower . Nissan Stadium 's dual videoboards are located behind the lower bowl in each end zone . The playing surface of Nissan Stadium is Tifsport Bermuda Sod , a natural grass .",
"2": "However , the relatively warm climate of Nashville , combined with the wear and tear of hosting a game nearly every weekend , usually results in a resodding of the area `` between the hashes '' in late November . On Nissan Stadium 's eastern side is the Titans Pro Shop , a retail store which sells team merchandise . It remains open year - round and maintains an exterior entrance for use on non-event dates . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Naming rights 2 Tennessee Titans 2.1 Music City Miracle 3 Soccer 4 Concerts and events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Nissan Stadium as seen from Section 341 , immediately prior to kickoff of Titans vs Texans , October 29 , 2006 During the 1995 NFL Preseason , the Houston Oilers faced the Washington Redskins in an exhibition game at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville , Tennessee . At the game , Oilers owner Bud Adams met Nashville Mayor Phil Bredesen and began discussing the possibility of moving the team to Middle Tennessee , due to Adams ' discontent with the team 's lease at the Astrodome and unwillingness of the City of Houston to build a new football - only stadium . Later that fall , Adams and Bredesen announced the team 's intent to move to Nashville . The city and team decided to locate a stadium on the eastern bank of the Cumberland River in downtown Nashville , on the site of a blighted industrial development . In a special referendum on May 7 , 1996 , voters in Metropolitan Nashville / Davidson County voted to approve partial funding of the proposed stadium . The vote , which allocated US $144 million of public money to the project , passed with a 59 % majority . The pro-stadium organization , known as `` NFL Yes ! '' outspent the anti-stadium group by a ratio of 16 : 1 during the campaign . The funds initially would be raised through an increase in the Metro water tax . The ongoing funding is through a 300 % increase in Davidson County individual homeowner property taxes . Much of the remaining construction costs were funded through the sale of personal seat licenses .",
"3": "Some State of Tennessee money was allocated to the project , on the condition that the Tennessee State University football team move its home games there , and with the request that the team be named `` Tennessee '' ( instead of `` Nashville '' ) , which the franchise was planning to do anyway , in an attempt to appeal to the broader region . The stadium 's construction was delayed when the construction site was hit by a tornado that struck downtown Nashville on April 16 , 1998 and destroyed several cranes , but the stadium opened in time for the first scheduled event . On May 3 , 2010 , the stadium 's playing surface was covered with six feet of water due to the heavy rains and flooding from the Cumberland River . The flood also reached down to the locker rooms of the stadium . The stadium received upgrades during the summer of 2012 . Among the improvements are a new sound system , high - speed elevators to the upper levels , and LED ribbon boards mounted on the faces of the upper mezzanines . Two new high - definition Lighthouse brand LED video displays measuring 157 feet by 54 feet were installed , replacing the entire end zone scoreboard apparatuses . At the time of installation , the two boards became the second - largest displays in the National Football League ( trailing only AT&T Stadium ) . Naming rights ( edit ) Adelphia Coliseum in 2002 LP Field logo , 2006 -- 2015 During its construction , the stadium had no official name , though it was generally referred to as `` The East Bank Stadium '' , a reference to the stadium 's location on the eastern bank of the Cumberland River . Upon its completion , it was given the name `` Adelphia Coliseum '' in a 15 - year , $30 million naming rights arrangement with Adelphia Business Solutions , a subsidiary of the larger Adelphia telecommunications company . However , after Adelphia missed a required payment and subsequently filed for bankruptcy in 2002 , the agreement was abandoned and the stadium became known simply as `` The Coliseum '' for four years . ( Adelphia itself was dissolved in 2006 . ) A naming rights deal with Nashville - based Louisiana - Pacific was inked on June 6 , 2006 . Louisiana - Pacific , which markets itself as `` LP Building Products '' , paid $30 million over 10 years for naming rights .",
"4": "LP 's influence inside the stadium led to the creation of the LP Building Zones in 2007 , located beneath the giant scoreboards from Daktronics at the north and south ends of the stadium . The concession stands and restrooms in these two areas were decorated to look like suburban homes using LP products . On June 24 , 2015 , car manufacturer Nissan , which has its North American headquarters just south of Nashville in Franklin and operates a large manufacturing plant in nearby Smyrna , bought the naming rights for the stadium in a 20 - year contract , rebranding the stadium as Nissan Stadium . As part of the sponsor agreement , a 2016 Nissan Titan pickup truck was placed next to the stadium scoreboard . Tennessee Titans ( edit ) Downtown Nashville as viewed from the upper decks of Nissan Stadium The Titans have posted an impressive record at Nissan Stadium since moving there in 1999 , including winning their first 16 games before losing to the Baltimore Ravens on November 12 , 2000 . Overall , the Titans are 45 -- 27 in the regular season and 2 -- 2 in playoff games at Nissan Stadium . Every Titans home game ( including preseason ) has been a sellout since the stadium opened in 1999 . This is due to fans purchasing season tickets associated with the personal seat licenses each season ticketholder must own . The seat licenses helped finance construction of the stadium . There is a long waiting list for personal seat licenses , as well as season tickets . Music City Miracle ( edit ) Main article : Music City Miracle On January 8 , 2000 , one of the most memorable and debated plays in NFL history took place at then - Adelphia Coliseum . The `` Music City Miracle '' , as it has come to be known , was a last - minute trick play on a kickoff return that resulted in a touchdown and catapulted the Titans past the Buffalo Bills to the Divisional Playoffs . It also ensured that the Titans would go undefeated in the first season in the team 's new home . The victory was seen in front of a franchise - record crowd . Soccer ( edit ) Nissan Stadium regularly hosts soccer matches featuring the United States men 's national team as well as by the women 's national team and visiting professional clubs .",
"5": "The venue was first used for soccer on April 20 , 2004 in an exhibition game between the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer and Tecos UAG of the Mexican Primera División . Since then Nissan Stadium has been used for friendly matches by the U.S. women versus Canada in 2004 , a return of Tecos against rival F.C. Atlas in 2005 , and the U.S. men versus Morocco in 2006 . The stadium helped host the CONCACAF men 's 2008 and 2012 qualifying tournaments for the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics . On April 1 , 2009 , the U.S. men 's national team played a World Cup qualifier beating Trinidad and Tobago , 3 -- 0 . The match saw Jozy Altidore become the youngest American to score a hat trick for the national team . The U.S. men returned March 29 , 2011 falling to Paraguay in a friendly before a record crowd of 29,059 -- the largest to attend a soccer game in the state of Tennessee . Nissan Stadium was chosen for two games of the Group Stage for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Concerts and events ( edit ) Nissan Stadium can also serve as a large concert venue . The main stage for the annual CMA Music Festival , held every June , is located in the stadium .",
"6": "Date Performer ( s ) Opening act ( s ) Tour / Event Attendance Revenue Notes July 8 , 2006 Kenny Chesney Dierks Bentley Big & Rich Carrie Underwood Gretchen Wilson The Road and The Radio Tour -- -- July 5 , 2008 Keith Urban LeAnn Rimes Gary Allan Luke Bryan Sammy Hagar The Poets and Pirates Tour -- -- June 23 , 2012 Kenny Chesney Tim McGraw Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Jake Owen Brothers of the Sun Tour 49,869 / 52,332 $3,622,116 August 19 , 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Where We Are Tour 53,472 / 53,472 $4,286,308 During the performance , the band performed a cover of `` 9 to 5 '' by Dolly Parton . June 17 , 2015 The Rolling Stones -- Zip Code Tour 47,242 / 47,242 $8,416,049 July 9 , 2016 Guns N ' Roses Chris Stapleton Not in This Lifetime ... Tour 42,824 / 42,824 $4,765,878 October 2 , 2016 Beyoncé DJ Khaled The Formation World Tour 43,013 / 43,013 $5,182,345 This concert was originally scheduled to take place on May 5 , 2016 , but was rescheduled for unknown reasons . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Titans Name Their New Stadium '' . Beaver County Times . July 8 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Vols , Titans Find Tennessee Big Enough for Both of Them '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . September 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Titans Fans Salute '' . Daily News . November 5 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Vols Prepare for Opener in Nashville '' . The Tuscaloosa News . August 25 , 2002 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Home Openers Have Gone Raiders ' Way -- SFGate '' . San Francisco Chronicle . September 11 , 2003 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( September 20 , 2004 ) . `` Colts heat up in second half to sink Titans 31 -- 17 '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders wo n't throw it back '' . Inside Bay Area . October 31 , 2005 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peters , Craig . `` Titans ( 1 -- 1 ) to Host Broncos ( 1 -- 1 ) Sunday at LP Field '' . Titansonline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ground Is Broken for Nashville Stadium '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . May 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LP Field '' . Ballparks.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sports '' ( PDF ) . Thornton Tomasetti . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Patrinely Group '' . Patrinely Group . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LP Field Overview '' . Tennessee Titans . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LP Field : About '' . LP Field . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL Oilers : A Case Study in Corporate Welfare - The Foundation for Economic Education : The Freeman , Ideas on Liberty '' . Jump up ^ `` Nashville flooding hits Grand Ole Opry '' . USA Today Online . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Bryan ( May 3 , 2010 ) .",
"8": "`` UPDATED : LP Field , Bridgestone Arena Flooded '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ `` ANC Sports : : ESPN Aug. 23 -- 8 : 00pm '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Titans Announce Nissan Partnership ; Stadium Rebranded as Nissan Stadium '' ( Press release ) . Tennessee Titans . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Titans ' stadium LP Field to be renamed Nissan Stadium '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2016 Nissan Titan XD Gets Preferred Parking At Titans ' Stadium - Truck Trend , 18 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Soccer hits Coliseum tonight '' . Nashville City Paper . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coliseum to Host US World Cup Warm - up '' . Nashville City Paper . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nashville lands Olympic soccer qualifier www.tennessean.com Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer to Host 2012 CONCACAF Men 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Nashville , Carson , Calif. , and Kansas City '' . U.S. Soccer Federation . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Finds a Future Star During World Cup Qualifier '' . The Tennessean. April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Soccer Qualifier Sweeps Nashville Off its Feet '' . The Tennessean. April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Men 's National Team Falls 1 -- 0 to Paraguay in Front of Record Crowd at Nissan Stadium in Nashville '' . U.S. Soccer . March 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé 's new Nashville date : October 2 '' . The Tennessean . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan Stadium . Nissan Stadium -- Tennessee Titans ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Vanderbilt Stadium Home of the Tennessee Titans 1999 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Vanderbilt Stadium Home of the Music City Bowl 1999 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Hale Stadium Home of the Tennessee State Tigers 1999 -- present Succeeded by current Tennessee Titans Founded in 1960 Formerly the Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 96 ) and the Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 98 ) Based and headquartered in Nashville , Tennessee Franchise History in Houston in Tennessee Coaches Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Jeppesen Stadium Rice Stadium Houston Astrodome Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Vanderbilt Stadium Nissan Stadium Culture Bud Adams Luv Ya Blue T - Rac Cheerleaders Lore The Comeback Music City Miracle Rivalries Houston Texans Jacksonville Jaguars Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1967 1991 1993 2000 2002 2008 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1999 League championships ( 2 ) 1960 1961 Retired numbers 34 43 63 65 74 Media Broadcasters Titans All Access",
"10": "Titans Preseason Football Titans Radio Network WKRN - TV WTVF WZTV WGFX - FM Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Nashville athletic venues In use Allen Arena Bridgestone Arena Centennial Sportsplex Curb Event Center Dugan Field at Marsh Stadium E.S.",
"11": "Rose Park Ezell Park Fairgrounds Speedway Fairground Sports Arena First Tennessee Park Gentry Center Hale Stadium Hawkins Field Memorial Gymnasium Nashville Municipal Auditorium Nissan Stadium Vanderbilt Stadium Abandoned Herschel Greer Stadium Demolished McQuiddy Gym Striplin Gym Sulphur Dell Proposed First Tennessee Field ( canceled ) Nashville landmarks Existing AT&T Building Belmont Mansion Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park Bridgestone Arena Centennial Park Cheekwood Country Music Hall of Fame First Tennessee Park Fort Nashborough Fort Negley Frist Center for the Visual Arts Gaylord Opryland Resort Greer Stadium The Hermitage Life & Casualty Tower Memorial Gymnasium Music City Center Nashville City Cemetery Nashville International Airport Nashville Zoo at Grassmere Nissan Stadium Parthenon Ryman Auditorium Schermerhorn Symphony Center John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge Tennessee Performing Arts Center Tennessee State Capitol Tennessee State Museum Tennessee Tower Union Station Vanderbilt Stadium Former Opryland USA Starwood Amphitheatre Sulphur Dell Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South EverBank Field Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium West Arrowhead Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Sports Authority Field at Mile High StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue .",
"12": "Current NCAA Division I FBS bowl game stadiums Alamodome ( Alamo ) Albertsons Stadium ( Famous Idaho Potato ) Aloha Stadium ( Hawaii ) Amon G. Carter Stadium ( Armed Forces ) Arizona Stadium ( Arizona ) AT&T Stadium ( Cotton ) Bank of America Stadium ( Belk ) Camping World Stadium ( Cure , Russell Athletic , Citrus ) Chase Field ( Cactus ) Cotton Bowl ( Heart of Dallas ) Cramton Bowl ( Camellia ) Dreamstyle Stadium ( New Mexico ) EverBank Field ( TaxSlayer ) FAU Stadium ( Boca Raton ) Ford Field ( Quick Lane ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Orange ) Independence Stadium ( Independence ) Ladd -- Peebles Stadium ( Dollar General , Senior ) Legion Field ( Birmingham ) Levi 's Stadium ( Foster Farms ) Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium ( Liberty ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Peach ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans , Sugar ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( Military ) Nissan Stadium ( Music City ) NRG Stadium ( Texas ) Qualcomm Stadium ( Holiday ) Raymond James Stadium ( Outback ) Rose Bowl ( Rose ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) Sun Bowl ( Sun ) Thomas Robinson Stadium ( Bahamas ) Toyota Stadium ( Frisco ) Tropicana Field ( Gasparilla ,",
"13": "East -- West Shrine ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Fiesta ) Yankee Stadium ( Pinstripe ) College Football Playoff games shown in italics Football stadiums of the Ohio Valley Conference Fortera Stadium ( Austin Peay ) O'Brien Stadium ( Eastern Illinois ) Roy Kidd Stadium ( Eastern Kentucky ) JSU Stadium ( Jacksonville State ) Roy Stewart Stadium ( Murray State ) Houck Stadium ( Southeast Missouri State ) Nissan Stadium ( Tennessee State ) Tucker Stadium ( Tennessee Tech ) Graham Stadium ( UT Martin ) College football venues in Tennessee Division I FBS American Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium ( Memphis ) C - USA Johnny `` Red '' Floyd Stadium ( Middle Tennessee ) SEC Neyland Stadium ( Tennessee ) Vanderbilt Stadium ( Vanderbilt ) Division I FCS OVC Governors Stadium ( Austin Peay ) Nissan Stadium & Hale Stadium ( Tennessee State ) Tucker Stadium ( Tennessee Tech ) Graham Stadium ( UT Martin ) SoCon Finley Stadium ( Chattanooga ) William B. Greene Jr . Stadium ( ETSU ) Division II SAC Burke -- Tarr Stadium ( Carson -- Newman ) Pioneer Field ( Tusculum ) SIAC Rothrock Stadium ( Lane ) Division III SAA Fargason Field ( Rhodes ) McGee Field ( Sewanee ) USA South Lloyd L. Thornton Stadium ( Maryville ) NAIA Mid-South Lindsey Donnell Stadium ( Cumberland ) Wildcat Stadium ( Bethel ) Jim Carroll Stadium Tennessee State Tigers football Venues Hale Stadium ( 1953 -- 1998 , 2012 -- present ) Nissan Stadium ( 1999 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Southern Heritage Classic ( Jackson State ) Sgt . York Trophy ( Austin Peay , Tennessee Tech ,",
"14": "UT Martin ) Culture & lore Tigre People Head coaches NFL draftees Seasons 1916 1917 -- 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 -- 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Venues of the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group stage Alamodome BBVA Compass Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Nissan Stadium Qualcomm Stadium Raymond James Stadium Red Bull Arena Sports Authority Field Toyota Stadium Knockout stage AT&T Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Levi 's Stadium Rose Bowl University of Phoenix Stadium Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"15": "php?title=Nissan_Stadium&oldid=806581888 '' Categories : National Football League venues Nissan College football venues Music City Bowl NCAA bowl game venues Tennessee State Tigers football Tennessee Titans stadiums Sports venues in Nashville , Tennessee American football venues in Tennessee Soccer venues in Tennessee Sports venues completed in 1999 CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums 1999 establishments in Tennessee Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from October 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the first case of cancer found
|
[
"1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC)"
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{
"0": "History of cancer - wikipedia History of cancer Jump to : navigation , search A tumor removed by surgery in 1689 . The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early diagnoses 2 Modern era 3 Mechanism 4 Therapies 5 War on Cancer 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Early diagnoses ( edit ) The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Egypt . The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC ( possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC ) and contains a description of cancer , as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization . It wryly observed that the disease has no treatment . Hippocrates ( ca . 460 BC -- ca . 370 BC ) described several kinds of cancer , referring to them by the term karkinos ( carcinos ) , the Greek word for crab or crayfish , as well as carcinoma . This comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour , with `` the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet , whence it derives its name '' . Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body , Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the skin , nose , and breasts . Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids ( black and yellow bile , blood , and phlegm ) . According to the patient 's humor , treatment consisted of diet , blood - letting , and / or laxatives . Celsus ( ca . 25 BC - 50 AD ) translated karkinos into cancer , the Latin word for crab or crayfish . In the 2nd century AD , the Greek physician Galen used oncos ( Greek for swelling ) to describe all tumours , reserving Hippocrates ' term carcinos for malignant tumours . Galen also used the suffix - oma to indicate cancerous lesions . It is from Galen 's usage that we derive the modern word oncology .",
"1": "Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body , but Hippocrates ' humor - theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells . Modern era ( edit ) A surgical operation to remove a malignant tumor , 1817 In the 16th and 17th centuries , it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death . The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct . The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius , a follower of Descartes , believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes , and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer . His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads , and concluded that it was contagious . The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott , who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps . The work of other individual physicians led to various insights , but when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions . With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century , it was discovered that the ' cancer poison ' eventually spreads from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ( `` metastasis '' ) . This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874 . The use of surgery to treat cancer had poor results due to problems with hygiene . The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years . In the 19th century , asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up , surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for cancer . With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis ( and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results ) , cancer treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor . The underlying cause of his results might be that infection stimulates the immune system to destroy left tumor cells .",
"2": "During the same period , the idea that the body was made up of various tissues , that in turn were made up of millions of cells , laid rest the humor - theories about chemical imbalances in the body . Mechanism ( edit ) 1938 American Society for the Control of Cancer poster . The genetic basis of cancer was recognised in 1902 by the German zoologist Theodor Boveri , professor of zoology at Munich and later in Würzburg . He discovered a method to generate cells with multiple copies of the centrosome , a structure he discovered and named . He postulated that chromosomes were distinct and transmitted different inheritance factors . He suggested that mutations of the chromosomes could generate a cell with unlimited growth potential which could be passed on to its descendants . He proposed the existence of cell cycle check points , tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes . He speculated that cancers might be caused or promoted by radiation , physical or chemical insults or by pathogenic microorganisms . 1938 poster identifying surgery , x-rays and radium as the proper treatments for cancer . Therapies ( edit ) When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century , they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical cancer treatment . With radiation also came the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to cancer treatment . The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation , but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients . The complications in communication this brought , along with the necessity of the patient 's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home , also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files , which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies . The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name American Society for the Control of Cancer ( ASCC ) . The current name was adopted in 1945 . A founding paper of cancer epidemiology was the work of Janet Lane - Claypon , who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health . Her ground - breaking work on cancer epidemiology was carried on by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill , who published `` Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking .",
"3": "A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors '' followed in 1956 ( otherwise known as the British doctors study ) . Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Center ( MRC ) , to start the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968 . With the use of computers , the unit was the first to compile large amounts of cancer data . Modern epidemiological methods are closely linked to current concepts of disease and public health policy . Over the past 50 years , great efforts have been spent on gathering data across medical practice , hospital , provincial , state , and even country boundaries to study the interdependence of environmental and cultural factors on cancer incidence . Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians ' practices until World War II , when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence . This insight drove national public health bodies to enable the compilation of health data across practices and hospitals , a process found in many countries today . The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed . They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation , and this led to the development of bone marrow transplants for leukemia . Since World War II , trends in cancer treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods , standardize them , and globalize them to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships . In 1968 Anthony Epstein , Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr identified the first human cancer virus , called the Epstein - Barr Virus . War on cancer ( edit ) Main article : War on Cancer The political ' war ' on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971 , a United States federal law . The act was intended `` to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer '' . It was signed into law by then U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 23 , 1971 . In 1973 , cancer research led to a cold war incident , where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa . In 1984 , Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and then HPV18 responsible for approximately 70 % of cervical cancers .",
"4": "For discovery that human papillomaviruses ( HPV ) cause human cancer , zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize . Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research ; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations . Despite this substantial investment , the country has seen just a five percent decrease in the cancer death rate ( adjusting for size and age of the population ) between 1950 and 2005 . Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this , as cancer rates and mortality rates increases significantly with age , more than three out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over . See also ( edit ) Cancer ( 2015 PBS film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Cancer '' . American Cancer Society . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Cancer . Institut Jules Bordet ( Association Hospitalière de Bruxelles - Centre des Tumeurs de ULB ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 '' . Bordet.be . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Moss , Ralph W. ( 2004 ) . `` Galen on Cancer '' . CancerDecisions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Karpozilos A , Pavlidis N ( 2004 ) . `` The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity '' . European Journal of Cancer . 40 ( 14 ) : 2033 -- 40 . PMID 15341975 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejca. 2004.04. 036 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Yalom `` A history of the breast '' 1997 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43459 - 3 Jump up ^ Grange JM , Stanford JL , Stanford CA ( 2002 ) . `` Campbell De Morgan 's ' Observations on cancer ' , and their relevance today '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 95 ( 6 ) : 296 -- 9 . PMC 1279913 . PMID 12042378 .",
"5": "doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 95.6. 296 . Jump up ^ Boveri , Theodor ( 2008 ) . `` Concerning The Origin of Malignant Tumours '' . Journal of Cell Science . 121 ( Supplement 1 ) : 1 -- 84 . PMID 18089652 . doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 025742 . Jump up ^ name = `` charitynavigator.org '' Jump up ^ Epstein MA , Achong BG , Barr YM ( March 1964 ) . `` Virus Particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt 's Lymphoma '' . Lancet . 1 ( 7335 ) : 702 -- 3 . PMID 14107961 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 64 ) 91524 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone ( 1971 ) : National Cancer Act of 1971 '' . Developmental Therapeutics Program Timeline . National Cancer Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` National Cancer Act , Legislative History '' . Office of Government and Congressional Relations . National Cancer Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael . A Conspiracy of Cells : One Woman 's Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 099 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Harald zur Hausen - Autobiography '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sharon Begley ( 2008 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Rethinking the War on Cancer '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Advances Elusive in the Drive to Cure Cancer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cancer incidence by age '' . Cancer Research UK .",
"6": "Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Further reading ( edit ) Devita , V.T. ; Rosenberg , S.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 23 ) : 2207 -- 2214 . PMID 22646510 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1204479 . The Emperor of All Maladies : A Biography of Cancer , Siddhartha Mukherjee , 2010 . Palaeo - oncology : The Antiquity of Cancer , Spyros Retsas , 1986 .",
"7": "( hide ) History of medicine Timeline of medicine and medical technology Histories of basic sciences Anatomy Biochemistry Biology Biotechnology Chemistry Embryology Genetics Immunology Timeline Medical diagnosis Microbiology Molecular biology Neuroscience Nutrition Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Virology Viruses Histories of medical specialties Alternative medicine Anesthesia General Neuraxial Cancer Cardiology ( invasive and interventional ) Dermatology Emergency medicine CPR Endocrinology Neurology Psychiatry Timeline Psychiatric institutions Psychosurgery Surgery Trauma and orthopaedics Medicine in ancient societies Prehistory Babylon Byzantinia Ancient Egypt Egyptian medical papyri Ancient Greece Ancient Iran Ancient Rome Medieval Islam Medieval Western Europe History of methods in medicine Antibiotics Timeline Blood transfusion Humorism Neuroimaging Radiation therapy Tracheal intubation Vaccines Timeline Wound care Disasters and plagues Black Death List of epidemics Malaria Pandemics Plague Poliomyelitis Smallpox Syphilis Tuberculosis Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cancer&oldid=803832872 '' Categories : Oncology History of medicine Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many goals did mikel score for chelsea
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"0": "John Obi Mikel - wikipedia John Obi Mikel Jump to : navigation , search John Obi Mikel Mikel playing for Chelsea in 2016 Full name John Michael Nchekwube Obinna Date of birth ( 1987 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1987 ( age 31 ) Place of birth Jos , Nigeria Height 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Tianjin TEDA Number 10 Youth career 2002 -- 2004 Plateau United Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2004 -- 2006 Lyn 6 ( 1 ) 2006 -- 2017 Chelsea 249 ( 1 ) 2017 -- Tianjin TEDA 19 ( 2 ) National team 2006 -- Nigeria 82 ( 6 ) 2016 Nigeria Olympic 6 ( 1 ) Honours ( show ) Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 02 : 51 , 4 November 2017 ( UTC ) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 21 : 37 , 14 November 2017 ( UTC ) ) John Michael Nchekwube Obinna ( born 22 April 1987 ) , variously known as John Obi Mikel , John Mikel Obi or Mikel John Obi , is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Chinese club Tianjin TEDA in the Chinese Super League and the Nigeria national team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Controversial transfer to England 1.1. 1 Transfer resolved 1.2 Chelsea 1.2. 1 2006 -- 07 season 1.2. 2 2007 -- 08 season 1.2. 3 2008 -- 09 season 1.2. 4 2009 -- 10 season 1.2.",
"1": "5 2010 -- 11 season 1.2. 6 2011 -- 12 season 1.2. 7 2012 -- 13 season 1.2. 8 2013 -- 14 season 1.2. 9 2014 -- 15 season 1.2. 10 2015 -- 16 season 1.2. 11 2016 -- 17 season 1.3 Tianjin TEDA 2 International career 2.1 2016 Summer Olympics 3 Career statistics 3.1 Club 3.2 International 3.3 International goals 4 Honours 5 Personal life 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Club career Mikel was born in Jos , Nigeria , as John Michael Nchekwube Obinna , the son of Michael Obi , who runs an inter-state transport company in Jos , the capital of Plateau State . As his father was a member of the Igbo ethnic group , `` Nchekwube '' means `` hope '' and `` Obi '' is a nickname for the Igbo name `` Obinna '' ( meaning `` Father 's heart '' ) . Mikel started his official football career at the age of 12 when picked as a talented footballer from over 3,000 young talents to play in Pepsi Football Academy , a team that at the time was well known for travelling across Nigeria scouting young footballers with the potential to play professionally . Obi stood out to scouts and was later picked to play for top - flight club Plateau United , a side that had previously developed stars Celestine Babayaro , Victor Obinna and Chris Obodo , among others , that went on to success in European leagues . Later known as John Obi Mikel , he made headlines for his country at the FIFA Under - 17 World Championships held in Finland . Following the tournament , he went on to a trial at South Africa club Ajax Cape Town , ultimately joining Oslo - based club Lyn Fotball in Norway . During preparations for the 2003 FIFA Under - 17 World Championships , the Nigerian Football Association ( NFA ) mistakenly submitted `` Michael '' as `` Mikel '' for the tournament in Finland .",
"2": "He decided to keep the new name , saying that it had a `` special ring to it . '' On 31 July 2006 , he stated that he prefers to be called Mikel John Obi instead of John Obi Mikel , as he had most commonly been called . In the summer of 2005 , Mikel played for Nigeria at the FIFA World Youth Championships held in the Netherlands . He had an excellent tournament until Nigeria reached the final , where they lost 2 -- 1 to Argentina . Obi won the Silver Ball after being voted the tournament 's second - best player . Controversial transfer to England On 29 April 2005 , a few days after Mikel turned 18 , Premier League club Manchester United announced that it had struck a deal with Lyn to sign the player . United 's website also claimed that they had done a deal directly with the teenager and that he had signed a contract to join them . Mikel 's agents were bypassed as the club persuaded the youngster to sign a four - year contract without representation . Lyn allegedly sent a fax to his agents abroad , claiming their services were no longer required by Mikel . Reports said the deal was initially worth £ 4 million , and would see the player arrive at Old Trafford in January 2006 . Manchester United 's rival Premier League club , Chelsea , later issued a counter-claim suggesting that they already had an agreement with Mikel and his agents , but Lyn denied this claim . However , subsequent reports indicated that Chelsea claimed to have been involved in arranging the player 's original move to Europe with a view to signing him at a later date . Further substance was added to this claim after it was revealed that the player had impressed Chelsea manager José Mourinho while training with the club 's first - team squad during the summer of 2004 . Mikel expressed his delight at joining United in a hastily arranged press conference , where he was pictured holding up a Manchester United shirt bearing the squad number 21 . Following his signing of the contract to join United , there were claims from Norway that he had received a number of threatening phone calls from unknown sources . Mikel was assigned a security guard and moved to a safe hotel .",
"3": "On 11 May 2005 , however , the midfielder went missing during a Norwegian Cup game against Klemetsrud ; he had not been selected for the match but had been watching from the stands . Whilst the player was believed to have left with one of his agents , John Shittu , who had by now flown in to meet Mikel , his disappearance sparked massive media coverage in Norway and also provoked a police enquiry after Lyn Director Morgan Andersen made claims in the Norwegian media that Mikel had been `` kidnapped . '' These claims were later repeated by Manchester United 's assistant manager Carlos Queiroz , who accused Chelsea of being involved in the alleged `` kidnapping . '' It subsequently emerged that Mikel had travelled to London with his agent John Shittu , who was working for Jerome Anderson 's SEM group . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson considered travelling to Oslo to visit Mikel , but decided against this after Mikel was reported to have left the country . Staying in a London hotel and some nine days after disappearing , Mikel stated on Sky Sports News that he had been pressured into signing the contract with United without his agent present , claims furiously rebuffed by both Manchester United and Lyn . Mikel told the British media that Chelsea were the club he genuinely wanted to sign for . In response to these events , United made an official complaint to FIFA about the behaviour of both Chelsea and the player 's agents , Shittu and Rune Hauge , already infamous for his role in the George Graham bungs scandal . FIFA dismissed these claims in August 2005 , stating there was insufficient evidence to bring a case against Chelsea . Following the tournament , Mikel failed to return to Lyn , whereupon the club subsequently lodged a complaint with FIFA . On 12 August 2005 , FIFA ruled that Mikel should return to Lyn to fulfill the remainder of his contract with the club , whilst they would decide at a later date whether the contract he signed with United should be upheld or cancelled . After a delay of over a month , Mikel complied with the FIFA decision and returned to Lyn in early September 2005 after a three - month absence . Transfer resolved Rather than leaving FIFA to determine the validity of the contract signed with Manchester United , Chelsea intervened by volunteering to settle the transfer saga through negotiation with Lyn and Manchester United .",
"4": "On 2 June 2006 , Chelsea , Manchester United and Lyn reached a settlement to resolve the future of the player . Mikel 's registration was to be transferred from Lyn to Chelsea ; Manchester United agreed to terminate their option agreement with Mikel . Under the terms of this agreement , Chelsea agreed to pay United £ 12 million , half paid upon the finalization of the contract and the other half in June 2007 , and Lyn £ 4 million , half payable immediately and half in June 2007 . As a result of this settlement , all claims in this matter were withdrawn . On 19 July 2006 , Chelsea were granted a work permit for the midfielder after they completed the £ 16 million signing in June 2006 . In the aftermath of the transfer , Lyn Director Morgan Andersen , who had a previous conviction for forging official documents , was convicted of fraud and making false accusations ; he was given a one - year suspended jail sentence by an Oslo court . The court also ordered him to pay 20,000 kroner ( £ 1,944 ) in costs . Chelsea made a High Court claim for £ 16 million against Lyn and Andersen following the conviction , claiming that the previously agreed settlement was not binding as `` the transfer was based on a fraudulent misrepresentation , now proven by a court of law . '' This claim was subsequently resolved out of court . Chelsea 2006 -- 07 season On 12 September 2006 , Mikel made his first start for Chelsea in the UEFA Champions League against Bulgarian club Levski Sofia and took a powerful shot which the goalkeeper failed to save and Didier Drogba pounced on the rebound . Mikel received many positive comments for his performance in the match . However , since being sent off in a match against Reading on 14 October 2006 , Mikel was fined on three separate occasions by Chelsea for turning up late to training . At the time , Chelsea manager José Mourinho was believed to have strong reservations about his lifestyle outside of Stamford Bridge , and the club were reportedly considering offloading the player . Mikel was dropped for over a month , during which his father Michael voiced his concerns over his son 's behaviour . After improved punctuality and showings at training sessions , Mikel earned a recall for Chelsea 's Champions League group stage away game against Werder Bremen on 23 November 2006 .",
"5": "He scored his first goal for Chelsea in their 6 -- 1 FA Cup victory over Macclesfield Town on 6 January 2007 . He also scored against Nottingham Forest in the following round of the competition . During Chelsea 's triumph in the League Cup final in 2007 , Mikel was sent off in injury time ( having come on as a substitute ) after clashing with Kolo Touré . The incident was followed by a huge fracas , in which Touré and Emmanuel Adebayor of Arsenal were sent off , Cesc Fàbregas and Frank Lampard were booked and Mourinho and Arsène Wenger were involved in a kerfuffle on the pitch . In subsequent games , Mourinho deployed Mikel as a starter in a holding role in key games where he impressed greatly , notably in the Chelsea -- Tottenham Hotspur FA Cup sixth round replay , the Champions League quarter - final games against Valencia , the Champions League semi-final games against Liverpool and also the victorious 2007 FA Cup Final against Manchester United . Mikel 's height and great strength , allied to good ball control and an unusually wide range of passing , allows him not only to disrupt opposing attacks , but also to spread the play effectively . Mikel supplanted the French midfielder Claude Makélélé in the lineup following his departure to Paris Saint - Germain . 2007 -- 08 season Mikel was sent - off for the third time in his career in September 2007 , when referee Mike Dean dismissed him for a tackle on Manchester United defender Patrice Evra . Chelsea appealed against the red card , but the three - match suspension was upheld . Mikel was also sent off in the semi-final of the League Cup against Everton for a challenge on Phil Neville . Despite this , he came back strongly to round off what has been a good first two seasons for him at Chelsea . 2008 -- 09 season Mikel playing for Chelsea against Spartak Moscow The summer of 2008 saw veteran defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé transferred to French club Paris Saint - Germain , leaving the defensive midfield position vacant . Throughout the 2008 -- 09 season , Mikel saw a great deal of playing time due to an injury to Michael Essien . During this period of increased action , Mikel performed admirably in the role .",
"6": "His ever - improving game was praised by Chelsea manager Luiz Felipe Scolari , and his importance to the team was underlined when he provided the free kick that Salomon Kalou scored to equalise against Manchester United . He played so well in 2008 -- 09 that he was nominated for the club player and young player of the season . On 24 January 2009 , Mikel was charged with drunk driving , just hours before an FA Cup game against Ipswich Town -- Mikel was not due to play in the game as he was serving a suspension . Although he had all that trouble on 22 July , Mikel signed a new five - year contract with Chelsea . 2009 -- 10 season Mikel playing for Chelsea against Fulham on 28 December 2009 . On 13 February 2010 , Mikel provided a long ball for Didier Drogba to latch onto and fire past goalkeeper David Marshall as Chelsea beat Cardiff City 4 -- 1 in the FA Cup Round of 16 . Mikel provided another assist for a Drogba goal in a 5 -- 0 win over FA Cup finalists and relegated side Portsmouth on 24 March , as Chelsea cut United 's lead at the top of the table to one point . Mikel played the full ninety minutes in Chelsea 's 7 -- 1 smashing of Aston Villa three days later as Chelsea kept pace in the title race with Manchester United . In their next Premier League game against United , Mikel played excellent as a marshall in midfield as Chelsea climbed above United in the table with a 2 -- 1 win at Old Trafford , thanks to goals from Joe Cole and Drogba . Under new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Mikel continued to perform with efficiency in his defensive midfield role , notching 32 appearances for the Blues . In May 2010 , he received Premier League and FA Cup winner 's medals as part of Chelsea 's first ever league - cup double winning team . 2010 -- 11 season Mikel and Chelsea started the new 2010 -- 11 Premier League campaign where they left off from the 2009 -- 10 season , playing strong defense and adding deadly finishing .",
"7": "Mikel played the full 90 and helped keep three clean - sheets in the first three games as Chelsea eased past West Bromwich Albion 6 -- 0 on 14 August , crushed Wigan Athletic 6 -- 0 at the DW Stadium seven days later and edged past Stoke City 2 -- 0 on 28 August . Mikel was the preferred option in defensive midfield as teammate Michael Essien spent most of the season on the sideline with knee injuries . The injury to the versatile Essien forced the club to play new signing Ramires more often in the second half of the season . Mikel featured in 28 Premier League campaigns for Chelsea as the London side finished in second place , nine points behind champions Manchester United . Following the disappointment of not winning a title , Chelsea manager Carlo Ancelotti was sacked by the club . 2011 -- 12 season Before the start of their league campaign , Mikel 's father was abducted in his native Nigeria on 10 August ; despite this , Mikel started in the club 's opening fixture against Stoke City at Britannia Stadium . Mikel came close to claiming his first Premier League goal for Chelsea in an inspired game as the sides played out a 0 -- 0 draw in new coach André Villas - Boas ' first game in charge . Due to Essien 's long - term knee injury , Mikel found more playing time , but around Christmas time lost his place to new signing Oriol Romeu . Following a run of disappointing fixtures , including a catastrophic 3 -- 1 loss to Napoli in the Champions League Round of 16 first leg and a 1 -- 0 defeat to West Brom , Villas - Boas was sacked by Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich . In both of these matches , Mikel was an unused substitute for the Blues . Following the appointment of former Chelsea midfielder Roberto Di Matteo as interim head coach , Mikel appeared in 16 of the club 's last 20 games and started in 14 of them , and began to play some of his best football for the club . Mikel played the full 90 minutes in Chelsea 's 2 -- 1 victory over Liverpool in the 2012 FA Cup Final on 5 May 2012 , picking up a yellow card in the 36th minute .",
"8": "The 2011 -- 12 Premier League campaign saw Mikel appear in 22 league fixtures , starting 15 of them , as well as playing in eight fixtures leading up to the team 's appearance in the 2012 Champions League Final against Bayern Munich . In the final in Munich on 19 May , Mikel played the full 120 minutes as the sides played out a 1 -- 1 draw . Chelsea played a tough defensive battle and Mikel was hailed by Sky Sports pundit Jamie Redknapp as playing an excellent game , putting in `` a performance that I did n't think he had in him ; he was putting out fires everywhere , '' as Chelsea claimed a 4 -- 3 victory in the penalty shootout . Following his performance , Mikel told reporters that it was `` best night of our lives . '' Mikel 's strong performances in the final stages of the season and his impressive display in Munich helped Chelsea secure Champions League football next season despite finishing in sixth place , knocking London rivals Tottenham into the UEFA Europa League . 2012 -- 13 season Mikel started all of Chelsea 's first five games of the new 2012 -- 13 Premier League season , and also played in the Community Shield against Manchester City and Super Cup against Atlético Madrid . In November , Mikel was named on the shortlist for the African Footballer of the Year along with former Chelsea teammate Didier Drogba . Mikel warming up prior to a game against Roma in August 2013 . Mikel was charged with misconduct by the Football Association ( FA ) on 22 November 2012 . He was given a three - match ban and fined £ 60,000 for threatening referee Mark Clattenburg during a 3 -- 2 defeat to Manchester United . On 5 December 2012 , Mikel signed a contract extension with Chelsea , keeping him at the club until 2017 . 2013 -- 14 season Mikel playing for Chelsea in 2013 On 21 September 2013 , Mikel scored his first - ever Premier League goal in a 2 -- 0 win against Fulham . He scored his second goal of the season in Chelsea 's third round tie with Derby County on 5 January 2014 , heading in the opening goal in an eventual 2 -- 0 victory .",
"9": "He made his 200th Premier League appearance for Chelsea on 3 February , coming on as a late substitute in a 1 -- 0 away victory at Manchester City . 2014 -- 15 season On 30 August 2014 , Mikel , who substituted Willian on the 75 - minute mark , set up Diego Costa 's second goal after intercepting up Muhamed Bešić 's backheel pass . Chelsea went on to win 6 -- 3 against Everton at Goodison Park . Mikel scored a rare goal against Sporting CP on 10 December in a 3 -- 1 victory at Stamford Bridge in the 2014 -- 15 Champions League . 2015 -- 16 season Against Watford on Boxing Day 2015 , in the first game of Guus Hiddink 's second spell in charge , Mikel came on to become the 21st player to make 350 appearances for Chelsea . Chelsea then faced Paris Saint - Germain in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League round of 16 . Mikel conceded a foul just outside the 18 - yard box . PSG forward Zlatan Ibrahimović 's free kick deflected off Mikel , who was part of the wall , and past goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois . Just a few minutes later , however , Mikel equalised from a stoppage time corner kick . Due to the injuries of John Terry and Gary Cahill , Mikel had to play as a centre - back in multiple games . 2016 -- 17 season On 4 November 2016 , it was announced that the club would not be renewing his contract when it expired at the end of the season . Tianjin Teda On 6 January 2017 , Chinese club Tianjin TEDA signed Mikel by free transfer . On April 14 , 2018 , he scored his second league goal for Tianjin , and first goal of the season against Guangzhou R&F F.C ... International career Mikel represented the Nigeria under - 20 team at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship and won the Silver Ball for the second - best player at the tournament ( behind Lionel Messi ) as the Africans finished runner - up to Argentina .",
"10": "He made his debut for the Nigeria senior team on 17 August 2005 , when he came on as a second - half substitute in a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Libya . He did not play for the national team again prior to being named in the squad for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . In Nigeria 's first group game , against Ghana , Mikel was an unused substitute . However , he was introduced into the second game against Zimbabwe early in the second half . Within ten minutes of coming on , he had supplied both the corner that resulted in Christian Obodo heading the game 's opening goal , and scored Nigeria 's second goal . He made his first international start in Nigeria 's final group game , a 2 -- 1 victory over Senegal . In 2007 , Mikel was suspended from all Nigerian national teams after manager Berti Vogts dropped Mikel from the team 's squad for the Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Niger for failing to attend their previous match against Uganda . Mikel cited an injury , but because he did not attend an independent check by Nigerian officials , he was dropped . This , and his refusal to play for the Nigerian under - 23 side , resulted in his suspension by the Nigerian Football Association . After apologising , he was called up to the national squad for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana . At the tournament , he scored one goal and registered one assist in a match against Benin to help Nigeria qualify for the quarter - finals against hosts Ghana , where they lost 2 -- 1 to their West African rivals . Mikel had been called up for the under - 23 side in preparation of the team 's last Olympic qualifier on 26 March 2008 , needing a win to qualify . His failure to show up for any of the qualifiers again setting off some controversy with the U23 team coach Samson Siasia , who dropped him from the Olympic squad amidst significant furor from the media . On 5 June 2010 , Mikel was ruled out of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa due to injury . He had been struggling to recover from a knee problem after undergoing surgery in May , though there were also reports that an ankle injury was to blame for Mikel 's withdrawal .",
"11": "At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Mikel was a key player for Nigeria as they went on to win their fifth continental title . He was named by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in the team of the tournament alongside teammates Vincent Enyeama , Efe Ambrose , Victor Moses and Emmanuel Emenike . Mikel made his FIFA World Cup debut during the 2014 tournament in Brazil , earning a man of the match award in the Super Eagles ' opening game against Iran and helping the team to reach the knockout stage for the first time since 1998 . In a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Algeria , Mikel scored a goal and assisted his Chelsea teammate Victor Moses in a 3 - 1 victory . 2016 summer Olympics He was selected by Nigeria for their 35 - man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics and was later named captain of the Olympics squad . On 13 August 2016 , Mikel scored his first ever Olympic goal in a 2 -- 0 win against Denmark to advance to the semi-final . After the 2 -- 0 defeat to Germany , Nigeria went on to the bronze medal match against Honduras . On 20 August , Mikel helped Nigeria to the bronze medal in a 3 -- 2 victory over Honduras . Nigeria became the first ever country to win all three medals at the Olympics Games with the 1996 squad winning the gold and 2008 squad winning the silver . Career Statistics Club As of match played 4 November 2017 Club Season League National Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Lyn Tippeligaen 0 0 0 -- -- -- 0 2005 0 0 -- -- -- Total 6 0 0 -- --",
"12": "-- 6 Chelsea 2006 -- 07 Premier League 22 0 6 0 9 0 0 42 2007 -- 08 29 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 2008 -- 09 34 0 5 0 0 9 0 -- 49 0 2009 -- 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 2010 -- 11 28 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 37 0 2011 -- 12 22 0 5 0 0 9 0 -- 37 0 2012 -- 13 22 0 0 0 9 0 0 38 0 2013 -- 14 24 0 7 0 0 36 2014 -- 15 18 0 0 0 -- 26 2015 -- 16 25 0 0 0 --",
"13": "31 2016 -- 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 0 Total 249 31 20 0 62 8 0 374 6 Tianjin Teda 2017 Chinese Super League 13 0 0 -- -- -- 13 Total 13 0 0 -- -- -- 13 Career total 268 31 20 0 62 8 0 396 8 International As of match played 14 November 2017 . Nigeria national team Year Apps Goals 2006 5 2007 0 2008 8 2009 5 0 8 0 2011 8 0 2012 2013 17 2014 13 0 2015 0 2016 5 2017 Total 82 6 International goals Scores and results list Nigeria 's goal tally first . No Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 . 27 January 2006 Port Said Stadium , Port Said , Egypt Zimbabwe 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 Africa Cup of Nations 2 . 29 January 2008 Sekondi - Takoradi Stadium , Sekondi - Takoradi , Ghana Benin 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2008 Africa Cup of Nations 3 . 13 October 2012 U.J.",
"14": "Esuene Stadium , Calabar , Nigeria Liberia 4 -- 1 6 -- 1 2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 4 . 20 June 2013 Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador , Brazil Uruguay 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 5 . 12 November 2016 Godswill Akpabio International Stadium , Uyo , Nigeria Algeria 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 . 1 September 2017 Godswill Akpabio International Stadium , Uyo , Nigeria Cameroon 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Chelsea Premier League : 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 FA Cup : 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 Football League Cup : 2006 -- 07 FA Community Shield : 2009 UEFA Champions League : 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League : 2012 -- 13 Nigeria Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 2016 Summer Olympics : Bronze Medal Individual FIFA World Youth Championship Silver Ball : 2005 African Young Player of the Year : 2005 , 2006 Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2007 , 2008 Personal life On 12 August 2011 , Mikel 's father , Michael Obi , was the victim of a suspected kidnapping in Nigeria . Mikel was informed before Chelsea 's match against Stoke City two days later but opted to play despite his concerns for his father 's well - being . On 15 August 2011 , Mikel made an impassioned plea for his father 's safe return . He told Sky Sports News , `` I 've always tried to help the country , this is the time for the country to help me , whoever knows where my dad is should please contact me . '' Michael Obi was found alive on 22 August 2011 , in the Nigerian city of Kano . His abductors were reported to be in police custody .",
"15": "Notes Jump up ^ Includes other competitive competitions , including the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . References Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` John Michael Nchekwube Obinna `` John Mikel Obi '' -- International Appearances `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea FC Player Profile '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 5 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea FC profile '' . Chelsea FC. 16 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2008 . Retrieved 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi Mikel - Football Stats - Chelsea - Age 29 - Soccer Base '' . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . Father of Chelsea 's Mikel John Obi the victim of kidnapping The Guardian , 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obi 's father calls for truce '' . BBC News . 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meaning of Obinna in '' . Nigerian.name. 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi Mikel '' . mtnfootball.com . Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mikel John Obi '' . Logbaby . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd get Chelsea target Mikel '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 29 April 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Obi makes plea for Chelsea switch '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 June 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi Mikel False Transfer '' . FootballFanCast.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` Carlos Demands Authorities Act On Mikel Saga '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele . `` Teenager caught up in a tug - of - war '' , The Times , 23 May 2005 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd seek Obi transfer probe '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Obi desperate to sign for Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 May 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd / Lyn go to Fifa in Obi row '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 May 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Dispute Resolution Chamber '' ( PDF ) . Lyn Oslo . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa orders Obi 's return to Lyn '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 August 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea to sign Jon Obi Mikel '' . chelseafc.com . Chelsea FC. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Reds Agree £ 12m Obi Fee With Chelsea '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 2 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Champs Chelsea secure Obi Mikel permit '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 19 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Morgan har jukset foer '' . nettavisen. 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 27 March 2008 ) .",
"17": "`` Former Lyn director convicted of fraud over Mikel deal '' . London : Independent News and Media . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea launch £ 16m Mikel claim '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blues resolve Mikel case with Lyn '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mikel Antics Causing Concern '' . Sky Sports . 16 November 2006 . Retrieved 23 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Makelele leaves Chelsea for PSG '' . BBC Sport. 21 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League -- ESPNFC '' . ESPN . 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mikel commits to new Chelsea deal '' . BBC News . 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Chelsea v Cardiff City -- English FA Cup -- ESPNFC '' . ESPN . 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Portsmouth v Chelsea -- Barclays Premier League -- ESPNFC '' . ESPN . 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Chelsea 7 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 3 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United 1 -- 2 Chelsea '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 8 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC News . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` Chelsea Double winner Carlo Ancelotti proves he is special , too '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 6 -- 0 West Brom '' . BBC News . 14 August 2010 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` Wigan 0 -- 6 Chelsea '' . BBC News . 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 0 Stoke '' . BBC News . 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Simeon ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Blues Beat : Essien 's Knee Forces Chelsea 's Hand In Midfield `` World Football Columns '' . Worldfootballcolumns.com . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Table '' . Premierleague.com. 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` Everton 1 -- 0 Chelsea '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Fanning , Evan ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` Carlo Ancelotti sacked as manager of Chelsea '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea midfielder John Obi Mikel 's father abducted in Nigeria '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair . `` BBC Sport -- Stoke 0 -- 0 Chelsea '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Oriol Romeu does to make Chelsea better '' . Football Follower. 13 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 / 12 -- History -- Napoli - Chelsea -- '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ Collins , Patrick ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` West Bromwich 1 Chelsea 0 : McAuley 's late strike heaps the pressure on AVB '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Villas - Boas sacked by Chelsea as Roman swings the axe after West Brom woe '' . Daily Mail . London . 4 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Mikel Obi Bio , Stats , News -- Football / Soccer -- -- ESPNFC '' . ESPN . 22 April 1987 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi Mikel joins League of Champions '' . Goal .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 19 May 2012 ) . `` BBC Sport -- Chelsea 1 -- 1 Bayern Munich ( aet , 4 -- 3 pens ) '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Mikel : It is the biggest night of our lives '' . Goal . Jump up ^ Nakrani , Sachin ( 20 May 2012 ) . `` Harry Redknapp and Spurs given bitter pill of Europa League by Chelsea '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` BBC Sport -- Chelsea 2 -- 3 Man City '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea & Arsenal stars nominated for FIFA award '' . Give Me Football . 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Clattenburg cleared by FA as Chelsea 's Mikel is charged '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Mikel Obi banned for Mark Clattenburg threats '' . Jump up ^ Bridge , Phil McNulty Chief football writer at Stamford . `` Chelsea 2 - 3 Manchester United '' . Jump up ^ `` FIVE MORE YEARS FOR MIKEL '' . Chelsea F.C. Official Website. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 Fulham 0 : Mikel scores first Premier League goal as Chelsea brush aside crisis talk to go top '' . London Evening Standard . 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Mikel Obi and Oscar scored second - half goals for Chelsea to set up an FA Cup fourth round tie at home to Stoke and knock a resurgent Championship side Derby out of the competition '' . BBC Sport. 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everton v Chelsea - 30th Aug 2014 '' . Sky Sports . 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea transfer news : Mikel John Obi will not be offered new Stamford Bridge deal and could leave in January '' . Standard .",
"20": "4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 中超 又 一 巨星 ! 切尔西 大将 周 薪 14 万 镑 签约 泰达 '' . 凤凰 体育. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mikel Obi scores as Tiajin Teda record second win - Daily Post Nigeria '' . Daily Post Nigeria. 2018 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi MIKEL '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 2 - 0 Zimbabwe '' . BBC . 27 January 2006 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria stand firm on Mikel '' . BBC . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League stars at African Cup of Nations '' . The Telegraph . 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quarter - finals '' . BBC . 3 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Okeleji , Oluwashina ( 21 June 2007 ) . `` Nigeria axe Chelsea 's Obi '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Mikel John Obi ruled out of Nigeria 's campaign '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Afcon Team of the Tournament '' . Kick Off . 11 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iran 0 - 0 Nigeria '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2014 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Africa makes history as two sides reach World Cup knockout stage '' . Ahram. 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Nigeria - Algeria - FIFA.com '' . Jump up ^ Football , CAF - Confederation of African . `` CAF - Competitions - FIFA WC2018 - Match Details '' . www.cafonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Oluwashina Okeleji ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria 's Olympics squad '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mikel makes Olympics squad , Awoniyi on standby '' . Punch. 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics : Mikel shines as Nigeria spank Denmark '' . 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Okeleji , Oluwashina ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Olympics 2016 : Nigeria beat Honduras to win men 's football bronze '' . BBC Sports . ^ Jump up to : `` John Michael Nchekwube Obinna '' . Soccerway . Global Sports Media . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by John Obi Mikel in 2010 / 2011 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi Mikel '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obi , John Mikel '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bangoura , Alkhali '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Obi Mikel : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hazard wins player of the year '' .",
"22": "Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Oluwashina Okeleji Mikel appeals for release of abducted father BBC Sport , 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ John Mikel Obi 's father found alive BBC News . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Were Mikel John Obi and his family kidnap targets ? Socqer.com . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikel John Obi . John Obi Mikel at National-Football-Teams.com John Obi Mikel at Soccerway Mikel John Obi at Soccerbase John Obi Mikel at ESPN FC BBC Sport profile Ferguson attacks Chelsea over Mikel transfer saga ( The Guardian , 4 October 2005 ) Mikel saga nears end as club ease grip ( The Times , 5 December 2005 ) Obi the only loser in shameful tug - of - war ( The Daily Telegraph , 14 April 2006 ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 8 September 2006 ) Mikel saga ends with Chelsea move ( uefa.com , 3 June 2006 ) Tianjin Teda F.C. -- current squad 1 Du Jia 3 Zhao Honglüe 4 Yang Fan 5 Qiu Tianyi 6 Gao Jiarun 7 Acheampong 8 Li Yuanyi 9 Johnathan 10 Mikel 11 Tan Wangsong 13 Zhou Qiming 14 Liu Yaoxin 15 Bastians 16 Peng Rui 17 Hui Jiakang 18 Zhou Liao 19 Bai Yuefeng 20 Mao Haoyu 21 Zhao Yingjie 22 Guo Hao 23 Yang Wanshun 25 Metjan 26 Cao Yang 27 Xie Weijun 28 Liao Bochao 29 Yang Qipeng 30 Ding Bowei 31 Sun Ya 33 Teng Shangkun Manager :",
"23": "Stielike CAF Most Promising Talent of the Year 2001 : Mantorras 2002 : Mido 2003 : Martins 2004 : Martins 2005 : Mikel 2006 : Taiwo 2007 : Mulenga 2008 : Kalou 2009 : Adiyiah 2010 : Asamoah 2011 : Coulibaly 2012 : Salah 2013 : Iheanacho 2014 : Brahimi 2015 : Etebo 2016 : Iheanacho 2017 : Daka Nigeria squads Nigeria squad -- 2006 Africa Cup of Nations Third Place 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo 3 Taiwo 4 Kanu 5 Odiah 6 Enakarhire 7 Utaka 8 Mikel 9 Martins 10 Okocha 11 Lawal 12 Ejide 13 Yussuf 14 Obinna 15 Obiefule 16 Oruma 17 Aghahowa 18 Obodo 19 Makinwa 20 Odemwingie 21 Nwaneri 22 Kaita 23 Aiyenugba Coach : Eguavoen Nigeria squad -- 2008 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo 3 Taiwo 4 Kanu 5 Nwaneri 6 Shittu 7 Utaka 8 Yakubu 9 Martins 10 Mikel 11 Odemwingie 12 Ejide 13 Afolabi 14",
"24": "Olofinjana 15 Uche 16 Etuhu 17 Makinwa 18 Obinna 19 Emeghara 20 Okonkwo 21 Eromoigbe 22 Apam 23 Aiyenugba Coach : Vogts Nigeria squad -- 2010 Africa Cup of Nations Third Place 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo 3 Taiwo 4 Kanu 5 Nwaneri 6 Shittu 7 Obasi 8 Yakubu 9 Martins 10 Mikel 11 Odemwingie 12 Ejide 13 Yussuf 14 Olofinjana 15 Kaita 16 Uche 17 Odiah 18 Obinna 19 Mohamed 20 Etuhu 21 Echiéjilé 22 Apam 23 Aiyenugba Coach : Amodu Nigeria squad -- 2013 Africa Cup of Nations winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo ( c ) 3 Echiéjilé 4 Obiora 5 Ambrose 6 Egwuekwe 7 Musa 8 Ideye 9 Emenike 10 Mikel 11 Moses 12 Gabriel 13 Ogude 14 Oboabona 15 Uche 16 Ejide 17 Onazi 18 Uzoenyi 19 Mba 20 Nosa 21 Oshaniwa 22 Omeruo 23 Agbim Coach : Keshi Nigeria squad --",
"25": "2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Enyeama ( c ) 2 Oboabona 3 Elderson 4 Ogu 5 Ambrose 6 Egwuekwe 7 Musa 8 Ideye 9 Akpala 10 Mikel 11 Muhammed 12 Kwambe 13 Ogude 14 Ujah 15 Babatunde 16 Ejide 17 Onazi 18 Eze 19 Mba 20 Oduamadi 21 Benjamin 22 Omeruo 23 Agbim Coach : Keshi Nigeria squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Enyeama 2 Yobo ( c ) 3 Uzoenyi 4 Gabriel 5 Ambrose 6 Egwuekwe 7 Musa 8 Odemwingie 9 Emenike 10 Mikel 11 Moses 12 Odunlami 13 Oshaniwa 14 Oboabona 15 Azeez 16 Ejide 17 Onazi 18 Babatunde 19 Nwofor 20 Uchebo 21 Agbim 22 Omeruo 23 Ameobi Coach : Keshi Nigeria men 's football squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Bronze Medalists 1 Akpeyi 2 Sincere 3 Madu 4 Abdullahi 5 Erimuya 6 Troost - Ekong 7 Umar 8 Etebo 9 Ezekiel ( c ) 10 Mikel 11 Ajayi 12 Saliu 13",
"26": "Sadiq 14 Okechukwu 15 Udo 16 Amuzie 17 Usman 18 Daniel Coach : Siasia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Obi_Mikel&oldid=837018756 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people Association football midfielders Eliteserien players Premier League players Chinese Super League players Lyn Fotball players Chelsea F.C. players Tianjin Teda F.C. players Expatriate footballers in Norway Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in China Igbo sportspeople Nigeria international footballers Nigerian expatriate footballers Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Norway Nigerian expatriates in the United Kingdom Nigerian expatriates in China Nigerian footballers Sportspeople from Jos Pepsi Football Academy players Plateau United F.C. players 2006 Africa Cup of Nations players 2008 Africa Cup of Nations players 2010 Africa Cup of Nations players 2013 Africa Cup of Nations players 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Africa Cup of Nations - winning players Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Nigeria Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for Nigeria Olympic medalists in football UEFA Champions League winning players UEFA Europa League winning players Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata ESPN FC template using numeric ID Webarchive template wayback links Talk View source",
"27": "Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 06 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many players on the line of scrimmage in american football
|
[
"seven",
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{
"0": "Eligible receiver - wikipedia Eligible receiver Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American football term . For the National Security Agency 's hacking exercise , see Eligible Receiver 97 . In American football and Canadian football , not all players on offense are entitled to receive a forward pass . Only an eligible pass receiver may legally catch a forward pass , and only an eligible receiver may advance beyond the neutral zone if a forward pass crosses the neutral zone . If the pass is received by a non-eligible receiver , it is `` illegal touching '' ( five yards and loss of down ) . If an ineligible receiver is beyond the neutral zone when a forward pass crossing the neutral zone is thrown , a foul of `` ineligible receiver downfield '' ( five yards , but no loss of down ) is called . Each league has slightly different rules regarding who is considered an eligible receiver . Contents ( hide ) 1 College football 2 Professional football 3 High school 4 See also 5 References College football ( edit ) The NCAA rulebook defines eligible receivers for college football in Rule 7 , Section 3 , Article 3 . The determining factors are the player 's position on the field at the snap and their jersey number . Specifically , any players on offense wearing numbers between 50 and 79 are always ineligible . All defensive players are eligible receivers and offensive players who are not wearing an ineligible number are eligible receivers if they meet one of the following three criteria : Player is at either end of the group of players on the line of scrimmage ( usually the wide receivers and tight end ) Player is lined up at least one yard behind the line of scrimmage ( running backs , fullbacks , etc . ) Player is positioned to receive a hand - to - hand snap from the center ( almost always the quarterback ) Players may only wear eligible numbers at an ineligible position when it is obvious that a punt or field goal is to be attempted . If a player is to change between eligible and ineligible positions , they must physically change jersey numbers to reflect the position . A receiver loses his eligibility by leaving the field of play unless he was forced out by a defensive player and immediately attempts to get back inbounds ( Rule 7 - 3 - 4 ) .",
"1": "All players on the field become eligible as soon as the ball is touched by a defensive player or an official during play ( Rule 7 - 3 - 5 ) . Professional football ( edit ) In both American and Canadian professional football , every player on the defensive team is considered eligible . The offensive team must have at least seven players lined up on the line of scrimmage . Of the players on the line of scrimmage , only the two players on the ends of the line of scrimmage are eligible receivers . The remaining players are in the backfield ( four in American football , five in Canadian football ) , including the quarterback . These backfield players are also eligible receivers . In the National Football League , a quarterback who takes his stance behind center as a T - formation quarterback is not eligible unless , before the ball is snapped , he legally moves to a position at least one yard behind the line of scrimmage or on the end of the line , and is stationary in that position for at least one second before the snap , but is nonetheless not counted toward the seven men required on the line of scrimmage . If , for example , eight men line up on the line of scrimmage , the team loses an eligible receiver . This can often happen when a flanker or slot receiver , who is supposed to line up behind the line of scrimmage , instead lines up on the line of scrimmage between the offensive line and a split end . In most cases where a pass is caught by an ineligible receiver , it is usually because the quarterback was under pressure and threw it to an offensive lineman out of desperation . In many leagues eligible receivers must wear certain uniform numbers , so that the officials can more easily distinguish between eligible and ineligible receivers . In the NFL running backs must wear numbers 20 to 49 , tight ends must wear numbers 80 to 89 ( or 40 to 49 if the numbers 80 to 89 have been exhausted ) , and wide receivers must wear numbers 10 to 19 or 80 to 89 . In the CFL ineligible receivers must wear numbers 50 to 69 ; all other numbers ( including 0 and 00 ) may be worn by eligible receivers . A player who is not wearing a number that corresponds to an eligible receiver is ineligible even if he lines up in an eligible position .",
"2": "However , a player who reports to the referee that he intends to be eligible in the following play is allowed to line up and act as an eligible receiver . An example of this was a 1985 NFL game in which William Perry , wearing number 72 and normally a defensive lineman , was made an eligible receiver on an offensive play , and successfully caught a touchdown pass attempt . A more recent example , and more commonly used , has been former New England Patriots linebacker Mike Vrabel lining up as a tight end in goal line situations . Before the snap of the ball , in the American game , backfield players may only move parallel to the line of scrimmage , only one back may be in motion at any given time , and if forward motion has occurred , the back must be still for a full second before the snap . The receiver may be in motion laterally or away from the line of scrimmage at the snap . A breach of this rule results in a penalty for illegal procedure ( five yards ) . However , in the Canadian game , eligible receivers may move in any direction before the snap , any number may be in motion at any one time , and there is no need to be motionless before the snap . The rules on eligible receivers only apply to forward passes . Any player may legally catch a backwards or lateral pass . In the American game , once the play has started , eligible receivers can become ineligible depending on how the play develops . Any eligible receiver that goes out of bounds is no longer an eligible receiver and can not receive a forward pass , unless that player re-establishes by taking three steps in bounds . Also , if a pass is touched by any defensive player or eligible offensive receiver ( tipped by a defensive lineman , slips through a receiver 's hands , etc . ) , every offensive player immediately becomes eligible . In the CFL all players become eligible receivers if a pass is touched by a member of the defensive team . High School ( edit ) In high school football , the rules of eligibility are roughly the same as in the college game . However , as of February 1999 , at least five players must wear numbers between 50 and 79 on first , second , or third down , which by rule would make them ineligible receivers . This was because of a change in the definition of a scrimmage - kick formation made by the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) .",
"3": "The change was intended to close a loophole in the rules which allowed teams to run an A-11 offense , in which a team could legally be exempted from eligibility numbering restrictions if the player receiving the snap was at least seven yards behind the line of scrimmage . See also ( edit ) Glossary of American football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Creg ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Baylor 's 390 - pound lineman LaQuon McGowan catch TD pass in Cotton Bowl against Michigan State '' . AL.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eligible Receivers '' ( PDF ) . Official NFL Playing Rules . NFL . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Colgate , Bob ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Horse - collar Tackle To Be Penalized in High School Football '' ( Press release ) . NFHS . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinreb , Michael ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` The A-11 offense : Ridiculous , or genius ? '' . ESPN.com Page 2 . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"4": "( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Positions in American football and Canadian football Offense ( Skill position ) Defense Special teams Linemen Guard , Tackle , Center Linemen Tackle , End Kicking players Placekicker , Punter , Kickoff specialist Quarterback ( Dual - threat , Game manager , System ) Linebacker Snapping Long snapper , Holder Backs Halfback / Tailback ( Triple - threat ) , Fullback , H - back , Wingback Backs Cornerback , Safety , Halfback , Nickelback , Dimeback Returning Punt returner , Kick returner , Jammer Receivers Wide receiver ( Eligible ) , Tight end , Slotback , End Tackling Gunner , Upback , Utility Formations ( List ) -- Nomenclature -- Strategy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eligible_receiver&oldid=801382496 '' Categories : American football terminology Canadian football terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 10 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the last name cintron come from
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[
"Portuguese and Spanish-French origins",
"Portuguese",
"Spanish-French",
"Portuguese",
"Spanish-French"
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{
"0": "Cintrón - wikipedia Cintrón Jump to : navigation , search Cintrón or Cintron is a surname of Portuguese and Spanish - French origins . The name migrated as a consequence of the conquest and settlement of the New World , particularly in Puerto Rico . Famous people with the surname Cintron : Alex Cintrón ( born 1978 ) , Major League Baseball infielder Carlos Juan Cintrón , mayor of Ponce , Puerto Rico from 1957 to 1961 Conchita Cintrón ( 1922 -- 2009 ) , Chilean torera ( female bullfighter ) José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón ( born 1912 ) , Puerto Rican actor , theater and film director Juan H. Cintrón García , Puerto Rican politician , Mayor of Ponce 1968 -- 1972 Kermit Cintrón ( born 1979 ) , Puerto Rican boxer who is from Carolina , Puerto Rico Manolo Cintron ( born 1963 ) , former Puerto Rican professional basketball player Manuel Egozcue Cintrón ( born 1855 ) , born in Bilbao , Spain Marty Cintron , American singer , member of the American pop band No Mercy Nemir Matos - Cintrón , Puerto Rican author who currently resides in Florida Nitza Margarita Cintron ( born 1950 ) , Chief of Space Medicine & Health Care Systems Office at NASA 's Johnson Space Center Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón ( 1855 -- 1913 ) , lawyer and political leader Sharon Cintron ( born 1945 ) , American model and actress Surname list This page lists people with the surname Cintrón . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Cintrón&oldid = 793577273 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 16 : 49 .",
"1": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3623329036707397391
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where was the bridge in saving private ryan
|
[
"over the Merderet in the fictional town of Ramelle",
"over the Merderet in the fictional town of Ramelle",
"over the Merderet in the fictional town of Ramelle"
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{
"0": "Merderet - wikipedia Merderet Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Merderet Country France Physical characteristics Main source Normandy River mouth Douve 49 ° 21 ′ 48 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 16 '' W / 49.36333 ° N 1.35444 ° W / 49.36333 ; - 1.35444 ( Douve - Merderet ) Coordinates : 49 ° 21 ′ 48 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 16 '' W / 49.36333 ° N 1.35444 ° W / 49.36333 ; - 1.35444 ( Douve - Merderet ) Length 36 km ( 22 mi ) US Army map of the Cotentin peninsula in 1944 , showing the Merderet The Merderet is a 36 km long river in Normandy , France which is tributary to the Douve River . It runs roughly north - south down the middle of the Cotentin peninsula from Valognes to the junction with the Douve at Beuzeville la Bastille . Hydrology ( edit ) The river has relatively high turbidity and its brownish water is somewhat low in velocity due to the slight gradient of the watercourse ; pH levels have been measured at 8.31 near the Chateau d'Isle Marie and electrical conductivity of the waters have tested at 61 micro-siemens per centimetre . At this reference location , summer flows are typically in the range of 250 cubic feet per second ( 7.1 m / s ) . Airborne landings on D - Day ( edit ) Main article : Mission Boston Running parallel to the shoreline about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from Utah Beach , the marshes of the Merderet and Douve formed a natural defensive line protecting the western end of the Allied landing zone and at the same time limiting the Allies ' potential to break out of the beachhead .",
"1": "Thus control of the bridges at Manoir de la Fière and Chef - du - Pont was seen as vital . The Merderet was assigned to the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division as Mission Boston , scheduled for 5 hours before the amphibious landings on D - Day . Cloud cover and German fire caused the landings to be dispersed ; the paratroopers took the strategic town of Sainte - Mère - Église but failed in their original mission to clear the west bank of the Merderet on D - Day and blow the bridge over the Douze at Pont l'Abbé ( now Étienville ) . The extent of their control of the bridges over the Merderet is disputed , but it was sufficient to hold off German counterattacks . These included an attack over the causeway at La Fiere by the 1057th Grenadier Regiment and light tanks of the 100th Panzer Replacement Battalion . This appears to have been the inspiration for the climactic battle in the film Saving Private Ryan , which is set around a bridge over the Merderet in the fictional town of Ramelle . After the Battle of Carentan on 9 June , Allied forces moved up the Cotentin Peninsula on either side of the Merderet . This advance culminated in the Battle of Cherbourg which saw the port captured by the end of the month .",
"2": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Atlas des Routes de France , Solar Press : Donnees IGN ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael , Water quality of freshwater bodies in France , Lumina Tech Press , Aberdeen ( 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Merderet River Bridge at La Fière Geoportail.fr The Merderet at the Sandre database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merderet&oldid=828366264 '' Categories : Rivers of Normandy Rivers of France Rivers of Manche Coastal basins of the English Channel in France Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Français Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
who invented the transtheoretical model of behavior change
|
[
"James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues",
"James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues",
"James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues",
"James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island",
"Carlo Di Clemente",
"colleagues",
"James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island",
"Carlo Di Clemente",
"colleagues"
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{
"0": "Transtheoretical model - wikipedia Transtheoretical model Jump to : navigation , search The transtheoretical model of behavior change is an integrative theory of therapy that assesses an individual 's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior , and provides strategies , or processes of change to guide the individual . The model is composed of constructs such as : stages of change , processes of change , levels of change , self - efficacy , and decisional balance . The transtheoretical model is also known by the abbreviation `` TTM '' and sometimes by the term `` stages of change '' , although this latter term is a synecdoche since the stages of change are only one part of the model along with processes of change , levels of change , etc . Several self - help books -- Changing for Good ( 1994 ) , Changeology ( 2012 ) , and Changing to Thrive ( 2016 ) -- and articles in the news media have discussed the model . It has been called `` arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change , having received unprecedented research attention , yet it has simultaneously attracted criticism '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and core constructs 1.1 Stages of change 1.1. 1 Details of each stage 1.2 Processes of change 1.3 Decisional balance 1.4 Self - efficacy 1.5 Levels of change 2 Outcomes of programs 2.1 Stress management 2.2 Adherence to antihypertensive medication 2.3 Adherence to lipid - lowering drugs 2.4 Depression prevention 2.5 Weight management 2.6 Smoking cessation 2.6. 1 Example for TTM application on smoke control 2.7 Travel research 3 Criticisms 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History and core constructs ( edit ) James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island , and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model beginning in 1977 . It is based on analysis and use of different theories of psychotherapy , hence the name `` transtheoretical '' .",
"1": "Prochaska and colleagues refined the model on the basis of research that they published in peer - reviewed journals and books . Stages of change ( edit ) This construct refers to the temporal dimension of behavioural change . In the transtheoretical model , change is a `` process involving progress through a series of stages '' : Precontemplation ( `` not ready '' ) -- `` People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future , and can be unaware that their behaviour is problematic '' Contemplation ( `` getting ready '' ) -- `` People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic , and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions '' Preparation ( `` ready '' ) -- `` People are intending to take action in the immediate future , and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour change '' Action -- `` People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behaviours '' Maintenance -- `` People have been able to sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent relapse '' Termination -- `` Individuals have zero temptation and they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of coping '' In addition , the researchers conceptualized `` Relapse '' ( recycling ) which is not a stage in itself but rather the `` return from Action or Maintenance to an earlier stage '' . The quantitative definition of the stages of change ( see below ) is perhaps the most notorious feature of the model . However it is also one of the most critiqued , even in the field of smoking cessation , where it was originally formulated . It has been said that such quantitative definition ( i.e. a person is in preparation if it intends to change within a month ) does not reflect the nature of behaviour change , that it does not have better predictive power than simpler questions ( i.e. `` do you have plans to change ... '' ) , and that it has problems regarding its classification reliability . Communication theorist and sociologist Everett Rogers suggested that the stages of change are analogues of the stages of the innovation adoption process in Rogers ' theory of diffusion of innovations .",
"2": "Details of each stage ( edit ) Stage Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse Standard time more than 6 months in the next 6 months in the next month now at least 6 months any time Stages of change Stage 1 : Precontemplation ( not ready ) People at this stage do not intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future ( within 6 months ) , and may be unaware of the need to change . People here learn more about healthy behavior : they are encouraged to think about the pros of changing their behavior and to feel emotions about the effects of their negative behavior on others . Precontemplators typically underestimate the pros of changing , overestimate the cons , and often are not aware of making such mistakes . One of the most effective steps that others can help with at this stage is to encourage them to become more mindful of their decision making and more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior . Stage 2 : Contemplation ( getting ready ) At this stage , participants are intending to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months . While they are usually now more aware of the pros of changing , their cons are about equal to their Pros . This ambivalence about changing can cause them to keep putting off taking action . People here learn about the kind of person they could be if they changed their behavior and learn more from people who behave in healthy ways . Others can influence and help effectively at this stage by encouraging them to work at reducing the cons of changing their behavior . Stage 3 : Preparation ( ready ) People at this stage are ready to start taking action within the next 30 days . They take small steps that they believe can help them make the healthy behavior a part of their lives . For example , they tell their friends and family that they want to change their behavior . People in this stage should be encouraged to seek support from friends they trust , tell people about their plan to change the way they act , and think about how they would feel if they behaved in a healthier way . Their number one concern is : when they act , will they fail ? They learn that the better prepared they are , the more likely they are to keep progressing .",
"3": "Stage 4 : Action ( current action ) People at this stage have changed their behavior within the last 6 months and need to work hard to keep moving ahead . These participants need to learn how to strengthen their commitments to change and to fight urges to slip back . People in this stage progress by being taught techniques for keeping up their commitments such as substituting activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones , rewarding themselves for taking steps toward changing , and avoiding people and situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways . Stage 5 : Maintenance ( monitoring ) People at this stage changed their behavior more than 6 months ago . It is important for people in this stage to be aware of situations that may tempt them to slip back into doing the unhealthy behavior -- particularly stressful situations . It is recommended that people in this stage seek support from and talk with people whom they trust , spend time with people who behave in healthy ways , and remember to engage in healthy activities to cope with stress instead of relying on unhealthy behavior . Relapse ( recycling ) Relapse in the TTM specifically applies to individuals who successfully quit smoking or using drugs or alcohol , only to resume these unhealthy behaviors . Individuals who attempt to quit highly addictive behaviors such as drug , alcohol , and tobacco use are at particularly high risk of a relapse . Achieving a long - term behavior change often requires ongoing support from family members , a health coach , a physician , or another motivational source . Supportive literature and other resources can also be helpful to avoid a relapse from happening . Processes of change ( edit ) Processes of change The 10 processes of change are `` covert and overt activities that people use to progress through the stages '' . To progress through the early stages , people apply cognitive , affective , and evaluative processes . As people move toward Action and Maintenance , they rely more on commitments , conditioning , contingencies , environmental controls , and support . Prochaska and colleagues state that their research related to the transtheoretical model shows that interventions to change behavior are more effective if they are `` stage - matched '' , that is , `` matched to each individual 's stage of change '' . In general , for people to progress they need : A growing awareness that the advantages ( the `` pros '' ) of changing outweigh the disadvantages ( the `` cons '' ) -- the TTM calls this decisional balance .",
"4": "Confidence that they can make and maintain changes in situations that tempt them to return to their old , unhealthy behavior -- the TTM calls this self - efficacy . Strategies that can help them make and maintain change -- the TTM calls these processes of change . The ten processes of change include : Consciousness - raising ( Get the facts ) -- increasing awareness via information , education , and personal feedback about the healthy behavior . Dramatic relief ( Pay attention to feelings ) -- feeling fear , anxiety , or worry because of the unhealthy behavior , or feeling inspiration and hope when they hear about how people are able to change to healthy behaviors . Self - reevaluation ( Create a new self - image ) -- realizing that the healthy behavior is an important part of who they are and want to be . Environmental reevaluation ( Notice your effect on others ) -- realizing how their unhealthy behavior affects others and how they could have more positive effects by changing . Social liberation ( Notice public support ) -- realizing that society is more supportive of the healthy behavior . Self - liberation ( Make a commitment ) -- believing in one 's ability to change and making commitments and re-commitments to act on that belief . Helping relationships ( Get support ) -- finding people who are supportive of their change . Counter-conditioning ( Use substitutes ) -- substituting healthy ways of acting and thinking for unhealthy ways . Reinforcement management ( Use rewards ) -- increasing the rewards that come from positive behavior and reducing those that come from negative behavior . Stimulus control ( Manage your environment ) -- using reminders and cues that encourage healthy behavior as substitutes for those that encourage the unhealthy behavior . Health researchers have extended Prochaska 's and DiClemente 's 10 original processes of change by an additional 21 processes . In the first edition of Planning Health Promotion Programs , Bartholomew et al. ( 2006 ) summarised the processes that they identified in a number of studies ; however , their extended list of processes was removed from later editions of the text . The additional processes of Bartholomew et al.",
"5": "were : Risk comparison ( Understand the risks ) -- comparing risks with similar dimensional profiles : dread , control , catastrophic potential and novelty Cumulative risk ( Get the overall picture ) -- processing cumulative probabilities instead of singe incident probabilities Qualitative and quantitative risks ( Consider different factors ) -- processing different expressions of risk Positive framing ( Think positively ) -- focusing on success instead of failure framing Self - examination relate to risk ( Be aware of your risks ) -- conducting an assessment of risk perception , e.g. personalisation , impact on others Reevaluation of outcomes ( Know the outcomes ) -- emphasising positive outcomes of alternative behaviours and reevaluating outcome expectancies Perception of benefits ( Focus on benefits ) -- perceiving advantages of the healthy behaviour and disadvantages of the risk behaviour Self - efficacy and social support ( Get help ) -- mobilising social support ; skills training on coping with emotional disadvantages of change Decision making perspective ( Decide ) -- focusing on making the decision Tailoring on time horizons ( Set the time frame ) -- incorporating personal time horizons Focus on important factors ( Prioritise ) -- incorporating personal factors of highest importance Trying out new behaviour ( Try it ) -- changing something about oneself and gaining experience with that behaviour Persuasion of positive outcomes ( Persuade yourself ) -- promoting new positive outcome expectations and reinforcing existing ones Modelling ( Build scenarios ) -- showing models to overcome barriers effectively Skill improvement ( Build a supportive environment ) -- restructuring environments to contain important , obvious and socially supported cues for the new behaviour Coping with barriers ( Plan to tackle barriers ) -- identifying barriers and planning solutions when facing these obstacles Goal setting ( Set goals ) -- setting specific and incremental goals Skills enhancement ( Adapt your strategies ) -- restructuring cues and social support ; anticipating and circumventing obstacles ; modifying goals Dealing with barriers ( Accept setbacks ) -- understanding that setbacks are normal and can be overcome Self - rewards for success ( Reward yourself ) -- feeling good about progress ; reiterating positive consequences Coping skills ( Identify difficult situations ) -- identifying high risk situations ; selecting solutions ; practicing solutions ; coping with relapse While most of these processes are associated with health interventions such as smoking cessation and other addictive behaviour , some of them are also used in travel interventions . Depending on the target behaviour the effectiveness of the process should differ .",
"6": "Also some processes are recommended in a specific stage , while others can be used in one or more stages . Recently , these processes have been identified in travel interventions , broadening the scope of TTM in other research domains . Decisional balance ( edit ) Main article : Decisional balance sheet This core construct `` reflects the individual 's relative weighing of the pros and cons of changing '' . Decision making was conceptualized by Janis and Mann as a `` decisional balance sheet '' of comparative potential gains and losses . Decisional balance measures , the pros and the cons , have become critical constructs in the transtheoretical model . The pros and cons combine to form a decisional `` balance sheet '' of comparative potential gains and losses . The balance between the pros and cons varies depending on which stage of change the individual is in . Sound decision making requires the consideration of the potential benefits ( pros ) and costs ( cons ) associated with a behavior 's consequences . TTM research has found the following relationships between the pros , cons , and the stage of change across 48 behaviors and over 100 populations studied . The cons of changing outweigh the pros in the Precontemplation stage . The pros surpass the cons in the middle stages . The pros outweigh the cons in the Action stage . The evaluation of pros and cons is part of the formation of attitudes . Attitude is defined as a `` psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour '' . This means that by evaluating pros and cons we form a positive or negative attitude about something or someone . During the change process individuals gradually shift from cons to pros , forming a more positive attitude towards the target behaviour . Attitudes are one of the core constructs explaining behaviour and behaviour change in various research domains . Other behaviour models , such as the theory of planned behavior ( TPB ) and the stage model of self - regulated change , also emphasise attitude as an important determinant of behaviour . The progression through the different stages of change is reflected in a gradual change in attitude before the individual acts . Most of the processes of change aim at evaluating and reevaluating as well as reinforcing specific elements of the current and target behaviour . The processes of change contribute to a great degree on attitude formation .",
"7": "Due to the synonymous use of decisional balance and attitude , travel behaviour researchers have begun to combine the TTM with the TPB . Forward uses the TPB variables to better differentiate the different stages . Especially all TPB variables ( attitude , perceived behaviour control , descriptive and subjective norm ) are positively show a gradually increasing relationship to stage of change for bike commuting . As expected , intention or willingness to perform the behaviour increases by stage . Similarly , Bamberg uses various behavior models , including the transtheoretical model , theory of planned behavior and norm - activation model , to build the stage model of self - regulated behavior change ( SSBC ) . Bamberg claims that his model is a solution to criticism raised towards the TTM . Some researchers in travel , dietary , and environmental research have conducted empirical studies , showing that the SSBC might be a future path for TTM - based research . Self - efficacy ( edit ) This core construct is `` the situation - specific confidence people have that they can cope with high - risk situations without relapsing to their unhealthy or high risk - habit '' . The construct is based on Bandura 's self - efficacy theory and conceptualizes a person 's perceived ability to perform on a task as a mediator of performance on future tasks . In his research Bandura already established that greater levels of perceived self - efficacy leads to greater changes in behavior . Similarly , Ajzen mentions the similarity between the concepts of self - efficacy and perceived behavioral control . This underlines the integrative nature of the transtheoretical model which combines various behavior theories . A change in the level of self - efficacy can predict a lasting change in behavior if there are adequate incentives and skills . The transtheoretical model employs an overall confidence score to assess an individual 's self - efficacy . Situational temptations assess how tempted people are to engage in a problem behavior in a certain situation . Levels of change ( edit ) This core construct identifies the depth or complexity of presenting problems according to five levels of increasing complexity . Different therapeutic approaches are recommended for each level as well as for each stage of change . The levels are : Symptom / situational problems : e.g. , motivational interviewing , behavior therapy , exposure therapy Current maladaptive cognitions : e.g.",
"8": ", Adlerian therapy , cognitive therapy , rational emotive therapy Current interpersonal conflicts : e.g. , Sullivanian therapy , interpersonal therapy Family / systems conflicts : e.g. , strategic therapy , Bowenian therapy , structural family therapy Long - term intrapersonal conflicts : e.g. , psychoanalytic therapies , existential therapy , Gestalt therapy Outcomes of programs ( edit ) The outcomes of the TTM computerized tailored interventions administered to participants in pre-Action stages are outlined below . Stress management ( edit ) A national sample of pre-Action adults was provided a stress management intervention . At the 18 - month follow - up , a significantly larger proportion of the treatment group ( 62 % ) was effectively managing their stress when compared to the control group . The intervention also produced statistically significant reductions in stress and depression and an increase in the use of stress management techniques when compared to the control group . Two additional clinical trials of TTM programs by Prochaska et al. and Jordan et al. also found significantly larger proportions of treatment groups effectively managing stress when compared to control groups . Adherence to antihypertensive medication ( edit ) Over 1,000 members of a New England group practice who were prescribed antihypertensive medication participated in an adherence to antihypertensive medication intervention . The vast majority ( 73 % ) of the intervention group who were previously pre-Action were adhering to their prescribed medication regimen at the 12 - month follow - up when compared to the control group . Adherence to lipid - lowering drugs ( edit ) Members of a large New England health plan and various employer groups who were prescribed a cholesterol lowering medication participated in an adherence to lipid - lowering drugs intervention . More than half of the intervention group ( 56 % ) who were previously pre-Action were adhering to their prescribed medication regimen at the 18 - month follow - up . Additionally , only 15 % of those in the intervention group who were already in Action or Maintenance relapsed into poor medication adherence compared to 45 % of the controls . Further , participants who were at risk for physical activity and unhealthy diet were given only stage - based guidance . The treatment group doubled the control group in the percentage in Action or Maintenance at 18 months for physical activity ( 43 % ) and diet ( 25 % ) .",
"9": "Depression prevention ( edit ) Participants were 350 primary care patients experiencing at least mild depression but not involved in treatment or planning to seek treatment for depression in the next 30 days . Patients receiving the TTM intervention experienced significantly greater symptom reduction during the 9 - month follow - up period . The intervention 's largest effects were observed among patients with moderate or severe depression , and who were in the Precontemplation or Contemplation stage of change at baseline . For example , among patients in the Precontemplation or Contemplation stage , rates of reliable and clinically significant improvement in depression were 40 % for treatment and 9 % for control . Among patients with mild depression , or who were in the Action or Maintenance stage at baseline , the intervention helped prevent disease progression to Major Depression during the follow - up period . Weight management ( edit ) Fifty - hundred - and - seventy - seven overweight or moderately obese adults ( BMI 25 - 39.9 ) were recruited nationally , primarily from large employers . Those randomly assigned to the treatment group received a stage - matched multiple behavior change guide and a series of tailored , individualized interventions for three health behaviors that are crucial to effective weight management : healthy eating ( i.e. , reducing calorie and dietary fat intake ) , moderate exercise , and managing emotional distress without eating . Up to three tailored reports ( one per behavior ) were delivered based on assessments conducted at four time points : baseline , 3 , 6 , and 9 months . All participants were followed up at 6 , 12 , and 24 months . Multiple Imputation was used to estimate missing data . Generalized Labor Estimating Equations ( GLEE ) were then used to examine differences between the treatment and comparison groups . At 24 months , those who were in a pre-Action stage for healthy eating at baseline and received treatment were significantly more likely to have reached Protons or Maintenance than the comparison group ( 47.5 % vs. 34.3 % ) . The intervention also impacted a related , but untreated behavior : fruit and vegetable consumption . Over 48 % of those in the treatment group in a pre-Action stage at baseline progressed to Action or Maintenance for eating at least 5 servings a day of fruit and vegetables as opposed to 39 % of the comparison group .",
"10": "Individuals in the treatment group who were in a pre-Action stage for exercise at baseline were also significantly more likely to reach Action or Maintenance ( 44.9 % vs. 38.1 % ) . The treatment also had a significant effect on managing emotional distress without eating , with 49.7 % of those in a pre-Action stage at baseline moving to Action or Maintenance versus 30.3 % of the comparison group . The groups differed on weight lost at 24 months among those in a pre-action stage for healthy eating and exercise at baseline . Among those in a pre-Action stage for both healthy eating and exercise at baseline , 30 % of those randomized to the treatment group lost 5 % or more of their body weight vs. 18.6 % in the comparison group . Coaction of behavior change occurred and was much more pronounced in the treatment group with the treatment group losing significantly more than the comparison group . This study demonstrates the ability of TTM - based tailored feedback to improve healthy eating , exercise , managing emotional distress , and weight on a population basis . The treatment produced the highest population impact to date on multiple health risk behaviors . Smoking cessation ( edit ) Multiple studies have found individualized interventions tailored on the 14 TTM variables for smoking cessation to effectively recruit and retain pre-Action participants and produce long - term abstinence rates within the range of 22 % -- 26 % . These interventions have also consistently outperformed alternative interventions including best - in - class action - oriented self - help programs , non-interactive manual - based programs , and other common interventions . Furthermore , these interventions continued to move pre-Action participants to abstinence even after the program ended . For a summary of smoking cessation clinical outcomes , see Velicer , Redding , Sun , & Prochaska , 2007 and Jordan , Evers , Spira , King & Lid , 2013 . Example for TTM application on smoke control ( edit ) In the treatment of smoke control , TTM focuses on each stage to monitor and to achieve a progression to the next stage .",
"11": "Stage Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Can Relapse to an earlier stage Standard time more than 6 months in the next 6 months in the next month now at least 6 months any time Action and intervention not ready to quit or demoralized ambivalent intend to quit take action and quit sustained back to smoke Related source Book , newspaper , friend Book , newspaper , friend doctor , nurse , friend ... doctor , nurse , friend ... friend , family temptation , stress , distress In each stage , a patient may have multiple sources that could influence their behavior . These may include : friends , books , and interactions with their healthcare providers . These factors could potentially influence how successful a patient may be in moving through the different stages . This stresses the importance to have continuous monitoring and efforts to maintain progress at each stage . TTM helps guide the treatment process at each stage , and may assist the healthcare provider in making an optimal therapeutic decision . Travel research ( edit ) The use of TTM in travel behaviour interventions is rather novel . A number of cross-sectional studies investigated the individual constructs of TTM , e.g. stage of change , decisional balance and self - efficacy , with regards to transport mode choice . The cross-sectional studies identified both motivators and barriers at the different stages regarding biking , walking and public transport . The motivators identified were e.g. liking to bike / walk , avoiding congestion and improved fitness . Perceived barriers were e.g. personal fitness , time and the weather . This knowledge was used to design interventions that would address attitudes and misconceptions to encourage an increased use of bikes and walking . These interventions aim at changing people 's travel behaviour towards more sustainable and more active transport modes . In health - related studies , TTM is used to help people walk or bike more instead of using the car . Most intervention studies aim to reduce car trips for commute to achieve the minimum recommended physical activity levels of 30 minutes per day . Other intervention studies using TTM aim to encourage sustainable behaviour . By reducing single occupied motor vehicle and replacing them with so called sustainable transport ( public transport , car pooling , biking or walking ) , green house gas emissions can be reduced considerably .",
"12": "A reduction in the number of cars on our roads solves other problems such as congestion , traffic noise and traffic accidents . By combining health and environment related purposes , the message becomes stronger . Additionally , by emphasising personal health , physical activity or even direct economic impact , people see a direct result from their changed behaviour , while saving the environment is a more general and effects are not directly noticeable . Different outcome measures were used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention . Health - centred intervention studies measured BMI , weight , waist circumference as well as general health . However , only one of three found a significant change in general health , while BMI and other measures had no effect . Measures that are associated with both health and sustainability were more common . Effects were reported as number of car trips , distance travelled , main mode share etc . Results varied due to greatly differing approaches . In general , car use could be reduced between 6 % and 55 % , while use of the alternative mode ( walking , biking and / or public transport ) increased between 11 % and 150 % . These results indicate a shift to action or maintenance stage , some researchers investigated attitude shifts such as the willingness to change . Attitudes towards using alternative modes improved with approximately 20 % to 70 % . Many of the intervention studies did not clearly differentiate between the five stages , but categorised participants in pre-action and action stage . This approach makes it difficult to assess the effects per stage . Also , interventions included different processes of change ; in many cases these processes are not matched to the recommended stage . It highlights the need to develop a standardised approach for travel intervention design . Identifying and assessing which processes are most effective in the context of travel behaviour change should be a priority in the future in order to secure the role of TTM in travel behaviour research . Criticisms ( edit ) The TTM has been called `` arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change , having received unprecedented research attention , yet it has simultaneously attracted criticism '' . Depending on the field of application ( e.g. smoking cessation , substance abuse , condom use , diabetes treatment , obesity and travel ) somewhat different criticisms have been raised . In a systematic review , published in 2003 , of 23 randomized controlled trials , the authors found that `` stage based interventions are no more effective than non-stage based interventions or no intervention in changing smoking behaviour .",
"13": "However , it was also mentioned that stage based interventions are often used and implemented inadequately in practice . Thus , criticism is directed towards the use rather the effectiveness of the model itself . Looking at interventions targeting smoking cessation in pregnancy found that stage - matched interventions were more effective than non-matched interventions . One reason for this was the greater intensity of stage - matched interventions . Also , the use of stage - based interventions for smoking cessation in mental illness proved to be effective . Further studies , e.g. a randomized controlled trail published in 2009 , found no evidence that a TTM based smoking cessation intervention was more effective than a control intervention not tailored to stage of change . The study claims that those not wanting to change ( i.e. precontemplators ) tend not to be responsive to neither stage nor non-stage based interventions . Since stage - based interventions tend to be more intensive they appear to be most effective at targeting contemplators and above rather than pre-contemplators . A 2010 systematic review of smoking cessation studies under the auspices of the Cochrane Collaboration found that `` stage - based self - help interventions ( expert systems and / or tailored materials ) and individual counselling were neither more nor less effective than their non-stage - based equivalents . Main criticism is raised regarding the `` arbitrary dividing lines '' that are drawn between the stages . West claimed that a more coherent and distinguishable definition for the stages is needed . Especially the fact that the stages are bound to a specific time interval is perceived to be misleading . Additionally , the effectiveness of stage - based interventions differs depending on the behavior . A continuous version of the model has been proposed , where each process is first increasingly used , and then decreases in importance , as smokers make progress along some latent dimension . This proposal suggests the use of processes without reference to stages of change . The model `` assumes that individuals typically make coherent and stable plans '' , when in fact they often do not . Within research on prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases a systematic review from 2003 comes to the conclusion that `` no strong conclusions '' can be drawn about the effectiveness of interventions based on the transtheoretical model . Again this conclusion is reached due to the inconsistency of use and implementation of the model . This study also confirms that the better stage - matched the intervention the more effect it has to encourage condom use .",
"14": "Within the health research domain , a 2005 systematic review of 37 randomized controlled trials claims that `` there was limited evidence for the effectiveness of stage - based interventions as a basis for behavior change . Studies with which focused on increasing physical activity levels through active commute however showed that stage - matched interventions tended to have slightly more effect than non-stage matched interventions . Since many studies do not use all constructs of TTM , additional research suggested that the effectiveness of interventions increases the better it is tailored on all all core constructs of the TTM in addition to stage of change . In diabetes research the `` existing data are insufficient for drawing conclusions on the benefits of the transtheoretical model '' as related to dietary interventions . Again , studies with slightly different design , e.g. using different processes , proved to be effective in predicting the stage transition of intention to exercise in relation to treating patients with diabetes . TTM has generally found a greater popularity regarding research on physical activity , due to the increasing problems associated with unhealthy diets and sedentary living , e.g. obesity , cardiovascular problems . A 2011 Cochrane Systematic Review found that there is little evidence to suggest that using the Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change ( TTM SOC ) method is effective in helping obese and overweight people lose weight . Earlier in a 2009 paper , the TTM was considered to be useful in promoting physical activity . In this study , the algorithms and questionnaires that researchers used to assign people to stages of change lacked standardisation to be compared empirically , or validated . Similar criticism regarding the standardisation as well as consistency in the use of TTM is also raised in a recent review on travel interventions . With regard to travel interventions only stages of change and sometimes decisional balance constructs are included . The processes used to build the intervention are rarely stage - matched and short cuts are taken by classifying participants in a pre-action stage , which summarises the precontemplation , contemplation and preparation stage , and an action / maintenance stage . More generally , TTM has been criticised within various domains due to the limitations in the research designs . For example , many studies supporting the model have been cross-sectional , but longitudinal study data would allow for stronger causal inferences . Another point of criticism is raised in a 2002 review , where the model 's stages were characterized as `` not mutually exclusive '' .",
"15": "Furthermore , there was `` scant evidence of sequential movement through discrete stages '' . While research suggests that movement through the stages of change is not always linear , a study conducted in 1996 demonstrated that the probability of forward stage movement is greater than the probability of backward stage movement . Due to the variations in use , implementation and type of research designs , data confirming TTM are ambiguous . More care has to be taken in using a sufficient amount of constructs , trustworthy measures , and longitudinal data . See also ( edit ) Change management Decision cycle Notes ( edit ) The following notes summarize major differences between the well - known 1983 , 1992 , and 1997 versions of the model . Other published versions may contain other differences . For example , Prochaska , Prochaska , and Levesque ( 2001 ) do not mention the Termination stage , Self - efficacy , or Temptation . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , the Preparation stage is absent . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , the Termination stage is absent . In the 1992 version of the model , Prochaska et al. showed Termination as the end of their `` Spiral Model of the Stages of Change '' , not as a separate stage . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , Relapse is considered one of the five stages of change . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , the processes of change were said to be emphasized in only the Contemplation , Action , and Maintenance stages . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , `` decisional balance '' is absent . In the 1992 version of the model , Prochaska et al. mention `` decisional balance '' but in only one sentence under the `` key transtheoretical concept '' of `` processes of change '' . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , `` self - efficacy '' is absent . In the 1992 version of the model , Prochaska et al. mention `` self - efficacy '' but in only one sentence under the `` key transtheoretical concept '' of `` stages of change '' .",
"16": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , James O. ; DiClemente , Carlo C. ( 2005 ) . `` The transtheoretical approach '' . In Norcross , John C. ; Goldfried , Marvin R. Handbook of psychotherapy integration . Oxford series in clinical psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 147 -- 171 . ISBN 0195165799 . OCLC 54803644 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , JO ; Butterworth , S ; Redding , CA ; Burden , V ; Perrin , N ; Leo , M ; Flaherty - Robb , M ; Prochaska , JM . Initial efficacy of MI , TTM tailoring and HRI 's with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion . Prev Med 2008 Mar ; 46 ( 3 ) : 226 -- 31 . Accessed 2009 Mar 21 . Jump up ^ Greene , GW ; Rossi , SR ; Rossi , JS ; Velicer , WF ; Fava , JL ; Prochaska , JO . Dietary applications of the stages of change model . J Am Diet Assoc 1999 Jun ; 99 ( 6 ) : 673 -- 8 . Accessed 2009 Mar 21 . Jump up ^ Pro-Change Behavior Systems . About us . Transtheoretical model . 2008 Mar . Accessed 2009 Mar 21 . ^ Jump up to : Fromme , Donald K. ( 2011 ) . Systems of psychotherapy : dialectical tensions and integration . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 34 -- 36 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4419 - 7308 - 5 . ISBN 9781441973078 . OCLC 696327398 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , James O. ; Norcross , John C. ; DiClemente , Carlo C. ( 1994 ) . Changing for good : the revolutionary program that explains the six stages of change and teaches you how to free yourself from bad habits ( 1st ed . ) .",
"17": "New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0688112633 . OCLC 29429279 . Jump up ^ Norcross , John C. ; Loberg , Kristin ; Norcross , Jonathon ( 2012 ) . Changeology : 5 steps to realizing your goals and resolutions . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781451657616 . OCLC 779265892 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , James O. ; Prochaska , Janice M. ( 2016 ) . Changing to thrive : using the stages of change to overcome the top threats to your health and happiness . Center City , MN : Hazelden . ISBN 9781616496296 . OCLC 956501910 . Jump up ^ Goleman , Daniel . New addiction approach gets results . New York Times 1993 Sep 1 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kay . Revolving resolutions -- Year after new year , we vow to lose weight , stop smoking , find love or a better job -- only to fail . A few simple strategies could set us straight . Star Tribune : Newspaper of the Twin Cities 2001 Dec 29 . Jump up ^ Stettner , Morey . A methodical way to change bad behavior . Investor 's Business Daily 2005 Dec 19 . Jump up ^ Understanding change : expect a few bumps . Washington Post 2007 Jan 2 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . Jump up ^ Carbine , Michael E. Health plans use a variety of strategies to identify and ensure compliance among diabetics . Archived 2009 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . AIS 's Health Business Daily 2009 Mar 6 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . ^ Jump up to : Armitage , Christopher J. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Is there utility in the transtheoretical model ? '' . British Journal of Health Psychology . 14 ( Pt 2 ) : 195 -- 210 . doi : 10.1348 / 135910708X368991 .",
"18": "ISSN 1359 - 107X . PMID 18922209 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , James O. ; Norcross , John C. ( 2014 ) ( 1979 ) . Systems of psychotherapy : a transtheoretical analysis ( 8th ed . ) . Australia ; Stamford , CT : Cengage Learning . ISBN 9781133314516 . OCLC 851089001 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF . The transtheoretical model of health behavior change . Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Am J Health Promot 1997 Sep -- Oct ; 12 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 48 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF . The transtheoretical model of health behavior change . Am J Health Promot 1997 Sep -- Oct ; 12 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 48 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . ^ Jump up to : West , Robert ( August 2005 ) . `` Time for a change : putting the Transtheoretical ( Stages of Change ) Model to rest '' . Addiction. 100 ( 8 ) : 1036 -- 1039 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2005. 01139. x . PMID 16042624 . See also the responses to West in the same issue : doi : 10.1111 / add. 2005.100. issue - 8 Jump up ^ Rogers , Everett M. ( 2003 ) ( 1962 ) . Diffusion of innovations ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Free Press . pp. 198 -- 201 . ISBN 0743222091 . OCLC 52030797 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF ; Rossi , JS ; Goldstein , MG ; Marcus , BH ; et al. Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors .",
"19": "Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Health Psychol 1994 Jan ; 13 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 46 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF ; DiClemente , CC ; Fava , J. Measuring processes of change : applications to the cessation of smoking . J Consult Clin Psychol 1988 Aug ; 56 ( 4 ) : 520 -- 8 . PMID 3198809 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , JM ; Prochaska , JO ; Levesque , DA . A transtheoretical approach to changing organizations . Adm Policy Ment Health 2001 Mar ; 28 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 61 . Accessed 2009 Mar 20 . Jump up ^ McConnaughy , EA ; Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF . Stages of change in psychotherapy : measurement and sample profiles . Psychotherapy : Theory , Research and Practice 1983 ; 20 ( 3 ) : 368 -- 375 . ^ Jump up to : DiClemente , CC ; Prochaska , JO ; Gibertini , M. Self - efficacy and the stages of self - change of smoking . Cognit Ther Res 1985 ; 9 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 200 . Accessed 2009 Mar 22 . ^ Jump up to : Velicer , WF ; DiClemente , CC ; Prochaska , JO ; Brandenburg , N. Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status . Archived 2008 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . J Pers Soc Psychol 1985 May ; 48 ( 5 ) : 1279 -- 89 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . ^ Jump up to : Velicer , WF ; Prochaska , JO ; Rossi , JS ; Snow , MG . Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies . Psychol Bull 1992 Jan ; 111 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 41 . PMID 1539088 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC ; Velicer , WF ; Rossi , JS . Standardized , individualized , interactive , and personalized self - help programs for smoking cessation . Health Psychol 1993 Sep ; 12 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 405 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Redding , CA ; Evers , KE . The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change . In : Glanz , K ; Rimer , BK ; Viswanath , K. ( eds . ) Health Behavior and Health Education . 4th ed . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass ; 2008 . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 9614 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bartholomew , L.K.K. , Parcel , G.S.S. , Kok , G. , Gottlieb , N.H.H. , 2006 . Planning Health Promotion Programs : An Intervention Mapping Approach . 1st ed . San Franscisco : Jossey - Bass . ^ Jump up to : Friman , M. , Huck , J. , Olsson , L. , 2017 . Transtheoretical Model of Change during Travel Behavior Interventions : An Integrative Review . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 , 581 - 596 . Jump up ^ Janis , I.L. & Mann , L. ( 1977 ) Decision making : a psychological analysis of conflict , choice and commitment . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 916160 - 6 Jump up ^ Hall , K.L. & Rossi , J.S. ( 2008 ) Meta - analysis Examination of the sting and weak principals across 48 behaviors . Preventative Medicine , 46 , 266 - 274 . Jump up ^ Eagly , A.H. , Chaiken , S. , 1993 . The psychology of attitudes . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers , p. 1 Jump up ^ Bagozzi , R.P. , Yi , Y. , 1989 .",
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"22": ", Prochaska , J.O. , Johnson , J.L. , Mauriello , L.M. , Padula , J.A. , & Prochaska , J.M. ( 2006 ) . A randomized clinical trial of a population - and transtheoretical model - based stress - management intervention . Health Psychol. , 25 , 521 - 529 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , P.J. , Evers , K.E. , Spira , J.L. , King , L.A. , & Lid , V. ( 2013 ) . Computerized , tailored interventions improve outcomes and reduce barriers to care . Poster presented at the 17th Annual International meeting and Exposition of the American Telemedicine Association in Austin , TX , May 5 -- 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.S. , Driskell , M.M. , Johnson , J.L. , Prochaska , J.M. , Zwick , W. , & Prochaska , J.O. ( 2006b ) . Efficacy of a transtheoretical model - based expert system for antihypertensive adherence . Disease Management , 9 , 291 - 301 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.S. , Driskell , M.M. , Johnson , J.L. , Dyment , S.J. , Prochaska , J.O. , Prochaska , J.M. et al. ( 2006a ) . Transtheoretical model intervention for adherence to lipid - lowering drugs . Disease Management , 9 , 102 - 114 . Jump up ^ Levesque , D.A. , Van Marter , D.F. , Schneider , R.J. , Bauer , M.R. , Goldberg , D.N. , Prochaska , J.O. , & Prochaska , J.M. ( 2011 ) . Randomized trial of a computer - tailored intervention for patients with depression . American Journal of Health Promotion , 26 ( 2 ) , 77 - 89 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.S. , Paiva , A.L. , Cummins , C.O.",
"23": ", Johnson , J.L. , Dyment , S.J. , Wright , J.A. , Prochaska , J.O. , Prochaska , J.M. , & Sherman , K. ( 2008 ) . Transtheoretical model - based multiple behavior intervention for weight management : Effectiveness on a population basis . Preventive Medicine , 46 , 238 - 246 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , J.O. , DiClemente , C.C. , Velicer , W.F. , & Rossi , J.S. ( 1993 ) . Standardized , individualized , interactive , and personalized self - help programs for smoking cessation . Health Psychology , 12 , 399 - 405 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , J.O. , Velicer , W.F. , Fava , J.L. , Ruggiero , L. , Laforge , R.G. , Rossi , J.S. et al. ( 2001a ) . Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage - matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting . Preventive Medicine , 32 , 23 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , J.O. , Velicer , W.F. , Fava , J.L. , Rossi , J.S. , & Tsoh , J.Y. ( 2001b ) . Evaluating a population - based recruitment approach and a stage - based expert system intervention for smoking cessation . Addictive Behaviors , 26 , 583 - 602 . Jump up ^ Velicer , W.F. , Fava , J.L. , Prochaska , J. 0. , Abrams , D.B. , Emmons , K.M. , & Pierce , J. ( 1995 ) Distribution of smokers by stage in three representative samples . Preventive Medicine , 24 , 401 - 411 . Jump up ^ Velicer , W.F. , Redding , C.A. , Sun , X. , & Prochaska , J.O. ( 2007 ) . Demographic variables , smoking variables , and outcome across five studies .",
"24": "Health Psychology , 26 , 278 - 287 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC ; Velicer , WF ; Rossi , JS . Standardized , individualized , interactive , and personalized self - help programs for smoking cessation . Health Psychol 1993 Sep ; 12 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 405 . Accessed 2009 March 18 . ^ Jump up to : Mutrie , N. ; Carney , C. ; Blamey , A. ; Crawford , F. ; Aitchison , T. ; Whitelaw , A. `` Walk in to work out '' : A randomised controlled trial of a self help intervention to promote active commuting . J. Epidemiol . Community Health 2002 , 56 , 407 -- 412 . Jump up ^ van Bekkum , J.E. , Williams , J.M. , Graham Morris , P. , 2011 . Cycle commuting and perceptions of barriers : stages of change , gender and occupation . Health Education 111 , 476 - 497 . Jump up ^ Crawford , F. , Mutrie , N. , Hanlon , P. , 2001 . Employee attitudes towards active commuting . International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 39 , 14 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mundorf , N. ; Redding , C.A. ; Fu , T. ; Paiva , A. ; Brick , L. ; Prochaska , J.O. Promoting sustainable transportation across campus communities using the transtheoretical model of change . Commun . commons 2013 , 427 -- 438 . Jump up ^ Diniz , I. ; Duarte , M. ; Peres , K. ; de Oliveira , E. ; Berndt , A. Active commuting by bicycle : Results of an educational intervention study . J. Phys . Act . Health 2015 , 12 , 801 -- 807 . ^ Jump up to : Hemmingsson , E. ; Udden , J. ; Neovius , M. ; Ekelund , U. ; Rössner , S. Increased physical activity in abdominally obese women through support for changed commuting habits : A randomized clinical trial . Int.",
"25": "J. Obes. 2009 , 33 , 645 -- 652 . Jump up ^ McKee , R. ; Mutrie , N. ; Crawford , F. ; Green , B. Promoting walking to school : Results of a quasi-experimental trial . J. Epidemiol . Community Health 2007 , 61 , 818 -- 823 . Jump up ^ Molina - García , J. ; Castillo , I. ; Queralt , A. ; Sallis , J.F. Bicycling to university : Evaluation of a bicycle - sharing program in spain . Health Promot . Inter. 2013 , 30 , 350 -- 358 . Jump up ^ Wen , L.M. ; Orr , N. ; Bindon , J. ; Rissel , C. Promoting active transport in a workplace setting : Evaluation of a pilot study in Australia . Health Promot . Inter. 2005 , 20 , 123 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Rose , G. ; Marfurt , H. Travel behaviour change impacts of a major ride to work day event . Transp . Res . Part A , Policy Pract. 2007 , 41 , 351 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Gatersleben , B. ; Appleton , K.M. Contemplating cycling to work : Attitudes and perceptions in different stages of change . Transp . Res . Part A Policy Pract. 2007 , 41 , 302 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Meloni , I. ; Sanjust , B. ; Sottile , E. ; Cherchi , E. Propensity for voluntary travel behavior changes : An experimental analysis . Procedia -- Soc . Behav . Sci. 2013 , 87 , 31 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Cooper , C. Successfully changing individual travel behavior : Applying community - based social marketing to travel choice . Transp . Res . Rec. J. Transp . Res . Board 2007 , 2021 , 89 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Rissel , C.E. ; New , C. ; Wen , L.M. ; Merom , D. ; Bauman , A.E.",
"26": "; Garrard , J. The effectiveness of community - based cycling promotion : Findings from the cycling connecting communities project in Sydney , Australia . Int. J. Behav . Nutr . Phys . Act . 2010 , 7 , 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Riemsma , RP ; Pattenden , J ; Bridle , C ; Sowden , AJ ; Mather , L ; Watt , IS ; Walker , A. Systematic review of the effectiveness of stage based interventions to promote smoking cessation . BMJ 2003 May 31 ; 326 ( 7400 ) : 1175 -- 7 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Aveyard , P ; Lawrence , T ; Cheng , KK ; Griffin , C ; Croghan , E ; Johnson , C. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model - based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage . Br J Health Psychol 2006 May ; 11 ( Pt 2 ) : 263 -- 78 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Hall , S.M. , Tsoh , J.Y. , Prochaska , J.J. , Eisendrath , S. , Rossi , J.S. , Redding , C.A. , Rosen , A.B. , Meisner , M. , Humfleet , G.L. , Gorecki , J.A. , 2006 . Treatment for Cigarette Smoking Among Depressed Mental Health Outpatients : A Randomized Clinical Trial . American Journal of Public Health 96 , 1808 - 1814 . Jump up ^ Aveyard , P ; Massey , L ; Parsons , A ; Manaseki , S ; Griffin , C. The effect of transtheoretical model based interventions on smoking cessation . Soc Sci Med 2009 Feb ; 68 ( 3 ) : 397 -- 403 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Cahill , K ; Lancaster , T ; Green , N. Stage - based interventions for smoking cessation . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Nov 10 ; 11 : CD004492 .",
"27": "PMID 21069681 . Accessed 2011 Feb 15 . Jump up ^ Noël , Yvonnick ( June 1999 ) . `` Recovering unimodal latent patterns of change by unfolding analysis : application to smoking cessation '' . Psychological Methods. 4 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 191 . doi : 10.1037 / 1082 - 989X. 4.2. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , SM . Applying the transtheoretical model to pregnancy and STD prevention : a review of the literature . Am J Health Promot 2003 May -- Jun ; 17 ( 5 ) : 304 -- 28 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Bridle , C ; Riemsma , RP ; Pattenden , J ; Sowden , AJ ; Mather , L ; Watt , IS ; Walker , A. Systematic review of the effectiveness of health behavior interventions based on the transtheoretical model . Psychol Health 2005 ; 20 : 283 -- 301 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska JO . Moving beyond the transtheoretical model . Addiction 2006 Jun ; 101 ( 6 ) : 768 - 74 Jump up ^ Kirk , A. , MacMillan , F. , Webster , N. , 2010 . Application of the Transtheoretical model to physical activity in older adults with Type 2 diabetes and / or cardiovascular disease . Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11 , 320 - 324 . Jump up ^ Spencer , L. , Adams , T.B. , Malone , S. , Roy , L. , Yost , E. , 2006 . Applying the transtheoretical model to exercise : a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature . Health promotion practice 7 , 428 - 443 . Jump up ^ Sallis , J. Physical Activity and Food Environments : Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic . Milbank Q. 2009 Mar ; 87 ( 1 ) : 123 -- 154 . Accessed 2010 Mar 30 .",
"28": "^ Jump up to : Littell , JH ; Girvin , H. Stages of change . A critique . Behav Modif 2002 Apr ; 26 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 73 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , R. , Velicer , WF , Fava , JL . Latent transition analysis to the stages of change for smoking cessation . Addictive Behaviors 1996 , 21 ( 1 ) : 67 - 80 Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC . Stages and processes of self - change of smoking : toward an integrative model of change . Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . J Consult Clin Psychol 1983 Jun ; 51 ( 3 ) : 390 -- 5 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC ; Norcross , JC . In search of how people change . Applications to addictive behaviors . Archived 2008 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Am Psychol 1992 Sep ; 47 ( 9 ) : 1102 -- 14 . Accessed 2009 Mar 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC . The transtheoretical approach : crossing traditional boundaries of therapy . Homewood , IL : Dow Jones - Irwin ; 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87094 - 438 - X . Miller , WR ; Heather , N. ( eds . ) . Treating addictive behaviors . 2nd ed . New York : Plenum Press ; 1998 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45852 - 7 . Velasquez , MM . Group treatment for substance abuse : a stages - of - change therapy manual . New York : Guilford Press ; 2001 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 625 - 4 . Burbank , PM ; Riebe , D. Promoting exercise and behavior change in older adults : interventions with the transtheoretical model .",
"29": "New York : Springer ; 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8261 - 1502 - 0 . Prochaska , J.O. , & Norcross , J.C. ( 2002 ) . Stages of change . In J.C. Norcross ( Ed . ) , Psychotherapy relationships that work ( 303 - 313 ) . New York : Oxford University Press . DiClemente , CC . Addiction and change : how addictions develop and addicted people recover . New York : Guilford Press ; 2003 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 057 - 4 . Glanz , K ; Rimer , BK ; Viswanath , K. ( eds . ) Health behavior and health education : theory , research , and practice , 4th ed . San Francisco , CA : Jossey - Bass ; 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 9614 - 7 . Prochaska , J.O. , Wright , J.A. , & Velicer , W.F. ( 2008 ) . Evaluating Theories of Health Behavior Change : A hierarchy of Criteria Applied to the Transtheoretical Model . Applied Psychology , 57 ( 4 ) , 561 - 588 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 0597.2008. 00345. x Patterson , D.A. , & Buckingham , S.L. ( 2010 ) Does motivational interviewing stages of change increase treatment retention among persons who are alcohol and other drug dependant and HIV - infected ? Journal of HIV / AIDS and Social Services , 9 ( 1 ) , 45 - 57 . Patterson , D.A. & Nochajski , T.H. ( 2010 ) Using the Stages of change model to help clients through the 12 - steps of Alcoholics Anonymous . Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions , 10 ( 2 ) , 224 - 227 . Connors , GJ ; Donovan , DM ; DiClemente , CC . Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change : selecting and planning interventions . 2nd ed .",
"30": "New York : Guilford Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4625 - 0804 - 4 . Prochaska , JO ; Norcross , JC . Systems of psychotherapy : a transtheoretical analysis . 8th ed . Australia : Cengage Learning , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1333 - 1451 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Public health Pro-Change Behavior Systems , Inc . Company founded by James O. Prochaska . Mission is to enhance the well - being of individuals and organizations through the scientific development and dissemination of Transtheoretical Model - based change management programs .",
"31": "Public health General Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Public health law Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health Pharmaceutical policy Public health laboratory Reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal -- oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open - source healthcare software Public health informatics Social determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological and epidemiological statistics Case - control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) Regression analysis ROC curve Student 's t - test Z - test Statistical software Infectious and epidemic disease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Tropical disease Vaccine trial Food hygiene and safety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Genetically modified food Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioral sciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE - PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations , education and history Organizations Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
"32": "City and county health departments Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement Commons WikiProject Psychotherapy ( list ) Schools Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy Mentalization - based treatment Transference focused psychotherapy Cognitive and behavioral Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Compassion focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Combined with Applied behavior analysis Clinical behavior analysis or CBA Functional analytic psychotherapy Acceptance and commitment therapy Humanistic Person - centered therapy Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy Other Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Interpretive therapy Multimodal therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List Integrative Eclectic psychotherapy Integrative psychotherapy Transtheoretical model Approaches Brief psychotherapy Counseling Online counseling Residential treatment Self - help Support groups Research Clinical formulation Clinical pluralism Common factors theory Practitioner -- scholar model Society for Psychotherapy Research",
"33": "Techniques Behaviour therapy Aversion therapy Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) ( formerly Behavior modification ) Desensitization Homework Other individual therapy Autogenic training Biofeedback Cognitive restructuring Exposure therapy Free association Hypnotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training Relationship counseling People Philippe Pinel ( 1745 -- 1826 ) Josef Breuer ( 1842 -- 1925 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Pierre Janet ( 1859 -- 1947 ) Alfred Adler ( 1870 -- 1937 ) Sándor Ferenczi ( 1873 -- 1933 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) Ludwig Binswanger ( 1881 -- 1966 ) Melanie Klein ( 1882 -- 1960 ) Otto Rank ( 1884 -- 1939 ) Karen Horney ( 1885 -- 1952 ) Harry Stack Sullivan ( 1892 -- 1949 ) Fritz Perls ( 1893 -- 1970 ) Anna Freud ( 1895 -- 1982 ) Donald Winnicott ( 1896 -- 1971 ) Wilhelm Reich ( 1897 -- 1957 ) Milton H.",
"34": "Erickson ( 1901 -- 1980 ) Jacques Lacan ( 1901 -- 1981 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Viktor Frankl ( 1905 -- 1997 ) George Kelly ( 1905 -- 1967 ) Rollo May ( 1909 -- 1994 ) Virginia Axline ( 1911 -- 1988 ) Carl Whitaker ( 1912 -- 1995 ) Albert Ellis ( 1913 -- 2007 ) James Bugental ( 1915 -- 2008 ) Joseph Wolpe ( 1915 -- 1997 ) Virginia Satir ( 1916 -- 1988 ) Aaron T. Beck ( b . 1921 ) Salvador Minuchin ( 1921 -- 2017 ) Hans Herrman Strupp ( 1921 -- 2006 ) Paul Watzlawick ( 1921 -- 2007 ) Haim Ginott ( 1922 -- 1973 ) Arthur Janov ( 1924 -- 2017 ) Eugene Gendlin ( 1926 -- 2017 ) R.D. Laing ( 1927 -- 1989 ) Jean Baker Miller ( 1927 -- 2006 ) Otto F. Kernberg ( b . 1928 ) Irvin D. Yalom ( b . 1931 ) Arnold Lazarus ( 1932 -- 2013 ) Lorna Smith Benjamin ( b . 1934 ) Marsha M. Linehan ( b . 1943 ) Vittorio Guidano ( 1944 -- 1999 ) Les Greenberg ( b . 1945 ) William R. Miller ( b . 1947 ) Michael White ( 1948 -- 2008 ) Jeffrey Young ( b . 1950 ) Peter Fonagy ( b .",
"35": "1952 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transtheoretical_model&oldid=819877020 '' Categories : Behavior Health promotion Integrative psychotherapy Psychotherapy Public health Public health education Stage theories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sings love me tender in princess diaries 2
|
[
"Norah Jones",
"Adam Levy",
"Norah Jones",
"Adam Levy"
] |
{
"0": "The Princess Diaries soundtracks - Wikipedia The Princess Diaries soundtracks Jump to : navigation , search The Princess Diaries soundtracks are soundtracks of the movies The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement starring Julie Andrews and Anne Hathaway . The albums contain songs sung by well - known charting artists as well as performers signed to Disney that the company wanted to promote . They are released by Walt Disney Records . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Princess Diaries soundtrack 1.1 Charts 1.2 Score 2 The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement soundtrack 2.1 Track listing 2.2 Charts 3 References The Princess Diaries soundtrack ( edit ) The Princess Diaries : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 24 , 2001 Genre Soundtrack Length 54 : 28 Label Walt Disney Records Producer Timmy Allen BabyBoy Andy Goldmark Jimmy Harry Sidney James Tim James Mark Jolley Patrick Leonard Bob Marlette Milton McDonald Paul Poli Veit Renn Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic `` Supergirl -- Krystal Harris `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' -- Aaron Carter `` Miss You More '' -- BBMak `` Crush '' -- 3G 's `` What Makes You Different ( Makes You Beautiful ) '' -- Backstreet Boys `` Miracles Happen '' -- Myra `` Always Tomorrow '' -- Nobody 's Angel `` Away with the Summer Days '' -- Youngstown `` Stupid Cupid '' -- Mandy Moore `` Wake Up '' -- Hanson `` Happy Go Lucky '' -- Steps `` I Love Life '' -- Melissa Lefton `` Ai n't Nuthin ' But a She Thing '' -- Lil ' J & Nobody 's Angel `` Hold On '' -- B * Witched `` The Journey '' -- Mpulz Bonus track `` Heartbreak Lullaby ( Ray Hedges Recall 7 Mix ) '' -- A * Teens Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Certification U.S. Billboard 200 41 Gold U.S.",
"1": "Top Soundtracks Score ( edit ) The movie 's score , composed and conducted by John Debney , was also released by Walt Disney Records . This was the first film he scored for director Garry Marshall ; Debney has written the scores for all of Marshall 's subsequent films to date . Main Titles ( : 56 ) Queen Clarisse ( : 53 ) Mia Invites Lilly to the Ball ( 1 : 08 ) The Princess Diaries Waltz ( 2 : 09 ) Mia 's Makeover ( 1 : 08 ) Princess Lessons ( : 55 ) A New Mia ( 1 : 05 ) Mia Flees ( : 53 ) Sorry , Dad ( : 32 ) Lana , the Traitor ( 1 : 01 ) Mia Visits the Consulate ( 1 : 18 ) Scooter Talk ( : 58 ) I Do n't Want to Be a Princess ( : 37 ) Father Talk ( 1 : 00 ) The Ball ( : 37 ) Meeting the Prime Minister ( 1 : 03 ) A Letter from the King ( 1 : 16 ) It 's a Real Job ( 1 : 02 ) Mia 's Decision ( 2 : 18 ) Learning to Walk ( 1 : 42 ) Mia Apologizes ( : 44 ) Can I Call You Joe ? ( : 58 ) The Kiss ( 1 : 18 ) Harp Interlude ( 1 : 24 ) Princess Diaries Medley ( 3 : 25 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement soundtrack ( edit ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released August 3 , 2004 Genre Pop Length 46 : 12 Label Walt Disney Producer Marty Blasick Andreas Carlsson Desmond Child Matthew Gerrard John Shanks Peter Stengaard Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 .",
"2": "`` Breakaway '' Avril Lavigne Bridget Benenate Matthew Gerrard Kelly Clarkson 3 : 39 2 . `` I Decide '' Diane Warren Lindsay Lohan 3 : 17 3 . `` This Is My Time '' Raven - Symoné Gerrard Robbie Nevil Raven - Symoné 4 : 24 4 . `` I Always Get What I Want '' Lavigne Clif Magness Avril Lavigne 2 : 31 5 . `` Trouble '' P ! nk Tim Armstrong P ! nk 3 : 12 6 . `` Because You Live '' Chris Braide Andreas Carlsson Desmond Child Jesse McCartney 3 : 18 7 . `` Love Me Tender '' Elvis Presley Vera Matson Norah Jones and Adam Levy 2 : 41 8 . `` Fun in the Sun '' Harwell Steve Harwell 3 : 27 9 . `` Let 's Bounce '' Gerrard Nevil Christy Carlson Romano 3 : 18 10 . `` Dance , Dance , Dance '' Brian Wilson Carl Wilson Mike Love Wilson Phillips 2 : 00 11 . `` Fools '' Anders Bagge Amthor Birgisson Henrik Janson Karen Poole Rachel Stevens 3 : 13 12 . `` A Love That Will Last '' David Foster Linda S. Thompson Renee Olstead 3 : 32 13 . `` Your Crowning Glory '' Lorraine Feather Lawrence Grossman Julie Andrews , Raven - Symoné & Anne Hathaway 2 : 35 14 . `` Miracles Happen '' Pamela Eileen Sheyne Eliot John Kennedy Jonny Blu 4 : 18 15 . `` The Meaning '' Lillix 3 : 11 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Certification U.S. Billboard 200 15 Gold U.S.",
"3": "Top Soundtracks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Princess Diaries soundtrack credits Jump up ^ The Princess Diaries Original Soundtrack -- Bonus track ^ Jump up to : Princess Diaries / O.S.T. ^ Jump up to : GOLD & PLATINUM RIAA ^ Jump up to : The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Original Soundtrack Billboard Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r702932 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( hide ) The Princess Diaries film series Character Clarisse Renaldi Novels The Princess Diaries book series Meg Cabot Films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Soundtracks The Princess Diaries soundtracks This Disney - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries_soundtracks&oldid=800912324 '' Categories : Disney film soundtracks 2001 soundtracks 2004 soundtracks Film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Disney stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 13 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6265853462317925040
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who was the chicago bears quarterback last year
|
[
"Jay Cutler",
"Brian Hoyer",
"Matt Barkley",
"Jay Cutler",
"Jay Cutler (5)",
"Brian Hoyer (5)",
"Matt Barkley (6)",
"Jay Cutler",
"Brian Hoyer",
"Matt Barkley"
] |
{
"0": "List of Chicago Bears starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Chicago Bears starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Jay Cutler ( 2009 -- 2016 ) These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Bears . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Regular season ( edit ) Jimmy Clausen ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Josh McCown ( 2011 , 2013 ) Caleb Hanie ( 2011 ) Kyle Orton ( 2005 , 2007 -- 2008 ) Rex Grossman ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Jim McMahon ( 1982 -- 1988 ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( Games ) References 2017 Mike Glennon ( 4 ) / Mitchell Trubisky ( 2 ) 2016 Jay Cutler ( 5 ) / Brian Hoyer ( 5 ) / Matt Barkley ( 6 ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( 15 ) / Jimmy Clausen ( 1 ) 2014 Jay Cutler ( 15 ) / Jimmy Clausen ( 1 ) 2013 Jay Cutler ( 11 )",
"1": "/ Josh McCown ( 5 ) 2012 Jay Cutler ( 15 ) / Jason Campbell ( 1 ) 2011 Jay Cutler ( 10 ) / Caleb Hanie ( 4 ) / Josh McCown ( 2 ) Jay Cutler ( 15 ) / Todd Collins ( 1 ) 2009 Jay Cutler ( 16 ) 2008 Kyle Orton ( 15 ) / Rex Grossman ( 1 ) 2007 Rex Grossman ( 7 ) / Brian Griese ( 6 ) / Kyle Orton ( 3 ) 2006 Rex Grossman ( 16 ) 2005 Kyle Orton ( 15 ) / Rex Grossman ( 1 ) Craig Krenzel ( 5 ) / Chad Hutchinson ( 5 ) / Jonathan Quinn ( 3 ) / Rex Grossman ( 3 ) 2003 Kordell Stewart ( 7 ) / Chris Chandler ( 6 ) / Rex Grossman ( 3 ) 2002 Jim Miller ( 8 ) / Chris Chandler ( 7 ) / Henry Burris ( 1 ) 2001 Jim Miller ( 13 ) / Shane Matthews ( 3 ) 2000 Cade McNown ( 9 ) / Shane Matthews ( 5 ) / Jim Miller ( 2 ) 1999 Shane Matthews ( 7 ) / Cade McNown ( 6 ) / Jim Miller ( 3 ) 1998 Erik Kramer ( 8 ) / Steve Stenstrom ( 7 ) / Moses Moreno ( 1 ) 1997 Erik Kramer ( 13 ) / Rick Mirer ( 3 ) Dave Krieg ( 12 ) / Erik Kramer ( 4 ) 1995 Erik Kramer (",
"2": "16 ) 1994 Steve Walsh ( 11 ) / Erik Kramer ( 5 ) 1993 Jim Harbaugh ( 15 ) / Peter Tom Willis ( 1 ) 1992 Jim Harbaugh ( 13 ) / Peter Tom Willis ( 2 ) / Will Furrer ( 1 ) 1991 Jim Harbaugh ( 16 ) 1990 Jim Harbaugh ( 14 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 2 ) 1989 Mike Tomczak ( 11 ) / Jim Harbaugh ( 5 ) 1988 Jim McMahon ( 9 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 5 ) / Jim Harbaugh ( 2 ) Jim McMahon ( 6 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 6 ) / Mike Hohensee ( 2 ) / Steve Bradley ( 1 ) 1986 Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Jim McMahon ( 6 ) / Steve Fuller ( 2 ) / Doug Flutie ( 1 ) 1985 Jim McMahon ( 11 ) / Steve Fuller ( 5 ) 1984 Jim McMahon ( 9 ) / Steve Fuller ( 4 ) / Rusty Lisch ( 1 ) / Bob Avellini ( 1 ) / Greg Landry ( 1 ) Jim McMahon ( 13 ) / Vince Evans ( 3 ) 1982 Jim McMahon ( 7 ) / Bob Avellini ( 2 ) 1981 Vince Evans ( 16 ) 1980 Vince Evans ( 10 ) / Mike Phipps ( 6 ) 1979 Mike Phipps ( 10 ) / Vince Evans ( 3 ) / Bob Avellini ( 3 ) 1978 Bob Avellini ( 12 ) / Mike Phipps (",
"3": "4 ) 1977 Bob Avellini ( 14 ) 1976 Bob Avellini ( 14 ) Gary Huff ( 9 ) / Bob Avellini ( 4 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 1 ) Gary Huff ( 11 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 3 ) 1973 Bobby Douglass ( 12 ) / Gary Huff ( 2 ) 1972 Bobby Douglass ( 14 ) 1971 Bobby Douglass ( 7 ) / Kent Nix ( 4 ) / Jack Concannon ( 3 ) 1970 Jack Concannon ( 13 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 1 ) 1969 Jack Concannon ( 5 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 7 ) / Virgil Carter ( 2 ) 1968 Bobby Douglass ( 7 ) / Virgil Carter ( 5 ) / Larry Rakestraw ( 2 ) 1967 Jack Concannon ( 12 ) / Larry Rakestraw ( 2 ) 1966 Rudy Bukich ( 14 ) 1965 Rudy Bukich ( 12 ) / Billy Wade ( 2 ) 1964 Billy Wade ( 10 ) / Rudy Bukich ( 4 ) 1963 Billy Wade ( 14 ) 1962 Billy Wade ( 14 ) 1961 Billy Wade ( 9 ) / Ed Brown ( 5 ) 1960 Ed Brown ( 11 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1959 Ed Brown ( 10 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 2 ) 1958 Ed Brown ( 11 ) / Zeke Bratkowski (",
"4": "1 ) 1957 Ed Brown ( 8 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 4 ) 1956 Ed Brown ( 12 ) 1955 Ed Brown ( 12 ) 1954 George Blanda ( 7 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 5 ) 1953 George Blanda ( 12 ) 1952 Bob Williams ( 7 ) / Steve Romanik ( 3 ) / George Blanda ( 2 ) 1951 Johnny Lujack ( 6 ) / Steve Romanik ( 6 ) 1950 Johnny Lujack ( 12 ) 1949 Johnny Lujack ( 8 ) / Sid Luckman ( 2 ) / George Blanda ( 2 ) 1948 Sid Luckman ( 8 ) / Johnny Lujack ( 3 ) / Bobby Layne ( 1 ) 1947 Sid Luckman ( 7 ) / Mike Jarmoluk ( 3 ) / Mike Holovak ( 2 ) 1946 Sid Luckman ( 5 ) / Tom Farris ( 3 ) / Noah Mullins ( 3 ) 1945 * Sid Luckman / Gene Ronzani / Al Grygo 1944 * Sid Luckman / Gene Ronzani / Johnny Long 1943 * Sid Luckman / Bob Snyder 1942 * Sid Luckman / Charlie O'Rourke 1941 Sid Luckman ( 11 ) 1940 * Sid Luckman / Bernie Masterson 1939 * Sid Luckman / Bernie Masterson 1938 * Bernie Masterson / Ray Buivid",
"5": "1937 * Bernie Masterson / Ray Buivid / Gene Ronzani 1936 * Bernie Masterson / Keith Molesworth / Carl Brumbaugh 1935 * Bernie Masterson / Carl Brumbaugh 1934 * Carl Brumbaugh / Keith Molesworth 1933 * Carl Brumbaugh / Keith Molesworth 1932 * Carl Brumbaugh / Keith Molesworth 1931 * Carl Brumbaugh 1930 * Carl Brumbaugh 1929 * Joey Sternaman / Paddy Driscoll 1928 * Joey Sternaman / Paddy Driscoll 1927 * Edward Sternaman / Paddy Driscoll 1926 * Milton Romney / Paddy Driscoll 1925 * Joey Sternaman 1924 * Joey Sternaman 1923 * Johnny Bryan 1922 * Joey Sternaman 1921 * Pard Pearce 1920 * Pard Pearce / Chuck Dressen / Jimmy Conzelman * -- Indicates that the number of starts is not known for that year for each quarterback See also ( edit ) Lists of NFL starting quarterbacks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC .",
"6": "Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Chicago Bears Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Chicago Bears Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Chicago Bears Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Chicago Bears Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Bears Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Chicago Bears Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` 1997 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Chicago Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` 1984 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` 1971 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` 1958 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` 1945 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` 1932 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 Chicago Staleys Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 Decatur Staleys Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 .",
"13": "External links ( edit ) http://www.bearshistory.com/lore/chicagobearsquarterbacks.aspx Chicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Soldier Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field II Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 46 defense Super Bowl XX Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Monsters of the Midway T formation George S. Halas Trophy Brian Piccolo Award Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E.",
"14": "Staley Jack Brickhouse Papa Bear Da Coach Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Chicago Honey Bears Jim Cornelison Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : John Fox Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host ,",
"15": "pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 98 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears Decatur Staleys / Chicago Staleys / Chicago Bears starting quarterbacks Pard Pearce ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Chuck Dressen ( 1920 ) Jimmy Conzelman ( 1920 ) Joey Sternaman ( 1922 -- 1925 ,",
"16": "1927 -- 1929 ) Johnny Bryan ( 1923 ) Milton Romney ( 1926 ) Paddy Driscoll ( 1926 -- 1929 ) Edward Sternaman ( 1927 ) Carl Brumbaugh ( 1930 -- 1936 ) Keith Molesworth ( 1932 -- 1936 ) Bernie Masterson ( 1935 -- 1940 ) Ray Buivid ( 1937 -- 1938 ) Gene Ronzani ( 1937 -- 1938 , 1944 -- 1945 ) Sid Luckman ( 1939 -- 1949 ) Charlie O'Rourke ( 1942 ) Bob Snyder ( 1943 ) Johnny Long ( 1944 ) Al Grygo ( 1945 ) Tom Farris ( 1946 ) Noah Mullins ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Mike Jarmoluk ( 1947 ) Mike Holovak ( 1947 ) Ed Sprinkle ( 1948 ) Dick Flanagan ( 1948 ) Johnny Lujack ( 1949 -- 1951 ) George Blanda ( 1949 , 1952 -- 1954 ) Bob Perina ( 1949 ) Steve Romanik ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Bob Williams ( 1952 ) Zeke Bratkowski ( 1954 , 1957 -- 1960 ) Ed Brown ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Bill Wade ( 1961 -- 1965 ) Rudy Bukich ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Jack Concannon ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Larry Rakestraw ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Bobby Douglass ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Virgil Carter ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Kent Nix ( 1971 ) Gary Huff ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Bob Avellini ( 1975 -- 1979 , 1982 , 1984 ) Mike Phipps ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Vince Evans ( 1979 -- 1981 ,",
"17": "1983 ) Jim McMahon ( 1982 -- 1988 ) Steve Fuller ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Rusty Lisch ( 1984 ) Greg Landry ( 1984 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Doug Flutie ( 1986 ) Mike Hohensee ( 1987 ) Steve Bradley ( 1987 ) Jim Harbaugh ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Peter Tom Willis ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Will Furrer ( 1992 ) Steve Walsh ( 1994 ) Erik Kramer ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Dave Krieg ( 1996 ) Rick Mirer ( 1997 ) Steve Stenstrom ( 1998 ) Moses Moreno ( 1998 ) Shane Matthews ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Cade McNown ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Jim Miller ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Chris Chandler ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Henry Burris ( 2002 ) Kordell Stewart ( 2003 ) Rex Grossman ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Craig Krenzel ( 2004 ) Chad Hutchinson ( 2004 ) Jonathan Quinn ( 2004 ) Kyle Orton ( 2005 , 2007 -- 2008 ) Brian Griese ( 2007 ) Jay Cutler ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Todd Collins ( 2010 ) Caleb Hanie ( 2011 ) Josh McCown ( 2011 ,",
"18": "2013 ) Jason Campbell ( 2012 ) Jimmy Clausen ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2016 ) Matt Barkley ( 2016 ) Mike Glennon ( 2017 ) Mitchell Trubisky ( 2017 -- present ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 7 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chicago_Bears_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=805517925 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Chicago Bears players Chicago Bears lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 22 : 34 . About Wikipedia",
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what the role of the protein encoded by the lacz gene
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"cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose"
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"0": "Lac operon - wikipedia Lac operon Jump to : navigation , search The lac operon ( lactose operon ) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria . Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria , the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta - galactosidase . Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly , so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation . It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason . This lactose metabolism system was used by Jacob and Monod to determine how a cell knows which enzyme to synthesize . Their work on the lac operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965 . Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript . In this case , when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium , the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated : lacZ , lacY , and lacA . The gene product of lacZ is β - galactosidase which cleaves lactose , a disaccharide , into glucose and galactose . lacY encodes Beta - galactoside permease , a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell . Finally , lacA encodes β - galactoside transacetylase . The lac operon . Top : Repressed , Bottom : Active . 1 : RNA Polymerase , 2 : Repressor , 3 : Promoter , 4 : Operator , 5 : Lactose , 6 : lacZ , 7 : lacY , 8 : lacA . It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available , such as glucose . The lac operon uses a two - part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary .",
"1": "In the absence of lactose , the lac repressor , lacI , halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon . The lac repressor is always expressed unless a co-inducer binds to it . In other words , it is transcribed only in the presence of small molecule co-inducer . In the presence of glucose , the catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) , required for production of the enzymes , remains inactive , and EIIA shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell . This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases , known as diauxie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Genetic nomenclature 2 Regulation 2.1 Repressor structure 2.1. 1 Mechanism of induction 2.1. 2 Role of non-specific binding 2.2 Lactose analogs 3 Development of the classic model 3.1 Classification of regulatory mutants 3.2 Regulation by cyclic AMP 4 Use in molecular biology 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of lactose and the products of its cleavage . The lac operon consists of three structural genes , and a promoter , a terminator , regulator , and an operator . The three structural genes are : lacZ , lacY , and lacA . lacZ encodes β - galactosidase ( LacZ ) , an intracellular enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose . lacY encodes Beta - galactoside permease ( LacY ) , a transmembrane symporter that pumps β - galactosides including lactose into the cell using a proton gradient in the same direction . lacA encodes β - galactoside transacetylase ( LacA ) , an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl - CoA to β - galactosides . Only lacZ and lacY appear to be necessary for lactose catabolism . Genetic nomenclature ( edit ) Three - letter abbreviations are used to describe phenotypes in bacteria including E. coli .",
"2": "Examples include : Lac ( the ability to use lactose ) , His ( the ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine ) Mot ( swimming motility ) Sm ( resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin ) In the case of Lac , wild type cells are Lac and are able to use lactose as a carbon and energy source , while Lac mutant derivatives can not use lactose . The same three letters are typically used ( lower - case , italicized ) to label the genes involved in a particular phenotype , where each different gene is additionally distinguished by an extra letter . The lac genes encoding enzymes are lacZ , lacY , and lacA . The fourth lac gene is lacI , encoding the lactose repressor -- `` I '' stands for inducibility . One may distinguish between structural genes encoding enzymes , and regulatory genes encoding proteins that affect gene expression . Current usage expands the phenotypic nomenclature to apply to proteins : thus , LacZ is the protein product of the lacZ gene , β - galactosidase . Various short sequences that are not genes also affect gene expression , including the lac promoter , lac p , and the lac operator , lac o . Although it is not strictly standard usage , mutations affecting lac o are referred to as lac o , for historical reasons . Regulation ( edit ) Specific control of the lac genes depends on the availability of the substrate lactose to the bacterium . The proteins are not produced by the bacterium when lactose is unavailable as a carbon source . The lac genes are organized into an operon ; that is , they are oriented in the same direction immediately adjacent on the chromosome and are co-transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA molecule . Transcription of all genes starts with the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase ( RNAP ) , a DNA - binding protein , which binds to a specific DNA binding site , the promoter , immediately upstream of the genes . Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is aided by the cAMP - bound catabolite activator protein ( CAP , also known as the cAMP receptor protein ) . However , the lacI gene ( regulatory gene for lac operon ) produces a protein that blocks RNAP from binding to the promoter of the operon . This protein can only be removed when allolactose binds to it , and inactivates it .",
"3": "The protein that is formed by the lacI gene is known as the lac repressor . The type of regulation that the lac operon undergoes is referred to as negative inducible , meaning that the gene is turned off by the regulatory factor ( lac repressor ) unless some molecule ( lactose ) is added . Because of the presence of the lac repressor protein , genetic engineers who replace the lacZ gene with another gene will have to grow the experimental bacteria on agar with lactose available on it . If they do not , the gene they are trying to express will not be expressed as the repressor protein is still blocking RNAP from binding to the promoter and transcribing the gene . Once the repressor is removed , RNAP then proceeds to transcribe all three genes ( lacZYA ) into mRNA . Each of the three genes on the mRNA strand has its own Shine - Dalgarno sequence , so the genes are independently translated . The DNA sequence of the E. coli lac operon , the lacZYA mRNA , and the lacI genes are available from GenBank ( view ) . The first control mechanism is the regulatory response to lactose , which uses an intracellular regulatory protein called the lactose repressor to hinder production of β - galactosidase in the absence of lactose . The lacI gene coding for the repressor lies nearby the lac operon and is always expressed ( constitutive ) . If lactose is missing from the growth medium , the repressor binds very tightly to a short DNA sequence just downstream of the promoter near the beginning of lacZ called the lac operator . The repressor binding to the operator interferes with binding of RNAP to the promoter , and therefore mRNA encoding LacZ and LacY is only made at very low levels . When cells are grown in the presence of lactose , however , a lactose metabolite called allolactose , made from lactose by the product of the lacZ gene , binds to the repressor , causing an allosteric shift . Thus altered , the repressor is unable to bind to the operator , allowing RNAP to transcribe the lac genes and thereby leading to higher levels of the encoded proteins .",
"4": "The second control mechanism is a response to glucose , which uses the catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) homodimer to greatly increase production of β - galactosidase in the absence of glucose . Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) is a signal molecule whose prevalence is inversely proportional to that of glucose . It binds to the CAP , which in turn allows the CAP to bind to the CAP binding site ( a 16 bp DNA sequence upstream of the promoter on the left in the diagram below , about 60 bp upstream of the transcription start site ) , which assists the RNAP in binding to the DNA . In the absence of glucose , the cAMP concentration is high and binding of CAP - cAMP to the DNA significantly increases the production of β - galactosidase , enabling the cell to hydrolyse lactose and release galactose and glucose . More recently inducer exclusion was shown to block expression of the lac operon when glucose is present . Glucose is transported into the cell by the PEP - dependent phosphotransferase system . The phosphate group of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred via a phosphorylation cascade consisting of the general PTS ( phosphotransferase system ) proteins HPr and EIA and the glucose - specific PTS proteins EIIA and EIIB , the cytoplasmic domain of the EII glucose transporter . Transport of glucose is accompanied by its phosphorylation by EIIB , draining the phosphate group from the other PTS proteins , including EIIA . The unphosphorylated form of EIIA binds to the lac permease and prevents it from bringing lactose into the cell . Therefore , if both glucose and lactose are present , the transport of glucose blocks the transport of the inducer of the lac operon . Repressor structure ( edit ) Tetrameric LacI binds two operator sequences and induces DNA looping . Two dimeric LacI functional subunits ( red + blue and green + orange ) each bind a DNA operator sequence ( labeled ) . These two functional subunits are coupled at the tetramerization region ( labeled ) ; thus , tetrameric LacI binds two operator sequences . This allows tetrameric LacI to induce DNA looping . The lac repressor is a four - part protein , a tetramer , with identical subunits .",
"5": "Each subunit contains a helix - turn - helix ( HTH ) motif capable of binding to DNA . The operator site where repressor binds is a DNA sequence with inverted repeat symmetry . The two DNA half - sites of the operator together bind to two of the subunits of the repressor . Although the other two subunits of repressor are not doing anything in this model , this property was not understood for many years . Eventually it was discovered that two additional operators are involved in lac regulation . One ( O ) lies about - 90 bp upstream of O in the end of the lacI gene , and the other ( O ) is about + 410 bp downstream of O in the early part of lacZ . These two sites were not found in the early work because they have redundant functions and individual mutations do not affect repression very much . Single mutations to either O or O have only 2 to 3-fold effects . However , their importance is demonstrated by the fact that a double mutant defective in both O and O is dramatically de-repressed ( by about 70-fold ) . In the current model , lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O and to either O or O . The intervening DNA loops out from the complex . The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important . One idea is that the system works through tethering ; if bound repressor releases from O momentarily , binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity , so that it may rebind quickly . This would increase the affinity of repressor for O . Mechanism of induction ( edit ) 1 : RNA Polymerase , 2 : Repressor , 3 : Promoter , 4 : Operator , 5 : Lactose , 6 : lacZ , 7 : lacY , 8 : lacA . Top : The gene is essentially turned off . There is no allolactose to inhibit the lac repressor , so the repressor binds tightly to the operator , which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter , resulting in no laczya mRNA transcripts . Bottom : The gene is turned on . Allolactose inhibits the repressor , allowing the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and express the genes , resulting in production of LacZYA .",
"6": "Eventually , the enzymes will digest all of the lactose , until there is no allolactose that can bind to the repressor . The repressor will then bind to the operator , stopping the transcription of the LacZYA genes . The repressor is an allosteric protein , i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes , which are in equilibrium with each other . In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity , and in the other form it has lost its specificity . According to the classical model of induction , binding of the inducer , either allolactose or IPTG , to the repressor affects the distribution of repressor between the two shapes . Thus , repressor with inducer bound is stabilized in the non-DNA - binding conformation . However , this simple model can not be the whole story , because repressor is bound quite stably to DNA , yet it is released rapidly by addition of inducer . Therefore , it seems clear that inducer can also bind to the repressor when the repressor is already bound to DNA . It is still not entirely known what the exact mechanism of binding is . Role of non-specific binding ( edit ) Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac - operon . The specific binding site for the Lac - repressor protein is the operator . The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge - charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions . Additionally , there is an abundance of non-specific DNA sequences to which the repressor can bind . Essentially , any sequence that is not the operator , is considered non-specific . Studies have shown , that without the presence of non-specific binding , induction ( or unrepression ) of the Lac - operon could not occur even with saturated levels of inducer . It had been demonstrated that , without non-specific binding , the basal level of induction is ten thousand times smaller than observed normally . This is because the non-specific DNA acts as sort of a `` sink '' for the repressor proteins , distracting them from the operator . The non-specific sequences decrease the amount of available repressor in the cell . This in turn reduces the amount of inducer required to unrepress the system .",
"7": "Lactose analogs ( edit ) IPTG ONPG X-gal allolactose A number of lactose derivatives or analogs have been described that are useful for work with the lac operon . These compounds are mainly substituted galactosides , where the glucose moiety of lactose is replaced by another chemical group . Isopropyl - β - D - thiogalactoside ( IPTG ) is frequently used as an inducer of the lac operon for physiological work . IPTG binds to repressor and inactivates it , but is not a substrate for β - galactosidase . One advantage of IPTG for in vivo studies is that since it can not be metabolized by E. coli its concentration remains constant and the rate of expression of lac p / o - controlled genes , is not a variable in the experiment . IPTG intake is dependent on the action of lactose permease in P. fluorescens , but not in E. coli . Phenyl - β - D - galactose ( phenyl - Gal ) is a substrate for β - galactosidase , but does not inactivate repressor and so is not an inducer . Since wild type cells produce very little β - galactosidase , they can not grow on phenyl - Gal as a carbon and energy source . Mutants lacking repressor are able to grow on phenyl - Gal . Thus , minimal medium containing only phenyl - Gal as a source of carbon and energy is selective for repressor mutants and operator mutants . If 10 cells of a wild type strain are plated on agar plates containing phenyl - Gal , the rare colonies which grow are mainly spontaneous mutants affecting the repressor . The relative distribution of repressor and operator mutants is affected by the target size . Since the lacI gene encoding repressor is about 50 times larger than the operator , repressor mutants predominate in the selection . Thiomethyl galactosidase ( TMG ) is another lactose analog . These inhibit the lacI repressor . At low inducer concentrations , both TMG and IPTG can enter the cell through the lactose permease . However at high inducer concentrations , both analogs can enter the cell independently . TMG can can reduce growth rates at high extracellular concentrations .",
"8": "Other compounds serve as colorful indicators of β - galactosidase activity . ONPG is cleaved to produce the intensely yellow compound , orthonitrophenoland galactose , and is commonly used as a substrate for assay of β - galactosidase in vitro . Colonies that produce β - galactosidase are turned blue by X-gal ( 5 - bromo - 4 - chloro - 3 - indolyl - β - D - galactoside ) which is an artificial substrate for B - galactosidase whose cleavage results in galactose and 4 - Cl , 3 - Br indigo thus producing a deep blue color . Allolactose is an isomer of lactose and is the inducer of the lac operon . Lactose is galactose - ( β1 - > 4 ) - glucose , whereas allolactose is galactose - ( β1 - > 6 ) - glucose . Lactose is converted to allolactose by β - galactosidase in an alternative reaction to the hydrolytic one . A physiological experiment which demonstrates the role of LacZ in production of the `` true '' inducer in E. coli cells is the observation that a null mutant of lacZ can still produce LacY permease when grown with IPTG but not when grown with lactose . The explanation is that processing of lactose to allolactose ( catalyzed by β - galactosidase ) is needed to produce the inducer inside the cell . Development of the classic model ( edit ) The experimental microorganism used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod was the common laboratory bacterium , E. coli , but many of the basic regulatory concepts that were discovered by Jacob and Monod are fundamental to cellular regulation in all organisms . The key idea is that proteins are not synthesized when they are not needed -- - E. coli conserves cellular resources and energy by not making the three Lac proteins when there is no need to metabolize lactose , such as when other sugars like glucose are available . The following section discusses how E. coli controls certain genes in response to metabolic needs . During World War II , Monod was testing the effects of combinations of sugars as nutrient sources for E. coli and B. subtilis .",
"9": "Monod was following up on similar studies that had been conducted by other scientists with bacteria and yeast . He found that bacteria grown with two different sugars often displayed two phases of growth . For example , if glucose and lactose were both provided , glucose was metabolized first ( growth phase I , see Figure 2 ) and then lactose ( growth phase II ) . Lactose was not metabolized during the first part of the diauxic growth curve because β - galactosidase was not made when both glucose and lactose were present in the medium . Monod named this phenomenon diauxie . Figure 2 : Monod 's `` bi-phasic '' growth curve Monod then focused his attention on the induction of β - galactosidase formation that occurred when lactose was the sole sugar in the culture medium . Classification of regulatory mutants ( edit ) A conceptual breakthrough of Jacob and Monod was to recognize the distinction between regulatory substances and sites where they act to change gene expression . A former soldier , Jacob used the analogy of a bomber that would release its lethal cargo upon receipt of a special radio transmission or signal . A working system requires both a ground transmitter and a receiver in the airplane . Now , suppose that the usual transmitter is broken . This system can be made to work by introduction of a second , functional transmitter . In contrast , he said , consider a bomber with a defective receiver . The behavior of this bomber can not be changed by introduction of a second , functional aeroplane . To analyze regulatory mutants of the lac operon , Jacob developed a system by which a second copy of the lac genes ( lacI with its promoter , and lacZYA with promoter and operator ) could be introduced into a single cell . A culture of such bacteria , which are diploid for the lac genes but otherwise normal , is then tested for the regulatory phenotype . In particular , it is determined whether LacZ and LacY are made even in the absence of IPTG ( due to the lactose repressor produced by the mutant gene being non-functional ) . This experiment , in which genes or gene clusters are tested pairwise , is called a complementation test . This test is illustrated in the figure ( lacA is omitted for simplicity ) . First , certain haploid states are shown ( i.e. the cell carries only a single copy of the lac genes ) .",
"10": "Panel ( a ) shows repression , ( b ) shows induction by IPTG , and ( c ) and ( d ) show the effect of a mutation to the lacI gene or to the operator , respectively . In panel ( e ) the complementation test for repressor is shown . If one copy of the lac genes carries a mutation in lacI , but the second copy is wild type for lacI , the resulting phenotype is normal -- - but lacZ is expressed when exposed to inducer IPTG . Mutations affecting repressor are said to be recessive to wild type ( and that wild type is dominant ) , and this is explained by the fact that repressor is a small protein which can diffuse in the cell . The copy of the lac operon adjacent to the defective lacI gene is effectively shut off by protein produced from the second copy of lacI . If the same experiment is carried out using an operator mutation , a different result is obtained ( panel ( f ) ) . The phenotype of a cell carrying one mutant and one wild type operator site is that LacZ and LacY are produced even in the absence of the inducer IPTG ; because the damaged operator site , does not permit binding of the repressor to inhibit transcription of the structural genes . The operator mutation is dominant . When the operator site where repressor must bind is damaged by mutation , the presence of a second functional site in the same cell makes no difference to expression of genes controlled by the mutant site . A more sophisticated version of this experiment uses marked operons to distinguish between the two copies of the lac genes and show that the unregulated structural gene ( s ) is ( are ) the one ( s ) next to the mutant operator ( panel ( g ) . For example , suppose that one copy is marked by a mutation inactivating lacZ so that it can only produce the LacY protein , while the second copy carries a mutation affecting lacY and can only produce LacZ . In this version , only the copy of the lac operon that is adjacent to the mutant operator is expressed without IPTG . We say that the operator mutation is cis - dominant , it is dominant to wild type but affects only the copy of the operon which is immediately adjacent to it . This explanation is misleading in an important sense , because it proceeds from a description of the experiment and then explains the results in terms of a model .",
"11": "But in fact , it is often true that the model comes first , and an experiment is fashioned specifically to test the model . Jacob and Monod first imagined that there must be a site in DNA with the properties of the operator , and then designed their complementation tests to show this . The dominance of operator mutants also suggests a procedure to select them specifically . If regulatory mutants are selected from a culture of wild type using phenyl - Gal , as described above , operator mutations are rare compared to repressor mutants because the target - size is so small . But if instead we start with a strain which carries two copies of the whole lac region ( that is diploid for lac ) , the repressor mutations ( which still occur ) are not recovered because complementation by the second , wild type lacI gene confers a wild type phenotype . In contrast , mutation of one copy of the operator confers a mutant phenotype because it is dominant to the second , wild type copy . Regulation by cyclic AMP ( edit ) Explanation of diauxie depended on the characterization of additional mutations affecting the lac genes other than those explained by the classical model . Two other genes , cya and crp , subsequently were identified that mapped far from lac , and that , when mutated , result in a decreased level of expression in the presence of IPTG and even in strains of the bacterium lacking the repressor or operator . The discovery of cAMP in E. coli led to the demonstration that mutants defective the cya gene but not the crp gene could be restored to full activity by the addition of cAMP to the medium . The cya gene encodes adenylate cyclase , which produces cAMP . In a cya mutant , the absence of cAMP makes the expression of the lacZYA genes more than ten times lower than normal . Addition of cAMP corrects the low Lac expression characteristic of cya mutants . The second gene , crp , encodes a protein called catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) or cAMP receptor protein ( CRP ) .",
"12": "However the lactose metabolism enzymes are made in small quantities in the presence of both glucose and lactose ( sometimes called leaky expression ) due to the fact that the LacI repressor rapidly associates / dissociates from the DNA rather than tightly binding to it , which can allow time for RNAP to bind and transcribe mRNAs of lacZYA . Leaky expression is necessary in order to allow for metabolism of some lactose after the glucose source is expended , but before lac expression is fully activated . In summary : When lactose is absent then there is very little Lac enzyme production ( the operator has Lac repressor bound to it ) . When lactose is present but a preferred carbon source ( like glucose ) is also present then a small amount of enzyme is produced ( Lac repressor is not bound to the operator ) . When glucose is absent , CAP - cAMP binds to a specific DNA site upstream of the promoter and makes a direct protein - protein interaction with RNAP that facilitates the binding of RNAP to the promoter . The delay between growth phases reflects the time needed to produce sufficient quantities of lactose - metabolizing enzymes . First , the CAP regulatory protein has to assemble on the lac promoter , resulting in an increase in the production of lac mRNA . More available copies of the lac mRNA results in the production ( see translation ) of significantly more copies of LacZ ( β - galactosidase , for lactose metabolism ) and LacY ( lactose permease to transport lactose into the cell ) . After a delay needed to increase the level of the lactose metabolizing enzymes , the bacteria enter into a new rapid phase of cell growth . lac operon in detail Two puzzles of catabolite repression relate to how cAMP levels are coupled to the presence of glucose , and secondly , why the cells should even bother . After lactose is cleaved it actually forms glucose and galactose ( easily converted to glucose ) . In metabolic terms , lactose is just as good a carbon and energy source as glucose . The cAMP level is related not to intracellular glucose concentration but to the rate of glucose transport , which influences the activity of adenylate cyclase . ( In addition , glucose transport also leads to direct inhibition of the lactose permease . ) As to why E. coli works this way , one can only speculate .",
"13": "All enteric bacteria ferment glucose , which suggests they encounter it frequently . It is possible that a small difference in efficiency of transport or metabolism of glucose v. lactose makes it advantageous for cells to regulate the lac operon in this way . Use in molecular biology ( edit ) The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial - based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis , in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined . In LB plates containing X-gal , the colour change from white colonies to a shade of blue corresponds to about 20 - 100 β - galactosidase units , while tetrazolium lactose and MacConkey lactose media have a range of 100 - 1000 units , being most sensitive in the high and low parts of this range respectively . Since MacConkey lactose and tetrazolium lactose media both rely on the products of lactose breakdown , they require the presence of both lacZ and lacY genes . The many lac fusion techniques which include only the lacZ gene are thus suited to X-gal plates or ONPG liquid broths . See also ( edit ) Catabolite repression References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffiths , Anthony J.F. ; Wessler , Susan R. ; Carroll , Sean B. ; Doebley , John ( 2015 ) . An Introduction to Genetic Analysis ( 11 ed . ) . Freeman , W.H. & Company . pp. 400 -- 412 . ISBN 9781464109485 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Anthony J.F. ; Wessler , Susan R. ; Carroll , Sean B. ; Doebley , John ( 2015 ) . An Introduction to Genetic Analysis ( 11 ed . ) . Freeman , W.H. & Company . pp. 400 -- 412 . ISBN 9781464109485 . Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotic Gene Expression '' . www.ndsu.edu . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotic Gene Expression '' . www.ndsu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Busby S. , Ebright RH. ( 2001 ) . `` Transcription activation by catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) '' . J. Mol. Biol. 293 : 199 -- 213 . doi : 10.1006 / jmbi. 1999.3161 . PMID 10550204 . Jump up ^ Kennell , David ; Riezman , Howard ( July 1977 ) . `` Transcription and translation initiation frequencies of the Escherichia coli lac operon '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 114 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 77 ) 90279 - 0 . Jump up ^ Malan , T. Philip ; Kolb , Annie ; Buc , Henri ; McClure , William ( December 1984 ) . `` Mechanism of CRP - cAMP Activation of lac Operon Transcription Initiation Activation of the P1 Promoter '' . J. Mol. Biol. 180 : 881 -- 909 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 84 ) 90262 - 6 . PMID 6098691 . Jump up ^ Görke B , Stülke J ( August 2008 ) . `` Carbon catabolite repression in bacteria : many ways to make the most out of nutrients '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 6 ( 8 ) : 613 -- 24 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro1932 . PMID 18628769 . Jump up ^ Oehler , S. ; Eismann , E.R. ; Krämer , H. ; Müller - Hill , B. ( 1990 ) . `` The three operators of the lac operon cooperate in repression '' . The EMBO Journal . 9 ( 4 ) : 973 -- 979 . PMC 551766 . PMID 2182324 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Anthony JF ; Gelbart , William M. ; Miller , Jeffrey H. ; Lewontin , Richard C. ( 1999 ) .",
"15": "`` Regulation of the Lactose System '' . Jump up ^ von Hippel , P.H. ; Revzin , A. ; Gross , C.A. ; Wang , A.C. ( December 1974 ) . `` Non-specific DNA binding of genome regulating proteins as a biological control mechanism : I . The lac operon : equilibrium aspects '' . PNAS. 71 ( 12 ) : 4808 -- 12 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.12. 4808 . PMC 433986 . PMID 4612528 . Jump up ^ Hansen LH , Knudsen S , Sørensen SJ ( June 1998 ) . `` The effect of the lacY gene on the induction of IPTG inducible promoters , studied in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens '' . Curr . Microbiol. 36 ( 6 ) : 341 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s002849900320 . PMID 9608745 . Jump up ^ Marbach A , Bettenbrock K ( Jan 2012 ) . `` lac operon induction in Escherichia coli : Systematic comparison of IPTG and TMG induction and influence of the transacetylase LacA '' . Science Direct . 157 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jbiotec. 2011.10. 009 . PMID 22079752 . Jump up ^ `` ONPG ( β - Galactosidase ) test '' . September 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Joung J , Ramm E , Pabo C ( 2000 ) . `` A bacterial two - hybrid selection system for studying protein -- DNA and protein -- protein interactions '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 97 ( 13 ) : 7382 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 110149297 . PMC 16554 . PMID 10852947 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone 2 - A visionary pair : Nature Milestones in gene expression '' . www.nature.com .",
"16": "Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Muller - Hill , Benno ( 1996 ) . The lac Operon , a Short History of a Genetic Paradigm . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . pp. 7 -- 10 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 014830 - 7 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Steven L. ( 1992 ) . Transcriptional Regulation . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . pp. 3 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jacob F. ; Monod J ( June 1961 ) . `` Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins '' . J Mol Biol. 3 ( 3 ) : 318 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 61 ) 80072 - 7 . PMID 13718526 . Jump up ^ Montminy , M. ( 1997 ) . `` Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 66 : 807 -- 822 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 66.1. 807 . ISSN 0066 - 4154 . PMID 9242925 . Jump up ^ Botsford , JL ; Harman , JG ( March 1992 ) . `` Cyclic AMP in prokaryotes '' . Microbiological Reviews . 56 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 122 . ISSN 0146 - 0749 . PMID 1315922 . Jump up ^ Vazquez A , Beg QK , Demenezes MA , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Impact of the solvent capacity constraint on E. coli metabolism '' . BMC Syst Biol. 2 : 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 1752 - 0509 - 2 - 7 . PMC 2270259 . PMID 18215292 . Jump up ^ `` Induction of the lac operon in E. coli '' ( PDF ) .",
"17": "SAPS . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lac Operon at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) lac operon in NCBI Bookshelf ( 2 ) Virtual Cell Animation Collection Introducing : The Lac Operon The lac Operon : Bozeman Science Staining Whole Mouse Embryos for β - Galactosidase ( lacZ ) Activity Transcription ( Bacterial , Eukaryotic ) Transcriptional regulation prokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryotic Histone - modifying enzymes ( histone / nucleosome ) : Histone methylation / Histone methyltransferase EZH2 Histone demethylase Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone deacetylase HDAC1 Histone acetyltransferase DNA methylation : DNA methyltransferase Chromatin remodeling : CHD7 both Transcription coregulator Coactivator Corepressor Inducer Promotion Promoter Pribnow box TATA box BRE CAAT box Response element Enhancer E-box Response element Insulator Silencer Internal control region Initiation ( bacterial , eukaryotic Transcription start site Elongation bacterial RNA polymerase : rpoB eukaryotic RNA polymerase : RNA polymerase II Termination ( bacterial ,",
"18": "eukaryotic ) Terminator Intrinsic termination Rho factor The development of phenotype Key concepts Genotype -- phenotype distinction Norms of reaction Gene -- environment interaction Gene -- environment correlation Operon Heritability Quantitative genetics Heterochrony Neoteny Heterotopy Genetic architecture Canalisation Genetic assimilation Dominance Epistasis Fitness landscape / evolutionary landscape Pleiotropy Plasticity Polygenic inheritance Transgressive segregation Sequence space Non-genetic influences Epigenetics Maternal effect Dual inheritance theory Polyphenism Developmental architecture Developmental biology Morphogenesis Eyespot Pattern formation Segmentation Modularity Evolution of genetic systems Evolvability Mutational robustness Neutral networks Evolution of sexual reproduction Control of development Systems Regulation of gene expression Gene regulatory network Developmental - genetic toolkit Evolutionary developmental biology Homeobox Hedgehog signaling pathway Notch signaling pathway Elements Homeotic gene Hox gene Pax genes eyeless gene Distal-less Engrailed cis - regulatory element Ligand Morphogen Cell surface receptor Transcription factor Influential figures C.H.",
"19": "Waddington Richard Lewontin François Jacob + Jacques Monod Lac operon Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard William McGinnis Mike Levine Sean B. Carroll Endless Forms Most Beautiful Debates Nature versus nurture Morphogenetic field Index of evolutionary biology articles Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lac_operon&oldid=816363722 '' Categories : Gene expression Bacterial genetics Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-474186399952989830
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where are they playing the superbowl at this year
|
[
"Minneapolis, Minnesota",
"U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota"
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{
"0": "Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season .",
"1": "The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers .",
"2": "Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia .",
"3": "Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks .",
"4": "The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point .",
"5": "The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns .",
"6": "In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half .",
"7": "Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants .",
"8": "Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible .",
"9": "Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time .",
"10": "The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL .",
"11": "NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo !",
"12": "; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII .",
"13": "As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks .",
"14": "Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee .",
"15": "It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half .",
"16": "The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive .",
"17": "On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning .",
"18": "Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 .",
"19": "The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line .",
"20": "However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards .",
"21": "Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run ,",
"22": "Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football .",
"23": "41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch .",
"24": "Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs.",
"25": "New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving",
"26": "Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46",
"27": "Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron",
"28": "Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League .",
"29": "Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL to salute Medal of Honor recipients at Super Bowl LII '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Commercials 2018 : Expectations , Rumors and Most - Hyped Movie Trailers '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots just tied the record for most Super Bowl losses '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII '' . U.S. Bank Stadium . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forliti , Amy ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Embrace the ' Bold North ' in Minneapolis for Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( October 10 , 2017 ) .",
"30": "`` NFL Super Bowl executives swarm Twin Cities to work out most ' complex ' event in league history '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shook , Nick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles - Patriots sets multiple Super Bowl records '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans , Minneapolis , Indy finalists for Super Bowl LII '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three bid cities tabbed finalists to host Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . NFL Media 's Albert Breer reported Tuesday that the three bid cities for the game are Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and New Orleans , according to sources involved with the process . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed the news during his Tuesday news conference Jump up ^ NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on future Super Bowls , expanding postseason . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 .",
"31": "We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike . `` Minneapolis awarded Super Bowl in 2018 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Seeds '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl preview : The 52 things you must know about Eagles vs. Patriots '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six Eagles Named To The 2018 Pro Bowl '' .",
"32": "PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Eagles ' Patrick Robinson Returns Interception 50 Yards for a Touchdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Henry ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Reviewing sad state of Patriots defense after Week 4 loss to Panthers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lee Statistics '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison notches two sacks in debut as Patriots wrap up AFC home - field advantage '' . USA Today . December 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four Patriots Selected to the AFC Pro Bowl Squad '' . Patriots.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' .",
"34": "TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) .",
"35": "`` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune .",
"36": "Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune .",
"37": "Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune .",
"38": "Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 .",
"39": "Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Embarks on Largest - Scale Live Game Production in History '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC To Debut Virtual 3D Graphics Tech Incorporating Player Body Scans '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 .",
"41": "Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Regional Networks Are All About Synergy in Minneapolis '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Darren ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 Brisbane : Best places to watch , when it starts , odds '' . News.com.au . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN .",
"44": "Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer .",
"45": "Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . Official",
"46": "website Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s",
"47": "XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J.",
"48": "Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders",
"49": "Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952",
"50": "1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough ,",
"51": "Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73",
"52": "78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona",
"53": "Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V )",
"54": "1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL",
"55": "champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- 2017 ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game",
"56": "`` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` The Comeback '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Interception '' `` Philly Special '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992",
"57": ") XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&oldid=838090435 '' Categories : 2010s in Minneapolis 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota American football in Minnesota February 2018 sports events in the United States New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Minneapolis Super Bowl Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles contradicting other articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 21 : 25 .",
"58": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who has won the 2018 formula one australia grand prix tournament
|
[
"Sebastian Vettel",
"Sebastian Vettel",
"Sebastian Vettel",
"Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel",
"Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel"
] |
{
"0": "2018 Australian Grand Prix - wikipedia 2018 Australian Grand Prix Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Australian Grand Prix Race details Race 1 of 21 in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship Next race → Layout of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit Date 23 March to 25 March 2018 Official name Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix Location Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit , Melbourne , Australia Course Temporary street circuit Course length 5.303 km ( 3.295 mi ) Distance 58 laps , 307.574 km ( 191.118 mi ) Pole position Driver Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Time 1 : 21.164 Fastest lap Driver Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Time 1 : 25.945 on lap 54 Podium First Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Second Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Third Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari Lap leaders ( show ) The 2018 Australian Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held between 23 and 25 March 2018 in Melbourne , Victoria . The race was contested over fifty - eight laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship . The race marked the eighty - second race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix -- which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928 -- and the twenty - third time the event was held at the Albert Park circuit . Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel was the defending race winner . Lewis Hamilton started the race from pole -- his seventh pole position in Australia , a record for the event -- while Vettel successfully defended his race win , the forty - eighth of his career . Contents ( hide ) 1 Report 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Tyres 1.1.",
"1": "2 Drag reduction system 1.2 Qualifying 1.3 Race 2 Classification 2.1 Qualifying 2.2 Race 2.3 Championship standings after the race 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Report ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The race marked the competitive début of the `` halo '' cockpit protection device after eighteen months of rigorous testing . Tyres ( edit ) Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with the soft , supersoft and ultrasoft compounds . Drag reduction system ( edit ) In the week before the Grand Prix , race officials confirmed the inclusion of a third drag reduction system ( DRS ) zone . The detection point for the third zone was positioned on the approach to the Turn 11 - 12 chicane with the activation point on the exit to Turn 12 . The existing DRS zones were unchanged from previous years , with one positioned on the main straight and the second on the straight between Turns 2 and 3 . Qualifying ( edit ) In his first run in the third part of qualifying Valtteri Bottas crashed and damaged his gearbox . As a result he received a five place grid penalty and started fifteenth . Lewis Hamilton qualified on pole , Kimi Räikkönen qualified second , Sebastian Vettel qualified third . Ricciardo qualified fourth but started seventh . Verstappen , Magnussen , Grosjean started fourth , fifth and sixth . Hülkenberg started eight , while Sainz and Alonso started ninth and tenth . Race ( edit ) After the start the top three stayed in the same order they started while Verstappen lost a place to Magnussen at the start . On lap 9 Verstappen spun and dropped down to eight . That meant the top ten was Hamilton , Räikkönen , Vettel , Magnusson , Grosjean , Ricciardo , Hülkenberg , Verstappen , Sainz and Alonso . They stayed in that order until the first round of pit stops . On lap 18 Räikkönen pitted . On lap 19 Hamilton pitted and came out ahead of Räikkönen . Verstappen pitted on lap 20 . On lap 22 Magnussen retired with a loose wheel but .",
"2": "On lap 24 Grosjean retired from seventh with the same problem as his team mate Magnussen . This brought out a virtual safety car . On lap 26 Vettel pitted . He came out ahead of Hamilton . Mercedes miscalculated the margin between Vettel and Hamilton before Vettel 's pit stop . After the first round of pit stops Vettel led with Hamilton second and Räikkönen in third . On lap 27 the actual safety car came out . The safety car came in at the end of lap 31 . This left the top ten Vettel , Hamilton , Räikkönen , Ricciardo , Alonso , Verstappen , Hülkenberg , Bottas , Vandoorne and Sainz . None of the top ten pitted again . Near the end Ricciardo put Räikkönen under pressure , while in the battle for fourth and fifth Alonso resisted the pressure from Verstappen . Vettel won , Hamilton came second and Räikkönen completed the podium in third . The rest of the top ten was Ricciardo , Alonso , Verstappen , Hülkenberg , Bottas , Vandoorne and Sainz . Classification ( edit ) Qualifying ( edit ) Pos . Car no .",
"3": "Driver Constructor Qualifying times Final grid Q1 Q2 Q3 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 1 : 22.824 1 : 22.051 1 : 21.164 7 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1 : 23.096 1 : 22.507 1 : 21.828 5 Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 1 : 23.348 1 : 21.944 1 : 21.838 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 1 : 23.483 1 : 22.416 1 : 21.879 5 Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 1 : 23.494 1 : 22.897 1 : 22.152 8 6 20 Kevin Magnussen Haas - Ferrari 1 : 23.909 1 : 23.300 1 : 23.187 5 7 8 Romain Grosjean Haas - Ferrari 1 : 23.671 1 : 23.468 1 : 23.339 6 8 27 Nico Hülkenberg Renault 1 : 23.782 1 : 23.544 1 : 23.532 7 9 55 Carlos Sainz Jr .",
"4": "Renault 1 : 23.529 1 : 23.061 1 : 23.577 9 10 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 1 : 23.686 1 : 22.089 no time 15 11 14 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Renault 1 : 23.597 1 : 23.692 10 12 Stoffel Vandoorne McLaren - Renault 1 : 24.073 1 : 23.853 11 13 11 Sergio Pérez Force India - Mercedes 1 : 24.344 1 : 24.005 12 14 18 Lance Stroll Williams - Mercedes 1 : 24.464 1 : 24.230 13 15 31 Esteban Ocon Force India - Mercedes 1 : 24.503 1 : 24.786 14 16 28 Brendon Hartley Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 1 : 24.532 16 17 9 Marcus Ericsson Sauber - Ferrari 1 : 24.556 17 18 16 Charles Leclerc Sauber - Ferrari 1 : 24.636 18 19 35 Sergey Sirotkin Williams - Mercedes 1 : 24.922 19 20 10 Pierre Gasly Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 1 : 25.295 20 107 % time : 1 : 28.621 Source : Notes ^ 1 -- Daniel Ricciardo received a three - place grid penalty for failing to adequately slow down for a red flag during free practice . ^ 2 -- Valtteri Bottas received a five - place grid penalty for a gearbox change . Race ( edit ) Pos . No .",
"5": "Driver Constructor Laps Time / Retired Grid Points 5 Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 58 1 : 29 : 33.283 25 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 58 + 5.036 18 7 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 58 + 6.309 15 Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 58 + 7.069 8 12 5 14 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Renault 58 + 27.886 10 10 6 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 58 + 28.945 8 7 27 Nico Hülkenberg Renault 58 + 32.671 7 6 8 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 58 + 34.339 15 9 Stoffel Vandoorne McLaren - Renault 58 + 34.921 11 10 55 Carlos Sainz Jr .",
"6": "Renault 58 + 45.722 9 11 11 Sergio Pérez Force India - Mercedes 58 + 46.817 12 12 31 Esteban Ocon Force India - Mercedes 58 + 1 : 00.278 14 13 16 Charles Leclerc Sauber - Ferrari 58 + 1 : 15.759 18 14 18 Lance Stroll Williams - Mercedes 58 + 1 : 18.288 13 15 28 Brendon Hartley Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 57 + 1 lap 16 Ret 8 Romain Grosjean Haas - Ferrari 24 Wheel 6 Ret 20 Kevin Magnussen Haas - Ferrari 22 Wheel 5 Ret 10 Pierre Gasly Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 13 Engine 20 Ret 9 Marcus Ericsson Sauber - Ferrari 5 Hydraulics 17 Ret 35 Sergey Sirotkin Williams - Mercedes Brakes 19 Source : Championship standings after the race ( edit ) Drivers ' Championship standings Pos . Driver Points Sebastian Vettel 25 Lewis Hamilton 18 Kimi Räikkönen 15 Daniel Ricciardo 12 5 Fernando Alonso 10 Constructors ' Championship standings Pos . Constructor Points Ferrari 40 Mercedes 22 Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 20 McLaren - Renault 12 5 Renault 7 Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings . See also ( edit ) 2018 Melbourne 400 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australia '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIA announces World Motor Sport Council decisions '' . Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 6 December 2017 .",
"7": "Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Australian Grand Prix Race -- Provisional Classification '' . FIA.com . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 26 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix -- Qualifying '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halo impact becoming clearer to F1 teams '' . Speedcafe. 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Pirelli reveals tyre selections for Australian Grand Prix '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Australian GP : Melbourne gets third DRS zone for 2018 F1 opener '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` New DRS zone added to Albert Park F1 circuit '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 23 March 2018 ) . `` Stewards issue grid penalty to Ricciardo '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix -- Race Result '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 25 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Previous race : none FIA Formula One World Championship 2018 season Next race : 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix Previous race : 2017 Australian Grand Prix Australian Grand Prix Next race : 2019 Australian Grand Prix",
"8": "`` previous Formula One Grands Prix ( 2010 -- 18 ) 2018 AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2017 AUS CHN BHR RUS ESP MON CAN AZE AUT GBR HUN BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2016 AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2015 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN AUT GBR HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN RUS USA MEX BRA ABU 2014 AUS MAL BHR CHN ESP MON CAN AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN RUS USA BRA ABU 2013 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN KOR JPN IND ABU",
"9": "USA BRA 2012 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR IND ABU USA BRA 2011 BHR AUS MAL CHN TUR ESP MON CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR IND ABU BRA BHR AUS MAL CHN ESP MON TUR CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR BRA ABU ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral",
"10": "district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Grand_Prix&oldid=836697469 '' Categories : 2018 Formula One races Australian Grand Prix 2018 in Australian motorsport 2010s in Melbourne Motorsport in Melbourne March 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 10 : 08 . About Wikipedia",
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2,
0,
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6,
8,
1,
7,
10,
9
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[
3,
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-8093270180070455662
|
what was the last episode of the flash
|
[
"The Elongated Knight Rises",
"\"Finish Line\"",
"\"Finish Line\"",
"\"The Elongated Knight Rises\""
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{
"0": "List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes Jump to : navigation , search For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . As of January 23 , 2018 , 80 episodes of The Flash have aired .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 TBA October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"2": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects .",
"3": "While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab .",
"4": "`` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process .",
"5": "Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation .",
"6": "7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself .",
"7": "Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber .",
"8": "Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards .",
"9": "Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd .",
"10": "13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers .",
"11": "He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before .",
"12": "16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb .",
"13": "Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? ''",
"14": "Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora .",
"15": "To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time .",
"16": "He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married .",
"17": "Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation .",
"18": "As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs .",
"19": "26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers .",
"20": "Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda .",
"21": "Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure .",
"22": "31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself .",
"23": "Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay .",
"24": "34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches .",
"25": "While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes .",
"26": "37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S.",
"27": "arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom .",
"28": "40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer .",
"29": "Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 .",
"30": "43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself .",
"31": "With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant .",
"32": "After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist .",
"33": "There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers .",
"34": "Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave .",
"35": "Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry .",
"36": "Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters .",
"37": "When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl of Earth - 38 . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device .",
"38": "The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder .",
"39": "Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R.",
"40": "can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas .",
"41": "He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again .",
"42": "All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives .",
"43": "Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love .",
"44": "Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R.",
"45": "has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy .",
"46": "Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27.",
"47": "13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs .",
"48": "Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gyspy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27.",
"49": "13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27.",
"50": "13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) TBA TBD 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA TBD Ratings Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No .",
"51": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 ,",
"52": "2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? ''",
"53": "April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.",
"54": "46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.",
"55": "77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No .",
"56": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 ,",
"57": "2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.",
"58": "57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 .",
"59": "Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) .",
"60": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' .",
"61": "TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) .",
"62": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 .",
"63": "^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 .",
"64": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) .",
"65": "`` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 .",
"66": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 .",
"67": "Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 .",
"68": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"69": "Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) .",
"70": "`` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 .",
"71": "Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) .",
"72": "`` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 412 ) `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 413 ) `` True Colors '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"73": "Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) .",
"74": "`` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 .",
"75": "Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 .",
"76": "Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 .",
"77": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 .",
"78": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) .",
"79": "`` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) .",
"80": "`` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) .",
"81": "`` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"82": "Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) .",
"83": "`` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 .",
"84": "^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The - Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash - Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .",
"85": "External links Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! ''",
"86": "`` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=822036085 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who represents the arizona 9th district in the house
|
[
"Kyrsten Sinema (D–Phoenix)",
"Kyrsten Sinema",
"Kyrsten Sinema",
"Kyrsten Sinema",
"Kyrsten Sinema (D–Phoenix)"
] |
{
"0": "Arizona 's 9th congressional district - wikipedia Arizona 's 9th congressional district Jump to : navigation , search Arizona 's 9th congressional district Arizona 's 9th congressional district - since January 3 , 2013 . Current Representative Kyrsten Sinema ( D -- Phoenix ) Population ( 2015 ) 777,123 Ethnicity 77.2 % White 4.9 % Black 5 % Asian 2.9 % Hispanic 2.7 % Native American 6.1 % other Cook PVI D + 4 Arizona 's ninth congressional district is a new district that was created as a result of the 2010 Census . The first candidates ran in the 2012 House elections , and the first representative was seated for the 113th Congress in 2013 . The district is located entirely within Maricopa County . Geographically and demographically , it is the successor to the old 5th district ; 60 percent of the new 9th 's territory comes from the old 5th . It is centered around Tempe and includes southern Scottsdale , western Mesa , northwestern Chandler , and southern Phoenix including the Ahwatukee district . As of the 2012 general election , there are 344,770 registered voters . Of these , 118,077 ( 34.2 % ) are registered Republican , 107,123 ( 31.1 % ) are registered Democratic , 3,232 ( 0.9 % ) are registered Libertarian , and 761 ( 0.2 % ) are registered Green . A substantial number , 115,531 ( 33.5 % ) are independents . It is split between liberal bastions such as Tempe ( home to Arizona State University ) , strongly conservative portions of the East Valley , and more moderate Republicans in eastern and southern Phoenix . The district was one of seven across the United States whose winner was not declared on election night . Although Democratic candidate Kyrsten Sinema held a narrow lead over Republican candidate Vernon Parker , the number of provisional and absentee ballots to be counted significantly exceeded the margin between the two . Sinema was officially declared the winner on November 12 , 2012 .",
"1": "Since the 9th district 's incumbent representative Kyrsten Sinema is running for Senate in 2018 to replace retiring U.S. Senator Jeff Flake , the seat will be open in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voting 2 List of representatives 3 2012 election 4 Complete election results 4.1 2012 4.2 2014 4.3 2016 5 Living former Members 6 References 7 External links Voting ( edit ) Election results from statewide races Year Office Results 2012 President Obama 51 - 47 % 2016 President Clinton 55 - 38 % List of Representatives ( edit ) Arizona began sending a ninth member to the House after the 2010 Census , the 2012 Congressional election , and the convening of the 113th Congress . Representative Party Years Cong resses Electoral history District description District created January 3 , 2013 Parts of south and east Phoenix , including the Ahwatukee district ; Tempe , south Scottsdale , west Mesa , and northwest Chandler . Kyrsten Sinema Democratic January 3 , 2013 -- present 113 114 115 First elected in 2012 . Re-elected in 2014 . Re-elected in 2016 . Retiring to run for U.S. Senator . 2012 election ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona , 2012 As the result of the August 28 , 2012 closed primary , Democrat Kyrsten Sinema faced Republican Vernon Parker in the November 6 general election . Sinema was the first candidate to announce an intention to run . A former member of both the Arizona House of Representatives and the Arizona State Senate , until resigning to launch her House campaign in Arizona 's 9th congressional district , she was endorsed by EMILY 's List , AFL - CIO , The Professional Firefighters of Arizona , Former Congressman Sam Coppersmith , among others . On January 11 , 2012 , Republican Travis Grantham announced that he was running .",
"2": "Arizona State Senate Minority Leader David Schapira announced his candidacy on January 17 , 2012 . Schapira was born in the district , has resided there for most of his life , and currently represents Tempe and South Scottsdale . On February 9 , 2012 former Clinton White House aide and Arizona prosecutor Andrei Cherny launched his bid for Congress in the new district . Cherny was Chair of the Arizona Democratic Party . His campaign slogan is `` Save the Middle Class , '' for his mission is to `` put our government back on the side of Arizona 's families . '' He served as an Assistant Attorney General under Terry Goddard and worked in the Clinton White House . Both men have given their endorsements to Cherny . Former Ahwatukee State Rep. Rae Waters , Mesa City Councilman Dennis Kavanaugh , former Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon and many other strong Arizona leaders have done so as well . On February 22 , 2012 , Republican Martin Sepulveda declared his candidacy for Congressional District 9 . Martin Sepulveda is a former Chandler City Councilman , a business owner , and a Commander in the United States Navy having served four tours in Afghanistan and Iraq . On March 3 , 2012 Lieutenant Colonel Wendy Rogers ( Ret ) announced her candidacy for Congressional District 9 . Rogers and husband Hal Kunen , along with children George and Emily , settled in Tempe in 1996 , upon their retirement from the United States Air Force . Rogers is a Republican . Leah Campos Schandlbauer announced her candidacy March 26 , 2012 . She is a former CIA operations officer and a conservative Republican .",
"3": "Complete election results ( edit ) 2012 ( edit ) Arizona 's 9th congressional district general election , 2012 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kyrsten Sinema 121,881 48.66 % Republican Vernon B. Parker 111,630 44.56 % Libertarian Powell Gammill 16,620 6.63 % Write - in Write - ins 363 0.14 % Plurality 10,251 4.10 % Total votes 250,494 100.00 Democratic gain from new constituency 2014 ( edit ) Arizona 's 9th congressional district general election , 2014 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kyrsten Sinema 88,609 55 % Republican Wendy Rogers 67,841 41 % Libertarian Powell Gammill 5,612 4 % Democratic hold 2016 ( edit ) Arizona 's 9th congressional district general election , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kyrsten Sinema 169,055 61 % Republican Dave Giles 108,350 39 % Democratic hold Living former members ( edit ) There are no former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona 's 9th congressional district , living or dead : Representative Sinema has served for the entirety of the district 's existence . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Partisan Voting Index -- Districts of the 115th Congress '' ( PDF ) . The Cook Political Report . April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 shows Red states gaining congressional districts '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arizona Redistricting : Commission releases draft map . Daily Kos , October 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Arizona Secretary of State . `` State of Arizona Registration Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 7 , 2012 .",
"4": "Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shira T. Center ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Freshman Congresswoman Moves to the Middle '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyrsten Sinema 's Lead Growing Over Vernon Parker as More Ballots Are Counted '' . Phoenix New Times , November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US elects first bisexual member of Congress '' . AFP , November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. ( 1982 ) . The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts , 1789 - 1983 . New York : Macmillan Publishing . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. ( 1989 ) . The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 - 1989 . New York : Macmillan Publishing . Jump up ^ Congressional Directory : Browse 105th Congress Archived February 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` State senator announces bid for Congress '' . Washington Examiner . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsements '' . Jump up ^ `` Grantham announces run for Congress '' . KPHO - TV . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Schapira announces bid for Congress '' . The Arizona Republic . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.andreiforarizona.com/media/news/2012-02-cherny-launches-congressional-bid ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mother of Four , CIA Operations Officer Declares for Congress in District 9 '' .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` Former CIA worker to run for Congress in District 9 '' . Arizona Republic . External links ( edit ) Maps of Congressional Districts first in effect for the 2002 election Final Congressional Maps for the 2012 election ( hide ) Arizona 's congressional districts Current districts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th All districts Territory At - large The Territory and At - large seats are obsolete . See also Arizona 's past and present Representatives , Senators , and Delegations Recent U.S. House elections in Arizona : 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 All U.S. districts Apportionment Redistricting in Arizona Gerrymandering Coordinates : 33 ° 25 ′ N 111 ° 55 ′ W / 33.417 ° N 111.917 ° W / 33.417 ; - 111.917 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona%27s_9th_congressional_district&oldid=818793932 '' Categories : Congressional districts of Arizona Government of Maricopa County , Arizona Chandler , Arizona Mesa , Arizona Phoenix , Arizona Scottsdale , Arizona Tempe , Arizona Constituencies established in 2013 2013 establishments in Arizona Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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0,
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-684058159028311642
|
when did are you smarter than a 5th grader first air
|
[
"began on February 27, 2007",
"February 27, 2007",
"February 27, 2007",
"February 27, 2007",
"February 27, 2007"
] |
{
"0": "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original series . For versions in other countries , see Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Created by Barry Poznick John Stevens Mark Burnett Directed by Don Weiner Presented by Jeff Foxworthy Theme music composer David Vanacore ( Vanacore Music ) with Blessed Kateri Children 's Choir Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 4 ( Fox ) 2 ( Syndication ) No. of episodes 98 ( as of September 8 , 2015 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Burnett Roy Bank Barry Poznick John Stevens Location ( s ) CBS Television City Hollywood , California Running time 44 minutes ( Fox ) 22 -- 26 minutes ( Syndication ) Production company ( s ) United Artists Media Group Zoo Productions Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox ( 2007 -- 09 , 2015 ) Syndication ( 2009 -- 11 ) Original release Original primetime series : February 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 27 ) -- September 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 18 ) Revived primetime series : May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) -- September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) Syndication : September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) -- March 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? is an American quiz game show on Fox . It is produced by Mark Burnett and is hosted by Jeff Foxworthy . The show premiered as a three - day special which began on February 27 , 2007 with the first two shows each a half - hour in length .",
"1": "Regular one - hour episodes began airing Thursdays from March 1 through May 10 , and the first season continued with new episodes beginning May 31 . Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? was picked up for the 2007 -- 08 season , which began on September 6 , 2007 , and aired in the same timeslot . Following the end of the original run of the primetime version on September 18 , 2009 , a first - run syndicated version of the show ran from September 2009 to May 2011 , with Foxworthy returning as host . On May 26 , 2015 , the program returned to Fox for a new , sixth season , with Foxworthy , again , returning as host . The show also airs internationally , and the format has been picked up for local versions in a number of other countries . 5th Grader games are played by a single contestant , who attempts to answer ten questions ( plus a final bonus question ) . Content is taken from elementary school textbooks , two from each grade level from first to fifth . Each correct answer increases the amount of money the player banks ; a maximum cash prize of $1,000,000 can be won . Along the way , contestants can be assisted by a `` classmate '' , one of five school - age cast members , in answering the questions . Notably , upon getting an answer incorrect or deciding to prematurely end the game , contestants must state that they are `` not smarter than a 5th grader . '' Two people have won the $1,000,000 prize : Kathy Cox , superintendent of public schools for the U.S. state of Georgia ; and George Smoot , winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics and professor at the University of California , Berkeley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Original & revival versions ( on Fox ) 2.1 Gameplay 2.2 Casting 2.3 Celebrity Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? 3 Syndicated version 3.1 Season 1 Class 3.2 Season 2 Class 3.3 Gameplay 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References Production ( edit ) In November 2006 it was pitched as `` Do You Remember Grade School ? ''",
"2": "by Burnett and Zoo Productions to network executives in the form of a six - question quiz ; the only network president who was able to win on the quiz was Fox 's Peter Liguori . On January 31 , 2007 , Fox announced that they had picked up the show for an initial six - episode run , and on February 9 Foxworthy was announced as host . Less than eight weeks after being pitched , the first episode aired . On November 6 , 2014 , Fox announced it would revive the series , with a new generation of fifth - graders , to its lineup as part of the summer season of the 2014 -- 15 season . The new season features several changes , including a new panel of six regular fifth - grade students ( whose usage & seating positions will rotate per episode ) , a new `` Grade School Giveaway '' feature on the $10,000 question , in which a school will win $10,000 towards improvements if the contestant answers their $10,000 question correctly , and the million dollar question is now from the sixth grade . Foxworthy explained that the revival was the result of a conversation he had over dinner with Mark Burnett the previous year , in which he considered 5th Grader to be his favorite television role . When Fox approached him later in 2014 about reviving the series , he accepted the role with little hesitation . Original & revival versions ( on Fox ) ( edit ) Gameplay ( edit ) Question No . Correct Answer Value $1,000 $2,000 $5,000 $10,000 5 $25,000 6 $50,000 7 $100,000 8 $175,000 9 $300,000 10 $500,000 11 $1,000,000 1st Subject 2nd Subject Million Dollar Question 5th Grade 5th Grade 4th Grade 4th Grade 3rd Grade 3rd Grade 2nd Grade 2nd Grade 1st Grade 1st Grade In each game , the contestant ( an adult ) is asked a series of eleven questions , spanning ten subjects ( such as Animal Science , Spelling or Math ) taken from textbooks for first through fifth grade students .",
"3": "Each question is associated with a grade level ; there are two questions per grade , from first to fifth . The player can answer the questions in any order , and each correct answer raises their cumulative amount of winnings to the next level ( see table at right ) ; after answering the fifth question correctly , they are guaranteed to leave with at least $25,000 . If the player correctly answers the first ten questions , they are given the opportunity to answer a fifth - grade bonus question ( sixth - grade in the 2015 revival ) worth $1,000,000 . Five fifth graders ( some of whom are also professional child actors ) appear on each show and play along on stage -- in general , each episode in a season has the same cast of children . Prior to the show , the children are provided with workbooks which contain a variety of material , some of which could be used in the questions asked in the game . The player chooses one to be their `` classmate '' , who stands at the adjacent podium and is called upon for assistance in choosing a subject ; the other four sit at desks off to the side . Each child acts as the classmate for two consecutive questions , after which another child is picked from those who have not yet played in that game . Contestants have three forms of answer - assistance options ( two cheats and a Save ) , each available for use once per game ( up to , but not including , the million dollar subject ) . The two cheats , Peek and Copy , can be invoked by the contestant to aid in making a decision as follows : Peek : The player is shown their classmate 's answer and may choose whether to go along with it or not ; however , they must answer the question upon using this cheat . Copy : The player is locked into using their classmate 's answer , without being able to see it first . If the classmate is correct , the contestant is correct and advances up the money ladder . If the classmate is incorrect , the contestant loses the game . When this cheat is used in the 2015 revival , the classmate is allowed to discuss his / her answer with the other fifth graders and change it if desired . However , the Save is simply a rule of the game : Save : If the player answers incorrectly but their classmate is correct , they are credited with a correct answer .",
"4": "Unlike the Peek or Copy , the contestant can not elect to use the Save , as it is used automatically on their first incorrect response . However , if the classmate 's answer is also incorrect ( or the classmate 's answer is the same as the contestant 's ) , the contestant loses . Players could use the Save in tandem with the Peek to have two possible answers , theirs and their classmate 's . ( The Save was removed in season 2 of the syndicated version . ) Once all three forms of assistance are used , the children no longer play an active role in the game . If the contestant gets an answer wrong ( and is not saved ) , they `` flunk out '' , and lose everything -- or drop to $25,000 , if they surpassed the fifth question . They may choose to `` drop out '' at any point during the game ( with the exception of the peek cheat noted above ) , which entitles them to leave the game with any winnings they have accrued . The rules change slightly for the million dollar subject . The player is only shown the subject of the question before deciding if they will continue or drop out . However , if they choose to see the question , they are no longer eligible to drop out and must answer the question , with no assistance from the classmates or cheats . An incorrect answer will cause the contestant to leave with $25,000 . If the contestant wins the million , they will have the opportunity to declare to the camera `` I am smarter than a 5th grader ! '' However , if at any point during the game the player drops out or flunks out , they must face the camera , state their name , and declare `` I am not smarter than a 5th grader . '' `` Classroom Club '' questions were introduced into the game at the beginning of the second season . These questions are written by elementary school students , who submit them via the show 's Web site . When one is used , the school of the student who wrote it receives a computer lab , courtesy of the show . `` Field Trip '' questions , introduced in the third season , feature a video clip of a National Geographic Channel correspondent asking the question from an appropriate location somewhere in the world .",
"5": "On the sixth season , the $10,000 question will also reward $10,000 to a grade school ( connected to the studio via Skype ) towards refurbishments and improvements if the contestant answers correctly . Casting ( edit ) Each season , a new group of children are cast to appear as the `` classmates '' on the show . Any child cast must be `` smart , funny , and outgoing '' , and must actually be in the 5th grade ( age 9 , 10 or 11 ) during the television season finales . Contestants who make it through the auditioning process are required to sign a one - year contract stating that they will not tell anybody how much money they make , and that they can not tell or release any information about the actual auditioning process , such as the number of screening processes , the questions asked by the auditioners , and the actual credit for being accepted onto the show . During every classmate 's final appearance on the show ( `` Graduation Night '' ) , each classmate receives a $25,000 savings bond . Season Classmates Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 5 Seat 6 1 ( 2007 ) Laura Marano Marki Ann Meyer Kyle Collier Jacob Hays Alana Etheridge Spencer Martin N / A 2 ( 2007 -- 08 ) Cody Lee Mackenzie Holmes Sierra McCormick Nathan Lazarus Olivia Glowacki Chandler Chaffee 3 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Jonathan Cummings Jenna Balk Olivia Dellums Kassidy Yeung Bryce Kass Francesca DeRosa 4 ( 2015 ) Simmons `` Tres '' Allison III Reagan Strange Lauren Bullock Mason Davis Dee DuBois Angela Azar Note : The seat numbering for seasons 1 - 3 represented here starts from the back left of the classroom and goes clockwise from the viewer 's perspective . The 2015 revival has 6 regular kids whose usage and positions at the five desks are rotated for each episode . Jump up ^ Meyer replaced Marano halfway through Season 1 . Jump up ^ Chaffee subbed Glowacki for two episodes in season 2 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Yeung filled in for Dellums in one episode of season 3 . Celebrity are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? ( edit ) Beginning in season 2 , many celebrities played the game and donated their winnings to the charity of their choice . Of these celebrities , Gene Simmons was the most successful , winning $500,000 for Glazer Pediatrics AIDS Foundation . In addition to these celebrities , former Jeopardy ! champion Ken Jennings and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot , both of whom were playing on their own behalf , won $500,000 and $1,000,000 respectively . Jennings 's stint on the show helped propel him back into the lead for the most money won on game shows by one person in the United States . Syndicated version ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , also with Foxworthy as host , began airing on September 21 , 2009 . This version features a top prize of $250,000 and a tweaked format between the prime time version and the daytime version . On March 24 , 2011 , the show was canceled along with Do n't Forget the Lyrics ! due to low ratings . Reruns continued on several cable outlets for a year afterward ; as of 2018 , the reruns air on Light TV . On the syndicated version , each class had three kids in each episode , but there were nine kids who traded off with one another throughout both seasons .",
"7": "The class is as follows : Season 1 Class ( edit ) Annalise Basso Pablo Madison Pettis Danielle Cohen Zach Callison Malachi Smith Khamani Griffin Kevin Taylar Hender Season 2 Class ( edit ) Armaan Juneja Terrell `` TJ '' Burnett TY Panitz Jordan Jones Lauren Perez Madison Leisle Antonio Gutierrez Jenni Marer Danielle Soibelman Gameplay ( edit ) Subject Question Value Bonus Question 10 × Earnings 5th Grade $5,000 4th Grade $3,500 3rd Grade $2,500 2nd Grade $1,000 1st Grade $500 The game play for this version of 5th Grader is similar to the original Fox network version . Games are played by a single contestant , who attempts to answer eight questions plus one final 5th grade bonus question with the assistance of one of three 5th grade classmates ( instead of five on the network version ) , who vary each week . In addition , each classmate can be used for up to three questions ( as opposed to two on the network version ) . Contestants are required to attempt all questions , and do not flunk out simply by answering a question incorrectly , instead losing all money earned to that point . If a player has any money left after all questions are asked , they are given the choice to either drop out with the money earned , or answer a 5th - grade bonus question worth 10 times their earnings . The maximum winnings are $25,000 without the bonus question , and therefore $250,000 if it is answered correctly . If the contestant answers the bonus question wrong , they lose everything , but if they had earned at least $2,500 before the bonus question , then they receive a consolation prize in the form of a $2,500 prepaid card . If they had earned less than $2,500 , the value of the card is $250 . On celebrity episodes , the consolation prizes are cash donations to the celebrity 's favorite charity . In Season 1 , there are 10 regular questions before the bonus question .",
"8": "The 3rd grade questions are worth $2,500 ; 4th grade , $3,500 ; and 5th grade , $5,000 . Season 2 premiered on September 20 , 2010 . The game was shortened , with the fifth grade questions removed from the main game , reducing the number of questions to eight ( plus the 5th - grade bonus question ) . To compensate , the 3rd and 4th grade questions were increased to $3,500 and $7,500 respectively . In addition , the `` Save '' was removed , and contestants were no longer allowed to skip to a higher - grade question before attempting at least one question from each lower grade . Reception ( edit ) David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the revival series ' cast a positive review , calling the classmates `` terrific ... smart , outgoing and funny , '' while arguing that Foxworthy `` understands how much to showcase them . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first season of the original series averaged 11.5 million viewers . The 2015 revival premiered on May 26 , 2015 to 3.31 million viewers , scoring a 0.8 / 3 rating / share among adults 18 -- 49 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ward , Julia ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Are you smarter than a 5th grader ? '' . TV Squad . Jump up ^ `` '' Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? '' gets extra credit with 13 additional episodes '' ( Press release ) . Fox Broadcasting Company . March 15 , 2007 . Via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Fox announces primetime slate for 2007 -- 2008 season '' ( Press release ) . Fox Broadcasting Company . May 17 , 2007 . Via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Class is in session twice a week when `` Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? '' airs on Thursdays and Fridays for four weeks this fall '' ( Press release ) . Fox Broadcasting Company . August 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Via The Futon Critic .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Pursell , Chris ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Foxworthy Signs on for Syndie ' 5th Grader ' '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bauder , David ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` Kids Outsmart Adults on ' 5th Grader ' '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Fox asks : Are you smarter than a fifth - grader ? '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Develops ' Smarter ' Thursday Plan '' . Zap2it . January 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Foxworthy Proves FOX - Worthy Host '' . Zap2it . February 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` FOX Revives ' Are you Smarter than a 5th Grader ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : Meet the New Students on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? '' . TVInsider.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Foxworthy talks ' Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ' and its return to TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Doug ( March 8 , 2007 ) .",
"10": "`` Smart kids caught in the act on ' 5th Grader ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ During the credits at the end of the show , a disclaimer states : `` Members of the class were provided with workbooks that covered grade school level material in a variety of subjects . Some of the material could have formed the basis of questions used by producers in the show . '' Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` Easy Does It '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode AYS - 109 '' . Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader . Season 1 . Episode 09 . April 19 , 2007 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Calling All Parents of Awesome 5th graders and up '' . Fox News Radio . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Jason ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` Kiss ' Gene Simmons ' Smarter than a Fifth Grader '' . Gigwise . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Alex ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` '' Do n't Forget The Lyrics ! '' and `` Fifth Grader '' Cancelled `` . Buzzerblog . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Roma Downey , Mark Burnett And MGM Launch Light TV With Fox Stations On Board '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ' Jeff Foxworthy and kids have some elementary fun '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Morabito , Andrea ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Class is again in session for ' Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Return Down , Strong Start for ' I Can Do That ' , ' Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader ' Premieres Soft , ' iZombie ' Steady '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : Fox 's ' Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ' Scores Low Marks in Return '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ( hide ) Mark Burnett Director Survivor ( 2000 -- present ) 2007 MTV Movie Awards ( 2007 ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards ( 2008 ) Screenwriter The Restaurant ( 2003 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2008 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) Creator Eco-Challenge ( 1995 -- 2002 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2007 ) Pirate Master ( 2007 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ?",
"12": "( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad ( 2008 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) The Bible ( 2013 ) Spin Off ( 2013 -- present ) A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_Smarter_than_a_5th_Grader%3F_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=835320976 '' Categories : 2007 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings 2009 American television series debuts 2011 American television series endings 2015 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American game shows Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Fox network shows English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by 20th Century Fox Television American television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Melayu Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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6390417107479371828
|
leader of carthage in the first punic war
|
[
"Hamilcar Barca",
"Hanno the Great",
"Hasdrubal the Fair",
"Xanthippus",
"Xanthippus"
] |
{
"0": "First Punic war - wikipedia First Punic war Jump to : navigation , search First Punic War Part of the Punic Wars Western Mediterranean Sea in 264 BC . Rome is shown in red , Carthage in purple , and Syracuse in green . Date 264 -- 241 BCE ( 23 years ) Location Mediterranean Sea , Sicily , North Africa , Italy , Sardinia Result Roman victory Territorial changes Roman annexation of Sicily ( Except for the Kingdom of Syracuse ) Belligerents Roman Republic Carthage Syracuse Commanders and leaders Marcus Atilius Regulus ( POW ) Gaius Lutatius Catulus Gaius Duilius Hamilcar Barca Hanno the Great Hasdrubal the Fair Xanthippus Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties and losses 700 quinqueremes 400,000 dead 500 quinqueremes Punic Wars First Mercenary Second Third First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mt Ercte 1st Mt Eryx 2nd Mt Eryx Aegates Islands The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC ) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic , the two great powers of the Western Mediterranean . For 23 years , in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity , the two powers struggled for supremacy , primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters , and also in North Africa . The war began in 264 BC with the Roman conquest of the Carthaginian - controlled city of Messina in Sicily , granting Rome a military foothold on the island . The Romans built up a navy to challenge Carthage , the greatest naval power in the Mediterranean , for control over the waters around Sicily .",
"1": "In naval battles and storms , 700 Roman and 500 Carthaginian quinqueremes were lost , along with hundreds of thousands of lives . Command of the sea was won and lost by both sides repeatedly . A Roman invasion of Carthaginian Africa was destroyed in battle and the Roman consul Marcus Atilius Regulus was captured by the Carthaginians in 255 . In 23 years , the Romans slowly conquered Sicily and drove the Carthaginians to the west end of the island . After both sides had been brought to a state of near exhaustion , the Romans mobilized their citizenry 's private wealth and created a new fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus . The Carthaginian fleet was destroyed at the Aegates Islands in 241 , forcing the cut - off Carthaginian troops on Sicily to give up . A peace treaty was signed in which Carthage was made to pay a heavy indemnity and Rome ejected Carthage from Sicily , annexing the island as a Roman province . The war was followed by a failed revolt against the Carthaginian Empire . The Romans exploited Carthage 's weakness to seize the Carthaginian possessions of Sardinia and Corsica in violation of the peace treaty . The unresolved strategic competition between Rome and Carthage would lead to the eruption of the Second Punic War in 218 BC .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Background 2.1 Rome 2.2 Carthage 2.3 North African peoples 2.4 Greek colonists 3 Beginning 4 Roman landing and advance to Syracuse 5 Carthage prepares for war 6 Battle of Agrigentum 7 Rome builds a fleet 7.1 Origin of Roman design 7.2 The corvus 8 Battle of Mylae 9 Hamilcar 's counter-attack 10 Battles in Sardinia and Corsica 11 Continued Roman advance 12 Invasion of Africa 12.1 Battle of Cape Ecnomus 12.2 Regulus 's raid 13 Carthage 's respite 14 Renewed Roman offensive 14.1 Initial failure 14.2 Northern advance 14.3 Northwestern expedition 15 Conclusion 15.1 Stalemate in Sicily 15.2 Battle of the Aegates Islands 16 Role of naval warfare 17 Aftermath 17.1 Casualties 17.2 Peace terms 17.3 Political results 18 Notable leaders 19 Chronology 20 References 20.1 Citations 20.2 Sources 21 Further reading 22 External links Name ( edit ) The series of wars between Rome and Carthage took the name `` Punic '' from the Latin adjective for Carthaginian , Punicus . This is derived from Poeni ( Carthaginians ) and refers to the Carthaginian heritage as Phoenician colonists . A Carthaginian name ( s ) for the conflicts does not survive in any records . Background ( edit ) Rome ( edit ) Rome had recently emerged as the leading city - state in the Italian Peninsula , a wealthy , powerful , expansionist republic with a successful citizen army . Over the past one hundred years , Rome had come into conflict , and defeated rivals on the Italian peninsula , then incorporated them into the Roman political world .",
"3": "First the Latin League was forcibly dissolved during the Latin War , then the power of the Samnites was broken during the three prolonged Samnite wars , and then the Greek cities of Magna Graecia ( southern Italy ) submitted to Roman power at the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War . By the beginning of the First Punic War , the Romans had secured the whole of the Italian peninsula , except Gallia Cisalpina in the Po Valley . Carthage ( edit ) Carthage was a republic that dominated the political , military and economic affairs of the western Mediterranean Sea , especially on the North African coasts and islands , and above all , due to its navy . It originated as a Phoenician colony in Africa , near modern Tunis . Carthage had become a wealthy centre for trade networks extending from Gadir ( Cádiz ) along the coasts of southern Iberia and North Africa , across the Balearic Islands , Corsica , Sardinia , and the western half of Sicily , to the ports of the eastern Mediterranean , including Tyre , its mother city , on the shores of the Levant . At the height of power , just before the First Punic War , Carthage was hostile to foreign ships ( such as Roman and Greek vessels ) in the western Mediterranean . North African peoples ( edit ) North African peoples such as the Berbers in the area around Carthage were loosely associated with Carthage . In the midst of the First Punic War some tribes would rebel against Carthage , opening a second front while the Carthaginians battled the Romans in Sicily . Greek colonists ( edit ) Greek colonists were also a major presence in the western Mediterranean , following centuries of colonial settlement , trade and conflicts with Rome over Magna Graecia and with Carthage over places such as Sicily . The rich , strategically influential , and well - fortified Greek colony of Syracuse was politically independent of Rome and Carthage . Hostilities of the First Punic War began with developments involving the Romans , Carthaginians , and Greek colonists in Sicily and southern Italy . Beginning ( edit ) Sicily , the main theater of the war .",
"4": "In 288 BC , the Mamertines , a group of Italian ( Campanian ) mercenaries originally hired by Agathocles of Syracuse , occupied the city of Messana ( modern Messina ) in the north - eastern tip of Sicily , killing all the men and taking the women as their wives . At the same time , a group of Roman troops made up of Campanian `` citizens without the vote '' revolted and seized control of Rhegium , lying across the Straits of Messina on the mainland of Italy . In 270 BC , the Romans regained control of Rhegium and severely punished the survivors of the revolt . In Sicily , the Mamertines ravaged the countryside and collided with the expanding regional empire of the independent city of Syracuse . Hiero II , tyrant of Syracuse , defeated the Mamertines near Mylae on the Longanus River . Following their defeat , the Mamertines appealed to both Rome and Carthage for assistance . The Carthaginians acted first , approached Hiero to take no further action and convinced the Mamertines to accept a Carthaginian garrison in Messana . Either unhappy with the prospect of a Carthaginian garrison or convinced that the recent alliance between Rome and Carthage against Pyrrhus reflected cordial relations between the two , the Mamertines , hoping for more reliable protection , petitioned Rome for an alliance . However , the rivalry between Rome and Carthage had grown since the war with Pyrrhus and that alliance was simply no longer feasible . According to the historian Polybius , considerable debate took place in Rome on the question as to whether to accept the Mamertines ' appeal for help and thus likely enter into a war with Carthage . The Romans did not wish to come to the aid of soldiers who had unjustly stolen a city from its rightful possessors , and they were still recovering from the insurrection of Campanian troops at the Battle of Rhegium in 271 BC . However , many were also unwilling to see Carthaginian power in Sicily expand even further . Leaving them at Messana would give the Carthaginians a free hand to deal with Syracuse . After the Syracusans had been defeated , the Carthaginian takeover of Sicily would essentially be complete .",
"5": "A deadlocked senate put the matter before the popular assembly , where it was decided to accept the Mamertines ' request and Appius Claudius Caudex was appointed commander of a military expedition with orders to cross to Messana . Roman landing and advance to Syracuse ( edit ) Roman arrival and neutralization of Syracuse . Sicily is a hilly volcanic island , with geographical obstacles and rough terrain making lines of communication difficult to maintain . For this reason , land warfare played a secondary role in the First Punic War . Land operations were confined to small scale raids and skirmishes , with few pitched battles . Sieges and land blockades were the most common large - scale operations for the regular army . The main blockade targets were the important ports since neither Carthage nor Rome were based in Sicily , and both needed continuous reinforcements and communication with their mainlands . The land war in Sicily began with the Roman landing at Messana in 264 BC . According to Polybius , despite the Carthaginian pre-war naval advantage , the Roman landing was virtually unopposed . Two legions commanded by Appius Claudius Caudex disembarked at Messana , where the Mamertines had expelled the Carthaginian garrison commanded by Hanno ( no relation to Hanno the Great ) . After defeating the Syracusan and Carthaginian forces besieging Messana , the Romans marched south and in turn besieged Syracuse . After a brief siege , with no Carthaginian help in sight , Syracuse made peace with the Romans . According to the terms of the treaty , Syracuse would become a Roman ally , pay a somewhat light indemnity of 100 talents of silver to Rome and , perhaps most importantly , agree to help supply the Roman army in Sicily . That solved the Roman problem of having to keep an overseas army provisioned while facing an enemy with a superior navy . Following the defection of Syracuse from Carthage , several other smaller Carthaginian dependencies in Sicily also switched to the Roman side . Carthage prepares for war ( edit ) Meanwhile , Carthage had begun to build a mercenary army in Africa , which was to be shipped to Sicily to meet the Romans .",
"6": "According to the historian Philinus , this army was composed of 50,000 infantry , 6,000 cavalry , and 60 elephants and partly composed of Ligurians , Celts and Iberians . In past wars on the island of Sicily , Carthage had won by relying on certain fortified strong - points throughout the island , and their plan was to conduct the land war in the same fashion . The mercenary army would operate in the open against the Romans , while the strongly fortified cities would provide a defensive base from which to operate . Battle of Agrigentum ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Agrigentum In 262 BC , Rome besieged Agrigentum , an operation that involved both consular armies -- a total of four Roman legions -- and took several months to resolve . The garrison of Agrigentum ( known to the Greeks as Acragas ) managed to call for reinforcements and the Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno which destroyed the Roman supply base at Erbessus . With supplies from Syracuse cut , the Romans were now besieged and constructed a line of contravallation . After a few skirmishes , disease struck the Roman army while supplies in Agrigentum were running low , and both sides saw an open battle as preferable to the current situation . Although the Romans won a clear victory over the Carthaginian relief force at the Battle of Agrigentum , the Carthaginian army defending the city managed to escape . Agrigentum , now lacking any real defences , fell easily to the Romans , who then sacked the city and enslaved the populace . Rome builds a fleet ( edit ) At the beginning of the First Punic War , Rome had virtually no experience in naval warfare , whereas the strong and powerful Carthage had a great deal of experience on the seas thanks to its centuries of sea - based trade . Nevertheless , the growing Roman Republic soon understood the importance of Mediterranean control in the outcome of the conflict . Origin of Roman design ( edit ) The first major Roman fleet was constructed after the victory of Agrigentum in 261 BC .",
"7": "Some historians have speculated that , since Rome lacked advanced naval technology , the design of the warships was probably copied from captured Carthaginian triremes and quinqueremes or from ships that had beached on Roman shores due to storms . According to Polybius , the Romans seized a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme , and used it as a blueprint for their own ships . Other historians have pointed out that Rome did have experience with naval technology , as she patrolled her coasts against piracy . Another possibility is that Rome received technical assistance from its seafaring Sicilian ally , Syracuse . Regardless of the state of their naval technology at the start of the war , Rome quickly adapted . The corvus ( edit ) Diagram of a corvus boarding device . Main article : Corvus ( weapon ) In order to compensate for the lack of experience , and to make use of standard land military tactics at sea , the Romans equipped their new ships with a special boarding device , the corvus . The Roman military was a land - based army , while Carthage was primarily a naval power . This boarding - bridge allowed the Roman navy to circumvent some of Carthage 's naval skills by using their marines to board Carthaginian ships and fight in hand - to - hand combat . Instead of manoeuvring to ram , which was the standard naval tactic at the time , corvus equipped ships would manoeuver alongside the enemy vessel , deploy the bridge which would attach to the enemy ship through spikes on the end of the bridge , and send legionaries across as boarding parties . The new weapon would prove its worth in the Battle of Mylae , the first Roman naval victory , and would continue to do so in the following years , especially in the huge Battle of Cape Ecnomus . The addition of the corvus forced Carthage to review its military tactics , and since the city had difficulty in doing so , Rome had the naval advantage . Battle of Mylae ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Mylae Location of Mylae ( Milazzo ) on the coast of northern Sicily . The Roman fleet under the command of Gaius Duilius , engaged the Carthaginians under general Hannibal Gisco , off northern Mylae in 260 BC .",
"8": "Polybius states that the Carthaginians had 130 ships , but does not give an exact figure for the Romans . The loss of 17 ships at the Lipari Islands from a starting total of 120 ships suggests that Rome had 103 remaining . However , it is possible that this number was greater , thanks to captured ships and the assistance of Roman allies . The Carthaginians anticipated victory , due to their superior experience at sea . The corvi were very successful , and helped the Romans seize the first 30 Carthaginian ships that were close enough . In order to avoid the corvi , the Carthaginians were forced to navigate around them and approach the Romans from behind , or from the side . The corvus was usually still able to pivot and grapple most oncoming ships . After an additional 20 Carthaginian ships had been hooked and lost to the Romans , Hannibal Gisco retreated with his surviving ships , leaving Duilius with a clear victory . Instead of pursuing the remaining Carthaginians , Duilius sailed to Sicily to relieve the city of Segesta , which had been under siege from the Carthaginian infantry commander Hamilcar . Modern historians have wondered at Duilius ' decision not to immediately follow up with another naval attack , but Hannibal Gisco 's remaining 80 ships were probably still too strong for Rome to conquer . Hamilcar 's counter-attack ( edit ) Hamilcar 's attack . The Roman advance now continued westward from Agrigentum to relieve the besieged city of Macella in 260 BC , which had sided with Rome and was attacked by the Carthaginians for doing so . In the north , the Romans , with their northern sea flank secured by their naval victory at the Battle of Mylae , advanced toward Thermae . They were defeated there by the Carthaginians under Hamilcar ( a popular Carthaginian name , not to be confused with Hannibal Barca 's father , with the same name ) in 260 BC . The Carthaginians took advantage of this victory by counter-attacking , in 259 BC , and seizing Enna .",
"9": "Hamilcar continued south to Camarina , in Syracusan territory , presumably with the intent to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side . Battles in Sardinia and Corsica ( edit ) In 259 BC , consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio occupied Aleria in Corsica and probably Olbia in Sardinia . Hanno died while fighting at Olbia . The Romans withdrew because of the arrival of a Carthaginian fleet . Cornelius Scipio celebrated his victories over the Carthaginians and Sardinians with a triumph the following year . During the same year a naval battle occurred near Sulci . The Carthaginian fleet was defeated and the commander Hannibal Gisco who abandoned his men and fled to Sulci was later captured by his soldiers and crucified . Continued Roman advance ( edit ) Continued Roman advance 260 -- 256 BC . The next year , 258 BC , the Romans were able to regain the initiative by retaking Enna and Camarina . In central Sicily , they took the town of Mytistraton , which they had attacked twice previously . The Romans also moved in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus , but were not able to take the city . Invasion of Africa ( edit ) After their conquests in the Agrigentum campaign , and following several naval battles , Rome attempted ( 256 / 255 BC ) the second large scale land operation of the war . Seeking a swifter end to the war than the long sieges in Sicily would have provided , Rome decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa and usurp Carthage 's supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea , consequently forcing Carthage to accept its terms . Battle of Cape Ecnomus ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Cape Ecnomus In order to initiate its invasion of Africa , the Roman Republic constructed a major fleet , comprising transports for the army and its equipment , and warships for protection . Carthage attempted to intervene with a fleet of 350 ships ( according to Polybius ) , but was defeated in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus . Invasion of Africa .",
"10": "Regulus 's raid ( edit ) Main articles : Siege of Aspis , Battle of Adys , and Battle of Tunis As a result of the battle , the Roman army , commanded by Marcus Atilius Regulus , landed in Africa and began ravaging the Carthaginian countryside . The Siege of Aspis ( or Clupea ) was the first fighting on African land during the war . Regulus was next victorious at the Battle of Adys , forcing Carthage to sue for peace . According to Polybius , the terms suggested were so heavy that Carthage decided they would be better off not under Roman rule . The negotiations failed but fortunately , for the Carthaginians , Xanthippus , a Spartan mercenary , returned to Carthage to reorganise its army . Xanthippus defeated the Roman army and captured Regulus at the Battle of Tunis , and then managed to cut off what remained of the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy . Carthage 's respite ( edit ) Carthage 's respite . The Romans , meanwhile , had sent a new fleet to pick up the survivors of its African expedition . Although the Romans defeated the Carthaginian fleet and were successful in rescuing their army in Africa , a storm destroyed nearly the entire Roman fleet on the return trip ; the number of casualties in the disaster may have exceeded 90,000 men . The Carthaginians took advantage of this to attack Agrigentum . They did not believe that they could hold the city , so they burned it and left . Renewed Roman offensive ( edit ) Roman attacks 253 -- 251 BC . The Romans were able to rally , however , and quickly resumed the offensive . With a new fleet of 140 ships , Rome returned to the strategy of taking the Carthaginian cities in Sicily one by one . Initial failure ( edit ) Attacks began with naval assaults on Lilybaeum , the centre of Carthaginian power on Sicily , and a raid on Africa . Both efforts ended in failure . The Romans retreated from Lilybaeum , and the Roman African force was caught in another storm and destroyed . Northern advance ( edit ) The Romans , however , made great progress in the north .",
"11": "The city of Thermae was captured in 252 BC , enabling another advance on the port city of Panormus . The Romans attacked this city after taking Kephalodon in 251 BC . After fierce fighting , the Carthaginians were defeated and the city fell . With Panormus captured , much of western inland Sicily fell with it . The cities of Ietas , Solous , Petra , and Tyndaris agreed to peace with the Romans that same year . Northwestern expedition ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Drepana Roman attacks 250 -- 249 BC . The next year , the Romans shifted their attention to the north - west . They sent a naval expedition toward Lilybaeum . En route , the Romans seized and burned the Carthaginian hold - out cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa . This expedition to Lilybaeum was not successful , but attacking the Carthaginian headquarters demonstrated Roman resolve to take all of Sicily . The Roman fleet was defeated by the Carthaginians at Drepana , forcing the Romans to continue their attacks from land . Roman forces at Lilybaeum were relieved , and Eryx , near Drepana , was seized thus menacing that important city as well . Following the conclusive naval victory off Drepana in 249 BC , Carthage ruled the seas as Rome was unwilling to finance the construction of yet another expensive fleet . Nevertheless , the Carthaginian faction that opposed the conflict , led by the land - owning aristocrat Hanno the Great , gained power and in 244 BC , considering the war to be over , started the demobilisation of the fleet , giving the Romans a chance to again attain naval superiority . Conclusion ( edit ) Stalemate in Sicily ( edit ) Carthaginians negotiate peace and withdraw . At this point ( 247 BC ) , Carthage sent general Hamilcar Barca ( Hannibal 's father ) to Sicily . His landing at Heirkte ( near Panormus ) drew the Romans away to defend that port city and resupply point and gave Drepana some breathing room .",
"12": "Subsequent guerrilla warfare kept the Roman legions pinned down and preserved Carthage 's toehold in Sicily , although Roman forces which bypassed Hamilcar forced him to relocate to Eryx , to better defend Drepana . Battle of the Aegates Islands ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Aegates Islands Perhaps in response to Hamilcar 's raids , Rome built another fleet ( paid for with donations from wealthy citizens ) . It was this fleet that rendered the Carthaginian success in Sicily futile , as the stalemate Hamilcar produced in Sicily became irrelevant following the Roman naval victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC , where the new Roman fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus was victorious over an undermanned and hastily built Carthaginian fleet . Carthage lost most of its fleet and was economically incapable of funding another , or of finding manpower for the crews . Without naval support , Hamilcar Barca was cut off from Carthage and forced to negotiate peace and agree to evacuate Sicily . It should be noted that Hamilcar Barca had a subordinate named Gesco conduct the negotiations with Lutatius , in order to create the impression that he had not really been defeated . Role of naval warfare ( edit ) Photo of the remains of the naval base of the city of Carthage . Before the war , Carthage had the most powerful navy in the western Mediterranean . See also : Roman navy Due to the difficulty of operating in Sicily , most of the First Punic War was fought at sea , including the most decisive battles . But one reason the war bogged down into stalemate on the landward side was because ancient navies were ineffective at maintaining seaward blockades of enemy ports . Consequently , Carthage was able to reinforce and re-supply its besieged strongholds , especially Lilybaeum , on the western end of Sicily . Both sides of the conflict had publicly funded fleets . This fact compromised Carthage and Rome 's finances and eventually decided the course of the war . Despite the Roman victories at sea , the Roman Republic lost countless ships and crews during the war , due to both storms and battles .",
"13": "On at least two occasions ( 255 and 253 BC ) whole fleets were destroyed in bad weather ; the disaster off Camarina in 255 BC counted two hundred seventy ships and over one hundred thousand men lost , the greatest single loss in history . One theory is that the weight of the corvus on the prows of the ships made the ships unstable and caused them to sink in bad weather . Later , as Roman experience in naval warfare grew , the corvus device was made attachable and detachable due to its impact on the navigability of the war vessels . Aftermath ( edit ) Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict and in the end became the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean . In the aftermath of the war , both states were financially and demographically exhausted . Corsica , Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian , but they had to pay a high war indemnity . Rome 's victory was greatly influenced by its persistence . Moreover , the Roman Republic 's ability to attract private investments in the war effort to fund ships and crews was one of the deciding factors of the war , particularly when contrasted with the Carthaginian nobility 's apparent unwillingness to risk their fortunes for the common war effort . Casualties ( edit ) The exact number of casualties on each side is difficult to determine , due to bias in the historical sources . According to sources ( excluding land warfare casualties ) : Rome lost 700 ships ( in part to bad weather ) with an unknown number of crew deaths . Carthage lost 500 ships with an unknown number of crew deaths . Although uncertain , the casualties were heavy for both sides . Polybius commented that the war was , at the time , the most destructive in terms of casualties in the history of warfare , including the battles of Alexander the Great . Analysing the data from the Roman census of the 3rd century BC , Adrian Goldsworthy noted that during the conflict Rome lost about 50,000 men . This excludes auxiliary troops and every other man in the army without citizen status , who would be outside the head count . Peace terms ( edit ) The terms of the Treaty of Lutatius designed by the Romans were particularly heavy for Carthage , which had lost bargaining power following its defeat at the Aegates islands .",
"14": "Accordingly , Carthage agreed to : evacuate Sicily and the small islands west of it ( Aegadian Islands ) . return its prisoners of war without ransom , while paying a heavy ransom of their own . refrain from attacking Syracuse and her allies . transfer a group of small islands north of Sicily ( the Aeolian Islands and Ustica ) to Rome . evacuate all of the small islands between Sicily and Africa ( Pantelleria , Linosa , Lampedusa , Lampione and Malta ) . pay a 2,200 talent ( 66 tonnes / 145,000 pounds ) of silver indemnity in ten annual instalments , plus an additional indemnity of 1,000 talents ( 30 tonnes / 66,000 pounds ) immediately . Further clauses determined that the allies of each side would not be attacked by the other , no attacks were to be made by either side upon the other 's allies and both sides were prohibited from recruiting soldiers within the territory of the other . This denied the Carthaginians access to any mercenary manpower from Italy and most of Sicily , although this later clause was temporarily abolished during the Mercenary War . Political results ( edit ) A Carthaginian shekel , dated 237 - 227 BC , depicting the Punic god Melqart ( equivalent of Hercules / Heracles ) , most likely with the features of Hamilcar Barca , father of Hannibal Barca ; on the reverse is a man riding a war elephant In the aftermath of the war , Carthage had insufficient state funds . Hanno the Great tried to induce the disbanded armies to accept diminished payment , but kindled a movement that led to an internal conflict , the Mercenary War . After a hard struggle from the combined efforts of Hamilcar Barca , Hanno the Great and others , the Punic forces were finally able to annihilate the mercenaries and the insurgents . However , during this conflict , Rome took advantage of the opportunity to strip Carthage of Corsica and Sardinia as well . Perhaps the most immediate political result of the First Punic War was the downfall of Carthage 's naval power . Conditions signed in the peace treaty were intended to compromise Carthage 's economic situation and prevent the city 's recovery .",
"15": "The indemnity demanded by the Romans strained the city 's finances and forced Carthage to look to other areas of influence for the money to pay Rome . Carthage , seeking to make up for the recent territorial losses and a plentiful source of silver to pay the large indemnity owed to Rome , turned its attention to Iberia ; and in 237 BC , the Carthaginians , led by Hamilcar Barca , began a series of campaigns to expand their control over the peninsula . Though Hamilcar was killed in 229 BC , the offensive continued with the Carthaginians extending their power towards the Ebro valley and founding `` New Carthage '' in 228 BC . When Carthage besieged the Roman protected town of Saguntum in 218 BC , it ignited the Second Punic War with Rome . As for Rome , the end of the First Punic War marked the start of Rome 's expansion beyond the Italian Peninsula . Sicily became the first Roman province ( Sicilia ) governed by a former praetor , instead of an ally . Sicily would become very important to Rome as a source of grain . Importantly , Syracuse was granted nominal independent ally status for the lifetime of Hiero II , and was not incorporated into the Roman province of Sicily until after it was sacked by Marcus Claudius Marcellus during the Second Punic War .",
"16": "Notable leaders ( edit ) Adherbal , Carthaginian leading admiral Appius Claudius Caudex , Roman consul Aulus Atilius Calatinus , Roman dictator Gaius Duilius , Roman consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus , Roman consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina , Roman consul Hamilcar Barca , Carthaginian leading general Hannibal Gisco , Carthaginian general Hanno the Great , Carthaginian leading politician Hasdrubal the Fair , Carthaginian general Hiero II , tyrant of Syracuse Lucius Caecilius Metellus , Roman consul Marcus Atilius Regulus , Roman consul Publius Claudius Pulcher , Roman consul Xanthippus , Spartan mercenary in the service of Carthage Hannibal the Rhodian , Carthaginian privateer Chronology ( edit ) 264 BC : The Mamertines seek assistance from Rome to replace Carthage 's protection against the attacks of Hiero II of Syracuse . 263 BC : Hiero II is defeated by consul Manius Valerius Messalla and is forced to change allegiance to Rome , which recognises his position as King of Syracuse and the surrounding territory . 262 BC : Roman intervention in Sicily . The city of Agrigentum , occupied by Carthage , is besieged . 261 BC : Battle of Agrigentum , which results in a Roman victory and capture of the city . Rome decides to build a fleet to threaten Carthaginian domination at sea . 260 BC : First naval encounter ( Battle of the Lipari Islands ) is a disaster for Rome , but soon afterwards , Gaius Duilius wins the battle of Mylae with the help of the corvus engine . 259 BC : The land fighting is extended to Sardinia and Corsica . 258 BC : Naval Battle of Sulci : Roman victory . 257 BC : Naval Battle of Tyndaris : Roman victory . 256 BC : Rome attempts to invade Africa and Carthage attempts to intercept the transport fleet . The resulting Battle of Cape Ecnomus is a major victory for Rome , which lands in Africa and advances on Carthage .",
"17": "The Battle of Adys is the first Roman success on African soil and Carthage sues for peace . Negotiations fail to reach agreement and the war continues . 255 BC : The Carthaginians employ a Spartan general , Xanthippus , to organise their defences and defeat the Romans at the Battle of Tunis . The Roman survivors are evacuated by a fleet to be destroyed soon afterwards , on their way back to Sicily . 254 BC : A new fleet of 140 Roman ships is constructed to substitute the one lost in the storm and a new army is levied . The Romans win a victory at Panormus , in Sicily , but fail to make any further progress in the war . Five Greek cities in Sicily defect from Carthage to Rome . 253 BC : The Romans pursue a policy of raiding the African coast east of Carthage . After an unsuccessful year the fleet heads for home . During the return to Italy the Romans are again caught in a storm and lose 150 ships . 251 BC : The Romans again win at Panormus over the Carthaginians , led by Hasdrubal . As a result of the recent losses , Carthage endeavours to strengthen its garrisons in Sicily and recapture Agrigentum . Romans begin siege of Lilybaeum . 249 BC : Rome loses almost a whole fleet in the Battle of Drepana . In the same year Hamilcar Barca accomplishes successful raids in Sicily and yet another storm destroys the remainder of the Roman ships . Aulus Atilius Calatinus is appointed dictator and sent to Sicily . 248 BC : Beginning of a period of low - intensity fighting in Sicily , without naval battles . This lull would last until 241 BC . 244 BC : With little to no naval engagements , Hanno the Great of Carthage advocates the demobilisation of large parts of the Carthaginian navy to save money . Carthage does so . 242 BC : Rome constructs another major battle fleet . 241 BC : On March 10 , the Romans secure a decisive victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands . Carthage negotiates peace terms and the First Punic War ends .",
"18": "References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sidwell & Jones 1997 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . `` Rome . '' vol 23 p628 . Jump up ^ Starr 1965 , pp. 464 -- 465 . ^ Jump up to : Starr 1965 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . `` Carthage . '' vol 5 p429 . Jump up ^ Starr 1965 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . `` Carthage . '' Vol 5 p428 . Jump up ^ John Iliffe ( 13 August 2007 ) . Africans : The History of a Continent . Cambridge University Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46424 - 6 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . `` Carthage . '' Vol 5 p427 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . `` Sicily . '' Vol 25 p25 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 9.7 - 9.8 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 10.7 - 10.9 . Jump up ^ Starr 1965 , p. 479 ; Warmington 1993 , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 11.3 . ^ Jump up to : Niebuhr 1844 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 11.2 - 11.4 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 11.12 - 11.14 .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : Warmington 1993 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 16.6 - 16.8 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 17.4 . ^ Jump up to : Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 19 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Zoch 2000 , pp. 94 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Polybius , The Histories , I. 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Wallinga 1956 , pp. 73 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Starr 1965 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 22.3 - 22.11 . Jump up ^ Addington 1990 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 23 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The General History of Polybius , Book I ( p. 29 ) . Jump up ^ Bagnall 2002 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 24.1 - 24.2 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 24.3 - 24.4 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Lucio Cornelio Scipione Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 24.10 - 24.13 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 25.9 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 36.5 - 36.9 . ^ Jump up to : Warmington 1993 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Smith 1854 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Warmington 1993 , pp. 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Warmington 1993 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996 , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 1854 , p. 788 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Bagnall 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2001 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Mokhtar 1981 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Bedford & Bradford 2001 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona ( 1995 -- 2010 ) . `` First Punic War : Chronology '' . Livius : Articles on Ancient History . Retrieved 27 November 2010 ... ^ Jump up to : Bringmann 2007 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Dupuy 1984 . Jump up ^ Penrose 2008 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 1 : 63.6 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2007 , Backcover . Jump up ^ Goodrich 1864 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Polybius .",
"21": "The Histories , 1 : 62.7 - 63.3 . Jump up ^ Fields 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Allen & Myers 1890 , p. 111 . Sources ( edit ) Addington , Larry H. ( 1990 ) . The Patterns of War through the Eighteenth Century . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20551 - 4 . Allen , William Francis ; Myers , Philip Van Ness ( 1890 ) . Ancient History for Colleges and High Schools : Part II -- A Short History of the Roman People . Boston , United States of America : Ginn & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 143 - 05928 - 5 . Bagnall , Nigel ( 2002 ) . The Punic Wars , 264 -- 146 BC . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 355 - 1 . Bedford , Alfred S. ; Bradford , Pamela M. ( 2001 ) . With Arrow , Sword , and Spear : A History of Warfare in the Ancient World . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95259 - 2 . Bringmann , Klaus ( 2007 ) . A History of the Roman Republic . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Polity Press . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 3370 - 6 . Collins , Roger ( 1998 ) . Spain : An Oxford Archaeological Guide . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285300 - 7 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1984 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Da Capo Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80384 - 4 . Fields , Nic ( 2007 ) . The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264 -- 146 BC . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 145 - 1 . Goldsworthy , Adrian Keith ( 2007 ) .",
"22": "The Fall of Carthage : The Punic Wars 265 -- 146 BC . Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36642 - 0 . Goldsworthy , Adrian Keith ( 2001 ) . The Punic Wars . Cassel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35284 - 5 . Goodrich , Samuel Griswold ( 1864 ) . A Pictorial History of Ancient Rome : With Sketches of the History of Modern Italy ( PDF ) . Philadelphia : E.H. Butler & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 147 - 45071 - 2 . Lazenby , John Francis ( 1996 ) . The First Punic War : A Military History . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2673 - 6 . OCLC 34371250 . Mokhtar , Gamal ( 1981 ) . Ancient Civilizations of Africa . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 435 - 94805 - 9 . Niebuhr , Barthold Georg ( 1844 ) . Lectures on the history of Rome from the first Punic war to the death of Constantine . In a series of lectures , including an introductory course on the sources and study of Roman history , Volume 2 ( PDF ) . Taylor & Walton . ISBN 1 - 150 - 67678 - 7 . Penrose , Jane ( 2008 ) . Rome and Her Enemies : An Empire Created and Destroyed by War . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 336 - 5 . Reynolds , Clark G. ( 1998 ) . Navies in History . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 715 - 5 . Roberts , Peter ( 2006 ) . Ancient History , Book 2 . Pascal Press . ISBN 1 - 74125 - 179 - 6 . Sidwell , Keith C. ; Jones , Peter V. ( 1997 ) . The World of Rome : An Introduction to Roman Culture .",
"23": "Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38600 - 4 . Smith , William ( 1854 ) . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography ( PDF ) . Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 001 - 7 . Starr , Chester G. ( 1965 ) . A History of the Ancient World . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506628 - 6 . Wallinga , Herman Tammo ( 1956 ) . The Boarding - bridge of the Romans : Its Construction and its Function in the Naval Tactics of the First Punic War . J.B. Wolters Groningen . Warmington , Brian Herbert ( 1993 ) ( 1960 ) . Carthage . New York : Barnes & Noble , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56619 - 210 - 1 . Zoch , Paul A. ( 2000 ) . Ancient Rome : An Introductory History . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3287 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Liddle , Henry George ( 1855 ) . `` Chapter XXIX : First Punic War '' . A History of Rome from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire , Volume 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 142 - 17443 - 9 . Livius , Titus . `` Ab Urbe condita Libri '' ( in Latin ) . The Latin Library . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Punic War .",
"24": "First Punic War - Ancient History Encyclopaedia Polybius on the First Punic War ( hide ) Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana 1st Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mount Ercte 1st Mt . Eryx 2nd Mt . Eryx Aegates Mercenary War Utica Bagradas River Hamilcar 's victory with Naravas Carthage `` The Saw '' Tunis Second Punic War Saguntum Crossing of the Alps Lilybaeum Rhone Ticinus Trebia Cissa Lake Trasimene Ebro River Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola Dertosa 2nd Nola Decimomannu 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum Syracuse 1st Tarentum 1st Capua 2nd Beneventum Silarus 1st Herdonia Upper Baetis 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Asculum 2nd Tarentum Baecula Grumentum Metaurus New Carthage Ilipa Guadalquivir Carteia Crotona Utica Great Plains Cirta Po Valley Zama Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage Military history ( hide ) Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman -- Etruscan Wars Roman - Aequian wars Roman -- Latin wars Roman -- Hernician wars Roman - Volscian wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Illyrian Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Macedonian Wars ( First , Second , Third ,",
"25": "Fourth ) Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War Galatian War Roman conquest of Hispania ( First Celtiberian War , Lusitanian War , Numantine War , Sertorian War , Cantabrian Wars ) Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Social War Sulla 's civil wars ( First , Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Gallic Wars Caesar 's invasions of Britain Caesar 's Civil War End of the Republic ( Post-Caesarian , Liberators ' , Sicilian , Perusine , Final ) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Teutoburg , Marcomannic , Alemannic , Gothic , Visigothic ) Wars in Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Civil War of 69 Jewish -- Roman wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Persian Wars Civil Wars of the Third Century Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history of ancient Rome GND : 4176369 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"26": "php?title=First_Punic_War&oldid=837609575 '' Categories : First Punic War 260s BC conflicts 250s BC conflicts 240s BC conflicts 264 BC 3rd century BC in the Roman Republic 3rd century BC Punic Wars Wars involving Carthage Wars involving the Roman Republic Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the indian myna bird come from
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[
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{
"0": "Common myna - wikipedia Common myna Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Common miner or Noisy miner . Common myna / Indian mynah Acridotheres tristis in Kokrebellur , India Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Sturnidae Genus : Acridotheres Species : A. tristis Binomial name Acridotheres tristis ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Subspecies Acridotheres tristis melanosternus Acridotheres tristis naumanni Acridotheres tristis tristis Acridotheres tristis tristoides Distribution of the common myna . Native distribution in blue , introduced in red . The common myna / Indian mynah ( Acridotheres tristis ) , sometimes spelled mynah , also sometimes known as `` Indian myna '' , is a member of the family Sturnidae ( starlings and mynas ) native to Asia . An omnivorous open woodland bird with a strong territorial instinct , the myna has adapted extremely well to urban environments . The range of the common myna is increasing at such a rapid rate that in 2000 the IUCN Species Survival Commission declared it one of the world 's most invasive species and one of only three birds in the top 100 species that pose an impact to biodiversity , agriculture and human interests . In particular , the species poses a serious threat to the ecosystems of Australia where it was named `` The Most Important Pest / Problem '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Morphometry 2 Distribution 3 Etymology 4 Taxonomy and subspecies 5 Behaviour 5.1 Vocalisation 5.2 Breeding 5.3 Food and feeding 5.4 Roosting behaviour 5.5 Habitat 5.5.",
"1": "1 Urban success 6 Invasive species 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 6.3 South Africa 6.4 United States 6.5 Effect on ecosystems and humans 6.5. 1 Threat to native birds 6.5. 2 Threat to crops and pasture 7 In culture 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Description ( edit ) The common myna is readily identified by the brown body , black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye . The bill and legs are bright yellow . There is a white patch on the outer primaries and the wing lining on the underside is white . The sexes are similar and birds are usually seen in pairs . The common myna obeys Gloger 's rule in that the birds from northwest India tend to be paler than their darker counterparts in South India . Morphometry ( edit ) Morphometry . Body length : 23 centimetres ( 9.1 in ) Parameter / sex Male Female Average weight ( g ) 109.8 120 - 138 Wing chord ( mm ) 138 - 153 138 - 147 Bill ( mm ) 25 - 30 25 - 28 Tarsus ( mm ) 34 - 42 35 - 41 Tail ( mm ) 81 - 95 79 - 96 Distribution ( edit ) It is a species of bird native to Asia with its initial home range spanning from Iran , Pakistan , India , Nepal , Bhutan , Bangladesh and Sri Lanka ; as well as Afghanistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Myanmar , to Malaysia , Singapore , peninsular Thailand , Indo - China and China . The myna has been introduced in many other parts of the world such as Canada , Australia , Israel , New Zealand , New Caledonia , United States , South Africa , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan and islands in the Indian Ocean ( Seychelles , Mauritius , Réunion , Madagascar , Maldives , Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep archipelago ) and also in islands of the Atlantic , such as Ascension and St Helena , and Pacific Oceans .",
"2": "The range of the common myna is increasing to the extent that in 2000 the IUCN Species Survival Commission declared it among the World 's 100 worst invasive species . Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of the scientific name is as follows : Acridotheres : Greek akris , akrodos , a locust ; theres , a hunter . tristis : Latin tristis , sad , gloomy ; Modern Latin tristis , dull - coloured ) . Taxonomy and subspecies ( edit ) The common myna has two subspecies : Acridotheres tristis tristis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) . Widespread , including Sri Lanka . A. t . melanosternus Legge , 1879 . Endemic to Sri Lanka . The subspecies melanosternus is darker than the nominate subspecies , has half - black and half - white primary coverts and has a larger yellow cheek - patch . The type locality of the nominate subspecies is Puducherry , India . Behaviour ( edit ) Vocalisation ( edit ) Calls Common Myna In Guntur Turquoise blue - coloured egg of common myna . The calls includes croaks , squawks , chirps , clicks , whistles and ' growls ' , and the bird often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing . The common myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity or when it is about to take off flying . Common mynas are popular as cage birds for their singing and `` speaking '' abilities . Before sleeping in communal roosts , mynas vocalise in unison , which is known as `` communal noise '' . Breeding ( edit ) Common myna evicting a nest of jungle babbler . Breaking the eggs of jungle babbler . Common mynas are believed to pair for life . They breed through much of the year depending on the location , building their nest in a hole in a tree or wall . They breed from sea - level to 3000 m in the Himalayas . The normal clutch size is 4 -- 6 eggs . The average size of the egg is 30.8 x 21.99 mm .",
"3": "The incubation period is 17 to 18 days and fledging period is 22 to 24 days . The Asian koel is sometimes brood parasitic on this species . Nesting material used by mynas include twigs , roots , tow and rubbish . Mynas have been known to use tissue paper , tin foil and sloughed off snake - skin . During the breeding season , the daytime activity - time budget of common myna in Pune in April to June 1978 has been recorded to comprise the following : nesting activity ( 42 % ) , scanning the environment ( 28 % ) , locomotion ( 12 % ) , feeding ( 4 % ) , vocalisation ( 7 % ) and preening - related activities , interactions and other activities ( 7 % ) . The common myna uses the nests of woodpeckers , parakeets , etc. and easily takes to nest boxes ; it has been recorded evicting the chicks of previously nesting pairs by holding them in the beak and later sometimes not even using the emptied nest boxes . This aggressive behaviour contributes to its success as an invasive species . However , there is also some evidence that shows that in introduced environments , the species chooses to nest in more modified and artificial structures than in natural tree cavities when compared to native species . Food and feeding ( edit ) Common Myna prey on a grasshopper . Like most starlings , the common myna is omnivorous . It feeds on insects , arachnids , crustaceans , reptiles , small mammals , seeds , grain and fruits and discarded waste from human habitation . It forages on the ground among grass for insects , and especially for grasshoppers , from which it gets the generic name Acridotheres , `` grasshopper hunter '' . It however feeds on a wide range of insects , mostly picked from the ground . It is a cross-pollinator of flowers such as Salmalia and Erythrina . It walks on the ground with occasional hops and is an opportunistic feeder on the insects disturbed by grazing cattle as well as fired grass fields .",
"4": "Roosting behaviour ( edit ) Common mynas roost communally throughout the year , either in pure or mixed flocks with jungle mynas , rosy starlings , house crows , jungle crows , cattle egrets and rose - ringed parakeets and other birds . The roost population can range from less than one hundred to thousands . The time of arrival of mynas at the roost starts before and ends just after sunset . The mynas depart before sunrise . The time and timespan of arrival and departure , time taken for final settlement at the roost , duration of communal sleep , flock size and population vary seasonally . The function of communal roosting is to synchronise various social activities , avoid predators , exchange information about food sources . Communal displays ( pre-roosting and post-roosting ) consist of aerial maneuvers which are exhibited in the pre-breeding season ( November to March ) . It is assumed that this behaviour is related to pair formation . Habitat ( edit ) A common myna visits a home garden in Colombo , Sri Lanka . This abundant passerine is typically found in open woodland , cultivation and around habitation . Although this is an adaptable species , its population has been decreasing significantly in Singapore and Malaysia ( where it is locally called as gembala kerbau , literally ' buffalo shepherd ' ) due to competition with its cousin , the introduced Javan myna . Urban success ( edit ) The common myna thrives in urban and suburban environments ; in Canberra , for instance , 110 common mynas were released between 1968 and 1971 . By 1991 , common myna population density in Canberra averaged 15 birds per square kilometer . Only three years later , a second study found an average population density of 75 birds per square kilometer in the same area . The bird likely owes its success in the urban and suburban settings of Sydney and Canberra to its evolutionary origins ; having evolved in the open woodlands of India , the common myna is pre-adapted to habitats with tall vertical structures and little to no vegetative ground cover , features characteristic of city streets and urban nature preserves .",
"5": "The common myna ( along with European starlings , house sparrows , and feral rock pigeons ) is a nuisance to city buildings ; its nests block gutters and drainpipes , causing water damage to building exteriors . Invasive species ( edit ) The IUCN declared this myna as one of only three birds among the world 's 100 worst invasive species ( the other two birds being the red - vented bulbul and the European starling . ) It has been introduced widely elsewhere , including adjacent areas in Southeast Asia , Madagascar , the Middle East , South Africa , Madagascar , Israel , the United States , Argentina , Germany , the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and various oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans , including prominent populations in Fiji and Hawaii . The common myna is regarded as a pest in South Africa , North America , the Middle East , Australia , New Zealand and many Pacific islands . It is particularly problematic in Australia . Several methods have been tried to control the bird 's numbers and protect native species . Australia ( edit ) In Sydney , Australia In Australia , the common myna is an invasive pest . They are now often the predominant bird in urban areas all along the East coast . In a 2008 popular vote , the bird was named `` The Most Important Pest / Problem '' in Australia , also earning the nickname `` flying rats '' due to their scavenging resembling that of rats . Also known as the cane toad of the sky . The common myna was first introduced to Australia in Victoria between 1863 and 1872 into Melbourne 's market gardens to control insects . The bird is likely to have spread to New South Wales ( where it is currently most populous ) at around the same time , but documentation is uncertain . The bird was later introduced to Queensland as a predator of grasshoppers and cane beetles . Currently , common myna populations in Australia are concentrated along the eastern coast around Sydney and its surrounding suburbs , with sparser populations in Victoria and a few isolated communities in Queensland . During 2009 several municipal councils in New South Wales began trials of catching myna birds in an effort to reduce numbers . The bird can live and breed in a wide range of temperatures , ranging from the harsh winters of Canberra to the tropical climate of Cairns .",
"6": "Self - sustaining populations of common myna have been found in regions of mean warmest month temperature no less than 23.2 ° C and mean coldest month temperature no less than - 0.4 ° C , implying that the common myna could potentially spread from Sydney northward along the eastern coast to Cairns and westward along the southern coast to Adelaide ( though not to Tasmania , Darwin , or the arid interior regions ) . New Zealand ( edit ) The Indian myna was introduced to both the North Island and South Island of New Zealand in the 1870s . However , the cooler summer temperatures in the South Island appear to have impeded the breeding success rate of the southern populations , preventing the proliferation of the species , which was largely non-existent there by the 1890s . In contrast , the North Island population was able to breed more successfully and large portions of the North Island are now populated . However , in the southern reaches of the North Island , the cooler summer temperatures , like those of the South Island , have prevented the establishment of large Indian myna populations . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa where it escaped into the wild in 1902 , it has become very common and its distribution is greater where human populations are greater or where there is more human disturbance . The bird is also notorious for being a pest , kicking other birds out of their nests and killing their young due to the myna 's strong territorial instinct . In South Africa it is considered somewhat of a major pest and disturbance of the natural habitat ; as a result , they are frequently shot and killed or poisoned by people in urban environments and farmers alike . Bylaws in South Africa pertaining to the protection of most animal species specifically exclude mynas from this protection . Morphological studies show that the process of spatial sorting is at work on the range expansion of A. tristis in South Africa . Dispersal - relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core , with strong sexual dimorphism , indicative of sex - biased dispersal . Morphological variations are significant in wing and head traits of females , suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex . In contrast , traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging show no signs of spatial sorting but are significantly affected by environmental variables such as vegetation and intensity of urbanisation .",
"7": "United States ( edit ) In Hawaii it is out - competing a lot of the native birds for food and nesting area . To study the invasion genetics and landscape - scale dynamics of A. tristis , scientists have recently developed 16 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers using the next generation sequencing ( NGS ) approach . Effect on ecosystems and humans ( edit ) Threat to native birds ( edit ) The common myna is a hollow - nesting species ; that is , it nests and breeds in protected hollows found either naturally in trees or artificially on buildings ( for example , recessed windowsills or low eaves ) . Compared to native hollow - nesting species , the common myna is extremely aggressive , and breeding males will actively defend areas ranging up to 0.83 hectares in size ( though males in densely populated urban settings tend to only defend the area immediately surrounding their nests ) . This aggressiveness has enabled the common myna to displace many breeding pairs of native hollow - nesters , thereby reducing their reproductive success . In Australia , their aggressiveness has enabled them to chase native birds as large as galahs out of their nests . The common myna is also known to maintain up to two roosts simultaneously ; a temporary summer roost close to a breeding site ( where the entire local male community sleeps during the summer , the period of highest aggression ) , and a permanent all - year roost where the female broods and incubates overnight . Both male and female common mynas will fiercely protect both roosts at all times , leading to further exclusion of native birds . Threat to crops and pasture ( edit ) The common myna ( which feeds mostly on ground - dwelling insects , tropical fruits such as grapes , plums and some berries and , in urban areas , discarded human food ) poses a serious threat to Australian blueberry crops , though its main threat is to native bird species . In Hawaii , where the common myna was introduced to control pest armyworms and cutworms in sugarcane crops , the bird has helped to spread the robust Lantana camara weed across the islands ' open grasslands . It also has been recorded as the fourth - ranking avian pest in the fruit industry by a 2004 survey of the Hawaiian Farm Bureau and the sixth in number of complaints of avian pests overall .",
"8": "Mynas can cause considerable damage to ripening fruit , particularly grapes , but also figs , apples , pears , strawberries , blueberries , guava , mangoes and breadfruit . Cereal crops such as maize , wheat and rice are susceptible where they occur near urban areas . Roosting and nesting commensal with humans create aesthetic and health concerns . Mynas are known to carry avian malaria and exotic parasites such as the Ornithonyssus bursia mite which can cause dermatitis in humans . The myna can help spread agricultural weeds : for example , it spreads the seeds of Lantana camara which has been classed as a Weed of National Significance because of its invasiveness . Mynas are regularly observed to usurp nests and hollows , destroy the eggs and kill the young of native bird species including seabirds and parrots . There is evidence that Mynas have killed small land mammals such as mice , squirrels and possums , but further research on these occurrences are under consideration . In culture ( edit ) The common myna widely appears under the name saarika in Indian culture from Vedic times , featuring both in classical Indian literature ( Sanskrit ) as well as in Prakrit Buddhist texts . The Sanskrit term shuksarika , which refers to the rose - ringed parakeet ( shuk ) and the common myna ( saarika ) , is used to indicate a pair or a couple , probably because both birds are vocal and capable of mimicking human sound . In Sanskrit literature , the common myna has a number of names , most are descriptive of the appearance or behaviour of the bird . In addition to saarika , the names for the common myna include kalahapriya , which means `` one who is fond of arguments '' referring to the quarrelsome nature of this bird ; chitranetra , meaning `` picturesque eyes '' ; peetanetra ( one with yellow eyes ) and peetapaad ( one with yellow legs ) .",
"9": "Gallery ( edit ) Immature at nest , West Bengal Captive Indian myna housed with Javan myna Carrying nesting material Common Myna at Morbi , Gujarat Basking Bathing in a rain water puddle Spotted in Patiala References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Acridotheres tristis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.yimag.org.au/indian-myna-identification.html ^ Jump up to : Lowe S. , Browne M. , Boudjelas S. and de Poorter M. ( 2000 , updated 2004 ) . 100 of the World 's Worst Invasive Alien Species : A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database . The Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) , a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission ( SSC ) of the World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) , Auckland . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Wildwatch '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , PC & JC Anderton ( 2005 ) . Birds of South Asia : The Ripley Guide . Vol 2 . Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions . p. 584 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Salim ; Ripley , S. Dillon ( 2001 ) . Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan , Volume 5 ( 2 ( paperback ) ed . ) . India : Oxford University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 565938 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Pamela C. ; Anderton , John C. ( 2005 ) . Birds of South Asia - The Ripley Guide ( volume 2 ) . Smithsonian Institution , Washington & Lynx edicions , Barcelona . pp. 584 , 683 . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 66 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Common Myna '' .",
"10": "Retrieved December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Common Myna - Audubon Field Guide '' . Audubon . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pande , Satish ( 2009 ) . Latin names of Indian birds explained . Mumbai : Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press . pp. 417 , 506 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 806625 - 5 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrea S. ( 2008 ) . `` Social learning in Indian mynahs , Acridotheres tristis : the role of distress calls '' . Animal Behaviour. 75 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2007.04. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Mahabal , Anil ; Vaidya , V.G. ( 1989 ) . `` Diurnal rhythms and seasonal changes in the roosting behaviour of Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis ( Linnaeus ) '' . Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences ( Animal Science ) . Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore. 98 ( 3 ) : 199 -- 209 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03179646 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Choudhury A. ( 1998 ) . `` Common Myna feeding a fledgling koel '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 95 ( 1 ) : 115 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ( 1991 ) . `` Activity - time budget of Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis ( Linnaeus ) during the breeding season '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . Bombay Natural History Society . 90 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 97 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Pande , Satish ; Tambe , Saleel ; Clement , Francis M ; Sant , Niranjan ( 2003 ) . Birds of Western Ghats , Kokan and Malabar ( including birds of Goa ) .",
"11": "Mumbai : Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press . pp. 312 , 377 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 566878 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Katie A. ; Taylor , Charlotte E. ; Major , Richard E. ( 2011 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Do Common Mynas significantly compete with native birds in urban environments ? '' . Journal of Ornithology. 152 ( 4 ) : 909 -- 921 . doi : 10.1007 / s10336 - 011 - 0674 - 5 . ISSN 0021 - 8375 . Jump up ^ Mathew , DN ; Narendran , TC ; Zacharias , VJ ( 1978 ) . `` A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 75 ( 4 ) : 1178 -- 1197 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ; Bastawade , D.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Mixed roosting associates of Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis in Pune city , India '' . Pavo . Department of Zoology , Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad University , Vadodara. 29 ( 1 & 2 ) : 23 -- 32 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ( 1992 ) . `` Diurnal intra - and inter-specific assemblages of Indian Mynas '' . Biovigyanam . Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science , Pune. 18 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 118 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ; Bastawade , D.B. ; Vaidya , V.G. ( 1990 ) . `` Spatial and temporal fluctuations in the population of Common Myna Acridotheres tristis ( Linnaeus ) in and around an Indian City '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . Bombay Natural History Society , Mumbai. 87 ( 3 ) : 392 -- 398 .",
"12": "Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ( 1993 ) . `` Seasonal changes in the flocking behaviour of Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis ( Linnaeus ) '' . Biovigyanam . Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science , Pune. 19 ( 1 & 2 ) : 55 -- 64 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ( 1997 ) . `` Communal roosting in Common Mynas and its functional significanca '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . Bombay Natural History Society , Mumbai. 94 ( 2 ) : 342 -- 349 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahabal , Anil ( 1993 ) . `` Communal display behaviour of Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis ( Linnaeus ) '' . Pavo . Department of Zoology , Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad University , Vadodara. 31 ( 1&2 ) : 45 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Ubiquitous Javan Myna '' . Bird Ecology Study Group , Nature Society ( Singapore ) . Besgroup.blogspot.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pell , A.S. ; C.R. Tidemann ( 1997 ) . `` The Ecology of the Common Myna in Urban Nature Reserves in the Australian Capital Territory '' ( PDF ) . Emu . Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union . 97 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 149 . doi : 10.1071 / MU97018 . Jump up ^ Pell 1997 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Pell 1997 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Bomford , M. ; Ron Sinclair ( 2002 ) . `` Australian research on bird pests : impact , management and future directions '' ( PDF ) . Emu . Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union . 102 : 35 . doi : 10.1071 / MU01028 . Jump up ^ Wilme , Lucienne ( 1996 ) .",
"13": "`` Composition and characteristics of bird communities in Madagascar '' ( PDF ) . Biogéographie de Madagascar : 349 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Long , John L. ( 1981 ) . Introduced Birds of the World . Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia , 21 - 493 Jump up ^ Hone , J. ( 1978 ) . `` Introduction and Spread of the Common Myna in New South Wales '' ( PDF ) . Emu . Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union . 78 ( 4 ) : 227 . doi : 10.1071 / MU9780227 . Jump up ^ Martin , W.K. ( 1996 ) . `` The Current and Potential Distribution of the Common Myna Acridotheres tristis in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Emu . Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union . 96 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 170 . doi : 10.1071 / MU9960166 . Jump up ^ Vikki , By ( 2009 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Councils assessing backyard traps to catch Indian Mynah birds thetelegraph.com.au '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Martin 1996 , pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/introduced-land-birds/page-9 Jump up ^ Derick S. Peacock ; Berndt J. van Rensburg & Mark P. Robertson ( 2007 ) . `` The distribution and spread of the invasive alien Common Myna , Acridotheres tristis L. ( Aves : Sturnidae ) , in southern Africa '' . South African Journal of Science . 103 : 465 -- 473 . Jump up ^ Berthouly - Salazar , C. ; van Rensburg , B.J. ; van Vuuren , B.J. ; Hui , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Spatial sorting drives morphological variation in the invasive bird , Acridotheres tristis '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 5 ) : e38145 .",
"14": "doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0038145 . Jump up ^ Berthouly - Salazar , C. ; Cassey , P. ; van Vuuren , B.J. ; van Rensburg , B.J. ; Hui , C. ; le Roux , J.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Development and characterization of 13 new , and cross amplification of 3 , polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci in the Common myna ( Acridotheres tristis ) '' . Conservation Genetics Resources . 4 : 621 -- 624 . doi : 10.1007 / s12686 - 012 - 9607 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bomford 2002 , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Pell 1997 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Pell 1997 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Bomford 2002 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Pimentel , D. ; Lori Lach ; Rodolfo Zuniga ; Doug Morrison ( January 2000 ) . `` Environmental and Economic Costs of Nonindigenous Species in the United States '' . BioScience . American Institute of Biological Sciences . 50 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 56 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2000 ) 050 ( 0053 : EAECON ) 2.3.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Koopman , ME & WC Pitt ( 2007 ) . `` Crop diversification leads to diverse bird problems in Hawaiian agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Human -- Wildlife Conflicts. 1 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 243 . Jump up ^ https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/vertebrate-pests/pest-animals-in-nsw/pest-birds/myna-birds Jump up ^ Pande , Dr Suruchi. ( 2007 ) . Some reflections on birds in Sanskrit literature .",
"15": "( A Thesis submitted for the degree of Vidyavachaspati ( PhD ) ( Sanskrit ) awarded from Shri Balmukund Lohiya Centre of Sanskrit and Indological Studies , Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth , Pune ) . Jump up ^ Dave , K.N. ( 2005 ) . Birds in Sanskrit Literature ( revised ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Private Ltd . pp. 468 , 516 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1842 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Feare , Chris ; Craig , Adrian ( 1999 ) . Starlings and Mynas . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 3961 - X . Grimmett , Inskipp and Inskipp , Birds of India ISBN 0 - 691 - 04910 - 6 Pell , A.S. & Tidemann , C.R. ( 1997 ) `` The impact of two exotic hollow - nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in eastern Australia '' , Biological Conservation , 79 , 145 - 153 . A study showing native birds being excluded from up to 80 % of nesting sites in Canberra , Australia . External links ( edit ) Common Myna videos , photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection ( Indian Myna =) Common Myna - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds . Indian Myna Control Handbook `` Acridotheres tristis '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 23 February 2009 .",
"16": "Common Myna video on Wild Sri Lanka ANU Indian Common Myna page about mynas as an invasive species in Australia and what can be done to control them Taxon identifiers Wd : Q116667 ADW : Acridotheres_tristis ARKive : acridotheres - tristis eBird : commyn EoL : 1178476 EPPO : ACRHTR Fauna Europaea : 97249 GBIF : 2489005 iNaturalist : 204454 ITIS : 554025 IUCN : 22710921 NCBI : 279927 NZOR : 19c7edfa - 9ef8 - 443d - afcd - 60926519bbfa uBio : 2332984 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_myna&oldid=838420824 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Acridotheres Mynas Birds of Southern Africa Birds of South Asia Birds of Southeast Asia Birds of the Indian Ocean Birds of Oceania Birds of the Middle East Birds of Hawaii Invasive bird species Talking birds Urban animals Birds described in 1766 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা",
"17": "भोजपुरी Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Кыргызча Кырык мары Latviešu Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Timeline of the flag of the United States - wikipedia Timeline of the flag of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1776 January 1 -- The Continental Colours designed during 1775 , is displayed at the camp of the commanding General George Washington of Virginia over the Continental Army Revolutionary / Rebel forces in the American Revolutionary War at Prospect Hill , north of Cambridge and Boston , Massachusetts during the Siege of Boston . It has 13 alternate red and white stripes representing the original Thirteen Colonies and the British Union Jack flag , in a square in the upper left - hand corner . 1776 May -- A popular legend promulgated by the descendants of Betsy Ross , of Philadelphia , during the 1870s , over a century later , holds that the seamstress sewed the first American flag . The claim is widely discredited by researchers / historians . 1777 June 14 -- Continental Congress adopts the following : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' 1787 Captain Robert Gray carries the flag around the world on his sailing vessel ( around the tip of South America , to China , and beyond ) . 1795 Flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes designed - often with unique red stripe under the blue field / canton ( added Vermont , Kentucky to the original Thirteen Colonies stars ) 1814 September 14 -- Francis Scott Key writes the four stanza poem `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . It officially becomes the U.S.A. national anthem in 1931 . The unique 15 - star , 15 - stripe design with a red stripe under the blue canton with stars ( used 1795 - 1818 ) of the huge flag made by Mary Young Pickersgill later seen by Key flying over Fort McHenry outside Baltimore in September 1814 during the Battle of Baltimore in a British land / sea attack becomes known as the `` Star Spangled Banner Flag '' .",
"1": "1818 Flag with 20 stars and returned to the 13 stripes design of alternating red and white colors of 1777 . It remains at 13 stripes hereafter to the present with only stars added for additional states admitted to the Union , on next following Independence Day , Fourth of July . ( Tennessee ( 1796 ) , Ohio ( 1803 ) , Louisiana ( 1812 ) , Indiana ( 1816 ) , Mississippi ( 1817 ) added from previous years ) . 1819 Flag with 21 stars ( Illinois ) 1820 Flag with 23 stars ( Alabama , Maine ) first flag on Pikes Peak , ( located in future Colorado ) 1822 Flag with 24 stars ( Missouri ) 1836 Flag with 25 stars ( Arkansas ) 1837 Flag with 26 stars ( Michigan ) 1845 Flag with 27 stars ( Florida ) 1846 Flag with 28 stars ( Texas ) 1847 Flag with 29 stars ( Iowa ) 1848 Flag with 30 stars ( Wisconsin ) 1851 Flag with 31 stars ( California ) 1858 Flag with 32 stars ( Minnesota ) 1859 Flag with 33 stars ( Oregon ) 1861 Flag with 34 stars ; ( Kansas ) Note : Even after the Southern states seceded from the Union , establishing the Confederate States of America , 16th President Abraham Lincoln would not allow any star to be removed from the American flag . First First National Flag of the Confederacy ( nicknamed `` The Stars and Bars '' ) adopted by provisional government in temporary capital in Montgomery , Alabama 1863 Flag with 35 stars ( West Virginia western counties withdrew from seceded Virginia ) 1865 Flag with 36 stars ( Nevada ) 1867 Flag with 37 stars ( Nebraska ) 1869 First flag on a U.S. postage stamp 1876 Flag with 38 stars ( Colorado ) 1889 Flag with 39 stars that never was . Flag manufacturers mistakenly believed that the two Dakotas would be admitted instead as one state and so manufactured this flag , some of which still exist . It was never an official flag .",
"2": "1890 Flag with 43 stars ( North Dakota , South Dakota , Montana , Washington , Idaho ) 1891 Flag with 44 stars ( Wyoming ) 1892 `` Pledge of Allegiance '' first published in a magazine called `` The Youth 's Companion '' , written by Francis Bellamy . Revised in 1954 . 1896 Flag with 45 stars ( Utah ) 1897 Adoption of State Flag Desecration Statutes -- By the late 1800s an organized flag protection movement was born in reaction to perceived commercial and political misuse of the flag . After supporters failed to obtain federal legislation , Illinois , Pennsylvania , and South Dakota became the first States to adopt flag desecration statutes . By 1932 , all of the States had adopted flag desecration laws . In general , these State laws outlawed : ( i ) placing any kind of marking on the flag , whether for commercial , political , or other purposes ; ( ii ) using the flag in any form of advertising ; and ( iii ) publicly mutilating , trampling , defacing , defiling , defying or casting contempt , either by words or by act , upon the flag . Under the model flag desecration law , the term `` flag '' was defined to include any flag , standard , ensign , or color , or any representation of such made of any substance whatsoever and of any size that evidently purported to be said flag or a picture or representation thereof , upon which shall be shown the colors , the stars and stripes in any number , or by which the person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the U.S. 1907 Halter v. Nebraska ( 205 U.S. 34 ) -- The U.S. Supreme Court held that although the flag was a federal creation , the States ' had the authority to promulgate flag desecration laws under their general police power to safeguard public safety and welfare . Halter involved a conviction of two businessmen selling `` Stars and Stripes '' brand beer with representations of the U.S. flag affixed to the labels . The defendants did not raise any constitutional First Amendment claim . 1908 Flag with 46 stars ( Oklahoma ) 1909 Explorer Robert Peary places the flag his wife sewed atop the North Pole . He left pieces of another flag along the way .",
"3": "He was never censured for his action . 1912 Flag with 48 stars ( New Mexico , Arizona ) completing `` Lower 48 '' continental U.S.A. Becomes longest serving flag of 48 years 1912 - 1960 , until later 50 - star flag surpasses in 2008 . 1931 Stromberg v. California ( 283 U.S. 359 ) -- The Supreme Court found that a State statute prohibiting the display of a `` red flag '' as a sign of opposition to organized government unconstitutionally infringed on the defendant 's First Amendment rights . Stromberg represented the Court 's first declaration that `` symbolic speech '' was protected by the First Amendment . 1942 Federal Flag Code ( 36 U.S.C. 171 et seq . ) -- On June 22 , 1942 , 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the Federal Flag Code , providing for uniform guidelines for the display and respect shown to the flag . The Flag Code does not prescribe any penalties for non-compliance nor does it include any enforcement provisions , rather it functions simply as a guide for voluntary civilian compliance . 1943 West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette ( 319 U.S. 624 ) -- The Supreme Court held that public school children could not be compelled to salute the U.S. flag . In a now famous passage , Justice Robert Jackson highlighted the importance of freedom of expression under the First Amendment : Freedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much . That would be a mere shadow of freedom . The test of its substance is the right to differ as to things that touch the heart of the existing order . If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion or other matters of opinion . 1945 The flag that flew over Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii on Sunday , December 7 , 1941 , is flown over the White House on August 14 , 1945 , `` V-J Day '' when the Japanese accepted surrender terms . 1949 August 3 -- 34th President Harry Truman signs bill requesting the President call for a Flag Day ( June 14th ) observance each year by proclamation .",
"4": "1954 By act of Congress , the words `` Under God '' are inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance 1959 Flag with 49 stars ( Alaska ) 1960 Flag with 50 stars ( Hawaii ) 1963 American Flag placed on top of Mount Everest in Himalayas Mountains in Nepal ( tallest in the world ) , by Barry Bishop . 1968 Adoption of Federal Flag Desecration Law ( 18 U.S.C. 700 et seq . ) -- Congress approved the first federal flag desecration law in the wake of a highly publicized Central Park flag burning incident in New York City in protest of the Vietnam War . The federal law made it illegal to `` knowingly '' cast `` contempt '' upon `` any flag of the United States by publicly mutilating , defacing , defiling , burning or trampling upon it . '' The law defined flag in an expansive manner similar to most States . 1969 July 20 -- Astronauts Neil Armstrong with Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin of Apollo 11 places the American flag on the Moon at `` Tranquillity Base '' . 1969 Street v. New York ( 394 U.S. 576 ) -- The Supreme Court held that New York State could not convict a person based on his verbal remarks disparaging the flag . Street was arrested after he learned of the shooting of civil rights leader James Meredith and reacted by burning his own flag and exclaiming to a small crowd that if the government could allow Meredith to be killed , `` we do n't need no damn flag . '' The Court avoided deciding whether flag burning was protected by the First Amendment , and instead overturned the conviction based on Street 's oral remarks . In Street , the Court found there was not a sufficient governmental interest to warrant regulating verbal criticism of the flag . 1972 Smith v. Goguen ( 415 U.S. 94 ) -- The Supreme Court held that Massachusetts could not prosecute a person for wearing a small cloth replica of the flag on the seat of his pants based on a State law making it a crime to publicly treat the flag of the United States with `` contempt '' . The Massachusetts statute was held to be unconstitutionally `` void for vagueness . '' 1974 Spence v. Washington ( 418 U.S.",
"5": "405 ) -- The Supreme Court held that the State of Washington could not convict a person for attaching removable tape in the form of a peace sign to a flag . The defendant had attached the tape to his flag and draped it outside of his window in protest of the 1970 U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State killings . The Court again found under the First Amendment there was not a sufficient governmental interest to justify regulating this form of symbolic speech . Although not a flag burning case , this represented the first time the Court had clearly stated that protest involving the physical use of the flag should be seen as a form of protected expression under the First Amendment . 1970 -- 1980 Revision of State Flag Desecration Statutes -- During this period legislatures in some 20 States narrowed the scope of their flag desecration laws in an effort to conform to perceived Constitutional restrictions under the Street , Smith , and Spence cases and to more generally parallel the Federal Law ( i.e. , focusing more specifically on mutilation and other forms of physical desecration , rather than verbal abuse or commercial or political misuse ) . 1989 Texas v. Johnson ( 491 U.S. 397 ) -- The Supreme Court upheld the Texas Court of Criminal appeals finding that Texas law -- making it a crime to `` desecrate '' or otherwise `` mistreat '' the flag in a way the `` actor knows will seriously offend one or more persons '' -- was unconstitutional as applied . This was the first time the Supreme Court had directly considered the applicability of the First Amendment to flag burning . Gregory Johnson , a member of the Revolutionary Communist Party , was arrested during a demonstration outside of the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas after he set fire to a flag while protesters chanted `` America , the red , white , and blue , we spit on you . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision authored by Justice William Brennan , the Court first found that burning the flag was a form of symbolic speech subject to protection under the First Amendment . The Court also determined that under United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) , since the State law was related to the suppression of freedom of expression , the conviction could only be upheld if Texas could demonstrate a `` compelling '' interest in its law .",
"6": "The Court next found that Texas ' asserted interest in `` protecting the peace '' was not implicated under the facts of the case . Finally , while the Court acknowledged that Texas had a legitimate interest in preserving the flag as a `` symbol of national unity '' , this interest was not sufficiently compelling to justify a `` content based '' legal restriction ( i.e. , the law was not based on protecting the physical integrity of the flag in all circumstances , but was designed to protect it from symbolic protest likely to cause offense to others ) . 1989 Revision of Federal Flag Desecration Statute -- Pursuant to the Flag Protection Act of 1989 , Congress amended the 1968 federal flag desecration statute in an effort to make it `` content neutral '' and conform to the Constitutional requirements of the Johnson case . As a result , the 1989 Act sought to prohibit flag desecration under all circumstances by deleting the statutory requirement that the conduct cast contempt upon the flag and narrowing the definition of the term `` flag '' so that its meaning was not based on the observation of third parties . 1990 - United States v. Eichman ( 496 U.S. 310 ) -- Passage of the Flag Protection Act of 1989 resulted in a number of flag burning incidents protesting the new law . The Supreme Court overturned several flag burning convictions brought under the Flag Protection Act . The Court held that notwithstanding Congress ' effort to adopt a more content neutral law , the federal law continued to be principally aimed at limiting symbolic speech . 1990 - Rejection of Constitutional Amendment -- Following the Eichman decision , Congress considered and rejected a Constitutional Amendment specifying that `` the Congress and the States have the power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States . '' The amendment failed to muster the necessary two - thirds Congressional majorities , as it was supported by only a 254 -- 177 margin in the House ( 290 votes were necessary ) and a 58 -- 42 margin in the Senate ( 67 votes were necessary ) . 1995 -- The Flag Desecration Constitutional Amendment is narrowly defeated in the U.S. Senate . The Amendment to the Constitution would make burning the flag a punishable crime . 2005 - U.S. House of Representatives passes a new flag desecration constitutional amendment 2006 -- U.S.",
"7": "Senate rejects new constitutional amendment 2007 - The longevity in years used of the present 50 - star flag is now tied with that of the 48 - star flag , both having experienced 47 years of continuous use . After this date , the 50 - star flag became the longest - used version of the Flag of the United States of America . See also ( edit ) Book : Flags of the United States Flag Acts ( United States ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Congress , Joint Committee on Printing ( 1989 ) . Our Flag . Darby , PA : Diane Pub Co. p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 0219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Marc Leepson , `` Five myths about the American flag '' , The Washington Post , June 12 , 2011 , p . B2 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , 8 : 464 '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_flag_of_the_United_States&oldid=830319764 '' Categories : Flags of the United States United States history timelines Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 02 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who was the famous scientist that ran the research lab moseley went to in manchester
|
[
"Sir Ernest Rutherford",
"Sir Ernest Rutherford",
"Sir Ernest Rutherford"
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{
"0": "Henry Moseley - wikipedia Henry Moseley Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Henry Moseley , see Henry Moseley ( disambiguation ) . Henry Moseley Henry G.J. Moseley in the Balliol - Trinity Laboratories , Oxford University ( 1910 ) . 23 November 1887 ( 1887 - 11 - 23 ) Weymouth , Dorset , England 10 August 1915 ( 1915 - 08 - 11 ) ( aged 27 ) Gallipoli , Turkey Nationality English Citizenship British Education Trinity College , University of Oxford University of Manchester Known for Atomic Number , Moseley 's Law Awards Matteucci Medal ( 1919 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Influences Ernest Rutherford Henry Gwyn Jeffrey 's Moseley ( 23 November 1887 -- 10 August 1915 ) was an English physicist , whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number . This stemmed from his development of Moseley 's law in X-ray spectra . Moseley 's Law justified many concepts in chemistry by sorting the chemical elements of the periodic table of the elements in a logical order based on their physics . He published first the Long Form periodic table or Modern periodic table which is used till date . Moseley 's law advanced atomic physics , nuclear physics and quantum physics by providing the first experimental evidence in favour of Niels Bohr 's theory , aside from the hydrogen atom spectrum which the Bohr theory was designed to reproduce . That theory refined Ernest Rutherford 's and Antonius van den Broek 's model , which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table . This remains the accepted model today . When World War I broke out in Western Europe , Moseley left his research work at the University of Oxford behind to volunteer for the Royal Engineers of the British Army . Moseley was assigned to the force of British Empire soldiers that invaded the region of Gallipoli , Turkey , in April 1915 , as a telecommunications officer .",
"1": "Moseley was shot and killed during the Battle of Gallipoli on 10 August 1915 , at the age of 27 . Experts have speculated that Moseley could have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1916 , had he not been killed . As a consequence , the British government instituted new policies for eligibility for combat duty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Scientific work 2.1 Contribution to understanding of the atom 2.2 Use of X-ray spectrometer 3 Death and aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Henry G.J. Moseley , known to his friends as Harry , was born in Weymouth in Dorset in 1887 . His father Henry Nottidge Moseley ( 1844 -- 91 ) , who died when Henry Moseley was quite young , was a biologist and also a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Oxford , who had been a member of the Challenger Expedition . Moseley 's mother was Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley , the daughter of the Welsh biologist and conchologist John Gwyn Jeffreys . Henry Moseley had been a very promising schoolboy at Summer Fields School ( where one of the four ' leagues ' is named after him ) , and he was awarded a King 's scholarship to attend Eton College . In 1906 he won the chemistry and physics prizes at Eton . In 1906 , Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford , where he earned his bachelor 's degree . Immediately after graduation from Oxford in 1910 , Moseley became a demonstrator in physics at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford . During Moseley 's first year at Manchester , he had a teaching load as a graduate teaching assistant , but following that first year , he was reassigned from his teaching duties to work as a graduate research assistant . He declined a fellowship offered by Rutherford , preferring to move back to Oxford , in November 1913 , where he was given laboratory facilities but no support .",
"2": "Scientific work ( edit ) Experimenting with the energy of β - particles in 1912 , Moseley showed that high potentials were attainable from a radioactive source of radium , thereby inventing the first atomic battery , though he was unable to produce the 1MeV necessary to stop the particles . In 1913 , Moseley observed and measured the X-ray spectra of various chemical elements ( mostly metals ) that were found by the method of diffraction through crystals . This was a pioneering use of the method of X-ray spectroscopy in physics , using Bragg 's diffraction law to determine the X-ray wavelengths . Moseley discovered a systematic mathematical relationship between the wavelengths of the X-rays produced and the atomic numbers of the metals that were used as the targets in X-ray tubes . This has become known as Moseley 's law . Before Moseley 's discovery , the atomic numbers ( or elemental number ) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary sequential number , based on the sequence of atomic masses , but modified somewhat where chemists found this modification to be desirable , such as by the Russian chemist , Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev . In his invention of the Periodic Table of the Elements , Mendeleev had interchanged the orders of a few pairs of elements in order to put them in more appropriate places in this table of the elements . For example , the metals cobalt and nickel had been assigned the atomic numbers 27 and 28 , respectively , based on their known chemical and physical properties , even though they have nearly the same atomic masses . In fact , the atomic mass of cobalt is slightly larger than that of nickel , which would have placed them in backwards order if they had been placed in the Periodic Table blindly according to atomic mass . Moseley 's experiments in X-ray spectroscopy showed directly from their physics that cobalt and nickel have the different atomic numbers , 27 and 28 , and that they are placed in the Periodic Table correctly by Moseley 's objective measurements of their atomic numbers . Hence , Moseley 's discovery demonstrated that the atomic numbers of elements are not just rather arbitrary numbers based on chemistry and the intuition of chemists , but rather , they have a firm experimental basis from the physics of their X-ray spectra .",
"3": "In addition , Moseley showed that there were gaps in the atomic number sequence at numbers 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 . These spaces are now known , respectively , to be the places of the radioactive synthetic elements technetium and promethium , and also the last two quite rare naturally occurring stable elements hafnium ( discovered 1923 ) and rhenium ( discovered 1925 ) . Nothing was known about these four elements in Moseley 's lifetime , not even their very existence . Based on the intuition of a very experienced chemist , Dmitri Mendeleev had predicted the existence of a missing element in the Periodic Table , which was later found to be filled by technetium , and Bohuslav Brauner had predicted the existence of another missing element in this Table , which was later found to be filled by promethium . Henry Moseley 's experiments confirmed these predictions , by showing exactly what the missing atomic numbers were , 43 and 61 . In addition , Moseley predicted the existence of two more undiscovered elements , those with the atomic numbers 72 and 75 , and gave very strong evidence that there were no other gaps in the Periodic Table between the elements aluminium ( atomic number 13 ) and gold ( atomic number 79 ) . This latter question about the possibility of more undiscovered ( `` missing '' ) elements had been a standing problem among the chemists of the world , particularly given the existence of the large family of the lanthanide series of rare earth elements . Moseley was able to demonstrate that these lanthanide elements , i.e. lanthanum through lutetium , must have exactly 15 members -- no more and no less . The number of elements in the lanthanides had been a question that was very far from being settled by the chemists of the early 20th Century . They could not yet produce pure samples of all the rare - earth elements , even in the form of their salts , and in some cases they were unable to distinguish between mixtures of two very similar ( adjacent ) rare - earth elements from the nearby pure metals in the Periodic Table . For example , there was a so - called `` element '' that was even given the chemical name of `` didymium '' .",
"4": "`` Didymium '' was found some years later to be simply a mixture of two genuine rare - earth elements , and these were given the names neodymium and praseodymium , meaning `` new twin '' and `` green twin '' . Also , the method of separating the rare - earth elements by the method of ion exchange had not been invented yet in Moseley 's time . Moseley 's method in early X-ray spectroscopy was able to sort out the above chemical problems promptly , some of which had occupied chemists for a number of years . Moseley also predicted the existence of element 61 , a lanthanide whose existence was previously unsuspected . Quite a few years later , this element 61 was created artificially in nuclear reactors and was named promethium . Contribution to understanding of the atom ( edit ) Before Moseley and his law , atomic numbers had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary ordering number , vaguely increasing with atomic weight but not strictly defined by it . Moseley 's discovery showed that atomic numbers were not arbitrarily assigned , but rather , they have a definite physical basis . Moseley postulated that each successive element has a nuclear charge exactly one unit greater than its predecessor . Moseley redefined the idea of atomic numbers from its previous status as an ad hoc numerical tag to help sorting the elements into an exact sequence of ascending atomic numbers that made the Periodic Table exact . ( This was later to be the basis of the Aufbau principle in atomic studies . ) As noted by Bohr , Moseley 's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the ( new from 1911 ) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius van den Broek of the atom , with a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges ( later discovered and called protons ) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements . Moseley mentioned the two scientists above in his research paper , but he did not actually mention Bohr , who was rather new on the scene then . Simple modification of Rydberg 's and Bohr 's formulas were found to give theoretical justification for Moseley 's empirically derived law for determining atomic numbers .",
"5": "Use of X-ray spectrometer ( edit ) X-ray spectrometers are the foundation - stones of X-ray crystallography . The X-ray spectrometers as Moseley knew them worked as follows . A glass - bulb electron tube was used , similar to that held by Moseley in the photo at the top of this article . Inside the evacuated tube , electrons were fired at a metallic substance ( i.e. a sample of pure element in Moseley 's work ) , causing the ionization of electrons from the inner electron shells of the element . The rebound of electrons into these holes in the inner shells next causes the emission of X-ray photons that were led out of the tube in a semi-beam , through an opening in the external X-ray shielding . These are next diffracted by a standardized salt crystal , with angular results read out as photographic lines by the exposure of an X-ray film fixed at the outside the vacuum tube at a known distance . Application of Bragg 's law ( after some initial guesswork of the mean distances between atoms in the metallic crystal , based on its density ) next allowed the wavelength of the emitted - rays to be calculated . Moseley participated in the design and development of early X-ray spectrometry equipment , learning some techniques from William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg at the University of Leeds , and developing others himself . Many of the techniques of X-ray spectroscopy were inspired by the methods that are used with visible light spectroscopes and spectrograms , by substituting crystals , ionization chambers , and photographic plates for their analogs in light spectroscopy . In some cases , Moseley found it necessary to modify his equipment to detect particularly soft ( lower frequency ) X-rays that could not penetrate either air or paper , by working with his instruments in a vacuum chamber . Death and aftermath ( edit ) Sometime in the first half of 1914 , Moseley resigned from his position at Manchester , with plans to return to Oxford and continue his physics research there . However , World War I broke out in August 1914 , and Moseley turned down this job offer to instead enlist with the Royal Engineers of the British Army . His family and friends tried to persuade him not to join , but he thought it his duty .",
"6": "Moseley served as a technical officer in communications during the Battle of Gallipoli , in Turkey , beginning in April 1915 , where he was killed in action on 10 August 1915 . Moseley was shot in the head by a Turkish sniper while in the act of telephoning a military order . Blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry on the Townsend Building of the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford in 2007 , commemorating Moseley 's early 20th - century research work on X-rays emitted by elements . Only twenty - seven years old at the time of his death , Moseley could , in the opinion of some scientists , have contributed much to the knowledge of atomic structure had he survived . Niels Bohr said in 1962 that the Rutherford 's work `` was not taken seriously at all '' and that the `` great change came from Moseley . '' Isaac Asimov wrote , `` In view of what he ( Moseley ) might still have accomplished ... his death might well have been the most costly single death of the War to mankind generally . '' Because of Moseley 's death in World War I , and after much lobbying by Ernest Rutherford , the British government instituted a policy of no longer allowing its prominent and promising scientists to enlist for combat duty in the armed forces of the Crown . Isaac Asimov also speculated that , in the event that he had not been killed while in the service of the British Empire , Moseley might very well have been awarded the 1916 Nobel Prize in Physics , which , along with the prize for chemistry , was not awarded to anyone that year . Additional credence is given to this idea by noting the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics in the two preceding years , 1914 and 1915 , and in the following year , 1917 . In 1914 , Max von Laue of Germany won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals , which was a crucial step towards the invention of X-ray spectroscopy .",
"7": "Then , in 1915 , William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg , a British father - son pair , shared this Nobel Prize for their discoveries in the reverse problem -- determining the structure of crystals using X-rays ( Robert Charles Bragg , William Henry Bragg 's other son , had also been killed at Gallipoli , on 2 September 1915 ) . Next , Moseley used the diffraction of X-rays by known crystals in measuring the X-ray spectra of metals . This was the first use of X-ray spectroscopy and also one more step towards the creation of X-ray crystallography . In addition , Moseley 's methods and analyses substantially supported the concept of atomic number , placing it on a firm , physics - based foundation . Moreover , Charles Barkla of Great Britain was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1917 for his experimental work in using X-ray spectroscopy in discovering the characteristic X-ray frequencies emitted by the various elements , especially the metals . `` Siegbahn , who carried on Moseley 's work , received one ( the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics ) . '' Moseley 's discoveries were thus of the same scope as those of his peers , and in addition , Moseley made the larger step of demonstrating the actual foundation of atomic numbers . Ernest Rutherford commented that Moseley 's work , `` Allowed him to complete during two years at the outset of his career a set of researches that would surely have brought him a Nobel prize '' . Memorial plaques to Moseley were installed at Manchester and Eton , and a Royal Society scholarship , established by his will , had as its second recipient the physicist P.M.S. Blackett , who later became president of the Society . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After the death of her first husband , she married again , to William Johnson Sollas , a professor of geology at Oxford University . Amabel Moseley was also the British ladies ' champion of chess in 1913 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford , `` Moseley , Henry Gwyn Jeffreys '' , in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , http://www.oxforddnb.com/article/35125 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov ( 1972 ) , Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and technology , New York : Doubleday , p. 921 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 17771 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Smoot , Robert C. ; Jack Price ( 1983 ) . Chemistry : a modern course . Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 675 - 07160 - 7 . Jump up ^ Making of the atomic bomb . Richard Rhodes Jump up ^ Brief biography of Moseley , in The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron ( 1966 ) . `` The Work of H.G.J. Moseley '' . Isis. 57 ( 3 ) : 336 -- 364 . doi : 10.1086 / 350143 . ISSN 0021 - 1753 . JSTOR 228365 . - JSTOR article ; permission required Jump up ^ Public Schools Year Book 1906 . Jump up ^ Brief biography , Henry Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility Archived 22 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heilbron 1974 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.W. ( 1913 ) . `` The attainment of high potentials by the use of Radium '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . 88 ( 605 ) : 471 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 88 ... 471M . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0045 . Retrieved 5 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Chemical Society '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynosa , Peter . `` An Ode to Henry Moseley '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oral History Transcript -- Niels Bohr '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1972 ) .",
"9": "Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . New York : Doubleday and Company . p. 921 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 17771 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reynosa , Peter . `` An Ode to Henry Moseley '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Casualty Details : Bragg , Robert Charles '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov , `` Moseley , Henry Gwyn - Jeffreys '' , in Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology : The Lives and Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Chronologically Arranged ( 1982 ) , Garden City , NY : Doubleday , Second Revised Edition . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest , Moseley , Henry Gwyn Jeffreys ( 1887 -- 1915 ) , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 5 Jan 2013 Jump up ^ Heilbron 1974 , p. 126 Further reading ( edit ) Heilbron , John L. ( 1974 ) . H.G.J. Moseley : The Life and Letters of an English Physicist , 1887 -- 1915 . Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02375 - 7 . Jaffe , Bernard ( 1971 ) . Moseley and the Numbering of the Elements . Garden City , New York : Anchor Books . Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) . The Periodic Table : Its Story and Its Significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Eric R. Scerri ( 2014 ) . Master of Missing Elements , American Scientist , 102 , 358 - 365 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Moseley . Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Henry Moseley .",
"10": "Moseley 's original article , with illustration Annotated Bibliography for Henry Moseley from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Moseley plot of characteristic x-rays Brief biography ( Archived 22 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ) -- Henry Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility Henry Moseley ( biography ) . `` This Month in Physics History '' . American Physical Society . 2012 .",
"11": "VIAF : 54944417 LCCN : n50007948 ISNI : 0000 0000 8236 0149 GND : 118785052 SUDOC : 080621864 BIBSYS : 90598625 NDL : 00621176 IATH : w64j0njm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Moseley&oldid=816126644 '' Categories : 1887 births 1915 deaths English physicists Alumni of Trinity College , Oxford People associated with the University of Manchester People from Weymouth , Dorset People educated at Eton College Royal Engineers officers British Army personnel of World War I British military personnel killed in World War I People involved with the periodic table People educated at Summer Fields School Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CWGC person ID not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Magyar Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 13 : 04 .",
"12": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did come fly with me come out
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[
"25 December 2010",
"25 December 2010",
"25 December 2010"
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{
"0": "Come Fly with Me ( 2010 TV series ) - wikipedia Come Fly with Me ( 2010 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Come Fly with Me Title card Genre Comedy , mockumentary Created by Matt Lucas David Walliams Written by Matt Lucas David Walliams Kevin Cecil Andy Riley Directed by Paul King Starring Matt Lucas David Walliams Narrated by Lindsay Duncan Composer ( s ) David Arnold Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Freeland Geoff Posner Producer ( s ) Adam Tandy Editor ( s ) Ant Boys Mark Everson Running time 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Little Britain Productions BBC Productions Distributor 2entertain ( BBC DVD ) BBC Release Original network BBC One & BBC One HD Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound Original release 25 December 2010 -- 27 January 2011 Chronology Related shows Little Britain Airport Luton Airport Airline External links Official website Come Fly with Me is a British mockumentary television comedy series created by and starring Matt Lucas and David Walliams . Narrated by Lindsay Duncan , the series launched on 25 December 2010 on BBC One and BBC One HD . A spoof of British documentaries Airport and Airline , the series follows the activity at a fictional airport and three fictional airlines : FlyLo ( a low cost airline ) , Our Lady Air ( an Irish low cost airline ) and Great British Air ( a major international British airline ) . Lucas and Walliams portray many of the focal airline and airport staff , as well as some passengers , whose comments and experiences are featured in one or more of the series episodes in the style of a `` fly on the wall documentary '' . Despite the BBC announcing a second series , Walliams confirmed in January 2013 that a second series was not going to air .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Airlines 3 Characters 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Additional characters 4 Episodes 4.1 Series One ( 2010 -- 11 ) 4.2 Come Fly on the Wall ( 2011 ) 4.3 Cancellation 5 DVD and Blu - ray release 6 Web content 7 Reception 8 Ratings 9 International versions 10 References 11 External links Production ( edit ) In June 2010 , it was announced that Little Britain stars Lucas and Walliams had reunited to star in a new comedy series set in an airport , a spoof of British documentaries Airport and Airline . Filming for Come Fly with Me began in August , with the duo spending two weeks at Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield . A further three weeks were spent filming at London Stansted Airport , with further weeks of filming at Pinewood Studios . A ' making of ' documentary titled Come Fly on the Wall aired on BBC One on 8 February 2011 . On 28 January 2011 , the BBC announced it had commissioned a second series . However , Walliams confirmed in January 2013 that a second series was not going to air . Airlines ( edit ) FlyLo is a low cost , no frills airline owned by Omar Baba . Providing service across Europe and selected destinations across the Atlantic and South East Asia , it uses many hidden charges and unorthodox schemes in order to cut costs . These include £ 1 flights to New York City ( with a £ 480 booking fee ) , upright flatbeds in economy class , and a very small hand baggage allowance . FlyLo also offers budget package holidays that do not go down very well with its passengers . Our Lady Air is an Irish low cost airline , providing low cost routes across Europe . It saves money by flying to airports further away from the actual city centre , such as landing a flight to Barcelona in Ireland . Our Lady Air offers business class ; in - flight meals ; and no hidden charges . Great British Air ( Callsign : Swiftbird ) is a major British flag carrier airline , providing a high class service around the world from the United Kingdom .",
"2": "The airline is renowned for having the finest first class service in the world , with champagne and chocolates on boarding , and well cooked meals on long haul flights . On short haul flights , both first and economy class passengers are given a small glass of fresh orange juice and a complimentary browse of The Daily Mail . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Omar Baba ( Walliams ) -- The double chinned , flamboyantly asinine Arab owner of low cost airline FlyLo . Baba is parody of the controversial Greek `` low cost flying '' entrepreneur , Stelios Haji - Ioannou ( the founder of British low cost airline Easyjet ) . Precious Little ( Lucas ) -- A Jamaican woman in her 50s who professes to be a devout Christian , she is the manager of the airport 's coffee kiosk . Precious deliberately causes problems that force the closure of the kiosk , allowing her to take the day off . Her main catchphrase is shouting `` Praise the Lord ! '' Moses Beacon ( Walliams ) -- The gushing , effeminate executive passenger liaison officer for Great British Air . Moses also runs a charity called WishWings . His catch phrase is `` if you 'll pardon the pun , '' although there is usually no pun . Ian Foot ( Walliams ) -- The pompous , racist and bigoted chief immigration officer , who often comes up with ridiculous reasons not to allow a foreign person into the country . Tommy Reid ( Lucas ) -- A young , obtuse Scottish man working at Happy Burger , one of the airport 's fast - food eateries . He hopes to work his way up to becoming a pilot , happily unaware that the two jobs are completely unrelated . Taaj Manzoor ( Lucas ) -- Taaj is a young British man of Pakistani descent who works as part of the roving ground crew for FlyLo . He sports a shaved head and a chin curtain beard . Melody Baines ( Walliams ) and Keeley St Clair ( Lucas ) -- Two snarky Liverpudlian check in girls for FlyLo . Later on in the series , the girls fight for the position of check - in manager and it is later revealed that Keeley got the job .",
"3": "Mickey Minchin ( Lucas ) and Buster Bell ( Walliams ) -- Mickey and Buster are two shaggy paparazzi who haunt the airport 's hallways , constantly messing up in their photo - shooting activities . Fearghal O'Farrell ( Lucas ) -- A gay Northern Irish air steward for Irish airline Our Lady Air , who leads a destructive campaign in order to become Employee of the Year . Ben Roberts ( Walliams ) and James Stewart ( Lucas ) -- Two British airport customs officers , with rather extreme methods of cataloguing the illegal substances they find , such as sampling drugs . Simon ( Lucas ) and Jackie Trent ( Walliams ) -- A husband and wife pilot team , flying for Great British Air . Jackie constantly brings up the fact that Simon committed adultery with a stewardess ( the reason they now fly together ) . Peter ( Lucas ) and Judith Surname ( Walliams ) -- Holiday makers who have suffered several horrific and surrealistic trips abroad after buying destination packages from FlyLo . `` The holiday from Hell ! '' . Judith 's husband , Peter , is forced to take a subordinate stance to Judith 's overbearing personality . Penny Carter ( Walliams ) -- A very elitist first - class stewardess for Great British Air 's long haul flights who despises people who are n't first class who have first class tickets . Terry ( Walliams ) and John ( Lucas ) -- Father - and - son baggage handlers , who steal from passengers ' luggage and are generally less than careful with it . Helen Baker ( Sally Rogers ) -- The check in staff manager for FlyLo who later goes on maternity leave . Lisa ( Pippa Bennett - Warner ) -- Check in staff for FlyLo . She receives several complaints from regular FlyLo passengers , Peter and Judith . Additional characters ( edit ) Hetty Wolf ( Lucas ) -- A 92 - year - old passenger , who pretends to be on her first flight , who scams Moses Beacon into buying her a number of luxuries and getting her a seat in First Class , before revealing she has flown many times before . ( Appears in : Episode 1 ) Sue ( Lucas ) and Geoff Stott ( Walliams ) -- A couple who are flying to Disneyland to get married .",
"4": "( Appear in : Episode 1 ) Asuka and Nanako ( Walliams & Lucas ) -- Two Japanese girls who have flown to the airport to see their idol , Martin Clunes . ( Appear in : Episode 1 ) Mrs. Mumbutu ( Ellen Thomas ) - Liberian passenger whom Ian accuses of making up her country . ( Appears in : Episode 2 ) Anthony ( Walliams ) -- The supervisor is there to help Tommy serve his first customer at Happy Burger Lee Lodge ( Walliams ) -- Trainee steward for Our Lady Air . He has a girlfriend and is heterosexual , but has homosexual intercourse with Fearghal O'Farrell whilst in a hotel in Dublin ( Appears in : Episode 2 ) Captain Stirrick ( Ted Robbins ) -- A drunk airline pilot who causes a commotion . ( Appears in : Episode 2 ) David Schwimmer ( Himself ) -- Stopped by Customs whilst trying to smuggle transsexual porno DVDs into the UK , initially blaming it on fellow Friends star Matt LeBlanc , before then blaming it on Jennifer Aniston . ( Appears in : Episode 2 ) Mr Akhmed ( Stewart Scudamore ) -- A Muslim passenger that orders the halal meal option on the flight to Rome , but instead was given the kosher meal ( intended for a Jewish passenger ) by Fearghal . ( Appears in : Episode 3 ) . Rupert Grint ( Himself ) -- Taaj gives Rupert his script for Future Cop 2000 when meeting him whilst he disembarked the plane from Los Angeles . Taaj asks Grint to pass it on to Daniel Radcliffe . ( Appears in : Episode 3 ) . The Woods Family -- A family who turn up for their flight a week early . They stay at the airport for a week , then end up missing their flight . ( Appears in : Episode 4 ) Kenneth ( Lucas ) -- A border - patrol worker who instantly recognizes Ian Foot in disguise . ( Appears in : Episode 4 ) Steve Downes ( Lucas ) -- A police dog handler whose previous canine companions have mostly ended up in rehab . His current drug sniffer dog is called Bobo .",
"5": "( Appears in : Episode 5 ) George Spires ( Lucas ) -- A Welsh toilet cleaner who is a fan of opera singing , and sings to the people who come in . ( Appears in : Episode 5 ) Colin ( Walliams ) and Gavin ( Lucas ) -- Battle re enactors who are not allowed to take swords to a re-enactment of the Battle of Agincourt ; Colin later says he has killed only three people in the trade . ( Appear in : Episode 5 ) Nut Allergy Passenger ( Alex MacQueen ) -- A passenger of Our Lady Air who suffers from a nut allergy . Fearghal ' saves ' him from dying . ( He ( Fearghal ) had induced the reaction himself by discreetly dropping a handful of hot nuts into his mouth on his way past , in order to appear heroic . ) ( Appear in : Episode 5 ) Corinne Oliver ( Walliams ) -- The airport 's officer of Special Needs . She is disabled herself and is pushed around by her helper , Bob ( Lucas ) . ( Appears in : Episode 6 ) Bob ( Lucas ) -- Corrine Oliver 's wheelchair pusher . ( Appears in : Episode 6 ) Flying School Instructor ( Walliams ) -- Employee for the BAC , who interviews Tommy Reid for the chance to become a pilot . ( Appears in : Episode 6 ) Ray ( Walliams ) and Anne Wilkins ( Lucas ) -- Owners of the airport pub . They are known to chase departing customers through the airport in a bid for someone to stay ' more than twelve minutes ' . ( Appear in : Episode 6 ) Mary O'Mara ( Aisling Bea ) -- Air stewardess for Irish airline Our Lady Air , who wins the Steward Of The Year title in a draw with Fearghal O'Farrell . ( Appears in : Episode 6 ) Dale Winton ( Himself ) -- Winton hosts Our Lady Air 's annual Steward of the year competition . ( Appears in : Episode 6 ) Mr Dubrowski ( Valentine Pelka ) -- The Polish ambassador to the United Kingdom , whom Ian Foot accuses of working illegally in the United Kingdom , because he is Polish .",
"6": "Episodes ( edit ) Series One ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Series One of Come Fly with Me began airing on Christmas Day 2010 , and received mixed reviews from critics , and viewers over 12.47 million . Episode Two , which aired on New Year 's Day 2011 , gained viewers over 8.80 million , and the remaining four episodes averaged around seven million viewers throughout the rest of the series . The series began airing in the United States on BBC America on 18 June 2011 , edited to fit a thirty - minute time slot with commercials . No . Episode title Directed by Original air date Production code United Kingdom Viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Paul King 25 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 25 ) 101 12.47 Omar Baba responds to criticism of FlyLo 's safety practices while husband - and - wife pilots Simon and Jackie argue about flying together , and Simon 's affair . Moses Beacon is tasked with explaining to a first - class passenger that her dog has died in - flight after a heating malfunction in the cargo hold caused it to freeze to death , and later finds himself charged with escorting Hetty Wolf , a 92 - year old German woman who claims she has never flown before . She scams Moses into buying her many luxury items that she says are presents for her grandson in Florida , whom she is going to visit , as well as upgrading her seat to first class . Just as she is boarding the plane , Hetty reveals to Moses that she has actually flown many times , angering Moses . A man that does n't work at the airport is caught ' patting down ' the passengers . Ian Foot investigates a case of an elderly gentleman attempting to enter the country using the passport of a 12 - year - old girl . Taaj Manzoor describes his duties on an airport buggy , which he sees as a chick magnet . Melody and Keeley learn that there may be a supervisor 's opening . Mickey and Buster attempt to get a photograph of Geri Halliwell but miss her after doing a rendition of Spice Girls songs . Fearghal assists a young mother by putting her three month old baby in the overhead locker .",
"7": "Precious Little closes The Coffee Hut early after claiming it has run out of coffee , then does her shopping at the airport . Sue and Geoff Stott check in for their flight to Disneyland California , and Sue talks about her love for Disney . Asuka and Nanako try to catch a glimpse of Martin Clunes returning , but he finds out they are waiting for him , and has the plane diverted to RAF Northolt . `` Episode 2 '' Paul King 1 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) 102 8.80 Omar Baba reveals Flylo 's latest schemes : flights to New York for £ 1 with a big catch , and upright `` flat '' beds in coach . Moses Beacon attempts to help a nervous passenger , but only worries her more by telling her statistics about plane accidents . Ian Foot detains a woman with a `` suspicious '' passport , believing Liberia is not an actual country . Taaj Manzoor must diplomatically tell passengers that their flight is delayed when a wing falls off the plane . Melody must enforce FlyLo 's new baggage allowances and Keeley acquaints a passenger with the company website . Mickey and Buster receive a tip - off that Queen Elizabeth II is at the airport . Fearghal works with trainee steward Lee Lodge . Tommy has ambitions to be a pilot , and tries to work his way up from the airport burger bar . Precious Little closes her stall early claiming that there are no paper cups , and spends the day playing the fruit machines with petty cash . Peter and Judith describe their FlyLo Holidays ' cruise from hell ' . First Officer Jackie flirts with a member of air - traffic control , annoying Simon . Captain Stirrick is arrested for being drunk . Ben and James detain David Schwimmer for bringing illegal transsexual pornographic DVDs into the United Kingdom , whom he makes up that they are for his Friends co star Matt LeBlanc . `` Episode 3 '' Paul King 6 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) 103 7.81 Omar Baba creates a new FlyLo advert with dwarves in after reports that there is no leg room . Flylo ground crew Taaj Manzoor bumps into Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint , and tries to show him his movie script .",
"8": "Customs Officers Roberts and Stewart try to work out what to do with a truly massive drugs haul . Ian Foot road tests his new board game ' Keep Em Out ' . We also meet Penny , Great British Air 's snobbiest employee , as she attempts to throw some people she deems unworthy to use the cabin out for First Class . Meanwhile , Precious has got fake nails which are too long for her so she can not grip onto anything and is forced to close the coffee shop early . She then uses a wheelchair when she has her toes done . Peter and Judith remember another of their ' holidays from hell ' that included there being no hotel , and Peter getting an upset stomach . Pilots Simon and Jackie are going on different flights , so Jackie 's mum accompanies Simon on his flight to Las Vegas . Moses tells us about his charity WishWings , but then jets off to Mykonos , saying that he will call the ill child when there . `` Episode 4 '' Paul King 13 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) 104 7.43 Melody and Keeley deal with a large man , and end up giving him two separate seats on the plane . Omar Baba goes green by planting a single tree on a roundabout , but insults Daybreak in the process . Baba also shows us inside the new FlyLo ' Loveatory ' . Peter and Judith 's next ' Holiday from Hell ' ended with Peter facing a twelve year minimum prison sentence . The stewardess that Simon had an affair with acts as cabin crew on Jackie and Simon 's latest flight . Moses is challenged with a Chinese man , and tries to get Barbara Windsor to have him knighted . The water in Precious ' coffee stall has mysteriously been cut off , so she has to close the stall early , and decides to go and see Dirty Dancing with her sisters . The plumber then fixes the pipe , annoying Precious . Penny is delighted when she finds out that Princess Anne will be travelling with Great British Air , but is not so delighted when she meets up with a representative of the Royal Family to discuss her requirements . Tommy tries to ask Melody out on a date , but ends up accidentally buying tickets to Prague .",
"9": "Ian Foot dresses up as the type of people that try to enter the country , including South American , Scotsmen and Lady Gaga . The Woods family have their flight booked in for the next week instead of when they thought , so they stay at the airport for that time . In the end , it turns out that they miss their flight . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Paul King 20 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) 107 7.11 Taaj reveals to some disgruntled passengers that their plane departed an hour before , and Mickey and Buster go their separate ways when Buster loses his photographic license . Fearghal force feeds an allergic passenger nuts to allow him to administer a life saving injection and appear a hero , in an attempt to win the title of Steward of the Year . Police dog handler Steve Downes reveals the history of his previous dogs , that usually ended up with them going into rehab with drug addictions . Battle re enactors Colin and Gavin are furious with Francoise when they are disallowed to bring their swords to a reenactment of the Battle of Agincourt , and baggage handler John believes he has psychic powers . Ian Foot does a spot check on Taaj Manzoor . Omar Baba denies sexually harassing Helen , Melody and Taaj , so he calls Keeley to come to the rescue at a press conference . Peter and Judith talk about their most recent ' holiday from hell ' , which included being trapped in the Andes , and barbecuing Peter 's leg . Moses meets Anna Friel , who reveals she is bald . Moses tries to find replacements for her lost wig . George Spires sings opera to frightened users of the toilet . Mickey and Buster make up again , and it is revealed that Keeley has been given the role of check in manager . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Paul King 27 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) 106 7.22 Keeley is the only one who is left at the check in desk , because she is now check - in manager and other FlyLo crew members are on strike . Ian Foot gets suspended after interviewing ( and insulting ) the Polish Ambassador for the United Kingdom .",
"10": "Moses is collecting for charity , and shows us his charity video for Flying Without Wings , but collapses after blowing up a balloon . Tommy attends flying school to try to be a pilot , but fails due to his lack of experience as well as revealing he has a fear of flying . He then resigns from Happy Burger , walking through the airport in just his underpants after handing the uniform back and tells of his new ambitions to become a spaceman . Fearghal is nominated for the Steward of the Year award , hosted by Dale Winton , but after winning it in a tie , and having an enormous strop , he gets fired from Our Lady Air . On a Great British Air flight to Orlando , Penny settles in for a relaxing flight with no First Class passengers , but to her irritation , she is made to work in economy . Omar fires all his staff after the strike , and replaces them with Vietnamese children . Judith and Peter have another ' Holiday from Hell ' , and are disgusted to find because of the FlyLo strike , there is nobody manning the complaints desk , except Peter goes back to the island where they practised Voodoo art . Precious finally has all the supplies for the coffee hut , but closes early because there were no customers , and eager bar owners chase after people after leaving the bar during their pub quiz . In special services , wheelchair user Corinne Oliver looks after other wheelchair users and is pushed round by helper Bob . Bob then hurts his back and also has to take to a wheelchair . This creates a train of wheelchair users pushing each other around . Come Fly on the Wall ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Come Fly on the Wall discussed the making of Come Fly with Me with Walliams and Lucas . The programme featured clips from filming , outtakes and interviews with the show 's creators as they developed the series . It featured pre production discussions and rehearsals , and showed the actors filming at some of the United Kingdom 's busiest airports . It also showed Walliams and Lucas transforming into their new characters in the make up chair , and bringing them to life in front of the camera . The programme was broadcast on BBC One on 8 February 2011 . Cancellation ( edit ) On 28 January 2011 , the BBC announced that the show had been commissioned for a second series .",
"11": "The new series was set to air during 2013 . However , in January 2013 , Walliams confirmed that a second series would not air , stating that Lucas did not wish to continue the show . DVD and Blu - ray release ( edit ) DVD / Blu - ray Title Discs Year Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Blu - ray Region B Complete Series 1 2010 -- 11 6 13 March 2012 21 November 2011 24 November 2011 21 November 2011 ( Region Free ) Web content ( edit ) In conjunction with the television episodes , a selection of extra online content was published on the programme website . The extra content , featuring some of the main characters played by Matt Lucas and David Walliams , was presented as spoof versions of real life airline websites , for example an on line check in service for fictional airline FlyLo , with Melody and Keeley . The content was written by Kevin Cecil , who also contributed to the television scripts . Cecil was inspired by his own work on comedy tie in books over the years Reception ( edit ) Come Fly with Me has received mixed reviews , with the Daily Express calling it `` the worst sketch show , or sitcom to have ever gone out on a Christmas Day '' and expressed concern over its screening on the day , considering the lack of quality . The Daily Mirror , however , claimed it was a resounding success and the claims of racism and lack of humour made by the Express were unfounded . The show was the most watched comedy of 2010 , with ten million viewers , but also had thousands of viewer complaints , and criticism for perceived racist content . It was also the third most watched show on Christmas Day in the United Kingdom . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Viewers ( millions ) 12.47 8.80 7.81 7.43 5 7.11 6 7.22 International versions ( edit ) Main article : Zie Ze Vliegen A Dutch version of the show was created , using an almost exact copy of the script and characters ( translated to Dutch ) . It was broadcast on RTL 4 from August 2011 .",
"12": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JJ Anisiobi ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) . `` David Walliams admits he is very camp but claims to not be homosexual Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New show for David Walliams and Matt Lucas '' . BBC News . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Walliams and Matt Lucas reunite for new BBC show set in an airport '' . The Telegraph . 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Filming begins at Doncaster - Sheffield '' . Robin Hood Airport Guide . 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy duo fly in to film new series '' . The Star . 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More than 10 million people watch comedy Come Fly with Me '' . This Is Total Essex. 7 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly On the Wall '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Aird , Jon ( 29 January 2011 ) . `` Come Fly With Me - Again ! '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ian ( 29 January 2011 ) . `` Come Fly with Me gets a second series '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 29 January 2011 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Come Fly With Me : fasten your seatbelts '' The Daily Telegraph , 20 December 2010 Walliams cocks a blatant snook at easyJet founder Stelios Haji - Ioannou through his flamboyantly asinine , money - raking turn as low - budget airline boss Omar Baba of FlyLo Jump up ^ `` Come Fly With Me : fasten your seatbelts '' The Daily Telegraph , 20 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who viewers go time travelling : ' Astronaut ' episode is the most recorded TV show of all time '' . kantarmediauk.com. 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK TV Ratings 2 January 2011 '' . tv-ratings.free-satellite-tv.co.uk. 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK TV Ratings 9 Jan 2011 '' . tv-ratings.free-satellite-tv.co.uk. 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK TV Ratings 16 Jan 2011 '' . tv-ratings.free-satellite-tv.co.uk. 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK TV Ratings 23 Jan 2011 '' . tv-ratings.free-satellite-tv.co.uk. 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK TV Ratings 30 Jan 2011 '' . tv-ratings.free-satellite-tv.co.uk. 30 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly With Me BBC America '' . press.bbcamerica.com. 18 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly On The Wall BBC '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special - Come Fly On The Wall '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2011 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Moodie , Clemmie ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` David Walliams `` disappointed '' Matt Lucas does n't want a second Come Fly With Me series `` . Mirror . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Walliams : Matt Lucas ' vetoed ' Come Fly With Me seque '' . BBC . 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly with Me - season one ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . n.d . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly with Me - Series 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . n.d . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Shop : Come Fly With Me DVD '' . ABC Shop Online . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly with Me - Series 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . n.d . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Online Extras Retrieved on 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FlyLo Online Check - in '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Come Fly with Me ' online book ' Retrieved on 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Robert ( 26 December 2010 ) . `` Come Fly with Me , BBC1 , Christmas Day Poirot , ITV1 , Christmas Day '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Kevin ( 2 January 2011 ) . `` Watch Come Fly With Me fly up the charts '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Come Fly with Me most watched comedy of 2010 '' . The British Comedy Guide . 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas and Walliams comedy prompts thousands of viewer complaints '' . AOL Television . 29 December 2010 .",
"15": "Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 29 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EastEnders wins Christmas Day viewing figures battle '' . BBC News . 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Consolidated viewing figures retrieved from BARB database on 9 February 2011 External links ( edit ) Come Fly with Me at BBC Programmes Come Fly with Me at British Comedy Guide Come Fly with Me on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Fly_with_Me_(2010_TV_series)&oldid=820609114 '' Categories : 2010s British comedy television series 2010 British television programme debuts 2011 British television programme endings Aviation television series BBC television sketch shows BBC television comedy English - language television programs British mockumentary television series Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 16 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did avatar the last airbender first air
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[
"February 21, 2005",
"February 21, 2005",
"February 2005",
"February 2005",
"February 21, 2005"
] |
{
"0": "Avatar : the Last Airbender - wikipedia Avatar : the Last Airbender Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the comic books , see Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) . For the 2010 film , see The Last Airbender . Avatar : The Last Airbender Also known as Avatar : The Legend of Aang Genre Action / Adventure Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Written by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Nick Malis Aaron Ehasz Ian Wilcox Tim Hedrick John O'Bryan Elizabeth Welch Ehasz Joshua Hamilton Joann Estoesta Lisa Wahlander Andrew Huebner Gary Scheppke Katie Mattila Justin Ridge Giancarlo Volpe May Chan Matthew Hubbard James Eagan Directed by Lauren MacMullan ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Dave Filoni ( Season 1 ) Giancarlo Volpe Anthony Lioi ( Season 1 ) Ethan Spaulding ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Michael Dante DiMartino ( The Crossroads of Destiny ) Joaquim Dos Santos ( Season 3 ) Voices of Zach Tyler Eisen Mae Whitman Jack DeSena Jessie Flower Dante Basco Dee Bradley Baker Jennie Kwan Mako ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greg Baldwin ( Season 3 ) Mark Hamill Grey DeLisle Jason Isaacs Clancy Brown Composer ( s ) Jeremy Zuckerman , Benjamin Wynn Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No.",
"1": "of episodes 61 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Aaron Ehasz ( co-executive ) Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Nickelodeon Animation Studios DR Movie JM Animation MOI Animation Titmouse ( opening ) Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format NTSC 4 : 3 ( 480i ) Original release February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) -- July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) Chronology Followed by Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) The Legend of Korra ( TV series ) The Legend of Korra ( comics ) External links Official website Avatar : The Last Airbender ( Avatar : The Legend of Aang in some regions ) is an American animated television series that aired for three seasons on Nickelodeon . The series began in February 2005 and concluded with a two - hour episode titled Sozin 's Comet in July 2008 . Avatar : The Last Airbender is set in an Asiatic - like world in which some people can manipulate the classical elements with psychokinetic variants of the Chinese martial arts known as `` bending '' . The series is presented in a style that combines anime with American cartoons and relies on the imagery of East - and - South Asian , Inuit , and New World societies . It follows the protagonist , twelve - year - old Aang and his friends , who must bring peace and unity to the world by ending the Fire Lord 's war with three nations . The series was commercially successful and was universally acclaimed by audiences and critics who praised its art direction , humor , cultural references , characters , and themes . It was nominated for -- and won -- Annie Awards , Genesis Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a Peabody Award . The first season 's success prompted Nickelodeon to order a second and third season and the series inspired a critically panned but financially successful live - action film , The Last Airbender , which was directed by M. Night Shyamalan .",
"2": "Merchandising for the series consisted of action figures , a trading card game , three video games , stuffed animals distributed by Paramount Parks , and two Lego sets . An art book was published in June 2010 . A sequel series titled The Legend of Korra aired from 2012 to 2014 . The complete series will be released on Blu - Ray in summer 2018 for the 10th anniversary of season 3 's finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Setting 1.2 Synopsis 1.3 Episodes 2 Development 2.1 Conception and production 2.2 Influences 3 Other media 3.1 Books 3.2 Video games 3.3 Film 3.4 Sequel 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Series overview Setting A map of the four nations . Avatar : The Last Airbender is set in a world -- adjacent to a parallel spirit world -- that is home to humans and hybrid animals . Human civilization is divided into four nations , named after the four classical elements : the Water Tribes , the Earth Kingdom , the Fire Nation , and the Air Nomads . Each nation has a distinct society in which select people , known as `` benders '' ( waterbenders , earthbenders , firebenders and airbenders ) , have the ability to telekinetically manipulate and control their nation 's element using martial arts . Only the Avatar has the ability to bend all four elements . The Avatar , who may be male or female , is an international arbiter whose duty is to maintain harmony among the four nations , and act as a mediator between humans and spirits . When the Avatar dies , their spirit is reincarnated into the next of the four nations in what is known as the Avatar cycle : the Fire Nation , Air Nomads , Water Tribe and Earth Kingdom . An Avatar is required to master each bending art , beginning with the element of their home nation , and proceeding to learn the others in the order of the Avatar cycle , starting at the age of sixteen .",
"3": "Avatars also possess the ability to enter a condition known as the Avatar State , in which they gain the knowledge and abilities of all past Avatars . Although it is when they are most powerful , if an Avatar were ever to be killed while in the Avatar State , the reincarnation cycle would end and the avatar would never again be reborn . Synopsis More than a century before the events of the series begin , Fire Lord Sozin , ruler of the Fire Nation , planned a world war to expand his nation 's territory and influence . He was prevented from carrying out his plans by Avatar Roku , who was born in the Fire Nation . After Roku 's death , the Avatar was reincarnated as an Airbender named Aang . Because the Avatar was now a child , Sozin saw his chance and proceeded with his militant plans . At the age of twelve , Aang learned about his avatar status because of the threat of Sozin 's war . Afraid of his new responsibilities and of separation from his mentor Gyatso , he fled his home on his flying bison , Appa . Aang was forced into the ocean by a storm ; he entered the Avatar State and encased himself and Appa in suspended animation in an iceberg near the South Pole for one hundred years . Sozin , knowing the avatar 's reincarnation cycle mandated an Air Nomad was the new Avatar , carried out a genocide against the Air Nomads during the passage of a once - a-century comet that increased the Firebenders ' power , and continued his world conquest . In the present day , as the Fire Nation continues its war against the other nations , Katara , a fourteen - year - old waterbender of the Southern Water Tribe , and her older brother , Sokka , find and revive Aang and Appa . Aang learns about the war and the siblings join him to reach the Northern Water Tribe at the North Pole so he and Katara can learn waterbending . Aang 's return attracts the attention of Prince Zuko , the exiled son of the current Fire Lord Ozai , who pursues them , accompanied by his uncle Iroh . Aang is also pursued by Zhao , a Fire Nation admiral who intends to win Ozai 's favor and rob Zuko of his redemption .",
"4": "En route to the North Pole , Aang learns about the genocide against his people when he visits the ruins of the Southern Air Temple . During the winter solstice , Aang meets the spirit of his predecessor , Avatar Roku , and comes to terms with his responsibilities . With the Northern Water Tribe , Aang and Katara learn advanced waterbending from Master Pakku ; Sokka falls in love with the chief 's daughter , Princess Yue . Zhao 's navy lays siege to the tribe , seizing the mortal forms of the ocean and moon spirits -- the source of waterbending -- and causing a lunar eclipse . Zhao kills the moon spirit to deprive the waterbenders of their abilities but Aang joins with the ocean spirit to drive off the enemy fleet while Yue sacrifices her life to revive the moon spirit . When Ozai hears about his older brother Iroh 's resistance to Zhao , he sends his daughter Azula to capture Iroh and Zuko . After leaving the Northern Water Tribe , Katara continues teaching Aang waterbending while the group searches for an earthbending teacher . They meet Toph Beifong , a twelve - year - old , blind earthbending prodigy who wants independence from her upper - class family . Pursued by Azula , Zuko and Iroh lead new lives in the Earth Kingdom as wanderers and refugees , settling in the capital city Ba Sing Se . At a library guarded by the spirit Wan Shi Tong , Aang and his group learn an imminent solar eclipse could let them stop the Fire Nation before Sozin 's Comet arrives . They journey to Ba Sing Se to inform the Earth King of this information . In the city , they find that the Earth King Kuei is a puppet ruler , manipulated by Long Feng , leader of the Dai Li secret police . After Aang 's group exposes Long Feng 's political machinations , Toph is captured but escapes by learning to bend metal . The Dai Li join Azula to instigate a coup d'état of Ba Sing Se , and Zuko , who has spent his time in Ba Sing Se trying to come to terms with his identity , sides with his sister Azula .",
"5": "During a face off in the catacombs underneath the ancient city , Azula nearly kills Aang , forcing the protagonists to retreat with help from Iroh and leaving the Earth Kingdom under the control of the Fire Nation . Aang emerges from a coma to find his friends and allies disguised as soldiers on a Fire Nation ship , preparing to invade the Fire Nation capital during the solar eclipse . The invasion is at first successful but Aang and his friends can not find Ozai and are forced to retreat . Zuko learns about his father 's intention to destroy the Earth Kingdom during the return of Sozin 's Comet ; he begins to regret his decision , and abandons the Fire Nation to join Aang and teach him firebending . As the comet approaches , Aang , a pacifist , wrestles with the possibility that he will have to kill Ozai to end the war . As he , in seclusion , consults the spirits of his predecessors for advice , Katara and the others encounter Iroh , who is leading a secret society called the Order of the White Lotus . The Order liberates Ba Sing Se . Sokka , Toph , and the warrior Suki attack the Fire Nation 's airships , while Zuko and Katara confront Azula to prevent her from being crowned as the new Fire Lord . As the comet arrives , Aang confronts Ozai but can not get the upper hand until Ozai triggers Aang 's connection to the Avatar State . Aang strips Ozai of his firebending powers . Zuko is crowned the new Fire Lord and arranges an armistice , establishing peace in the world . Episodes Main article : List of Avatar : The Last Airbender episodes See also : Sozin 's Comet The series consists of sixty - one episodes . The first episode -- an - hour - long premiere -- aired on February 21 , 2005 , on Nickelodeon . The series concluded with a two - hour television movie broadcast on July 19 , 2008 . Each season of the series is known as a `` Book '' , in which each episode is referred to as a `` chapter '' . Each book takes its name from one of the elements Aang , the protagonist , must master ; Water , Earth , and Fire .",
"6": "The show 's first two seasons each consists of twenty episodes and the third season has twenty - one . The entire series has been released on DVD in Regions One , Two , and Four . Season Book Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Book One : Water 20 February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) December 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 02 ) Book Two : Earth 20 March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) December 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Book Three : Fire 21 September 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 21 ) July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) Development Conception and production Michael DiMartino ( left ) and Bryan Konietzko , the series ' co-creators Avatar : The Last Airbender was co-created and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko at Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank , California . Its animation was mostly done by South Korean studios JM Animation , DR Movie , and MOI Animation . According to Konietzko , the series was conceived in early 2001 when he took an old sketch of a balding , middle - aged man and imagined the man as a child . He drew the character herding bison in the sky and showed the sketch to DiMartino , who was watching a documentary about explorers trapped at the South Pole . Konietzko described their early development of the concept ; `` There 's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland ... and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them '' . The co-creators successfully pitched the idea to Nickelodeon vice-president and executive producer Eric Coleman two weeks later . The series was introduced to the public in a teaser reel at Comic - Con 2004 , and premiered on February 21 , 2005 .",
"7": "In an interview , Konietzko said : `` Mike and I were really interested in other epic ' Legends & Lore ' properties , like Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings , but we knew that we wanted to take a different approach to that type of genre . Our love for Japanese anime , Hong Kong action and kung fu cinema , yoga , and Eastern philosophies led us to the initial inspiration for Avatar : The Last Airbender . '' Influences Fictional locations featured in the show are based on the architecture and designs of real locations . For example , the creators modeled the city of Ba Sing Se off of the Forbidden City in China . The series is notable for borrowing extensively from East Asian art and mythology for its universe . Its creators employed cultural consultants Edwin Zane and calligrapher Siu - Leung Lee to help determine its art direction and settings . Its character designs are influenced by Chinese art and history , Hinduism , Taoism and Buddhism , and Yoga . Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn composed the series ' music and sound ; they experimented with a wide range of instruments , including the guzheng , pipa , and duduk , to match the show 's Asia - influenced setting . The art style of the fictitious locations used in the series are based on real locations in Asia . Sites such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall of China in Beijing were inspirations for the Earth Kingdom city of Ba Sing Se . The fighting styles employed by the show 's characters are derived from Chinese martial arts , for which the film - makers employed Sifu Kisu of the Harmonious Fist Chinese Athletic Association as a consultant . Each fighting style is unique to the `` benders '' who use them or characters who are aligned to a certain element . For example , practitioners of `` waterbending '' use movements influenced by T'ai chi and focused on alignment , body structure , breath , and visualization . Hung Gar was the inspiration for practitioners of `` earthbending '' , and was chosen for its firmly rooted stances and powerful strikes as a representation of the solidity of earth . Northern Shaolin , which uses strong arm and leg movements , was chosen to represent `` firebending '' . Ba Gua , which uses dynamic circular movements and quick directional changes , was used for `` airbending '' .",
"8": "The Chu Gar Southern Praying Mantis style can be seen practiced by the earthbender Toph , who develops a unique fighting style as a result of her blindness . Asian cinema influenced the presentation of these martial - art bending moves . Other media Books Main article : Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) Several books based on the show have been published . Dark Horse Comics published an art book titled Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Art of the Animated Series on June 2 , 2010 , with 184 pages of original art from the series . Several comic - book short stories were published in Nickelodeon Magazine , and Dark Horse published Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Lost Adventures -- a collection of these and new comics -- on June 15 , 2011 . Dark Horse published a graphic - novel series by Gene Yang that continues Aang 's story after the Hundred Years ' War . Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Promise , published in three volumes in 2012 , explores the fate of the Fire Nation colonies that become The Legend of Korra 's United Republic . A second set of three comic books , Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Search , focuses on Zuko and Azula , and the fate of their mother Ursa . The third set , Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Rift , shifts the focus to Aang , the creation of Republic City , and Toph 's relationship with her family . Video games A video - game trilogy based on the series has been released . The Avatar : The Last Airbender video game was released on October 10 , 2006 , and Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Burning Earth was released on October 16 , 2007 . Avatar : The Last Airbender -- Into the Inferno was released on October 13 , 2008 . Avatar : Legends of the Arena , a massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) for Microsoft Windows , was released on September 15 , 2008 , by Nickelodeon . Players can create their own character and interact with other players around the world . Avatar : The Last Airbender was THQ 's bestselling Nickelodeon game in 2006 and was one of Sony CEA 's Greatest Hits .",
"9": "Film Main article : The Last Airbender The series ' first season was the basis of the 2010 live - action film The Last Airbender , which was written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It was intended as the first of a trilogy of films , each of which would be based upon one of the three television seasons . The film 's reception from critics and fans of the television series was overwhelmingly negative ; it had a six - percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and received five Razzies at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture . Although the film originally shared the title of the television series , the title The Last Airbender was used because producers feared it would be confused with James Cameron 's film Avatar . The Last Airbender stars Noah Ringer as Aang , Nicola Peltz as Katara , Jackson Rathbone as Sokka , Dev Patel as Zuko , and Shaun Toub as Iroh . Sequel Main article : The Legend of Korra The Legend of Korra , a sequel series to Avatar : The Last Airbender , premiered on Nickelodeon on April 14 , 2012 . It was written and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , the creators and producers of the original series . The show was initially titled Avatar : Legend of Korra , then The Last Airbender : Legend of Korra ; its events occur seventy years after the end of Avatar : The Last Airbender . The series ' protagonist is Korra , a 17 - year - old woman from the Southern Water Tribe who is the incarnation of the Avatar after Aang 's death . Reception Ratings The Avatar : The Last Airbender was the highest - rated animated television series in its demographic at its premiere ; an average of 3.1 million viewers watched each new episode . It had 5.6 million viewers for its highest - rated episode and was a highly rated part of the Nicktoons lineup beyond its 6 - to - 11 - year - old target demographic . A one - hour special , The Secret of the Fire Nation , consisting of the episodes `` The Serpent 's Pass '' and `` The Drill '' , aired on September 15 , 2006 , and attracted 5.1 million viewers .",
"10": "According to the Nielsen Media Research , the special was the highest - rated cable - television program that week . In 2007 , Avatar : The Last Airbender was syndicated to more than 105 countries and was one of Nickelodeon 's top - rated programs . The series ranked first on Nickelodeon in Germany , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Colombia . The four - part series finale , `` Sozin 's Comet '' , had the series ' highest ratings . Its first airing averaged 5.6 million viewers , 95 percent more than Nickelodeon had in mid-July 2007 . During the week of July 14 , it was the most - viewed program by the under - 14 demographic . The finale 's popularity was reflected in online media ; Rise of the Phoenix King , a Nick.com online game based on `` Sozin 's Comet '' , had almost 815,000 game plays in three days . IGN ranked the series 35th on its list of top 100 animated TV shows . Critical response The series received universal acclaim from critics . Max Nicholson of IGN called it a `` must - watch '' and described it as `` one of the greatest animated series of all time '' . Nick Hartel of DVD Talk called the series a remarkable , `` child friendly show '' whose legacy `` should endure for years to come '' . Erik Amaya of Bleeding Cool described the series as `` impressive in its sophistication '' and `` fantastic '' . Henry Glasheen of SLUG Magazine called the series `` adventurous and exciting '' , a `` classic '' and occasionally moving . According to Brittany Lovely of Hypable , it tells `` complex and beautiful '' stories . Joe Corey of Inside Pulse described the series as an anime - action hybrid . Chris Mitchell of Popzara called it one of best shows to air on Nickelodeon , praising the series ' background music and voice acting . D.F. Smith of IGN recommended it to viewers who enjoy action - adventure cartoons . Rob Keyes of Screen Rant called the series `` one of the greatest cartoons ever made '' . Mike Noyes of Inside Pulse recommended it to viewers who enjoy `` great '' adventure . Gord Lacey of TVShowsonDVD.com called the series `` one of the finest animated shows ever '' . According to Todd Douglass , Jr.",
"11": "of DVD Talk , adults will enjoy the series as much as children do . Joshua Miller of CHUD.com called it `` phenomenal '' and `` one of the most well animated programs ( children 's or adult ) American TV has ever had '' ; according to Miller , the series is heavily influenced by anime . Tim Janson of Cinefantastique described it as `` one of the most engaging animated shows produced '' . Dennis Amith of J ! ENT called the series `` one of the best animated TV series shown in the US by American creators '' . Amith praised its sophisticated storylines , edginess , humor , and action . Franco `` Cricket '' Te of Nerd Society described Avatar : The Last Airbender as `` one of the best cartoon ( s ) '' he had ever seen , recommending the series for its characters and plot . Scott Thill of Wired called the series engaging and its setting , influenced by the Eastern world , `` fantastic '' . Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku said the series should be part of the golden age of television , and recommended `` the sophisticated kids show '' to others . The show 's writing and theme have been widely praised by critics . Michael S. Mammano of Den of Geek called the plot `` smartly - written '' and praised the animation . Jenifer Rosenberg of ComicMix liked the program 's emphasis on family , friends , community , and education . According to Nick Hartel , the series touches on themes of `` genocide and self - doubt '' without frightening younger children ; rogue characters are redeemable , sending an important message that people can change and are not bonded to `` destiny '' . Chris Mitchell called the plot `` fantastic '' . D.F. Smith compared the series ' plot to Japanese action cartoons , calling its tone and dialogue `` very American '' and praising the humor leavening an epic , dramatic theme suitable for all ages . Rob Keyes also praised the series ' humor and affecting plot : `` ( It ) will capture your hearts '' . According to Mike Noyes , the series amalgamates elements of `` classic fantasy epics '' . Todd Douglass , Jr. called the plot engaging , well - thought - out , and meaningful . The series ' concept is `` well - realized '' , with a consistent story .",
"12": "Douglass wrote that the characters `` ( have ) a real sense of progression '' , and praised the writers for their humor , drama , and emotion . Joshua Miller called the series surprisingly dark despite its `` silly '' theme ; the plot is livelier than that of Lost and , similar to the latter show , emphasizes character development . According to Miller , its writing was `` true adult levels of storytelling '' . Tim Janson described the series as more than fantasy - and superhero - themed , seeing the characters as central and relateable . `` Cricket '' Te praised the series ' use of Buddhist philosophies and the diverse presentation of its themes of courage and life . Kirk Hamiltion praises the series for expressing towards its audience to be themselves and for its quiet progressivism . Critics also praised Avatar : The Last Airbender 's character development , art , animation , and choreography ; Eric Amaya enjoyed the expressive animation that complements the writing . According to Amaya , the elements were influenced by Hayao Miyazaki . Todd Douglass , Jr. called the character development interesting . Jenifer Rosenburg praised the series ' portrayal of females as `` strong , responsible , ( and ) intelligent '' . According to Joshua Miller , the bender characters ' use of bending for everyday activities brings `` depth and believability '' to the avatar world . Miller called the series ' designs `` rich and immersive '' , with each nation having its own , detailed look . He praised the action scenes as `` well rendered '' , comparing the development of the avatar world to that of The Lord of the Rings , and the fight choreography as `` wonderful in its most minor details '' . D.F. Smith enjoyed the series ' painstaking backgrounds . `` Cricket '' Te praised each episode 's color palette and the choreography 's combination of martial arts and magic . Nick Hartel criticized the animation , although he found it an improvement over previous Nickelodeon shows . Chris Mitchell called the animation fluid . `` Cricket '' Te agreed , noting its manga influence . According to Brittany Lovely , non-bender characters in battle are `` overshadowed '' by their bender counterparts . Joe Corey called the animation 's action and environments a `` great achievement '' , and Rob Keyes praised the series ' fight choreography .",
"13": "According to Kirk Hamilton , the action sequences in the series are amazing while being child - appropriate and exciting . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Status 2005 Pulcinella Awards Best Action Adventure TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Best TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won 2006 33rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production Lauren MacMullan for `` The Deserter '' Won Writing for an Animated Television Production Aaron Ehasz and John O'Bryan for `` The Fortuneteller '' Nominated 2007 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated 34th Annie Awards Character Animation in a Television Production Yu Jae Myung for `` The Blind Bandit '' Won Directing in an Animated Television Production Giancarlo Volpe for `` The Drill '' Won Genesis Awards Outstanding Children 's Programming `` Appa 's Lost Days '' Won 59th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program `` City of Walls and Secrets '' Nominated Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Sang - Jin Kim for `` Lake Laogai '' Won 2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV series Joaquim Dos Santos for `` The Day of Black Sun , Part 2 : The Eclipse '' Nominated Peabody Awards N / A Avatar : The Last Airbender Won 13th Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Book 3 Fire , Volume 4 Nominated 2009 36th Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production for Children Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Directing in an Animated Television Production Joaquim Dos Santos for `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 3 : Into the Inferno '' Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Television Animation `` Sozin 's Comet ,",
"14": "Part 4 : Avatar Aang '' Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Top Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Japanese animation creates a stir '' . Jamaica Gleaner . August 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Korra : Get a Look at the Animation and Combat of The Legend Of Korra '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boy in the Iceberg '' . Avatar : The Last Airbender . IGN . February 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx ? tvobjectid = 194673&more = ucepisodelist&episodeid = 8082181 `` Sozin 's Comet '' Check url = value ( help ) . Avatar : The Last Airbender . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : The Last Airbender on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . February 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : DiMartino , Michael Dante ; Konietzko , Bryan ( 2006 ) . `` In Their Elements '' . Nickelodeon Magazine ( Winter 2006 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Clark , Craig J. ( October 17 , 2007 ) .",
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"16": "Jump up ^ `` Audience Questions and Answer Part 2 at the San Diego Comi - con 2006 '' ( WMV ) . Flaming June . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Art of the Animated Series : : Profile : : Dark Horse Comics '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Lost Adventures : : Profile : : Dark Horse Comics '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Yang Continues `` Avatar : The Last Airbender '' in `` The Search '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC EXCLUSIVE : Yang Takes `` Avatar : The Last Airbender '' To `` The Rift '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : The Last Airbender '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Burning Earth '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : The Last Airbender - Into the Inferno '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Launching Avatar MMORPG Worldwide In September '' . Worlds in Motion . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jose Liz ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` THQ 's Avatar Now Available for $20 '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : Mahajan , Mradula ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avatar : The Last Airbender ' Sequel Update : Trilogy In Making ; M. Night Shyamalan To Not Repeat Mistakes of Failed Adaptation ! '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards : ' The Last Airbender ' earns Worst Picture , Director , and ' Eye - Gouging Misuse of 3 - D ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Hunter ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan 's The Last Airbender Gets Release Date , Director Update , `` Avatar '' Dropped From Title `` . / Film . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nick Press The Legend of Korra press release '' . Nick Press . March 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` Nickelodeon Studios Staffing Up for New `` Avatar the Last Airbender '' Project `` . Toon Zone LLC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animation News Discussion Cartoon Community -- toonzone news '' . Toonzone.net . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bynum , Aaron H. ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` Avatar : Season 3 '' . Animation Insider . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Element of Shyamalan in `` Airbender '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media , Inc .",
"18": "Archived from the original on January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` In Brief : Avatar 's Big Finish '' . TV Guide : 12 . December 18 -- 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Aaron H. ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Secret of the Fire Nation Ratings '' . Animation Insider . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aang Is Ready to Strike Down the Fire Nation on the Darkest Day of the Year in Avatar 's `` Day of Black Sun '' Premiering Friday , Nov. 30 on Nickelodeon `` . Viacom . November 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gray , Alan ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Avatar : The Last Airbender Hits All - Time Series High '' . News Blaze . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Glenn L. `` 19 Million Tuned in for Special `` Avatar '' Week `` . Buddytv.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Luna , Kyle . `` Nick 's `` AVATAR '' Animation Series Finale Scores Big Ratings `` . Animationinsider.net . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Nick 's Avatar Hits Ratings High '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IGN -- 35 : Avatar : The Last Airbender '' . Tv.ign.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Complete Series DVD Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartel , Nick ( November 23 , 2015 ) .",
"19": "`` Avatar : The Last Airbender ( The Complete Series ) '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Amaya , Erik ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender The Complete Series Continues To Impress - A Review - Bleeding Cool News And Rumors '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasheen , Henry ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Complete Series -- SLUG Magazine '' . SLUG Magazine . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lovely , Brittany ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` Avatar and Legend of Korra non-benders deserve appreciation '' . Hypable . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Corey , Joe ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` DVD Review : Avatar : The Last Airbender ( The Complete Series ) Inside Pulse '' . Inside Pulse . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Chris ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender : The Complete Series ( DVD ) Popzara Press - The Latest Bits and Bytes ! '' . Popzara Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , D.F. ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Complete Book 1 DVD Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Book 1 Collector 's Edition Review '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Noyes , Mike ( June 16 , 2010 ) .",
"20": "`` Avatar : The Last Airbender : The Complete Book 1 , Collector 's Edition -- DVD Review Inside Pulse '' . Inside Pulse . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Complete Book 1 ( Collector 's Edition ) Review TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Douglass Jr. , Todd ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar The Last Airbender : The Complete Book 1 '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Joshua ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` DVD Review : Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Complete Book 1 ( Collector 's Edition ) '' . CHUD.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Janson , Tim ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar : the Last Airbender Book 1 Collector 's Edition DVD Review '' . cinefantastiqueonline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amith , Dennis ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar : the Last Airbender : The Complete Book 1 -- Collector 's Edition ( a J ! - ENT DVD Review ) '' . j-entonline.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Te , Franco ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` DVD Review : Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Complete Book 1 ( Collector 's Edition ) '' . Nerd Society . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bend Our Minds , Win Avatar : The Last Airbender DVD Box '' . Wired . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 .",
"21": "^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Is One Of The Greatest TV Shows Of All Time '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mammano , Michael ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender - The Complete Series Coming '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenburg , Jenifer ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Avatar : The Last Airbender : The Complete Book 1 Collector 's Edition ' ComicMix '' . ComicMix . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , Ryan ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` Cartoons on the Bay Picks Winners '' . Animation Insider . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annie Awards : Legacy -- 33rd Annual Annie Awards '' . International Animated Film Society . February 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards ' 07 Nominees '' . who.com . August 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annie Awards : Legacy -- 34th Annual Annie Awards '' . International Animated Film Society . February 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick . `` Simpsons , Avatar & Happy Feet Big Winners in Genesis Awards '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners ( Outstanding Short Animated Program ) '' . Television Academy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( August 21 , 2007 ) . `` Juried Emmy Awards Announced for Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Animation World Network .",
"22": "Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit '' . Nick Press . February 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annecy 2008 -- Official Selection '' . Annecy 2008 . March 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 68th Annual Peabody Awards Archived November 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Satellite Awards '' . IPA . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Annie Awards : For Your Consideration '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MPSE 'S 2009 GOLDEN REEL AWARDS NOMINEES '' . Motion Picture Editors Guild . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Winners ! '' . Take 40 . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations - Australia 2010 ! - The Hot Hits Live from LA '' . TheHotHits . August 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avatar : The Last Airbender Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avatar : The Last Airbender .",
"23": "Official website Avatar : The Last Airbender on IMDb Avatar : The Last Airbender at the Big Cartoon DataBase Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book Category Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr.",
"24": "Wizard 's World ( 1983 -- 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 -- 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1985 -- 86 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Get the Picture ( 1991 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick Arcade ( 1992 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Nickelodeon All - Star Challenge ( 1994 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Aaahh ! ! !",
"25": "Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2009 ; 2012 -- 13 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) You 're On ! ( 1998 -- 99 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Animorphs ( 1998 -- 99 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) Nickelodeon Robot Wars ( 2002 ) Scaredy Camp ( 2002 -- 03 ) All Grown Up !",
"26": "( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 05 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) Nicktoons Film Festival ( 2004 -- 09 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Kappa Mikey ( 2006 -- 07 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Wayside ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) Making Fiends ( 2008 ) Domo TV ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 13 ) T.U.F.F.",
"27": "Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai / Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 -- 17 ) Monsters vs.",
"28": "Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce / Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 15 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge / Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Harvey Beaks ( 2015 -- 17 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( 2015 -- 16 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) School of Rock ( 2016 -- 18 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( 2017 -- 18 ) Ride ( 2017 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky ,",
"29": "Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) International Renford Rejects ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Genie in the House ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Summer in Transylvania ( 2010 ) Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) Double Dare ( 2018 ) Power Rangers Beast Morphers ( 2019 ) Wonder Park ( 2020 ) Los Casagrandes ( TBA ) Related Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nickelodeon Movies Nick at Nite SNICK Nick in the Afternoon TEENick Nicktoons U-Pick Live Nickelodeon Splat !",
"30": "Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production The Simpsons ( 1992 ) The Simpsons ( 1993 ) The Simpsons ( 1994 ) The Simpsons ( 1995 ) The Simpsons ( 1996 ) The Simpsons ( 1997 ) The Simpsons / The New Batman / Superman Adventures ( 1998 ) The Simpsons ( 1999 ) The Simpsons / Mickey Mouse Works ( 2000 ) The Simpsons / Batman Beyond ( 2001 ) The Simpsons ( 2002 ) The Simpsons ( 2003 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2005 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( 2006 ) Creature Comforts / El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 ) Robot Chicken / Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2008 ) Prep & Landing / The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2009 ) Futurama / SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2010 ) The Simpsons / The Amazing World of Gumball ( 2011 ) Robot Chicken / DreamWorks Dragons / Bubble Guppies ( 2012 ) Futurama / Adventure Time / Sofia the First ( 2013 ) The Simpsons / Gravity Falls / Tumble Leaf ( 2014 ) The Simpsons / Wander Over Yonder / Tumble Leaf ( 2015 ) Bob 's Burgers / Adventure Time / Tumble Leaf ( 2016 ) Rick and Morty / We Bare Bears / The Octonauts ( 2017 ) Nickelodeon portal Animation portal Television in the United States portal 2000s portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender&oldid=837720750 '' Categories : Avatar : The Last Airbender 2000s American animated television series 2000s Nickelodeon shows 2005 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy",
"31": "television series Anime - influenced Western animation Deicide in fiction English - language television programs Martial arts television series Nicktoons Peabody Award - winning television programs Reincarnation in television YTV shows Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2017 Good articles Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский",
"32": "සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 16 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4890697807517137179
|
islamic term for the community of the faithful
|
[
"ummat al-Islamiyah",
"Ummah",
"Ummah",
"Ummah",
"ummat al-Islamiyah (Arabic: الأمة الإسلامية) (the Islamic Community)"
] |
{
"0": "Ummah - wikipedia Ummah Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Umrah . Ummah ( Arabic : أمة ) is an Arabic word meaning `` community '' . It is distinguished from Sha'b ( Arabic : شعب ) which means a nation with common ancestry or geography . Thus , it can be said to be a supra - national community with a common history . It is a synonym for ummat al - Islamiyah ( Arabic : الأمة الإسلامية ) ( the Islamic Community ) , and it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic peoples . In the Quran the ummah typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs , specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation . In the context of Pan-Islamism and politics , the word Ummah can be used to mean the concept of a Commonwealth of the Believers ( أمة المؤمنين ummat al - mu'minīn ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 General usage 2 Islamic usage and origin 3 Emergence of the Ummah 4 Usage of Ummah in the Qur'an 5 Mecca 6 Medina 6.1 Constitution of Medina 7 Back to Mecca 8 See also 9 References 10 External links General usage ( edit ) The word Ummah ( pl . umam ) means Nation in Arabic . For example the Arabic term for the United Nations in Arabic is الأمم المتحدة Al - Umam Al - Mutahedah , and the term الأمة العربية Al - Ummah Al - Arabeyah is used to refer to `` The Arabic Nation '' . The Word Ummah differs from the concept of a country or people . In it is greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people . For example , in Arabic the world شعب Sha'ab ( `` people '' ) would be used to describe the citizens of Turkey . However , the term Ummah is used to describe the Turkic Nation as a whole , which includes Turkey , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan , and other countries and ethnic groups in Central Asia .",
"1": "Islamic usage and Origin ( edit ) The phrase Ummah Wāhidah in the Quran ( أمة واحدة , `` One Nation '' ) refers to all of the Islamic world as it existed at the time . The Quran says : `` You ( Muslims ) are the best nation brought out for Mankind , commanding what is righteous ( معروف Ma'rūf , lit . `` recognized ( as good ) '' ) and forbidding what is wrong ( منكر Munkar , lit . `` recognized ( as evil ) '' ) '' ( 3 : 110 ) . The usage is further clarified by the Constitution of Medina , an early document said to have been negotiated by Muhammad in CE 622 with the leading clans of Medina , explicitly refers to Jewish , Christians and pagan citizens of Medina as members of the Ummah . Emergence of the ummah ( edit ) At the time of Muhammad , before the conception of the ummah , Arab communities were typically governed by kinship . In other words , the political ideology of the Arabs centered around tribal affiliations and blood - relational ties . In the midst of a tribal society , the religion of Islam emerged and along with it the concept of the ummah . The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a community . But unlike earlier messengers who had been sent to various communities in the past ( as can be found among the Prophets in the Old Testament ) , Muhammad had been given the task to develop a universal ummah and not only for the Arabs . Muhammad 's purpose as messenger to them was to transmit a divine message , and lead the Islamic community to salvation . Since Muhammad is the messenger for the ummah , it indicates there is a divine message , which further implies that God is directing the life affairs of the ummah . Accordingly , the purpose of the ummah was to be based on religion , following the commands of God , rather than kinship . Usage of ummah in the Qur'an ( edit ) ( hide ) Part of a series on : Islamism Fundamentals ( show ) Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideology ( show ) Islamism",
"2": "Qutbism Salafism Shia Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Concepts ( hide ) Caliphate Islamic democracy Islamic socialism Islamic state Islamic monarchy Islamic republic Islamization ( of knowledge ) Jihad Pan-Islamism Post-Islamism Sharia Shura Slavery Two - nation theory Ummah Influences ( show ) Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic Golden Age Islamic revival Movements ( show ) Scholastic Ahl - i Hadith Deobandi Madkhalism Sahwa movement Wahhabism Political Hizb ut - Tahrir Iranian Revolution Jamaat - e-Islami Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood List of Islamic political parties Militant Militant Islamism based in MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Key texts ( show ) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s ) Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 ) Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 ) Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 ) Heads of state ( show ) Ali Khamenei Omar al - Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Ruhollah Khomeini Mohamed Morsi Mohammad Omar House of Saud House of Thani Zia - ul - Haq Key ideologues ( show ) Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani Muhammad Asad Hassan al - Banna Necmettin Erbakan Rached",
"3": "Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Abul A'la Maududi Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani Yusuf al - Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al - Turabi Ahmed Yassin Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islamism Islam and other religions Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity ( Modernism ) Islam portal Politics portal There are a total of sixty - two instances that the term ummah is mentioned in the Qur'an . The use of ummah in the Qur'an almost always refers to ethical , linguistic , or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation . The meaning of the term ummah in the Qur'an appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an . When it is first used in the Qur'an it is hardly distinguishable from the term qawm which can be translated to ' people ' . The Qur'an recognizes that each ummah has a messenger that has been sent to relay a divine message to the community and that all ummahs await God 's ultimate judgment . Although the meaning of the ummah begins simply with a general application of the word , it gradually develops to reference a general religious community and then evolves to specifically refer to the Muslim community . Before it refers exclusively to Muslims , the ummah encompasses Jewish and Christian communities as one with the Muslims and refers to them as the People of the Book . This is supplemented by the Constitution of Medina which declares all members of the ummah , regardless of religion , to be of ' one ummah . ' In these passages of the Qur'an , ummah may be referring to a unity of mankind through the shared beliefs of the monotheistic religions . However , Denny points out that the most recent ummah that receives a messenger from God is the Arab ummah .",
"4": "As the Muslims became stronger during their residence in Medina , the Arab ummah narrowed into an ummah exclusively for Muslims . This is evidenced by the resacralization of the Kaaba and Muhammad 's command to take a pilgrimage to Mecca , along with the redirection of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca . The period in which the term ummah is used most often is within the Third Meccan Period followed by the Medinian period . The extensive use of the term during these two time periods indicates that Muhammad was beginning to arrive at the concept of the ummah to specify the genuine Muslim community . Furthermore , the early Meccan passages generally equate ummah as religion , whereas in the Medinan period the passages of the Qur'an refer more specifically to the relation of the ummah and religion . The final passage that refers to ummah in the Qur'an refers to the Muslims as the `` best community '' and accordingly led to ummah as an exclusive reference to Islam . A verse in the Qur'an also mentions the ummah , in the context of all of the messengers , that this ummah ( nation ) of theirs is one ummah and that God is their Lord entirely . `` O messengers , eat from the good foods and work righteousness . Indeed , I , of what you do , am Knowing . And indeed this , your ummah ( nation ) , is one ummah ( nation ) , and I am your Lord , so fear Me . '' ( Qur'an , Surah Al - Mu'minun ( The believers ) ( 23 : 51 - 52 ) ) Mecca ( edit ) Initially it did not appear that the new Muslim community would oppose the tribes that already existed in Mecca . The first Muslims did not need to make a break with traditional Quraysh customs since the vision for the new community included moral norms that were not unfamiliar to the tribal society of Mecca . However , what distinguished this community from the tribes was its focus of the place of those morals within a person 's life . Medina ( edit ) After Muhammad and the first converts to Islam were forced to leave Mecca , the community was welcomed in Medina by the Ansar , a group of Pagans who had converted to Islam .",
"5": "Despite Medina already being occupied by numerous Jewish and polytheistic tribes , the arrival of Muhammad and his followers provoked no opposition from Medina 's residents . Upon arriving in Medina , Muhammad established the Constitution of Medina with the various tribal leaders in order to form the Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single community , the ummah . Rather than limiting members of the ummah to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the ummah first developed in Mecca , the Constitution of Medina ensured that the ummah was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra - tribal . Islam historian , Tabari , suggested that Muhammad 's initial intentions upon arriving in Medina was to establish a mosque , however this is unlikely Tabari also claimed that Muhammad observed the first Friday prayer in Medina . It occurred on Friday because Friday served as a market day in Medina to enable Jews to observe the sabbath . Membership to the ummah was not restricted to adhering to the Muslim faith but rather encompassed all of the tribes as long as they vowed to recognize Muhammad as the community and political figure of authority . The Constitution of Medina declared that the Jewish tribes and the Muslims from Medina formed ' one ummah . ' It is possible that the Medinan ummah was purely secular ( compared to the later transformation of the ummah in Mecca ) due to its variety of beliefs and practices of its members . The purpose of the Constitution of Medina was to uphold political obligations and social relations between the various tribes . The community members in Medina , although not derived from the same faith , were committed to each other through a desire to defend the common good of the community . In other words , the community was united according to preserve its shared interests . The people of other religious beliefs , particularly those that are considered to be `` People of the Book '' were granted the special protection of God through the dhimmah contract . These other religious groups were guaranteed security by God and Muhammad because of their common religious history as being the `` People of the Book . '' The dhimmah served as a sort of alliance between Muslims and non-Muslims . In the earlier treaties of the dhimmah , both groups were viewed as equal in status and both were obligated to help the other .",
"6": "However , in later treaties , after Islam had gained more power throughout Arabia , the dhimmah was perceived as the fulfilment of the religious duties of Muslims along with the payment of zakat . With the new contract of dhimmah , non-Muslims ' protection by God and Muhammad became dependent on their payment . Constitution of Medina ( edit ) The Constitution of Medina is a document created by Muhammad to regulate social and political life in Medina . It deals with various tribal issues such as the organization and leadership of the participating tribal groups , warfare , blood money , ransom of captives , and war expenditures . It is at the beginning of the document that the Muslims from the Quraysh ( those from Mecca ) and the Muslims from Yathrib ( those from Medina ) are declared to be an ummah or one community . The word ummah appears again when the document refers to the treaty of the Jews and states that the Yahūd Banī ' Awf , or Jews , are an ummah that exists alongside the ummah of the Muslims or may be included in the same ummah as the Muslims . The document does state that the Jews who join the Muslims will receive aid and equal rights . In addition , the Jews will be guaranteed security from the Muslims , and are granted to maintain their own religion just as the Muslims will maintain theirs . This implies that the ummah is not strictly a religious community in Medina . The Constitution of Medina lists the various Medinan tribes derived from the Aws and Khazraj as well as the several Jewish tribes that are granted to keep their tribal organization and leadership . The document also reveals that each group , the Muslims and the Jews , is responsible for its own finances except during time of war , when the two are able to share expenses . Back to Mecca ( edit ) After the Muslim takeover of Mecca , membership in the ummah required a commitment to Islam . This happened as a result of Islam beginning to distinguish itself not just from Paganism but also Judaism and Christianity by emphasizing a model of community based on Abraham . The membership of the ummah was now based on two main principles ; the first is to worship God alone and secondly , in order to worship God properly one must be in a guided community . The essentials of the new society were the new relations between human beings and God and between human beings and one another .",
"7": "The society was held together by the Prophet . Feuding among Muslim clans was forbidden . Muhammad 's community was designed to transform the world itself through action in the world . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Caliphate Constitution of Medina Divisions of the world in Islam Islamic missionary activity List of countries by Muslim population Muslim population growth Pan-Islamism Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Muslim world Kafir References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Houtsma , M. Th ( 1987 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopaedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . BRILL . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 9004082654 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1987 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . E.J. Brill . Jump up ^ Team , Almaany . `` ترجمة و معنى nation في قاموس المعاني . قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1 '' . www.almaany.com . Jump up ^ Firestone , Reuven ( 1999 ) . Jihād : The Origin of Holy War in Islam . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0195125800 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1956 ) . Muhammad at Medina . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Serjeant , R.B. ( 1964 ) . `` The Constitution of Medina '' . Islamic Quarterly . 8 : 4 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1972 ) . Muhammad at Medina . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ^ Jump up to : Bearman , P. ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( 2013 ) .",
"8": "`` '' Umma `` '' . Encyclopedia of Islam ( Second ed . ) . Brill Online . ^ Jump up to : Denny , Frederick Mathewson ( August 1975 ) . `` The Meaning of `` Ummah '' in the Qur'an `` . History of Religions . The University of Chicago Press . 15 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 70 . doi : 10.1086 / 462733 . Jump up ^ Team , Almaany . `` Translation and Meaning of qawm ( people ) in English Arabic Dictionary of terms Page 2 '' . www.almaany.com . Jump up ^ `` Surat Al - Mu'minun ( 23 : 51 - 52 ) - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . legacy.quran.com . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Marshall G.S. ( 1974 ) . The Venture of Islam : Conscience and History in a World Civilization . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago . ^ Jump up to : Ye'or , Bat ( 1985 ) . The Dhimmi : Jews and Christians under Islam . Cranberry , NJ : Associated University Press . Jump up ^ Goitein , S.D. ( 1968 ) . Studies in Islamic History and Institutions . Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Francis E. ; Esposito , John L. ( 2006 ) . The children of Abraham : Judaism , Christianity , Islam . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12769 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery ; M.V. McDonald ( 1987 ) . `` The History of al - Tabari : The Foundation of the Community '' . VII . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 1994 ) . Muhammad and the Origins of Islam . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ( 2004 ) . `` '' Ummah `` '' .",
"9": "The Islamic World : Past and Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Lecker , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Constitution of Medina '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Three . External links ( edit ) The definition of ' Ummah ' is the unity of the Muslims Online Islamic Learning Resource Islamic philosophy Fields Alchemy Aqidah ( theology ) ' Aql ( intellect ) Cosmology astrology medieval astronomy Eschatology Ethics Kalam ( dialectic ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Logic Metaphysics Natural philosophy ( physics ) Peace Madrasah ( education ) Medieval science Medieval psychology Sufism ( mysticism ) Schools Early Farabism Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Sufi cosmology metaphysics Transcendent theosophy Traditionalist Contemporary Concepts ʻAṣabīya Ḥāl Iʻjaz ʼIjtihād ʻlm ʻIrfān Ijmāʿ Maslaha Nafs Qadar Qalb Qiyās Shūrā Tawḥīd Ummah Philosophers by century ( CE ) 9th -- 10th Al - Kindi Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari Abu al - Abbas Iranshahri Zakariya Razi Apharabius Abu Hatim al - Razi Al Amiri Ikhwan al - Safa Abu Sulayman Sijistani Ibn Masarrah Abu",
"10": "Yaqub al - Sijistani 11th Al - Ghazali Ibn Miskawayh Avicenna Ibn Hazm Bahmanyār Mu'ayyad fi'l - Din al - Shirazi Nasir Khusraw 12th Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Afdal al - Din Kashani Ahi Evren Ahmad Yasavi Ayn - al - Quzat Averroes Ibn Tufail Omar Khayyám Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi 13th Hajji Bektash Wali Jalal ad - Din Muhammad Rumi Ibn Sab'in Ibn Arabi al - Abharī Nasir al - Din Tusi Fakhr ad - Din ar - Razi Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Sadr al - Din al - Qunawi 14th -- 16th Ibn Khaldun Yunus Emre Hajji Bayram Jalaladdin Davani Sadr ad - Din Dashtaki Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Qadi Mir Husayn al - Maybudi Mahmud Shabistari Sayyid Haydar Amuli Dawūd al - Qayṣarī Jami 17th -- 19th Mir Damad Mir Fendereski Mulla Sadra Mohsen Fayz Kashani Abd al - Razzaq Lahiji Mujaddid Alf - i - Sani Rajab Ali Tabrizi Qazi Sa'id Qumi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Hādī Sabzavārī 20th -- present Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Muhammad Iqbal Gohar Shahi Mohammad Baqir",
"11": "al - Sadr René Guénon Frithjof Schuon Martin Lings Hossein Nasr Naquib al - Attas Abdolkarim Soroush Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani Taha Abdurrahman Mohammed Abed al - Jabri Mohammed Arkoun Fouad Zakariyya Reza Davari Ardakani Ahmad Fardid Mostafa Malekian Hasanzadeh Amoli Javadi Amoli Partawi Shah GND : 4426061 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Ummah&oldid=815589022 '' Categories : Arabic words and phrases in Sharia Pan-Islamism Islamic concepts of religious geography Islamic terminology Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the river thames start and end
|
[
"Thames Head, Gloucestershire, UK",
"Southend-on-Sea, Essex, UK",
"Thames Head, Gloucestershire, UK",
"Thames Estuary, North Sea"
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{
"0": "River Thames - wikipedia River Thames Jump to : navigation , search `` Thames '' redirects here . For other uses , see Thames ( disambiguation ) . Thames River The Thames in London Country England Counties Gloucestershire , Wiltshire , Oxfordshire , Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , Surrey , Middlesex , London , Kent , Essex Towns / Cities Cricklade , Lechlade , Oxford , Abingdon , Wallingford , Reading , Henley - on - Thames , Marlow , Maidenhead , Windsor , Staines - upon - Thames , Walton - on - Thames , Kingston upon Thames , Teddington , Richmond , London , London Source - location Thames Head , Gloucestershire , UK - elevation 110 m ( 361 ft ) - coordinates 51 ° 41 ′ 39 '' N 2 ° 01 ′ 47 '' W / 51.694262 ° N 2.029724 ° W / 51.694262 ; - 2.029724 Mouth Thames Estuary , North Sea - location Southend - on - Sea , Essex , UK - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 51 ° 29 ′ 56 '' N 0 ° 36 ′ 31 '' E / 51.4989 ° N 0.6087 ° E / 51.4989 ; 0.6087 Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 56 '' N 0 ° 36 ′ 31 '' E / 51.4989 ° N 0.6087 ° E / 51.4989 ; 0.6087 Length 346 km ( 215 mi ) Basin 12,935 km ( 4,994 sq mi ) Discharge for London - average 65.8 m / s ( 2,324 cu ft / s ) - max 370 m / s ( 13,066 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - entering Oxford 17.6 m / s ( 622 cu ft / s ) - leaving Oxford 24.8 m / s ( 876 cu ft / s ) - Reading 39.",
"1": "7 m / s ( 1,402 cu ft / s ) - Windsor 59.3 m / s ( 2,094 cu ft / s ) Map of the Thames within southern England Thames summary route map Legend 235.84 Thames Head , Kemble , Gloucestershire 235.06 Thames Head Bridge ( A433 - Fosse Way ) 233.97 A429 Bridge and Cirencester branch line Midland and South Western Junction Railway Bridge 216.81 A419 Bridge , Cricklade Castle Eaton Bridge Hannington Bridge 200.96 Limit of navigation 200.83 River Coln ( rises at Brockhampton ) 199.72 Halfpenny Bridge , Lechlade ( A361 ) 199.65 St John 's Lock Last lock on the river ; 71 m ASL Radcot Bridge Tadpole Bridge Newbridge Swinford Toll Bridge 173.18 River Windrush , Northmoor 159.34 River Evenlode , Cassington 155.46 Thames ( Oxford By - pass ) Bridge ( A34 ) 110.10 Osney Rail Bridge ( Cherwell Valley line ) 148.88 River Cherwell , Oxford , partly canalised 146.83 Isis Bridge - Oxford Ring Road ( A423 ) 110.10 Kennington Railway Bridge ( Goods Line ) Nuneham Railway Bridge ( GWR to Birmingham ) 136.47 Abingdon Bridge ( A415 ) -- Abingdon & Culham Sutton Bridge 131.02 Appleford Railway Bridge ( GWR to Birmingham ) Clifton Hampden Bridge River Thame , Dorchester on Thames Shillingford Bridge 115.41 Wallingford Bridge -- Wallingford & Crowmarsh Gifford 110.10 Moulsford Railway Bridge ( GWR to Bristol ) Goring and Streatley Bridge 105.94 Goring Bridge ( GWR to Bristol ) Whitchurch Bridge 89.74 Caversham Bridge , Reading ( A4155 ) 87.41 River Kennet , canalised , Reading 79.24 River Loddon ,",
"2": "Wargrave Sonning Bridge Shiplake Railway Bridge 73.72 Henley Bridge ( A4130 ) -- Henley - on - Thames & Remenham 60.75 Marlow Bridge , Marlow 60.04 Marlow By - pass Bridge , Marlow , ( A404 ) Bourne End Railway Bridge Cookham Bridge ~ 50 Jubilee River -- Maidenhead 49.10 Maidenhead Railway Bridge ( GWR to Bristol etc . ) 46.67 M4 Bridge -- Dorney & Bray 40.03 Queen Elizabeth Bridge , ( A332 ) -- Eton & Windsor Windsor branch line bridge 38.91 Windsor Bridge -- Eton & Windsor ~ 35 Jubilee River -- Eton Windsor & Eton Riverside station bridge 28.46 Colne Brook , Wraysbury 28.45 Runnymede Bridges ( A30 & M25 ) -- Staines - upon - Thames & Egham 27.82 Staines Bridge ( A308 ) -- Staines - upon - Thames & Egham Hythe 27.70 River Colne , Staines - upon - Thames Staines Railway Bridge 21.34 M3 bridge -- Chertsey & Laleham 20.80 Chertsey Bridge ( B375 ) -- Chertsey & Shepperton 17.32 The Bournes ( 1 , 2 ) , Addlestone 17.08 Wey and its navigation , Addlestone & Weybridge 14.43 Walton Bridge ( A244 ) -- Shepperton & Walton - on - Thames 7.53 Hampton Court Bridge ( A309 ) -- Hampton Court & East Molesey 7.45 River Mole , East Molesey & Thames Ditton 3.34 Kingston Bridge -- Hampton Wick & Kingston upon Thames Kingston Railway Bridge 0.64 Teddington Lock , Weir & Bridges Tidal limit 0.0 Teddington Boundary Stone ( PLA / DoE ) Richmond Bridge Richmond Railway Bridge - 4.52 Twickenham Bridge ( A316 ) -- Twickenham & Richmond - 4.",
"3": "80 Richmond Lock and Footbridge - 6.11 River Crane , Twickenham & Isleworth - 7.71 River Brent / Grand Union Canal - 8.80 Kew Bridge , South Circular Road ( A205 ) ( Brentford & Kew ) Kew Railway Bridge ( District line and former British Rail ) - 10.86 Chiswick Bridge ( A316 ) -- Chiswick & Mortlake Barnes Railway Bridge Hammersmith Bridge -- Hammersmith - 17.84 Putney Bridge , ( A219 ) -- Fulham & Putney Fulham Railway Bridge ( District line ) - 18.95 River Wandle , Wandsworth - 19.44 Wandsworth Bridge , ( A217 ) -- Fulham & Wandsworth - 20.84 Battersea Railway Bridge - 21.88 Battersea Bridge , ( A3220 ) -- Chelsea & Battersea - 23.66 Victoria Railway Bridge - 25.24 Vauxhall Bridge ( A202 ) -- Pimlico & Vauxhall - 26.01 Lambeth Bridge ( A3202 ) -- Millbank & Lambeth - 26.55 Westminster Bridge ( A302 ) -- Central London - 27.35 Charing Cross Bridge & Station ( S Coast ) - 28.01 Waterloo Bridge ( A301 ) -- Central London - 28.55 Blackfriars Bridge ( A201 ) -- Central London - 28.63 Blackfriars Rly Bridge / Station ( Thameslink ) Millennium Bridge ( London ) - 29.10 Southwark Bridge ( A300 ) -- Central London Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Cannon St. Station - 29.80 London Bridge ( A3 ) 8.7 m headway -- Central London - 30.69 Tower Bridge ( A100 ) 42.5 m headway -- City of London & Bermondsey Thames Tunnel on the East London Line - 32.83 Rotherhithe Tunnel ( A101 ) -- Limehouse & Rotherhithe - 33.65 Regent 's Canal - 40.",
"4": "08 Blackwall Tunnel ( A102 ) -- Blackwall & Greenwich Peninsula - 41.06 River Lea and its navigation : Bow Creek Blackwall & Canning Town - 43.51 Thames Barrier - 45.24 Woolwich Ferry ( links A406 with A205 ) -- North Woolwich & Woolwich - 48.55 Barking Creek / River Roding - 59.25 River Darent / Dartford Creek - 61.96 Dartford Crossing ( A282 ( N ) ) -- West Thurrock & Dartford - 62.04 Queen Elizabeth II Bridge ( A282 ( S ) ) 54.1 m headway -- West Thurrock & Dartford - 64.76 Channel Tunnel Rail Link - 69.66 Tilbury Docks - 87.72 Holehaven Creek - 99.42 Southend Pier , Southend - on - Sea - 103.9 River Medway & Sheerness Docks - 110.6 Foulness Point , Essex / Warden Point , Kent ( PLA limit ) End of Thames Estuary -- North Sea Thameside settlements Towns / villages by parish beside the river blank spaces indicate as place above ( `` ) Legend Kemble , Gloucestershire Kemble ( meads ) Ewen ,",
"5": "Somerford Keynes Poole Keynes meads and lakes of both Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Leigh ( meads ) Ashton Keynes ( meads ) Cricklade Latton ( meads ) Castle Eaton ( meads ) Castle Eaton Marston Maisey ( meads ) Kempsford Hannington ( meads ) Kempsford ( meads ) Limit of navigation Inglesham ( meads ) Lechlade Buscot ( meads ) Lechlade ( meads ) Eaton Hastings Kelmscott Faringdon ( meads ) Radcot ( meads ) Clanfield ( meads ) Littleworth ( mead ) Clanfield ( meads ) Buckland ( meads ) Bampton ( meads ) Hinton Waldrist ( meads ) Chimney ( meads ) Longworth ( meads ) Shifford ( meads ) Kingston Bagpuize ( meads ) Standlake ( meads ) Fyfield ( meads ) Northmoor ( meads ) Appleton with Eaton ( meads ) Bablock Hythe and meads , Cumnor Stanton Harcourt ( meads ) Farmoor , Cumnor Eynsham ( meads ) Swinford and meads , Cumnor Wytham Cassington ( meads ) Yarnton ( meads ) Wolvercote Binsey , Oxfordshire Wolvercote Common , Wolvercote Osney New Osney ( west - central Oxford ) Grandpont Oxford ( south - central ) New Hinksey , South Hinksey ( east Oxford inc . Rose Hill ) Kennington , Oxfordshire Littlemore ( meads ) , Oxford Sandford - on - Thames Radley ( meads ) Nuneham Courtenay ( meads ) Abingdon Culham ( meads ) Sutton Courtenay Appleford - on - Thames Clifton Hampden ( meads ) Long Wittenham Burcot , Clifton Hampden Little Wittenham Dorchester on Thames ( meads ) Shillingford Hill , Brightwell - cum - Sotwell ( meads ) Shillingford ,",
"6": "Warborough Benson ( meads ) Preston Crowmarsh , Benson ( meads ) Moulsford South Stoke Wallingford Crowmarsh Gifford Newnham Murren Mongewell Cholsey North Stoke Moulsford South Stoke Streatley Goring - on - Thames Lower Basildon , Basildon Goring Pangbourne Whitchurch - on - Thames Purley on Thames Mapledurham ( meads ) Tilehurst Reading Caversham Sonning Sonning Eye , Eye and Dunsden Charvil ( meads ) Shiplake ( meads ) Wargrave Lower Shiplake , Shiplake Remenham Henley - on - Thames Aston , Remenham Mill End , Hambleden Hurley - on - Thames Medmenham Bisham Marlow Cookham Little Marlow Hedsor Wharf , Hedsor ( meads ) Bourne End Maidenhead Taplow Bray Taplow Dorney ( meads ) Water Oakley / Willows Riverside Park , Bray Dedworth Boveney , Burnham Clewer Eton Windsor Eton The Home Park , Windsor Datchet Old Windsor Wraysbury Runnymede , Egham ( meads ) Egham Hythe Staines - upon - Thames Thorpe Penton Hook , Chertsey Laleham Chertsey Dumsey Meadow , Shepperton Hamm Court Estate , Addlestone Old Shepperton , Shepperton ( various islands ) , Weybridge Old Shepperton , Shepperton Walton - on - Thames Lower Halliford , Shepperton Sunbury - on - Thames West and central Molesey Hampton East Molesey Hampton Court , Hampton Thames Ditton Seething Wells ( partially ) , Surbiton Kingston upon Thames Hampton Wick Ham , Kingston upon Thames ( meads ) Teddington Teddington Lock , Weir & Bridges normal tidal limit Petersham Twickenham Richmond Old Isleworth ,",
"7": "Isleworth Kew Brentford Strand - on - the - Green , Chiswick Mortlake Dukes Meadows , Chiswick Barnes Chiswick Castlenau , Barnes Hammersmith London Wetland Centre , Barnes Fulham Putney Wandsworth Battersea Sands End , Fulham Chelsea Nine Elms , Battersea Pimlico , Westminster Vauxhall Millbank , Westminster ( North ) Lambeth Waterloo ( Victoria ) Embankment / Strand , Westminster St Clement Danes Southwark City of London ( The ) Borough Bermondsey St Katherine 's Wharf , St George in the East Wapping Rotherhithe Shadwell Limehouse Millwall , Poplar Deptford Millwall / Cubitt Town , Poplar Greenwich Cubitt Town , Poplar Greenwich Peninsula , Greenwich Blackwall , Poplar Leamouth , Poplar New Charlton , Charlton West Ham Woolwich ( Thames Barrier ) East Ham / North Woolwich Thamesmead , Woolwich Barking Thamesmead , Erith Dagenham Erith Rainham Marshes , Rainham Wennington Marshes , Wennington Erith ; Crayford Marshes Aveley Marshes , Aveley Dartford Marshes , Dartford West Thurrock ( Purfleet ; West Thurrock Marshes ) Stone Marshes , Stone Greenhithe Swanscombe Swanscombe Marshes / Broadness Lighthouse , Swanscombe Grays ( or , more rarely , Grays Thurrock ) Northfleet Tilbury , West Tilbury Gravesend Eastcourt Marshes , Chalk Shorne Marshes , Shorne West Tilbury Higham Marshes , Lower Higham East Tilbury Cliffe Marshes / Redham Mead , Cliffe Corringham Marshes / Thames Haven , Corringham Halstow Marshes , High Halstow Canvey Island , Corringham / Stanford - le - Hope / Leigh - on - Sea St Marys Marshes ,",
"8": "St Mary Hoo Allhallows - on - Sea Leigh - on - Sea Grain Southend - on - Sea End of Thames Estuary -- North Sea ( the few settlements further along the debatable estuary to the two points mentioned in the routemap are on inlets or far inland ) The River Thames ( / tɛmz / ( listen ) TEMZ ) is a river that flows through southern England , most notably through London . At 215 miles ( 346 km ) , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom , after the River Severn . It also flows through Oxford ( where it is called Isis ) , Reading , Henley - on - Thames and Windsor . The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway , derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock . It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire , and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary . The Thames drains the whole of Greater London . Its tidal section , reaching up to Teddington Lock , includes most of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 7 metres ( 23 ft ) . Running through some of the driest parts of mainland Britain and heavily abstracted for drinking water , the Thames ' discharge is low considering its length and breadth : the Severn has a discharge almost twice as large on average despite having a smaller drainage basin . In Scotland , the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60 % smaller . Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs . Its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries . The river contains over 80 islands . With its waters varying from freshwater to almost seawater , the Thames supports a variety of wildlife and has a number of adjoining Sites of Special Scientific Interest , with the largest being in the remaining parts of the North Kent Marshes and covering 5,449 hectares ( 13,460 acres ) . In 2010 , the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world -- the $350,000 International Riverprize .",
"9": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Administration 3 Human activity 4 Physical and natural aspects 4.1 Sea level 4.2 Catchment area and discharge 4.2. 1 The non-tidal section 4.2. 2 The tidal section 4.3 Islands 4.4 Geological and topographic history 4.4. 1 Ice age 4.4. 2 Conversion of marshland 4.5 Wildlife 5 Human history 5.1 Roman Britain 5.2 Middle Ages 5.3 Early modern period 5.4 Victorian era 5.5 20th century 6 The active river 6.1 Transport and tourism 6.1. 1 The tidal river 6.1. 2 The upper river 6.1. 3 Aerial lift 6.2 Police and lifeboats 6.3 Navigation 6.3.",
"10": "1 History of the management of the river 6.4 The river as a boundary 6.5 Crossings 7 Pollution 7.1 Treated sewage 7.2 Mercury levels 7.3 Natural carbon compounds 8 Sport 8.1 Rowing 8.2 Sailing 8.3 Skiffing 8.4 Punting 8.5 Kayaking and canoeing 8.6 Swimming 8.7 Meanders 9 The Thames in the arts 9.1 Visual arts 9.2 Literature 9.3 Music 10 Major flood events 10.1 London flood of 1928 10.2 Thames Valley flood of 1947 10.3 Canvey Island flood of 1953 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) A statue of Old Father Thames by Raffaelle Monti at St John 's Lock , Lechlade The Thames , from Middle English Temese , is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river , Tamesas ( from * tamēssa ) , recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys `` Thames '' . The name may have meant `` dark '' and can be compared to other cognates such as Russian темно ( Proto - Slavic * tĭmĭnŭ ) , Latvian tumsa `` darkness '' , Sanskrit tamas , Irish teimheal and Welsh tywyll `` darkness '' ( Proto - Celtic * temeslos ) and Middle Irish teimen `` dark grey '' . The same origin is shared by countless other river names , spread across Britain , such as the River Tamar at the border of Devon and Cornwall , several rivers named Tame in the Midlands and North Yorkshire , the Tavy on Dartmoor , the Team of the North East , the Teifi and Teme of Wales , the Teviot in the Scottish Borders , as well as one of the Thames ' tributaries called the Thame .",
"11": "Kenneth H. Jackson has proposed that the name of the Thames is not Indo - European ( and of unknown meaning ) , while Peter Kitson suggested that it is Indo - European but originated before the Celts and has a name indicating `` muddiness '' from a root * tā - , ' melt ' . Indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name ' Thames ' is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford , bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit ( Tamesubugus made ( this ) ) . It is believed that Tamesubugus ' name was derived from that of the river . Tamese was referred to as a place , not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography ( c.AD 700 ) . The river 's name has always been pronounced with a simple t / t / ; the Middle English spelling was typically Temese and the Brittonic form Tamesis . A similar spelling from 1210 , `` Tamisiam '' , is found in the Magna Carta . The th spelling lends an air of Greek to the name and was added during the Renaissance possibly to reflect or support a claim that the name was derived from the Thyamis in Epirus , from where early Celtic - speaking groups were wrongly thought to have migrated to Britain . The Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis . Historically , and especially in Victorian times , gazetteers and cartographers insisted that the entire river was correctly named the Isis from its source down to Dorchester on Thames and that only from this point , where the river meets the Thame and becomes the `` Thame - isis '' ( supposedly subsequently abbreviated to Thames ) should it be so called . Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as `` River Thames or Isis '' down to Dorchester . However , since the early 20th century this distinction has been lost in common usage outside of Oxford , and some historians suggest the name Isis is nothing more than a truncation of Tamesis , the Latin name for the Thames . Richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames , part of it , where it was too wide to ford , was called * ( p ) lowonida .",
"12": "This gave the name to a settlement on its banks , which became known as Londinium , from the Indo - European roots * pleu - `` flow '' and * - nedi `` river '' meaning something like the flowing river or the wide flowing unfordable river . For merchant seamen , the Thames has long been just the `` London River '' . Londoners often refer to it simply as `` the river '' in expressions such as `` south of the river '' . The river gives its name to three informal areas : the Thames Valley , a region of England around the river between Oxford and West London ; the Thames Gateway ; and the greatly overlapping Thames Estuary around the tidal Thames to the east of London and including the waterway itself . Thames Valley Police is a formal body that takes its name from the river , covering three counties . The administrative powers of the Thames Conservancy have been taken on with modifications by the Environment Agency and , in respect of the Tideway part of the river , such powers are split between the agency and the Port of London Authority . In non-administrative use , stemming directly from the river and its name are Thames Valley University , Thames Water , Thames Television productions , Thames & Hudson publishing , Thameslink ( north - south railways passing through central London ) and South Thames College . Historic entities include the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company Administration ( edit ) The administrative powers of the Thames Conservancy have been taken on with modifications by the Environment Agency and , in respect of the Tideway part of the river , such powers are split between the agency and the Port of London Authority . Human activity ( edit ) The marks of human activity , in some cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain , are visible at various points along the river . These include a variety of structures connected with use of the river , such as navigations , bridges and watermills , as well as prehistoric burial mounds . A major maritime route is formed for much of its length for shipping and supplies : through the Port of London for international trade , internally along its length and by its connection to the British canal system . The river 's position has put it at the centre of many events in British history , leading to it being described by John Burns as `` liquid history '' .",
"13": "Two broad canals link the river to other river basins : the Kennet and Avon Canal ( Reading to Bath ) and the Grand Union Canal ( London to the Midlands ) . The Grand Union effectively bypassed the earlier , narrow and winding Oxford Canal which also remains open as a popular scenic recreational route . Three further cross-basin canals are disused but are in various stages of reconstruction : the Thames and Severn Canal ( via Stroud ) , which operated until 1927 ( to the west coast of England ) , the Wey and Arun Canal to Littlehampton , which operated until 1871 ( to the south coast ) , and the Wilts and Berks Canal Rowing and sailing clubs are common along the Thames , which is navigable to such vessels . Kayaking and canoeing also take place . Major annual events include the Henley Royal Regatta and the Boat Race , while the Thames has been used during two Summer Olympic Games : 1908 ( rowing ) ; 1948 ( rowing and canoeing ) . Safe headwaters and reaches are a summer venue for organised swimming , which is prohibited on safety grounds in a stretch centred on Central London . Physical and natural aspects ( edit ) The marker stone at the official source of the River Thames named Thames Head near Kemble The Seven Springs source The Thames Barrier provides protection against floods The Thames passes by some of the sights of London , including the Houses of Parliament and the London Eye The Thames passing through the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames The usually quoted source of the Thames is at Thames Head ( at grid reference ST980994 ) . This is about ⁄ mile ( 1.2 km ) north of Kemble parish church in southern Gloucestershire , near the town of Cirencester , in the Cotswolds . However , Seven Springs near Cheltenham , where the Churn ( which feeds into the Thames near Cricklade ) rises , is also sometimes quoted as the Thames ' source , as this location is furthest from the mouth , and adds some 14 miles ( 23 km ) to the length . At Seven Springs above the source is a stone with the Latin hexameter inscription `` Hic tuus o Tamesine pater septemgeminus fons '' , which means `` Here , O Father Thames , ( is ) your sevenfold source '' .",
"14": "The springs at Seven Springs flow throughout the year , while those at Thames Head are only seasonal ( a winterbourne ) . The Thames is the longest river entirely in England , but the River Severn , which is partly in Wales , is the longest river in the United Kingdom . As the River Churn , sourced at Seven Springs , is 14 miles ( 23 km ) longer than the Thames ( from its traditional source at Thames Head to the confluence ) , the overall length of the Thames measured from Seven Springs , 229 miles ( 369 km ) , is greater than the Severn 's length 220 miles ( 350 km ) . Thus , the `` Churn / Thames '' river may be regarded as the longest natural river in the United Kingdom . The stream from Seven Springs is joined at Coberley by a longer tributary which could further increase the length of the Thames , with its source in the grounds of the National Star College at Ullenwood . The Thames flows through or alongside Ashton Keynes , Cricklade , Lechlade , Oxford , Abingdon - on - Thames , Wallingford , Goring - on - Thames and Streatley , Pangbourne and Whitchurch - on - Thames , Reading , Wargrave , Henley - on - Thames , Marlow , Maidenhead , Windsor and Eton , Staines - upon - Thames and Egham , Chertsey , Shepperton , Weybridge , Sunbury - on - Thames , Walton - on - Thames , Molesey and Thames Ditton . The river was subject to minor redefining and widening of the main channel around Oxford , Abingdon and Marlow before 1850 , since when further cuts to ease navigation have reduced distances further . Molesey faces Hampton , London , and in Greater London the Thames passes Hampton Court Palace , Surbiton , Kingston upon Thames , Teddington , Twickenham , Richmond ( with a famous view of the Thames from Richmond Hill ) , Syon House , Kew , Brentford , Chiswick , Barnes , Hammersmith , Fulham , Putney , Wandsworth , Battersea and Chelsea . In central London , the river passes Pimlico and Vauxhall , and then forms one of the principal axes of the city , from the Palace of Westminster to the Tower of London .",
"15": "At this point , it historically formed the southern boundary of the medieval city , with Southwark , on the opposite bank , then being part of Surrey . Beyond central London , the river passes Bermondsey , Wapping , Shadwell , Limehouse , Rotherhithe , Millwall , Deptford , Greenwich , Cubitt Town , Blackwall , New Charlton and Silvertown , before flowing through the Thames Barrier , which protects central London from flooding by storm surges . Below the barrier , the river passes Woolwich , Thamesmead , Dagenham , Erith , Purfleet , Dartford , West Thurrock , Northfleet , Tilbury and Gravesend before entering the Thames Estuary near Southend - on - Sea . Sea level ( edit ) Sediment cores up to 10 m deep collected by the British Geological Survey from the banks of the tidal River Thames contain geochemical information and fossils which provide a 10,000 - year record of sea - level change . Combined this and other studies suggest that the Thames sea - level has risen more than 30 m during the Holocene at a rate of around 5 -- 6 mm per year from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago . The rise of sea level dramatically reduced when the ice melt nearly concluded over the past 4,000 years . Since the beginning of the 20th century rates of sea level rise range from 1.22 mm per year to 2.14 mm per year . Catchment area and discharge ( edit ) Main article : Tributaries of the River Thames The Thames River Basin District , including the Medway catchment , covers an area of 6,229 square miles ( 16,130 km ) . The river basin includes both rural and heavily urbanised areas in the east and northern parts while the western parts of the catchment are predominantly rural . The area is among the driest in the United Kingdom . Water resources consist of groundwater from aquifers and water taken from the Thames and its tributaries , much of it stored in large bank - side reservoirs . The Thames itself provides two - thirds of London 's drinking water while groundwater supplies about 40 per cent of public water supplies in the total catchment area . Groundwater is an important water source , especially in the drier months , so maintaining its quality and quantity is extremely important .",
"16": "Groundwater is vulnerable to surface pollution , especially in highly urbanised areas . The non-tidal section ( edit ) Main article : Locks and weirs on the River Thames The Jubilee River at Slough Weir St John 's Lock , near Lechlade The River Thames in Oxford Brooks , canals and rivers , within an area of 3,842 square miles ( 9,951 km ) , combine to form 38 main tributaries feeding the Thames between its source and Teddington Lock . This is the usual tidal limit ; however , high spring tides can raise the head water level in the reach above Teddington and can occasionally reverse the river flow for a short time . In these circumstances , tidal effects can be observed upstream to the next lock beside Molesey weir , which is visible from the towpath and bridge beside Hampton Court Palace . Before Teddington Lock was built in 1810 -- 12 , the river was tidal at peak spring tides as far as Staines upon Thames . In descending order , non-related tributaries of the non-tidal Thames , with river status , are the Churn , Leach , Cole , Ray , Coln , Windrush , Evenlode , Cherwell , Ock , Thame , Pang , Kennet , Loddon , Colne , Wey and Mole . In addition , there are occasional backwaters and artificial cuts that form islands , distributaries ( most numerous in the case of the Colne ) , and man - made distributaries such as the Longford River . Three canals intersect this stretch : the Oxford Canal , Kennet and Avon Canal and Wey Navigation . Its longest artificial secondary channel ( cut ) , the Jubilee River , was built between Maidenhead and Windsor for flood relief and completed in 2002 . The non-tidal section of the river is owned and managed by the Environment Agency , which is responsible for managing the flow of water to help prevent and mitigate flooding , and providing for navigation : the volume and speed of water downstream is managed by adjusting the sluices at each of the weirs and , at peak high water , levels are generally dissipated over preferred flood plains adjacent to the river . Occasionally , flooding of inhabited areas is unavoidable and the agency issues flood warnings .",
"17": "Due to stiff penalties applicable on the non-tidal river , which is a drinking water source before treatment , sanitary sewer overflow from the many sewage treatment plants covering the upper Thames basin is rare in the non-tidal Thames , which ensures clearer water compared to the river 's tideway . The tidal section ( edit ) Main article : Tideway London Stone at Staines , built in 1285 marked the customs limit of the Thames and the City of London 's jurisdiction Waterstand of Thames at low tide ( left ) and high tide ( right ) in comparison at Blackfriars Bridge in London Below Teddington Lock ( about 55 miles or 89 kilometres upstream of the Thames Estuary ) , the river is subject to tidal activity from the North Sea . Before the lock was installed , the river was tidal as far as Staines , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) upstream . London , capital of Roman Britain , was established on two hills , now known as Cornhill and Ludgate Hill . These provided a firm base for a trading centre at the lowest possible point on the Thames . A river crossing was built at the site of London Bridge . London Bridge is now used as the basis for published tide tables giving the times of high tide . High tide reaches Putney about 30 minutes later than London Bridge , and Teddington about an hour later . The tidal stretch of the river is known as `` the Tideway '' . Tide tables are published by the Port of London Authority and are available online . Times of high and low tides are also posted on Twitter . The principal tributaries of the River Thames on the Tideway include the rivers Brent , Wandle , Effra , Westbourne , Fleet , Ravensbourne ( the final part of which is called Deptford Creek ) , Lea , Roding , Darent and Ingrebourne . At London , the water is slightly brackish with sea salt , being a mix of sea and fresh water . This part of the river is managed by the Port of London Authority . The flood threat here comes from high tides and strong winds from the North Sea , and the Thames Barrier was built in the 1980s to protect London from this risk .",
"18": "Islands ( edit ) Main article : Islands in the River Thames London City Airport is on the site of a dock The River Thames contains over 80 islands ranging from the large estuarial marshlands of the Isle of Sheppey and Canvey Island to small tree - covered islets like Rose Isle in Oxfordshire and Headpile Eyot in Berkshire . They are found all the way from the Isle of Sheppey in Kent to Fiddler 's Island in Oxfordshire . Some of the largest inland islands , for example Formosa Island near Cookham and Andersey Island at Abingdon , were created naturally when the course of the river divided into separate streams . In the Oxford area the river splits into several streams across the floodplain ( Seacourt Stream , Castle Mill Stream , Bulstake Stream and others ) , creating several islands ( Fiddler 's Island , Osney and others ) . Desborough Island , Ham Island at Old Windsor and Penton Hook Island were artificially created by lock cuts and navigation channels . Chiswick Eyot is a familiar landmark on the Boat Race course , while Glover 's Island forms the centrepiece of the spectacular view from Richmond Hill . Islands of historical interest include Magna Carta Island at Runnymede , Fry 's Island at Reading , and Pharaoh 's Island near Shepperton . In more recent times Platts Eyot at Hampton was the place where Motor Torpedo Boats ( MTB ) s were built , Tagg 's Island near Molesey was associated with the impresario Fred Karno and Eel Pie Island at Twickenham was the birthplace of the South East 's R&B music scene . Westminster Abbey and the Palace of Westminster ( commonly known today as the Houses of Parliament ) were built on Thorney Island , which used to be an eyot . Geological and topographic history ( edit ) See also : Ancestral Thames European LGM refuges , 20,000 years ago . The Thames was a minor river that joined the Rhine , in the southern North Sea basin at this time . Solutrean and Proto Solutrean Cultures Epi Gravettian Culture The River Thames can first be identified as a discrete drainage line as early as 58 million years ago , in the Thanetian stage of the late Palaeocene epoch .",
"19": "Until around 500,000 years ago , the Thames flowed on its existing course through what is now Oxfordshire , before turning to the north east through Hertfordshire and East Anglia and reaching the North Sea near Ipswich . At this time the river system headwaters lay in the English West Midlands and may , at times , have received drainage from the Berwyn Mountains in North Wales . Brooks and rivers like the River Brent , Colne Brook and Bollo Brook either flowed into the then River Thames or went out to sea on the course of the present - day River Thames . About 450,000 years ago , in the most extreme Ice Age of the Pleistocene , the Anglian , the furthest southern extent of the ice sheet was at Hornchurch in east London . It dammed the river in Hertfordshire , resulting in the formation of large ice lakes , which eventually burst their banks and caused the river to be diverted onto its present course through what is now London . Progressively , the channel was pushed south to form the St Albans depression by the repeated advances of the ice sheet . This created a new river course through Berkshire and on into London , after which the river rejoined its original course in southern Essex , near the present River Blackwater estuary . Here it entered a substantial freshwater lake in the southern North Sea basin . The overspill of this lake caused the formation of the Dover Strait gap between Britain and France . Subsequent development led to the continuation of the course that the river follows at the present day . Most of the bedrock of the Vale of Aylesbury is made up of clay and chalk that was formed at the end of the ice age and at one time was under the Proto - Thames . Also created at this time were the vast underground reserves of water that make the water table higher than average in the Vale of Aylesbury . Ice Age ( edit ) A geological map of the London Basin ; the London Clay is marked in dark brown The confluence of Rivers Thames and Brent . The narrowboat is heading up the River Brent . From this point as far as Hanwell the Brent has been canalised and shares its course with the main line of the Grand Union Canal . From Hanwell the Brent can be traced to various sources in the Barnet area .",
"20": "The last advance from that Scandinavian ice flow to have reached this far south covered much of north west Middlesex and finally forced the Proto - Thames to take roughly its present course . At the height of the last ice age , around 20,000 BC , Britain was connected to mainland Europe by a large expanse of land known as Doggerland in the southern North Sea basin . At this time , the Thames ' course did not continue to Doggerland but flowed southwards from the eastern Essex coast where it met the Rhine , the Meuse and the Scheldt flowing from what are now the Netherlands and Belgium . These rivers formed a single river -- the Channel River ( Fleuve Manche ) -- that passed through the Dover Strait and drained into the Atlantic Ocean in the western English Channel . The ice sheet , which stopped around present day Finchley , deposited boulder clay to form Dollis Hill and Hanger Hill . Its torrent of meltwater gushed through the Finchley Gap and south towards the new course of the Thames , and proceeded to carve out the Brent Valley in the process . Upon the valley sides there can be seen other terraces of brickearth , laid over and sometimes interlayered with the clays . These deposits were brought in by the winds during the periglacial periods , suggesting that wide , flat marshes were then part of the landscape , which the new river Brent proceeded to cut down . The steepness of the valley sides is an indicator of the very much lower mean sea levels caused by the glaciation locking up so much water upon the land masses , thus causing the river water to flow rapidly seaward and so erode its bed quickly downwards . The original land surface was around 350 to 400 feet ( 110 to 120 metres ) above the current sea level . The surface had sandy deposits from an ancient sea , laid over sedimentary clay ( this is the blue London Clay ) . All the erosion down from this higher land surface , and the sorting action by these changes of water flow and direction , formed what is known as the Thames River Gravel Terraces . Since Roman times and perhaps earlier , the isostatic rebound from the weight of previous ice sheets , and its interplay with the eustatic change in sea level , have resulted in the old valley of the River Brent , together with that of the Thames , silting up again .",
"21": "Thus , along much of the Brent 's present - day course , one can make out the water meadows of rich alluvium , which is augmented by frequent floods . Conversion of marshland ( edit ) After the river took its present - day course , many of the banks of the Thames Estuary and the Thames Valley in London were partly covered in marshland , as was the adjoining Lower Lea Valley . Streams and rivers like the River Lea , Tyburn Brook and Bollo Brook drained into the river , while some islands , e.g. Thorney Island , formed over the ages . The northern tip of the ancient parish of Lambeth , for example , was marshland known as Lambeth Marshe , but it was drained in the 18th century ; it is remembered in the street name Lower Marsh . The East End of London , also known simply as the East End , was the area of London east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames , although it is not defined by universally accepted formal boundaries ; the River Lea can be considered another boundary . Most of the local riverside was also marshland . The land was drained and became farmland ; it was built on after the Industrial Revolution . Use of the term `` East End '' in a pejorative sense began in the late 19th century , Canvey Island in southern Essex ( area 18.45 km , 7.12 sq mi ; population 37,479 ) was once marshy , but is now a fully reclaimed island in the Thames estuary . It is separated from the mainland of south Essex by a network of creeks . Lying below sea level it is prone to flooding at exceptional tides , but has nevertheless been inhabited since Roman times . Wildlife ( edit ) Swan Upping -- skiffs surround the swans Fishing at Penton Hook Island Various species of birds feed off the river or nest on it , some being found both at sea and inland . These include cormorant , black - headed gull and herring gull . The mute swan is a familiar sight on the river but the escaped black swan is more rare . The annual ceremony of Swan Upping is an old tradition of counting stocks .",
"22": "Non-native geese that can be seen include Canada geese , Egyptian geese and bar - headed geese , and ducks include the familiar native mallard , plus introduced Mandarin duck and wood duck . Other water birds to be found on the Thames include the great crested grebe , coot , moorhen , heron and kingfisher . Many types of British birds also live alongside the river , although they are not specific to the river habitat . The Thames contains both sea water and fresh water , thus providing support for seawater and freshwater fish . However , many populations of fish are at risk and are being killed in tens of thousands because of pollutants leaking into the river from human activities . Salmon , which inhabit both environments , have been reintroduced and a succession of fish ladders have been built into weirs to enable them to travel upstream . On 5 August 1993 , the largest non-tidal salmon in recorded history was caught close to Boulters Lock in Maidenhead . The specimen weighed 14 ⁄ pounds ( 6.6 kg ) and measured 22 inches ( 56 cm ) in length . The eel is particularly associated with the Thames and there were formerly many eel traps . Freshwater fish of the Thames and its tributaries include brown trout , chub , dace , roach , barbel , perch , pike , bleak and flounder . Colonies of short - snouted seahorses have also recently been discovered in the river . The Thames is also host to some invasive crustaceans , including the signal crayfish and the Chinese mitten crab . Aquatic mammals are also known to inhabit the Thames . The population of grey and harbour seals numbers up to 700 in the Thames Estuary . These animals have been sighted as far upriver as Richmond . Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises are also sighted in the Thames . On 20 January 2006 , a 16 -- 18 ft ( 4.9 -- 5.5 m ) northern bottle - nosed whale was seen in the Thames as far upstream as Chelsea . This was extremely unusual : this whale is generally found in deep sea waters .",
"23": "Crowds gathered along the riverbanks to witness the extraordinary spectacle but there was soon concern , as the animal came within yards of the banks , almost beaching , and crashed into an empty boat causing slight bleeding . About 12 hours later , the whale is believed to have been seen again near Greenwich , possibly heading back to sea . A rescue attempt lasted several hours , but the whale died on a barge . See River Thames whale . Human history ( edit ) The Tower of London , with Tower Bridge , built 800 years later The River Thames has played several roles in human history : as an economic resource , a maritime route , a boundary , a fresh water source , a source of food and more recently a leisure facility . In 1929 , John Burns , one - time MP for Battersea , responded to an American 's unfavourable comparison of the Thames with the Mississippi by coining the expression `` The Thames is liquid history '' . There is evidence of human habitation living off the river along its length dating back to Neolithic times . The British Museum has a decorated bowl ( 3300 -- 2700 BC ) , found in the river at Hedsor , Buckinghamshire , and a considerable amount of material was discovered during the excavations of Dorney Lake . A number of Bronze Age sites and artefacts have been discovered along the banks of the river including settlements at Lechlade , Cookham and Sunbury - on - Thames . So extensive have the changes to this landscape been that what little evidence there is of man 's presence before the ice came has inevitably shown signs of transportation here by water and reveals nothing specifically local . Likewise , later evidence of occupation , even since the arrival of the Romans , may lie next to the original banks of the Brent but have been buried under centuries of silt . Roman Britain ( edit ) Some of the earliest written references to the Thames ( Latin : Tamesis ) occur in Julius Caesar 's account of his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC , when the Thames presented a major obstacle and he encountered the Iron Age Belgic tribes the Catuvellauni and the Atrebates along the river .",
"24": "The confluence of the Thames and Cherwell was the site of early settlements and the River Cherwell marked the boundary between the Dobunni tribe to the west and the Catuvellauni tribe to the east ( these were pre-Roman Celtic tribes ) . In the late 1980s a large Romano - British settlement was excavated on the edge of the village of Ashton Keynes in Wiltshire . In AD 43 , under the Emperor Claudius , the Romans occupied England and , recognising the river 's strategic and economic importance , built fortifications along the Thames valley including a major camp at Dorchester . Cornhill and Ludgate Hill provided a defensible site near a point on the river both deep enough for the era 's ships and narrow enough to be bridged ; Londinium ( London ) grew up around the Walbrook on the north bank around the year 47 . Boudica 's Iceni razed the settlement in AD 60 or 61 but it was soon rebuilt and , following the completion of its bridge , it grew to become the provincial capital of the island . The next Roman bridges upstream were at Staines ) on the Devil 's Highway between Londinium and Calleva ( Silchester ) . Boats could be swept up to it on the rising tide with no need for wind or muscle power . Middle ages ( edit ) A Romano - British settlement grew up north of the confluence , partly because the site was naturally protected from attack on the east side by the River Cherwell and on the west by the River Thames . This settlement dominated the pottery trade in what is now central southern England , and pottery was distributed by boats on the Thames and its tributaries . Competition for the use of the river created the centuries - old conflict between those who wanted to dam the river to build millraces and fish traps and those who wanted to travel and carry goods on it . Economic prosperity and the foundation of wealthy monasteries by the Anglo - Saxons attracted unwelcome visitors and by around AD 870 the Vikings were sweeping up the Thames on the tide and creating havoc as in their destruction of Chertsey Abbey .",
"25": "A 1616 engraving by Claes Van Visscher showing the Old London Bridge , with Southwark Cathedral in the foreground Once King William had won total control of the strategically important Thames Valley , he went on to invade the rest of England . He had many castles built , including those at Wallingford , Rochester , Windsor and most importantly the Tower of London . Many details of Thames activity are recorded in the Domesday Book . The following centuries saw the conflict between king and barons coming to a head in AD 1215 when King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta on an island in the Thames at Runnymede . Among a host of other things , this granted the barons the right of Navigation under Clause 23 . Another major consequence of John 's reign was the completion of the multi-piered London Bridge , which acted as a barricade and barrage on the river , affecting the tidal flow upstream and increasing the likelihood of the river freezing over . In Tudor and Stuart times , various kings and queens built magnificent riverside palaces at Hampton Court , Kew , Richmond on Thames , Whitehall and Greenwich . As early as the 1300s , the Thames was used to dispose of waste matter produced in the city of London , thus turning the river into an open sewer . In 1357 , Edward III described the state of the river in a proclamation : `` ... dung and other filth had accumulated in divers places upon the banks of the river with ... fumes and other abominable stenches arising therefrom . '' The growth of the population of London greatly increased the amount of waste that entered the river , including human excrement , animal waste from slaughter houses , and waste from manufacturing processes . According to historian Peter Ackroyd , `` a public lavatory on London Bridge showered its contents directly onto the river below , and latrines were built over all the tributaries that issued into the Thames . '' Early modern period ( edit ) The Frozen Thames , 1677 During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge : in the first Frost Fair in 1607 , a tent city was set up on the river , along with a number of amusements , including ice bowling . In good conditions , barges travelled daily from Oxford to London carrying timber , wool , foodstuffs and livestock .",
"26": "The stone from the Cotswolds used to rebuild St Paul 's Cathedral after the Great Fire in 1666 was brought all the way down from Radcot . The Thames provided the major route between the City of London and Westminster in the 16th and 17th centuries ; the clannish guild of watermen ferried Londoners from landing to landing and tolerated no outside interference . In 1715 , Thomas Doggett was so grateful to a local waterman for his efforts in ferrying him home , pulling against the tide , that he set up a rowing race for professional watermen known as `` Doggett 's Coat and Badge '' . Michael Faraday giving his card to Father Thames , caricature commenting on a letter of Faraday 's on the state of the river in The Times in July 1855 By the 18th century , the Thames was one of the world 's busiest waterways , as London became the centre of the vast , mercantile British Empire , and progressively over the next century the docks expanded in the Isle of Dogs and beyond . Efforts were made to resolve the navigation conflicts upstream by building locks along the Thames . After temperatures began to rise again , starting in 1814 , the river stopped freezing over . The building of a new London Bridge in 1825 , with fewer piers ( pillars ) than the old , allowed the river to flow more freely and prevented it from freezing over in cold winters . Throughout early modern history the population of London and its industries discarded their rubbish in the river . This included the waste from slaughterhouses , fish markets , and tanneries . The buildup in household cesspools could sometimes overflow , especially when it rained , and was washed into London 's streets and sewers which eventually led to the Thames . In the late 18th and 19th centuries people known as Mudlarks scavenged in the river mud for a meagre living . Victorian era ( edit ) Satirical cartoon by William Heath , showing a woman observing monsters in a drop of London water ( at the time of the Commission on the London Water Supply report , 1828 ) In the 19th century the quality of water in Thames deteriorated further . The dumping of raw sewage into the Thames was formerly only common in the City of London , making its tideway a harbour for many harmful bacteria .",
"27": "Gas manufactories were built alongside the river , and their by - products leaked into the water , including spent lime , ammonia , cyanide , and carbolic acid . The river had an unnaturally warm temperature caused by chemical reactions in the water , which also removed the water 's oxygen . Four serious cholera outbreaks killed tens of thousands of people between 1832 and 1865 . Historians have attributed Prince Albert 's death in 1861 to typhoid that had spread in the river 's dirty waters beside Windsor Castle . Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries ( or the non-tidal Thames ) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s . In the ' Great Stink ' of 1858 , pollution in the river reached such an extreme that sittings of the House of Commons at Westminster had to be abandoned . Chlorine - soaked drapes were hung in the windows of Parliament in an attempt to stave off the smell of the river , but to no avail . A concerted effort to contain the city 's sewage by constructing massive sewer systems on the north and south river embankments followed , under the supervision of engineer Joseph Bazalgette . Meanwhile , similar huge undertakings took place to ensure the water supply , with the building of reservoirs and pumping stations on the river to the west of London , slowly helping the quality of water to improve . The Victorian era was one of imaginative engineering . The coming of the railways added railway bridges to the earlier road bridges and also reduced commercial activity on the river . However , sporting and leisure use increased with the establishment of regattas such as Henley and the Boat Race . On 3 September 1878 , one of the worst river disasters in England took place , when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collided with the Bywell Castle , killing over 640 people . 20th century ( edit ) The Thames as it flows through east London , with the Isle of Dogs in the centre The growth of road transport , and the decline of the Empire in the years following 1914 , reduced the economic prominence of the river . During the Second World War , the protection of certain Thames - side facilities , particularly docks and water treatment plants , was crucial to the munitions and water supply of the country .",
"28": "The river 's defences included the Maunsell forts in the estuary , and the use of barrage balloons to counter German bombers using the reflectivity and shapes of the river to navigate during the Blitz . In the post-war era , although the Port of London remains one of the UK 's three main ports , most trade has moved downstream from central London . In the late 1950s , the discharge of methane gas in the depths of the river caused the water to bubble , and the toxins wore away at boats ' propellers . The decline of heavy industry and tanneries , reduced use of oil - pollutants and improved sewage treatment have led to much better water quality as compared with the late 19th and early - to mid-20th centuries and aquatic life has returned to its formerly ' dead ' stretches . Alongside the entire river runs the Thames Path , a National Route for walkers and cyclists . In the early 1980s a pioneering flood control device , the Thames Barrier , was opened . It is closed to tides several times a year to prevent water damage to London 's low - lying areas upstream ( the 1928 Thames flood demonstrated the severity of this type of event ) . In the late 1990s , the 7 - mile ( 11 km ) long Jubilee River was built as a wide `` naturalistic '' flood relief channel from Taplow to Eton to help reduce the flood risk in Maidenhead Windsor and Eton . The active river ( edit ) Houseboats on the River Thames , in the St Margaret 's , Twickenham district One of the major resources provided by the Thames is the water distributed as drinking water by Thames Water , whose area of responsibility covers the length of the River Thames . The Thames Water Ring Main is the main distribution mechanism for water in London , with one major loop linking the Hampton , Walton , Ashford and Kempton Park Water Treatment Works with central London . In the past , commercial activities on the Thames included fishing ( particularly eel trapping ) , coppicing willows and osiers which provided wood , and the operation of watermills for flour and paper production and metal beating . These activities have disappeared . A screw turbine hydro - electric plant at Romney Lock to power Windsor Castle using two Archimedes ' screws was opened in 2013 by the Queen .",
"29": "The Thames is popular for a wide variety of riverside housing , including high - rise flats in central London and chalets on the banks and islands upstream . Some people live in houseboats , typically around Brentford and Tagg 's Island . Transport and tourism ( edit ) The tidal river ( edit ) Main article : London River Services Passenger service on the River Thames In London there are many sightseeing tours in tourist boats , past the more famous riverside attractions such as the Houses of Parliament and the Tower of London as well as regular riverboat services co-ordinated by London River Services . London city Airport is situated on the Thames , in East London . Previously it was a dock . The upper river ( edit ) In summer , passenger services operate along the entire non-tidal river from Oxford to Teddington . The two largest operators are Salters Steamers and French Brothers . Salters operate services between Folly Bridge , Oxford and Staines . The whole journey takes 4 days and requires several changes of boat . French Brothers operate passenger services between Maidenhead and Hampton Court . Along the course of the river a number of smaller private companies also offer river trips at Oxford , Wallingford , Reading and Hampton Court . Many companies also provide boat hire on the river . The leisure navigation and sporting activities on the river have given rise to a number of businesses including boatbuilding , marinas , ships chandlers and salvage services . Ferries operating on the Thames Aerial lift ( edit ) London 's Air Line over the River Thames The Air Line aerial cable system over the Thames from the Greenwich Peninsula to the Royal Docks has been in operation since the 2012 Summer Olympics . Police and lifeboats ( edit ) The river is policed by five police forces . The Thames Division is the River Police arm of London 's Metropolitan Police , while Surrey Police , Thames Valley Police , Essex Police and Kent Police have responsibilities on their parts of the river outside the metropolitan area . There is also a London Fire Brigade fire boat on the river . The river claims a number of lives each year .",
"30": "As a result of the Marchioness disaster in 1989 when 51 people died , the Government asked the Maritime and Coastguard Agency , the Port of London Authority and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) to work together to set up a dedicated Search and Rescue service for the tidal River Thames . As a result , there are four lifeboat stations on the River Thames at Teddington ( Teddington lifeboat station ) , Chiswick ( Chiswick lifeboat station ) , Victoria Embankment / Waterloo Bridge ( Tower Lifeboat Station ) and Gravesend ( Gravesend lifeboat station ) . Navigation ( edit ) Pool of London looking west , from the high - level walkway on Tower Bridge . Click on the picture for a longer description View from the Thames towards Southwark district : City Hall A container ship unloading at Northfleet Hope terminal , Tilbury A ship heading downstream past Coryton Refinery Rubbish traps are used on the Thames to filter debris as it flows through central London The Thames is maintained for navigation by powered craft from the estuary as far as Lechlade in Gloucestershire and for very small craft to Cricklade . From Teddington Lock to the head of navigation , the navigation authority is the Environment Agency . Between the sea and Teddington Lock , the river forms part of the Port of London and navigation is administered by the Port of London Authority . Both the tidal river through London and the non-tidal river upstream are intensively used for leisure navigation . The non-tidal River Thames is divided into reaches by the 45 locks . The locks are staffed for the greater part of the day , but can be operated by experienced users out of hours . This part of the Thames links to existing navigations at the River Wey Navigation , the River Kennet and the Oxford Canal . All craft using it must be licensed . The Environment Agency has patrol boats ( named after tributaries of the Thames ) and can enforce the limit strictly since river traffic usually has to pass through a lock at some stage . A speed limit of 8 km / h ( 4.3 kn ) applies . There are pairs of transit markers at various points along the non-tidal river that can be used to check speed -- a boat travelling legally taking a minute or more to pass between the two markers .",
"31": "The tidal river is navigable to large ocean - going ships as far upstream as the Pool of London and London Bridge . Although London 's upstream enclosed docks have closed and central London sees only the occasional visiting cruise ship or warship , the tidal river remains one of Britain 's main ports . Around 60 active terminals cater for shipping of all types including ro - ro ferries , cruise liners and vessels carrying containers , vehicles , timber , grain , paper , crude oil , petroleum products , liquified petroleum gas etc . There is a regular traffic of aggregate or refuse vessels , operating from wharves in the west of London . The tidal Thames links to the canal network at the River Lea Navigation , the Regent 's Canal at Limehouse Basin and the Grand Union Canal at Brentford . Upstream of Wandsworth Bridge a speed limit of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) is in force for powered craft to protect the riverbank environment and to provide safe conditions for rowers and other river users . There is no absolute speed limit on most of the Tideway downstream of Wandsworth Bridge , although boats are not allowed to create undue wash . Powered boats are limited to 12 knots between Lambeth Bridge and downstream of Tower Bridge , with some exceptions . Boats can be approved by the harbour master to travel at speeds of up to 30 knots from below Tower Bridge to past the Thames Barrier . History of the management of the river ( edit ) In the Middle Ages the Crown exercised general jurisdiction over the Thames , one of the four royal rivers , and appointed water bailiffs to oversee the river upstream of Staines . The City of London exercised jurisdiction over the tidal Thames . However , navigation was increasingly impeded by weirs and mills , and in the 14th century the river probably ceased to be navigable for heavy traffic between Henley and Oxford . In the late 16th century the river seems to have been reopened for navigation from Henley to Burcot . The first commission concerned with the management of the river was the Oxford - Burcot Commission , formed in 1605 to make the river navigable between Burcot and Oxford . In 1751 the Thames Navigation Commission was formed to manage the whole non-tidal river above Staines . The City of London long claimed responsibility for the tidal river .",
"32": "A long running dispute between the City and the Crown over ownership of the river was not settled until 1857 , when the Thames Conservancy was formed to manage the river from Staines downstream . In 1866 the functions of the Thames Navigation Commission were transferred to the Thames Conservancy , which thus had responsibility for the whole river . In 1909 the powers of the Thames Conservancy over the tidal river , below Teddington , were transferred to the Port of London Authority . In 1974 the Thames Conservancy became part of the new Thames Water Authority . When Thames Water was privatised in 1990 , its river management functions were transferred to the National Rivers Authority , in 1996 subsumed into the Environment Agency . In 2010 , the Thames won the world 's largest environmental award at the time , the $350,000 International Riverprize , presented at the International Riversymposium in Perth , WA in recognition of the substantial and sustained restoration of the river by many hundreds of organisations and individuals since the 1950s . The river as a boundary ( edit ) Until enough crossings were established , the river presented a formidable barrier , with Belgic tribes and Anglo - Saxon kingdoms being defined by which side of the river they were on . When English counties were established their boundaries were partly determined by the Thames . On the northern bank were the ancient counties of Gloucestershire , Oxfordshire , Buckinghamshire , Middlesex and Essex . On the southern bank were the counties of Wiltshire , Berkshire , Surrey and Kent . The 214 bridges and 17 tunnels that have been built to date have changed the dynamics and made cross-river development and shared responsibilities more practicable . In 1965 , upon the creation of Greater London , the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames incorporated the former ' Middlesex and Surrey ' banks , Spelthorne moved from Middlesex to Surrey ; and further changes in 1974 moved some of the boundaries away from the river . For example , some areas were transferred from Berkshire to Oxfordshire , and from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire . On occasion -- for example in rowing -- the banks are still referred to by their traditional county names .",
"33": "Crossings ( edit ) Main article : List of crossings of the River Thames Newbridge , in rural Oxfordshire The Railway bridge at Maidenhead The Millennium Footbridge with St Paul 's Cathedral in the background Many of the present - day road bridges are on the site of earlier fords , ferries and wooden bridges . At Swinford Bridge , a toll bridge , there was first a ford and then a ferry prior to the bridge being built . The earliest known major crossings of the Thames by the Romans were at London Bridge and Staines Bridge . At Folly Bridge in Oxford the remains of an original Saxon structure can be seen , and medieval stone bridges such as Newbridge and Abingdon Bridge are still in use . Kingston 's growth is believed to stem from its having the only crossing between London Bridge and Staines until the beginning of the 18th century . During the 18th century , many stone and brick road bridges were built from new or to replace existing bridges both in London and along the length of the river . These included Putney Bridge , Westminster Bridge , Datchet Bridge , Windsor Bridge and Sonning Bridge . Several central London road bridges were built in the 19th century , most conspicuously Tower Bridge , the only Bascule bridge on the river , designed to allow ocean - going ships to pass beneath it . The most recent road bridges are the bypasses at Isis Bridge and Marlow By - pass Bridge and the motorway bridges , most notably the two on the M25 route Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and M25 Runnymede Bridge . Railway development in the 19th century resulted in a spate of bridge building including Blackfriars Railway Bridge and Charing Cross ( Hungerford ) Railway Bridge in central London , and the spectacular railway bridges by Isambard Kingdom Brunel at Maidenhead Railway Bridge , Gatehampton Railway Bridge and Moulsford Railway Bridge . The world 's first underwater tunnel was Marc Brunel 's Thames Tunnel built in 1843 and now used to carry the East London Line . The Tower Subway was the first railway under the Thames , which was followed by all the deep - level tube lines . Road tunnels were built in East London at the end of the 19th century , being the Blackwall Tunnel and the Rotherhithe Tunnel . The latest tunnels are the Dartford Crossings .",
"34": "Many foot crossings were established across the weirs that were built on the non-tidal river , and some of these remained when the locks were built -- for example at Benson Lock . Others were replaced by a footbridge when the weir was removed as at Hart 's Weir Footbridge . Around 2000 , several footbridges were added along the Thames , either as part of the Thames Path or in commemoration of the millennium . These include Temple Footbridge , Bloomers Hole Footbridge , the Hungerford Footbridges and the Millennium Bridge , all of which have distinctive design characteristics . Before bridges were built , the main means of crossing the river was by ferry . A significant number of ferries were provided specifically for navigation purposes . When the towpath changed sides , it was necessary to take the towing horse and its driver across the river . This was no longer necessary when barges were powered by steam . Some ferries still operate on the river . The Woolwich Ferry carries cars and passengers across the river in the Thames Gateway and links the North Circular and South Circular roads . Upstream are smaller pedestrian ferries , for example Hampton Ferry and Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry the last being the only non-permanent crossing that remains on the Thames Path . Pollution ( edit ) Treated sewage ( edit ) Treated sewage from all the towns and villages in the Thames catchment flow into the Thames via sewage treatment plants . This includes all the sewage from Swindon , Oxford , Reading and Windsor . However , untreated sewage still regularly enters the Thames during wet weather . In the summer of 2004 , storms led to the discharge of a million tonnes of raw sewage into the river , leading to the death of over ten thousand fish . Mercury levels ( edit ) Mercury ( Hg ) is an environmentally persistent heavy metal which at high concentrations can be toxic to marine life and humans . Sixty sediment cores of 1 m in depth , spanning the entire tidal River Thames , between Brentford and the Isle of Grain have been analysed for total Hg . The sediment records show a clear rise and fall of Hg pollution through history .",
"35": "Mercury concentrations in the River Thames decrease downstream from London to the outer Estuary with the total Hg levels ranging from 0.01 to 12.07 mg / kg , giving a mean of 2.10 mg / kg which is higher than many other UK and European river estuaries . The highest amount of sedimentary - hosted Hg pollution in the Thames estuary occurs in the central London area between Vauxhall Bridge and Woolwich . The majority of sediment cores show a clear decrease in Hg concentrations close to the surface which is attributed to an overall reduction in polluting activities as well as improved effectiveness of recent environmental legalisation and river management ( e.g. Oslo - Paris convention ) . Natural carbon compounds ( edit ) Evaluation of select of lipid compounds in the Thames estuary , known as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers ( GDGTs ) has revealed enhanced concentrations of isoprenoid GDGT compounds ( crenarchaeol ) around East London . This suggests that London 's pollution affects the spatial distribution of natural carbon in the river sediments . Other organic geochemical measurements of carbon flow such as stable carbon isotopes ( δ13C ) were found to be insensitive to this urban disturbance . Sport ( edit ) There are several watersports prevalent on the Thames , with many clubs encouraging participation and organising racing and inter-club competitions . Rowing ( edit ) Main article : Rowing on the River Thames Cambridge cross the finish line ahead of Oxford in the 2007 Boat Race , viewed from Chiswick Bridge The Thames is the historic heartland of rowing in the United Kingdom . There are over 200 clubs on the river , and over 8,000 members of British Rowing ( over 40 % of its membership ) . Most towns and districts of any size on the river have at least one club . Internationally attended centres are Oxford , Henley - on - Thames and events and clubs on the stretch of river from Chiswick to Putney . Two rowing events on the River Thames are traditionally part of the wider English sporting calendar : The University Boat Race ( between Oxford and Cambridge ) takes place in late March or early April , on the Championship Course from Putney to Mortlake in the west of London .",
"36": "Henley Royal Regatta takes place over five days at the start of July in the upstream town of Henley - on - Thames . Besides its sporting significance the regatta is an important date on the English social calendar alongside events like Royal Ascot and Wimbledon . Other significant or historic rowing events on the Thames include : The Head of the River Race and Women 's Eights Head of the River Race ( 8 + ) ( i.e. coxed eights ) , Schools ' Head , Veterans Head , Scullers Head , Fours Head ( HOR4s ) , and Pairs Head ( shorter ) on the Championship Course The Wingfield Sculls on the same course : ( 1x ) ( single sculling ) championship Doggett 's Coat and Badge for apprentice watermen of London , one of the oldest sporting events in the world Henley Women 's Regatta The Henley Boat Races currently for the Lightweight ( men 's and women 's ) crews of Oxford and Cambridge universities The Oxford University bumping races known as Eights Week and Torpids Other regattas , head races and university bumping races are held along the Thames which are described under Rowing on the River Thames . Sailing ( edit ) Main article : Sailing on the River Thames Thames Raters at Raven 's Ait , Surbiton Sailing is practised on both the tidal and non-tidal reaches of the river . The highest club upstream is at Oxford . The most popular sailing craft used on the Thames are lasers , GP14s and Wayfarers . One sailing boat unique to the Thames is the Thames Rater , which is sailed around Raven 's Ait . Skiffing ( edit ) Skiffing has dwindled in favour of private motor boat ownership but is competed on the river in the summer months . Six clubs and a similar number of skiff regattas exist from the Skiff Club , Teddington upstream . Punting ( edit ) Unlike the `` pleasure punting '' common on the Cherwell in Oxford and the Cam in Cambridge , punting on the Thames is competitive as well as recreational and uses narrower craft , typically based at the few skiff clubs .",
"37": "Kayaking and canoeing ( edit ) Main article : Kayaking and canoeing on the River Thames Kayaking and canoeing are common , with sea kayakers using the tidal stretch for touring . Sheltered water kayakers and canoeists use the non-tidal section for training , racing and trips . Whitewater playboaters and slalom paddlers are catered for at weirs like those at Hurley Lock , Sunbury Lock and Boulter 's Lock . At Teddington just before the tidal section of the river starts is Royal Canoe Club , said to be the oldest in the world and founded in 1866 . Since 1950 , almost every year at Easter , long distance canoeists have been competing in what is now known as the Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Race , which follows the course of the Kennet and Avon Canal , joins the River Thames at Reading and runs right up to a grand finish at Westminster Bridge . Swimming ( edit ) In 2006 British swimmer and environmental campaigner Lewis Pugh became the first person to swim the full length of the Thames from outside Kemble to Southend - on - Sea to draw attention to the severe drought in England which saw record temperatures indicative of a degree of global warming . The 202 miles ( 325 km ) swim took him 21 days to complete . The official headwater of the river had stopped flowing due to the drought forcing Pugh to run the first 26 miles ( 42 km ) . Since June 2012 the Port of London Authority has made and enforces a by - law that bans swimming between Putney Bridge and Crossness , Thamesmead ( thus including all of central London ) without obtaining prior permission , on the grounds that swimmers in that area of the river endanger not only themselves , due to the strong current of the river , but also other river users . Organised swimming events take place at various points generally upstream of Hampton Court , including Windsor , Marlow and Henley . In 2011 comedian David Walliams swam the 140 miles ( 230 km ) from Lechlade to Westminster Bridge and raised over £ 1 million for charity . In non-tidal stretches swimming was , and still is , a leisure and fitness activity among experienced swimmers where safe , deeper outer channels are used in times of low stream .",
"38": "Meanders ( edit ) A Thames meander is a long - distance journey over all or part of the Thames by running , swimming or using any of the above means . It is often carried out as an athletic challenge in a competition or for a record attempt . The Thames in the arts ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Thames in the arts Houses of Parliament Sunlight Effect ( Le Parlement effet de soleil ) -- Claude Monet The first Westminster Bridge as painted by Canaletto in 1746 . Maidenhead Railway Bridge as Turner saw it in 1844 Monet 's Trouée de soleil dans le brouillard , Houses of Parliament , London , Sun Breaking Through the Fog , 1904 Whistler 's Nocturne in Blue and Gold : Old Battersea Bridge ( c. 1872 -- 1875 ) Foggy Morning on the Thames -- James Hamilton ( between 1872 and 1878 ) Boating on the Thames - John Lavery , circa 1890 Visual arts ( edit ) The River Thames has been a subject for artists , great and minor , over the centuries . Four major artists with works based on the Thames are Canaletto , J.M.W. Turner , Claude Monet and James Abbott McNeill Whistler . The 20th century British artist Stanley Spencer produced many works at Cookham . The river is lined with various pieces of sculpture , but John Kaufman 's sculpture The Diver : Regeneration is sited in the Thames near Rainham . The river and bridges are destroyed - together with much of the city - in the movie Independence Day 2 . Literature ( edit ) A seal in the river at St.",
"39": "Saviour 's Dock , London The Thames is mentioned in many works of literature including novels , diaries and poetry . It is the central theme in three in particular : Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome , first published in 1889 , is a humorous account of a boating holiday on the Thames between Kingston and Oxford . The book was intended initially to be a serious travel guide , with accounts of local history of places along the route , but the humorous elements eventually took over . The landscape and features of the Thames as described by Jerome are virtually unchanged , and the book 's enduring popularity has meant that it has never been out of print since it was first published . Charles Dickens Our Mutual Friend ( written in the years 1864 -- 65 ) describes the river in a grimmer light . It begins with a scavenger and his daughter pulling a dead man from the river near London Bridge , to salvage what the body might have in its pockets , and heads to its conclusion with the deaths of the villains drowned in Plashwater Lock upstream . The workings of the river and the influence of the tides are described with great accuracy . Dickens opens the novel with this sketch of the river , and the people who work on it : In these times of ours , though concerning the exact year there is no need to be precise , a boat of dirty and disreputable appearance , with two figures in it , floated on the Thames , between Southwark Bridge which is of iron , and London Bridge which is of stone , as an autumn evening was closing in . The figures in this boat were those of a strong man with ragged grizzled hair and a sun - browned face , and a girl of nineteen or twenty . The girl rowed , pulling a pair of sculls very easily ; the man with the rudder - lines slack in his hands , and his hands loose in his waisteband , kept an eager look - out . Kenneth Grahame 's The Wind in the Willows , written in 1908 , is set in the middle to upper reaches of the river . It starts as a tale of anthropomorphic characters `` simply messing about in boats '' but develops into a more complex story combining elements of mysticism with adventure and reflection on Edwardian society .",
"40": "It is generally considered one of the most beloved works of children 's literature and the illustrations by E.H. Shepard and Arthur Rackham feature the Thames and its surroundings . The river almost inevitably features in many books set in London . Most of Dickens ' other novels include some aspect of the Thames . Oliver Twist finishes in the slums and rookeries along its south bank . The Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle often visit riverside parts as in The Sign of Four . In Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad , the serenity of the contemporary Thames is contrasted with the savagery of the Congo River , and with the wilderness of the Thames as it would have appeared to a Roman soldier posted to Britannia two thousand years before . Conrad also gives a description of the approach to London from the Thames Estuary in his essays The Mirror of the Sea ( 1906 ) . Upriver , Henry James ' Portrait of a Lady uses a large riverside mansion on the Thames as one of its key settings . Literary non-fiction works include Samuel Pepys ' diary , in which he recorded many events relating to the Thames including the Fire of London . He was disturbed while writing it in June 1667 by the sound of gunfire as Dutch warships broke through the Royal Navy on the Thames . In poetry , William Wordsworth 's sonnet On Westminster Bridge closes with the lines : Ne'er saw I , never felt , a calm so deep ! The river glideth at his own sweet will : Dear God ! the very houses seem asleep ; And all that mighty heart is lying still ! T.S. Eliot makes several references to the Thames in The Fire Sermon , Section III of The Waste Land . Sweet Thames run softly , till I end my song . The river bears no empty bottles , sandwich papers , Silk handkerchiefs , cardboard boxes cigarette ends Or other testimony of summer nights .",
"41": "and The river sweats Oil and tar The barges drift With the turning tide Red sails Wide To leeward , swing on the heavy spar , The barges wash Drifting logs Down Greenwich reach Past the Isle of Dogs The Sweet Thames line is taken from Edmund Spenser 's Prothalamion which presents a more idyllic image : Along the shoare of silver streaming Themmes ; Whose rutty banke , the which his river hemmes , Was paynted all with variable flowers . And all the meads adornd with daintie gemmes Fit to deck maydens bowres Also writing of the upper reaches is Matthew Arnold in The Scholar Gypsy : Crossing the stripling Thames at Bab - lock - hythe Trailing in the cool stream thy fingers wet As the slow punt swings round Oh born in days when wits were fresh and clear And life ran gaily as the sparkling Thames ; Before this strange disease of modern life . Wendy Cope 's poem ' After the Lunch ' is set on Waterloo Bridge , beginning : On Waterloo Bridge , where we said our goodbyes , The weather conditions bring tears to my eyes . I wipe them away with a black woolly glove , And try not to notice I 've fallen in love . Dylan Thomas mentions the Thames in his poem `` A Refusal to Mourn the Death , by Fire , of a Child in London '' . `` London 's Daughter '' , the subject of the poem , lays `` Deep with the first dead ... secret by the unmourning water of the riding Thames '' . Science - fiction novels make liberal use of a futuristic Thames . The utopian News from Nowhere by William Morris is mainly the account of a journey through the Thames valley in a socialist future . The Thames also features prominently in Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials trilogy , as a communications artery for the waterborne Gyptian people of Oxford and the Fens , and as a prominent setting for his novel La Belle Sauvage . In The Deptford Mice trilogy by Robin Jarvis , the Thames appears several times . In one book , rat characters swim through it to Deptford .",
"42": "Winner of the Nestlé Children 's Book Prize Gold Award I , Coriander , by Sally Gardner is a fantasy novel in which the heroine lives on the banks of the Thames . Mark Wallington describes a journey up the Thames in a camping skiff , in his 1989 book Boogie up the River ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 965910 - 5 ) . Music ( edit ) The Water Music composed by George Frideric Handel premiered on 17 July 1717 , when King George I requested a concert on the River Thames . The concert was performed for King George I on his barge and he is said to have enjoyed it so much that he ordered the 50 exhausted musicians to play the suites three times on the trip . The song ' Old Father Thames ' was recorded by Peter Dawson at Abbey Road Studios in 1933 and by Gracie Fields five years later . Jessie Matthews sings `` My river '' in the 1938 film Sailing Along , and the tune is the centrepiece of a major dance number near the end of the film . The Sex Pistols played a concert on the Queen Elizabeth Riverboat on 7 June 1977 , the Queen 's Silver Jubilee year , while sailing down the river . The choral line `` ( I ) ( liaised ) live by the river '' in the song `` London Calling '' by the Clash refers to the River Thames . Two songs by the Kinks feature the Thames as the setting of the first song 's title and , for the second song , arguably in its mention of ' the river ' : `` Waterloo Sunset '' is about a couple 's meetings on Waterloo Bridge , London and starts : `` Dirty old river , must you keep rolling , flowing into the night ? '' and continues `` Terry meets Julie , Waterloo station '' and `` ... but Terry and Julie cross over the river where they feel safe and sound ... '' . `` See My Friends '' continually refers to the singer 's friends `` playing ' cross the river '' instead of the girl who `` just left '' . Furthermore , Ray Davies as a solo artist refers to the river Thames in his `` London Song '' .",
"43": "Ewan MacColl 's `` Sweet Thames , Flow Softly '' , written in the early 1960s , is a tragic love ballad set on trip up the river ( see Edmund Spencer 's love poem 's refrain above ) English musician Imogen Heap wrote a song from the point of view of the River Thames entitled `` You Know Where To Find Me '' . The song was released in 2012 on 18 October as the sixth single from her fourth album Sparks . Major flood events ( edit ) London flood of 1928 ( edit ) Main article : 1928 Thames flood The 1928 Thames flood was a disastrous flood of the River Thames that affected much of riverside London on 7 January 1928 , as well as places further downriver . Fourteen people were drowned in London and thousands were made homeless when flood waters poured over the top of the Thames Embankment and part of the Chelsea Embankment collapsed . It was the last major flood to affect central London , and , particularly following the disastrous North Sea flood of 1953 , helped lead to the implementation of new flood - control measures that culminated in the construction of the Thames Barrier in the 1970s . Thames Valley flood of 1947 ( edit ) Main article : 1947 Thames flood The 1947 Thames flood was worst overall 20th century flood of the River Thames , affecting much of the Thames Valley as well as elsewhere in England during the middle of March 1947 after a very severe winter . The floods were caused by 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) of rainfall ( including snow ) ; the peak flow was 61.7 billion litres ( 13.6 billion imperial gallons ) of water per day and the damage cost a total of £ 12 million to repair . War damage to some of the locks made matters worse . Other significant Thames floods since 1947 have occurred in 1968 , 1993 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 and 2014 .",
"44": "Canvey Island flood of 1953 ( edit ) Main article : Canvey Island The flooded Canvey Island sea front , amusements and residential areas in 1953 On the night of 31 January , the North Sea flood of 1953 devastated the island taking the lives of 58 islanders , and led to the temporary evacuation of the 13,000 residents . Canvey is consequently protected by modern sea defences comprising 15 miles ( 24 km ) of concrete seawall . Many of the victims were in the holiday bungalows of the eastern Newlands estate and perished as the water reached ceiling level . The small village area of the island is approximately two feet ( 0.6 m ) above sea level and consequently escaped the effects of the flood . See also ( edit ) UK Waterways portal England portal Dartford Cable Tunnel List of locations in the Port of London List of rivers of the United Kingdom Nore River and Rowing Museum Steamboat -- reference Thames Steamboats Subterranean rivers of London Thames Discovery Programme Thames sailing barge Thames steamers Thames , the name of one of the sea areas of the British Shipping Forecast . Tyburn ( stream ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey map , courtesy of English Heritage Jump up ^ South Thames Estuary And Marshes SSSI Natural England . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://riverfoundation.org.au/our-programs/riverprize/international-riverprize/ ^ Jump up to : Mallory , J.P. and D.Q. Adams . The Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture . London : Fitzroy and Dearborn , 1997 : 147 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth H ( 1955 ) . `` The Pictish Language '' . in F.T. Wainright ( ed . ) . The Problem of the Picts . Edinburgh : Nelson . pp. 129 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Peter R ( 1996 ) . `` British and European River Names ' '' . Transactions of the Philological Society . 94 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 118 . doi : 10.1111 / j.",
"45": "1467 - 968X. 1996. tb01178. x . Jump up ^ Henig M. & Booth P. 2000 , Roman Oxfordshire , pgs. 118 - 9 Jump up ^ Ellis Sandoz ( ed . ) . The Roots of Liberty : Magna Carta ... Indianapolis : Amagi / Liberty Fund . pp. 39 , 347 . Jump up ^ Coates , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` A new explanation of the name of London '' . Transactions of the Philological Society . 96 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 229 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 968X. 00027 . Jump up ^ Cultural Heritage Resources ( 2005 ) . Legendary Origins and the Origin of London 's place name . Retrieved 1 November 2005 . Jump up ^ As measured on Google Earth Jump up ^ `` Historic River Thames '' ( PDF ) . Environment Agency . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Gloucestershire. 15 May 2012 Could the River Thames be longer than the River Severn ? by David Bailey Jump up ^ Dorothy Hart ( 9 May 2004 ) . `` Seven Springs and the Churn '' . The-river-thames.co.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ I Never Knew That about the River Thames -- Christopher Winn -- Google Books ^ Jump up to : Khan , S.N. , Vane , C.H. , Horton , B.P. , Hillier , C. , Riding , J.B. , Kendrick , C. ( 2015 ) , `` The application of δ13C , TOC , C / N geochemistry to reconstruct Holocene relative sea levels and paleoenvironments in the Thames Estuary , UK . '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Quaternary Science CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : The Environment Agency ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Environment Agency More about the Thames River Basin District '' . web page . The Environment Agency . Retrieved 6 November 2011 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ `` Flow Gauging on the River Thames -- The First 100 Years '' ( PDF ) . PDF file . Hydrological Data 1983 . 1983 . p. 33 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flow Gauging on the River Thames -- The First 100 Years '' ( PDF ) . PDF file . Hydrological Data 1983 . 1983 . p. 35 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Rivers Guide Book Guide to the River Thames -- Jubilee River '' . Ukriversguidebook.co.uk. 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Agency -- A map indicating the location and route of the Jubilee River '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 30 September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Report of the designated sewerage company for the entire Thames Basin and major supplier of London 's water supply : Thames Water Jump up ^ `` River Thames Free Fishing '' . River Thames Alliance . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd London : The Biography Vintage 2001 Jump up ^ `` History of the major rivers of southern Britain during the Tertiary '' . Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group . 2006 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The early Ice Age '' . www.geoessex.org.uk . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Essex Wildlife Trust , The Geology of Essex ^ Jump up to : `` History of the northwest European rivers during the past three million years '' . Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group . 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Retro : A river worth preserving '' . Ealing Gazette. 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony David Mills ( 2001 ) . Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names . Oxford University Press .",
"47": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 280106 - 6 . Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X -- p. 582 `` East End the part of London east of the City as far as the River Lea , including the Docklands '' Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics . ( 2008 ) . Statistics : Canvey Island Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd , Thames : The Biography. 275 . Jump up ^ Rare seahorses breeding in Thames BBC News , 7 April 2008 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Chris ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` Seal count discovers over 700 in Thames Estuary '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whales , dolphins and seals returning to the Thames '' . Wildlife Extra . September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lost whale dies after rescue bid '' . BBC News . 21 January 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Needham , P. ( 1985 ) . `` Neolithic And Bronze Age Settlement on the Buried Floodplains of Runnymede '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 4 : 125 -- 137 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0092.1985. tb00237. x . Jump up ^ Lamdin - Whymark , H. ( 2001 ) . `` Neolithic activity on the floodplain of the river Thames at Dorney '' . Lithics. 22 . ^ Jump up to : The Physique of Middlesex , A History of the County of Middlesex : Volume 1 : Physique , Archaeology , Domesday , Ecclesiastical Organisation , The Jews , Religious Houses , Education of Working Classes to 1870 , Private Education from Sixteenth Century ( 1969 ) , pp. 1 -- 10 . Date Retrieved 11 August 2007 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar De Bello Gallico , Book 5 , § § 11 , 18 ^ Jump up to : Peter Ackroyd , Thames : The Biography , New York : Doubleday , 2007 . `` Filthy River '' Jump up ^ `` Frost Fairs , London , UK '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London , River Thames and Tower Bridge '' . VR London . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thames and Waterways '' . London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Schneer , `` The Thames '' 145 - 146 Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd , `` Thames : Sacred River '' 272 - 273 ^ Jump up to : Peter Ackroyd , Thames : The Biography. 272 & 274 . Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd , `` Thames : Sacred River '' 272 Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd `` Thames : Sacred River '' 274 Jump up ^ Environment Agency ( 2005 ) . Jubilee River . Jump up ^ `` Queen goes green to light Windsor Castle with hydro - electric power '' . Daily Mail . 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salters Steamers website '' . Salterssteamers.co.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` French Brothers website '' . Boat-trips.co.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Dorothy ( 1 January 2000 ) . `` Floating Down the River website '' . The-river-thames.co.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thames lifeboat service launched '' . BBC News . 2 January 2002 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Port of London Authority . `` Terminal locations '' . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Port of London . `` Thames Bylaws 2012 '' ( PDF ) . p. 20 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 .",
"49": "Jump up ^ `` Victoria County History of Oxfordshire : Rivers and river navigation '' . British-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd , `` Thames : Sacred River '' 275 ^ Jump up to : Vane , C.H. , Beriro , D. and Turner G. ( 2015 ) , `` Rise and fall of Mercury ( Hg ) pollution in sediment cores of the Thames Estuary , London , UK . '' ( PDF ) , Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , doi : 10.1017 / s1755691015000158 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Vane , C.H. Jones , D.G. , and Lister T.R. ( 2009 ) , `` Mercury contamination in surface sediments and sediment cores of the Mersey Estuary , UK . '' ( PDF ) , Marine Pollution Bulletin , doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2009.03. 006 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lopes dos Santos , R.A. and Vane , C.H. ( 2016 ) , `` Signatures of tetraether lipids reveal anthropogenic overprinting of natural organic matter in sediments of the Thames estuary , UK . '' ( PDF ) , Organic Geochemistry CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ British Rowing -- Clubs Jump up ^ Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Race . Dwrace.org.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis Pugh ( May 2010 ) . `` Achieving the Impossible . A Fearless Leader . A Fragile Earth '' . Simon & Schuster . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New by - law bans swimming in River Thames '' . BBC News . 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Thames Open Water Swim Series '' . Macmillan Cancer Support . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Humanrace : Windsor '' .",
"50": "Speedo Open Water Swim Series . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Henley Swim '' . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walliams reflects on epic 140 - mile Thames charity swim '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. The Bathing Place of Athens , Eton opened by `` Hiatt C Baker in memory of ( his ) son , a brilliant swimmer who spent many of the happiest hours of his boyhood here , killed in a flying accident in August 1917 while still a member of the school. , Bathing Place of Athens memorial stone and Bathing Place of Athens notice `` In 1911 local police constable , Frederick Shattock for the village of Laleham ran swimming lessons for young boys from the end of Vicarage Lane ) ... charging 1 shilling per season '' . Jump up ^ See above events , shallow bathing areas and metal steps by certain houses on geograph.org.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/06/24/independence-day-resurgence-and-brexit-is-this-the-most-brillian/ Jump up ^ `` Harvard University Press : The Wind in the Willows : An Annotated Edition by Kenneth Grahame '' . Hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kinks Song List '' . Kindakinks.net . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ You Know Where To Find Me . Imogen Heap . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canvey Island 's 13,000 refugees . ( 2 February 1953 ) . The Guardian ( London ) , p. 1 . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canvey Island Drainage scheme 2006 '' . Environment agency . ( May Avenue Pumping Station information board ) . Further Reading ( edit ) Ackroyd , Peter ( 2007 ) . Thames : sacred river . London : Chatto & Windus .",
"51": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7011 - 7284 - 8 . OCLC 137313198 . Cove - Smith , Chris ( 2006 ) . The River Thames book : a guide to the Thames from the Barrier to Cricklade with the River Wey , Basingstoke Canal and Kennet & Avon Canal to Great Bedwyn ( 4th ed . ) . St. Ives , Cambridgeshire : Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85288 - 892 - 6 . OCLC 67613526 . Dix , Frank L. ( 1985 ) . Royal river highway : a history of the passenger boats and services on the River Thames . Newton Abbot ; North Pomfret , Vt. : David & Charles . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7153 - 8005 - 5 . OCLC 14355016 . Milne , Gustav ; Martin Bates ; Mike D. Webber ( June 1997 ) . `` Problems , potential and partial solutions : an archaeological study of the tidal Thames , England '' . World Archaeology. 29 ( 1 -- special issue , `` Riverine archaeology , '' ed . James Graham -- Campbell ) : 130 -- 46 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1997. 9980367 . ISSN 0043 - 8243 . Oliver , Stuart ( June 2010 ) . `` Navigability and the improvement of the river Thames , 1605 -- 1815 '' . Geographical Journal . 176 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 77 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4959.2010. 00354. x . ISSN 0016 - 7398 . Sinclair , Mick ( 2007 ) . The Thames : a cultural history . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531492 - 2 . OCLC 77520502 . Thacker , Fred S. ( 1968 ) . The Thames Highway .",
"52": "2 : locks and weirs ( ( 1st ed . ) , new impression ed . ) . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7153 - 4233 - 6 . OCLC 55209571 . The Royal river : the Thames , from source to sea : descriptive , historical , pictorial . Henley - on - Thames : Gresham. 1983 ( 1885 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946095 - 05 - 6 . OCLC 17631247 . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . Father Thames . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 1 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thames . Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide -- Pictures and history and tides and poetry and conditions The River Thames Society Thames Path National Trail River Thames London Hired Boats and News Blog BBC 4 documentary In search of Arcadia features the river River Thames ,",
"53": "England Counties Gloucestershire Wiltshire Oxfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Greater London Surrey Kent Essex Source Thames Head Mouth Thames Estuary Settlements Ashton Keynes Cricklade Castle Eaton Lechlade Oxford Abingdon Wallingford Goring - on - Thames Reading Henley - on - Thames Marlow Maidenhead Windsor Eton Staines - upon - Thames Weybridge London Dartford Gravesend Tilbury Canvey Island Southend - on - Sea Major tributaries Churn Leach Cole Coln Windrush Evenlode Cherwell Ock Thame Pang Kennet Loddon Colne Wey Mole Brent Wandle Effra Westbourne Fleet Ravensbourne ( Deptford Creek ) Lea Darent Ingrebourne Major crossings Dartford Crossing Blackwall Tunnel Rotherhithe Tunnel Thames Tunnel Tower Bridge London Bridge Millennium Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge Westminster Bridge Teddington Lock Staines Bridge Windsor Bridge Maidenhead Railway Bridge Marlow Bridge Folly Bridge ( all ) Longest UK rivers Severn Thames Trent Great Ouse Wye Ure / Ouse Tay Spey Clyde Tweed Avon Nene Eden Dee VIAF : 237292804 GND : 4119580 - 2 NDL : 00628782 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Thames&oldid=819298632 '' Categories : River Thames Rivers of Berkshire Rivers of Buckinghamshire Rivers of Essex Rivers of Gloucestershire Rivers of Kent Rivers of London Rivers of Oxfordshire Rivers of Surrey Rivers of Wiltshire River navigations in the United Kingdom Thames drainage basin Tourist attractions in London Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with",
"54": "unsourced statements from December 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use British English from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with OS grid coordinates Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with trivia sections from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg",
"55": "Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe",
"56": "Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Vento Aureo - wikipedia Vento Aureo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the manga . For the video game , see GioGio 's Bizarre Adventure . Vento Aureo Vento Aureo volume 1 cover , featuring Giorno ( center ) , Jotaro ( top ) and Josuke ( top right ) , and their Stands 黄金 の 風 ( Ōgon no Kaze ) Manga Written by Hirohiko Araki Published by Shueisha Demographic Shōnen Imprint Jump Comics Magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump Original run November 20 , 1995 -- April 5 , 1999 Volumes 17 ( List of volumes ) Anime and Manga portal Vento Aureo ( Japanese : 黄金 の 風 , Hepburn : Ōgon no Kaze , lit . `` Golden Wind '' ) is the fifth story arc of the Japanese manga series JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure , written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki . It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from the November 20 , 1995 issue to the April 5 , 1999 issue . In its original publication , it was referred to as JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Part 5 Giorno Giovanna : Golden Heritage . Within Vento Aureo , the JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure title is rendered in Italian , as Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio . As it is the fifth part of the series , the 155 chapters pick up where the fourth left off and are numbered 440 to 594 , with the tankōbon volumes numbered 47 to 63 . It was preceded by Diamond Is Unbreakable and followed by Stone Ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Characters 1.2 Plot 2 Chapters 3 Related media 4 Notes 5 References Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) Giorno Giovanna is the human son of the vampire Dio Brando , and went by the name Haruno Shiobana before moving to Italy . He aspires to overthrow the Passione mafia 's boss and turn Passione into an organization that helps the people of Italy .",
"1": "He uses the Stand Gold Experience , which has the ability to imbue things with life . Bruno Bucciarati is the leader of a gang within Passione . He uses the Stand Sticky Fingers , which can place a zipper on any object , allowing entrance into it . He also appears in the 2012 spin - off one - shot Jolyne , Fly High with Gucci . Leone Abbacchio is a former police officer , and a member of Bucciarati 's gang . He uses the Stand Moody Blues , which can replay past history as a 3D video recording , although doing so leaves it temporarily defenseless . Abbacchio also appears in Jolyne , Fly High with Gucci . Guido Mista is a member of Bucciarati 's gang . He uses a revolver in tandem with his Stand , Sex Pistols , which is composed of six small humanoids who can control the bullets Mista shoots . Narancia Ghirga is a member of Bucciarati 's gang . He uses the airplane - like Stand Aerosmith , which is equipped with machine guns , missiles and a carbon dioxide radar . Pannacotta Fugo is Bucciarati 's right - hand man in the gang . He uses the Stand Purple Haze , which can release a virus that rapidly devours organic matter . Fugo is the main character of the novel Purple Haze Feedback . Trish Una is the daughter of Passione 's boss , and is on the run from rival factions within the mafia . She uses the Stand Spice Girl , which can increase objects ' elasticity , making them nearly indestructible . Diavolo is the boss of Passione , and the father of Trish Una . He suffers from dissociative identity disorder , having a second personality called Vinegar Doppio ; his appearance changes depending on which personality is the currently dominant one . He uses the Stand King Crimson , which has the power to negate processes , leaving only their consequences . Activating its power causes a time skip , where everything except Diavolo and King Crimson is changed to be in the state they would have been a few seconds later ; for example , a bullet that would have hit Diavolo will suddenly be shifted to be on his other side .",
"2": "Diavolo is able to predict what will happen during the timeskip by using King Crimson 's second face , Epitaph ; this sub-power can also be used by the Doppio personality to see seconds into the future . Plot ( edit ) The manga begins in 2001 , when the Diamond Is Unbreakable character Koichi Hirose goes to Naples at the request of Jotaro Kujo to find someone known as Haruno Shiobana and get a skin sample of theirs . Shiobana turns out to be a middle school student named Giorno Giovanna -- which sounds similar to `` Haruno Shiobana '' -- who is the son of Dio Brando . Giorno attempts to steal Koichi 's luggage , but is stopped by Koichi 's Stand , Echoes Act Three . Giorno recognized his power as being a Stand power similar to his Gold Experience , a Stand that can give life to inanimate objects . The story then follows Giorno as he tries to become a boss of the mafia in order to make Naples a better place and help its people , specifically where availability of drugs to young people are concerned . After an altercation with gang member Leaky Eye Luka , he attempts to join Passione , an organized crime group that employs many Stand users ( essentially , his vision for Passione is akin to Robin Hood 's band , in contrast to the sheer powerlust of its current leader ) . He is approached by a member of Passione , Bruno Bucciarati , who suspects him of killing Luka . During the fight readers are introduced to Buciarati 's Stand , Sticky Fingers , that can place and open a zipper on any surface . Bucciarati challenges Giorno to complete the rite to join Passione , and therefore visit the Capo , Polpo , in prison . Giorno is given a lighter by Polpo , with instructions to not let it go out , in order to prove his dedication . When it is accidentally extinguished by a passerby , Polpo 's Stand Black Sabbath is activated , which pursues Giorno from the shadows , quite literally . Giorno is able to subdue Black Sabbath with the help of Koichi , passing Polpo 's test and joining Passione .",
"3": "He is placed in the group of Bucciarati , who agrees to work with Giorno to take over the mob from within , and put an end to the Passione drug trade . Bucciarati is the superior of the four other members of Giorno 's group , fellow Stand users Guido Mista , Leone Abbacchio , Narancia Ghirga , and Pannacotta Fugo . Throughout the span of the story , the group - suspicious of Giorno - soon discover his courage and generosity , and slowly warm to him . After finding Polpo 's amassed fortune following his death on the island of Capri , Bucciarati is promoted and his group is assigned a secret mission by the boss himself -- escort his teenage daughter , Trish Una , safely to him . With the help of a Stand - using turtle , they fend off various attacks by Stand - using traitors within the mob , determined to overthrow the boss -- only by kidnapping Trish can they hope to learn his identity . After traveling to Pompeii and Florence , they arrive in Venice to meet the boss at the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore on San Giorgio Maggiore island . However , while doing so Bucciarati discovers that the boss only wanted Trish brought to him so he could kill her himself -- his intent was nothing more than to permanently conceal his identity . He alone tries to kill the Boss , in order for him and Giorno to achieve their goal , but realizes his Stand that can erase time and subsequently predict events is too powerful and decides to retreat . Bucciarati 's group , minus Fugo , then join him in betraying the Boss and protect Trish so they can learn his identity . Even after Trish discovers her own Stand ability , they find themselves in the unenviable position of opposing all of the Passione gang in order to protect her . They travel to the boss 's hometown of Sardinia , after Trish informs them that that is where her mother met him . There , Giorno and company are contacted by someone who knows the boss 's identity , but will only tell them in person . They travel to Rome to meet him , but the boss follows them there as well and kills him first .",
"4": "In Rome , it is revealed that the person who contacted Giorno and company was Jean Pierre Polnareff , a member of the Joestar group in Part 3 : Stardust Crusaders . However , just before Jean Pierre Polnareff dies , he uses a Stand Arrow on his own Stand upgrading it to Silver Chariot Requiem , which gives it the ability to control people 's spirits . It exchanges everyone 's spirit with another , switching their bodies . Now in the turtle 's body , Polnareff explains to the group about the Stand arrows and the boss 's identity as Diavolo , which he knows having once fought him some years ago . However , as Polnareff is dead , Silver Chariot Requiem is out of control and will not allow anyone to get the arrow . The group and Diavolo , hidden in Mista 's body alongside Trish 's spirit because of the switch , chase after it . While Diavolo succeeds in defeating it , thanks to Bucciarati 's sacrifice Giorno obtains the arrow and succeeds in upgrading his Stand to Gold Experience Requiem to defeat Diavolo . His new power causes Diavolo to continuously experience death over and over . In the last scene , Giorno is seen , with Mista , having men kneel before him , suggesting he becomes the boss of Passione . Chapters ( edit ) No . Title Japanese release date Japanese ISBN 47 Goodbye , Morioh Town - The Golden Heart Sayonara Moriō - chō - Ōgon no Kokoro ( さよなら 杜 王 町 ― 黄金 の 心 ) May 10 , 1996 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 851897 - 8 437 . `` Let Me Remind You '' ( 思い出 させ て あげる , Omoidasasete Ageru ) 438 . `` Town Guardian Spirits '' ( 町 の 守護 聖霊 , Machi no Shugo Seirei ) 439 .",
"5": "`` Goodbye , Morioh Town - The Golden Heart '' ( さよなら 杜 王 町 - 黄金 の 心 , Sayonara Moriōchō - Ōgon no Kokoro ) 440 -- 442 . `` Gold Experience ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( 黄金 体験 ( ゴールド ・ エクスペリエンス ) その 1 〜 3 , Gōrudo Ekusuperiensu Sono 1 -- 3 ) 443 -- 445 . `` Bucciarati 's Coming ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( ブチャラティ が 来る その 1 〜 3 , Bucharati ga Kuru Sono 1 -- 3 ) 48 Gang Star Is My Dream Boku no Yume wa Gyangu Sutā ( ぼく の 夢 は ギャング ・ スター ) July 4 , 1996 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 851898 - 5 446 -- 447 . `` Bucciarati 's Coming ( 4 -- 5 ) '' ( ブチャラティ が 来る その 4 〜 5 , Bucharati ga Kuru Sono 4 -- 5 ) 448 -- 449 . `` Meet the Gangster Beyond the Wall ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( 塀 の 中 の ギャング に 会え その 1 〜 2 , Hei no Naka no Gyangu ni Ae Sono 1 -- 2 ) 450 -- 454 . `` Gang Enrollment ( 1 -- 5 ) '' ( ギャング 入門 その 1 〜 5 , Gyangu Nyūmon Sono 1 -- 5 ) 49 Find Polpo 's Fortune ! Porupo no Isan o Nerae ! ( ポルポ の 遺産 を 狙え ! ) September 4 , 1996 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 851899 - 2 455 .",
"6": "`` Gang Enrollment ( 6 ) '' ( ギャング 入門 その 6 , Gyangu Nyūmon Sono 6 ) 456 . `` 5 Plus 1 '' ( 5 ( ファイブ ) プラス 1 ( ワン ) , 5 Purasu 1 ) 457 . `` Find Polpo 's Fortune ! '' ( ポルポ の 遺産 を 狙え ! , Porupo no Isan o Nerae ! ) 458 -- 459 . `` Mystery of Soft Machine ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( ソフト ・ マシーン の 謎 その 1 〜 2 , Sofuto Mashīn no Nazo Sono 1 -- 2 ) 460 -- 461 . `` Moody Blues ' Retaliation ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( ムーディー ・ ブルース の 逆襲 その 1 〜 2 , Mūdī Burūsu no Gyakushū Sono 1 -- 2 ) 462 -- 463 . `` Enter Sex Pistols ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( セックス ・ ピストルズ 登場 その 1 〜 2 , Sekkusu Pisutoruzu Tōjō Sono 1 -- 2 ) 50 Operative Bucciarati : The Boss 's First Assignment Bucharati Kanbu : Bosu kara no Daichi Shirei ( ブチャラティ 幹部 : ボス から の 第 一 指令 ) November 1 , 1996 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 851119 - 1 464 -- 467 . `` Enter Sex Pistols ( 3 -- 6 ) '' ( セックス ・ ピストルズ 登場 その 3 〜 6 , Sekkusu Pisutoruzu Tōjō Sono 3 -- 6 ) 468 .",
"7": "`` The Location of the 600 Million Yen '' ( 6 億 円 の 隠し場所 , 6 Oku En no Kakushi Basho ) 469 . `` Operative Bucciarati : The Boss 's First Assignment '' ( ブチャラティ 幹部 : ボス から の 第 一 指令 , Bucharati Kanbu : Bosu kara no Daichi Shirei ) 470 -- 472 . `` Narancia 's Aerosmith ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( ナランチャ の エアロ スミス その 1 〜 3 , Narancha no Earosumisu Sono 1 -- 3 ) 51 The Boss 's Second Assignment : `` Retrieve the Key ! '' Bosu kara no Daini Shirei : `` Kagi o Getto seyo ! '' ( ボス から の 第 二 指令 : 「 鍵 を ゲット せよ ! 」 ) February 4 , 1997 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 851120 - 7 473 -- 477 . `` Narancia 's Aerosmith ( 4 -- 8 ) '' ( ナランチャ の エアロ スミス その 4 〜 8 , Narancha no Earosumisu Sono 4 -- 8 ) 478 . `` The Boss 's Second Assignment : ' Retrieve the Key ! ' '' ( ボス から の 第 二 指令 : 「 鍵 ( キー ) を ゲット せよ ! 」 , Bosu kara no Daini Shirei : ' Kagi o Getto seyo ! ' ) 479 -- 481 .",
"8": "`` Man in the Mirror and Purple Haze ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( マン ・ イン ・ ザ ・ ミラー と パープル ・ ヘイズ その 1 〜 3 , Man In Za Mirā to Pāpuru Heizu Sono 1 -- 3 ) 52 The Florence - Bound Express Train Firentse Iki Chōtokkyū ( フィレンツェ 行き 超 特急 ) April 4 , 1997 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872039 - 5 482 -- 485 . `` Man in the Mirror and Purple Haze ( 4 -- 7 ) '' ( マン ・ イン ・ ザ ・ ミラー と パープル ・ ヘイズ その 4 〜 7 , Man In Za Mirā to Pāpuru Heizu Sono 4 -- 7 ) 486 -- 487 . `` The Florence - Bound Express Train ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( フィレンツェ 行き 超 特急 その 1 〜 2 , Firentse Iki Chōtokkyū Sono 1 -- 2 ) 488 -- 490 . `` The Grateful Dead ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( 偉大 なる 死 ( ザ ・ グレイト フル ・ デッド ) その 1 〜 3 , Za Gureitofuru Deddo Sono 1 -- 3 ) 53 The Grateful Dead Za Gureitofuru Deddo ( 偉大 なる 死 ( ザ ・ グレイト フル ・ デッド ) ) June 4 , 1997 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872040 - 1 491 -- 499 .",
"9": "`` The Grateful Dead ( 4 -- 12 ) '' ( 偉大 なる 死 ( ザ ・ グレイト フル ・ デッド ) その 4 〜 12 , Za Gureitofuru Deddo Sono 4 -- 12 ) 54 Gold Experience Strikes Back Gōrudo Ekusuperiensu no Gyakushū ( ゴールド ・ エクスペリエンス の 逆襲 ) September 4 , 1997 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872174 - 3 500 -- 506 . `` Baby Face ( 1 -- 7 ) '' ( ベイビィ ・ フェイス その 1 〜 7 , Beibii Feisu Sono 1 -- 7 ) 507 . `` Towards Venice '' ( ヴェネツィア に 向かえ ! , Venetsia ni Mukae ! ) 508 . `` Venice 's Santa Lucia Station - Get the OA - Disc ! '' ( ヴェネツィア ・ サンタ ・ ルチア 駅 『 OA - DISC 』 を ゲット せよ ! , Venetsia Santa Ruchia Eki ŌĒ - Disuku o Getto seyo ! ) 55 The Venice Landing Operation Venetsia Jōriku Sakusen ( ヴェネツィア 上陸 作戦 ) November 4 , 1997 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872175 - 0 509 -- 515 . `` White Album ( 1 -- 7 ) '' ( ホワイト ・ アルバム その 1 〜 7 , Howaito Arubamu Sono 1 -- 7 ) 516 . `` The Boss 's Last Orders '' ( ボス より の 最終 指令 , Bosu yori no Saishū Shirei ) 517 .",
"10": "`` Bruno Bucciarati 's Youth '' ( ブローノ ・ ブチャラティ その 少年 時代 , Burōno Bucharati Sono Shōnen Jidai ) 56 The ' G ' in Guts `` Gattsu no ' Jī ' '' ( ガッツ の 「 G 」 ) January 9 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872501 - 7 518 -- 523 . `` The Mystery of King Crimson ( 1 -- 6 ) '' ( キング ・ クリムゾン の 謎 その 1 〜 6 , Kingu Kurimuzon no Nazo Sono 1 -- 6 ) 524 . `` The ' G ' in Guts '' ( ガッツ の 「 G 」 , Gattsu no ' Jī ' ) 525 -- 526 . `` Clash and Talking Head ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( クラッシュ と トーキング ・ ヘッド その 1 〜 2 , Kurasshu and Tōkingu Heddo Sono 1 -- 2 ) 57 No Flightcode ! Unearth the Boss 's Past Furaito Kōdo Nashi ! Bosu no Kako o Abake ( フライト ・ コード なし ! ボス の 過去 を あばけ ) March 4 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872526 - 0 527 -- 531 . `` Clash and Talking Head ( 3 -- 7 ) '' ( クラッシュ と トーキング ・ ヘッド その 3 〜 7 , Kurasshu and Tōkingu Heddo Sono 3 -- 7 ) 532 . `` No Flightcode ! Headed for Sardinia ! '' ( フライト ・ コード なし ! サルディニア へ 向かえ , Furaito Kōdo Nashi ! Sarudinia e Mukae ) 533 -- 535 .",
"11": "`` Notorious B.I.G ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( ノトーリアス ・ B ・ I ・ G ( ビッグ ) その 1 〜 3 , Notōriasu B.I.G Sono 1 -- 3 ) 58 My Name Is Doppio Boku no Na wa Doppio ( ぼく の 名 は ドッピオ ) June 4 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872562 - 8 536 -- 538 . `` Notorious B.I.G ( 4 -- 6 ) '' ( ノトーリアス ・ B ・ I ・ G ( ビッグ ) その 4 〜 6 , Notōriasu B.I.G Sono 4 -- 6 ) 539 -- 540 . `` Spice Girl ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( スパイス ・ ガール その 1 〜 2 , Supaisu Gāru Sono 1 -- 2 ) 541 . `` Storm Warning in Sardina Island ! '' ( サルディニア 島 嵐 警報 ! , Sarudinia - tō Arashi Keihō ! ) 542 -- 543 . `` My Name Is Doppio ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( ぼく の 名 は ドッピオ その 1 〜 2 , Boku no Na wa Doppio Sono 1 -- 2 ) 544 . `` King Crimson vs. Metallica '' ( キング ・ クリムゾン v.s. ( バーサス ) メタリカ , Kingu Kurimuzon Bāsasu Metarika ) 59 Beneath a Sky Seemingly About to Fall Ima ni mo Ochite Kisō na Sora no Shita de ( 今にも 落ち て 来 そう な 空 の 下 で ) August 4 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872588 - 8 545 -- 549 . `` King Crimson vs.",
"12": "Metallica ( 2 -- 6 ) '' ( キング ・ クリムゾン v.s. ( バーサス ) メタリカ その 2 〜 6 , Kingu Kurimuzon Bāsasu Metarika Sono 2 -- 6 ) 550 . `` Beneath a Sky Seemingly About to Fall '' ( 今にも 落ち て 来 そう な 空 の 下 で , Ima ni mo Ochite Kisō na Sora no Shita de ) 551 -- 552 . `` Pronto ! On the Line ( 1 -- 2 ) '' ( プロント ( もしもし ) ! 通話 中 その 1 〜 2 , Puronto ! Tsūwachū Sono 1 -- 2 ) 553 . `` Destination : Rome ! The Colosseum '' ( 目的 地 は ローマ ! コロッセオ , Mokutekichi wa Rōma ! Korosseo ) 60 Meet the Man in the Colosseum ! Korosseo no Otoko ni Ae ! ( コロッセオ の 男 に 会え ! ) October 2 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872613 - 7 554 -- 562 . `` Green Day and Oasis ( 1 -- 9 ) '' ( 『 グリーン ・ ディ 』 と 『 オアシス 』 その 1 〜 9 , Gurīn Di to Oashisu Sono 1 -- 9 ) 61 They Called Him Diavolo Soitsu no Na wa Diaboro ( そいつ の 名 は ディアボロ ) January 8 , 1999 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872652 - 6 563 -- 567 .",
"13": "`` Green Day and Oasis ( 10 -- 14 ) '' ( 『 グリーン ・ ディ 』 と 『 オアシス 』 その 10 〜 14 , Gurīn Di to Oashisu Sono 10 -- 14 ) 568 . `` They Called Him Diavolo ( 1 ) '' ( そいつ の 名 は ディアボロ その 1 , Soitsu no Na wa Diaboro Sono 1 ) 569 . `` A Brief Flashback '' ( ほんの 少し 昔 の 物語 , Honno Sukoshi Mukashi no Monogatari ) 570 . `` They Called Him Diavolo ( 2 ) '' ( そいつ の 名 は ディアボロ その 2 , Soitsu no Na wa Diaboro Sono 2 ) 571 . `` Before the Arrow '' ( 「 矢 」 の さらに 先 に 存在 ( ある ) もの , Ya no Sara ni Saki ni Aru Mono ) 62 The Requiem Plays Quietly Rekuiemu wa Shizuka ni Kanaderareru ( 鎮魂歌 ( レクイエム ) は 静か に 奏で られる ) March 4 , 1999 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872680 - 9 572 -- 579 . `` The Requiem Plays Quietly ( 1 -- 8 ) '' ( 鎮魂歌 ( レクイエム ) は 静か に 奏で られる その 1 〜 8 , Rekuiemu wa Shizuka ni Kanaderareru Sono 1 -- 8 ) 580 -- 582 .",
"14": "`` Diavolo Rising ( 1 -- 3 ) '' ( ディアボロ 浮上 その 1 〜 3 , Diaboro Fujō Sono 1 -- 3 ) 63 Sleeping Slaves Nemureru Dorei ( 眠れる 奴隷 ) April 30 , 1999 ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872709 - 7 583 -- 584 . `` Diavolo Rising ( 4 -- 5 ) '' ( ディアボロ 浮上 その 4 〜 5 , Diaboro Fujō Sono 4 -- 5 ) 585 . `` King of Kings '' ( 王 の 中 の 王 ( キング ・ オブ ・ キングス ) , Kingu Obu Kingusu ) 586 -- 589 . `` Gold Experience Requiem ( 1 -- 4 ) '' ( ゴールド ・ E ( エクスペリエンス ) ・ レクイエム その 1 〜 4 , Gōrudo Ekusuperiensu Rekuiemu Sono 1 -- 4 ) 590 . `` Epilogue : Sleeping Slaves '' ( エピローグ 「 眠れる 奴隷 」 , Epirōgu Nemureru Dorei ) 591 -- 594 . `` Sleeping Slaves ( 2 -- 5 ) '' ( 眠れる 奴隷 その 2 〜 5 , Nemureru Dorei Sono 2 -- 5 ) Related media ( edit ) The novel Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio II : Golden Heart / Golden Ring was written by Gichi Ōtsuka and Miya Shōtarō , and released on May 28 , 2001 . An Italian translation was released in 2004 . A second novel , Purple Haze Feedback , was written by Kouhei Kadono and released on September 16 , 2011 . The PlayStation 2 video game GioGio 's Bizarre Adventure was released in Japan in 2002 , adapting the arc .",
"15": "Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Part 5 Giorno Giovanna : Golden Heritage ( ジョジョ の 奇妙 な 冒険 第 5 部 ジョルノ ・ ジョバァーナ ( 黄金 なる 遺産 ) , JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken Dai Go Bu Joruno Jobāna ( Ōgon naru Isan ) ) Jump up ^ Giorno Giovanna ( ジョルノ ・ ジョバァーナ , Joruno Jobāna , alternatively `` Giorno Giovana '' ) Jump up ^ Gold Experience ( ゴールド ・ エクスペリエンス , Gōrudo Ekusuperiensu ) Jump up ^ Bruno Bucciarati ( ブローノ ・ ブチャラティ , Burōno Bucharati ) . The romanization of Burōno Bucharati has changed multiple times since first appearing in print , with `` Bruno Bucciarati '' and `` Blono Buccellati '' both being used in official merchandise . `` Bruno Bucciarati '' is the most recent usage on such merchandise , and is used here .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Sticky Fingers ( スティッキィ ・ フィンガー ズ , Sutikkī Fingāzu ) Jump up ^ Leone Abbacchio ( レオーネ ・ アバッキオ , Reōne Abakkio ) Jump up ^ Moody Blues ( ムーディー ・ ブルース , Mūdī Burūsu ) Jump up ^ Guido Mista ( グイード ・ ミスタ , Guīdo Misuta ) Jump up ^ Sex Pistols ( セックス ・ ピストルズ , Sekkusu Pisutoruzu ) Jump up ^ Narancia Ghirga ( ナランチャ ・ ギルガ , Narancha Giruga ) Jump up ^ Aerosmith ( エアロ スミス , Earosumisu ) Jump up ^ Pannacotta Fugo ( パンナコッタ ・ フーゴ , Pannakotta Fūgo ) Jump up ^ Purple Haze ( パープル ・ ヘイズ , Pāpuru Heizu ) Jump up ^ Trish Una ( トリッシュ ・ ウナ , Torisshu Una ) Jump up ^ Spice Girl ( スパイス ・ ガール , Supaisu Gāru ) Jump up ^ Diavolo ( ディアボロ , Diaboro ) Jump up ^ Vinegar Doppio ( ヴィネガー ・ ドッピオ , Vinegā Doppio ) Jump up ^ King Crimson ( キング ・ クリムゾン , Kingu Kurimuzon ) Jump up ^ Epitaph ( エピタフ , Epitafu ) ^ Jump up to : Chapters 437 , 438 , and 439 are part of Diamond Is Unbreakable . ^ Jump up to : Chapters 589 and 590 were released as one chapter in Weekly Shōnen Jump .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio II : Golden Heart / Golden Ring ( ジョジョ の 奇妙 な 冒険 II ゴールデン ハート / ゴールデン リング ) Jump up ^ Purple Haze Feedback ( 恥知らず の パープル ヘイズ - ジョジョ の 奇妙 な 冒険 より - , Hajishirazu Pāpuru Heizu - JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken yori - , literally `` Shameless Purple Haze '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 週刊 少年 ジャンプ 1995 / 11 / 20 表示 号 数 49 '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 週刊 少年 ジャンプ 1999 / 04 / 05 表示 号 数 17 '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JOJO 0090 「 覚悟 は いい か ? オレ は でき てる. 」 超 像 可動 『 ジョジョ の 奇妙 な 冒険 』 シリーズ 第 33 弾 『 ブローノ ・ ブチャラティ 』 は 10 月 下旬 発売 ッッ ! ! - 荒木 飛呂彦 公式 サイト ( JOJO.com ) '' . Araki-jojo.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` JOJO 0238 プライズ DX フィギュア 新 シリーズ スタート ! ブチャラティ チーム を フィギュア 化し て いき ます ! 第 一 弾 は リーダー ≪ ブチャラティ ≫ です ! - 荒木 飛呂彦 公式 サイト ( JOJO.com ) '' . Araki-jojo.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : The World of Super Statue Act . 2 . Hobby Japan . 2013 . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7986 - 0642 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jojo 's creator Araki Teams Up With Gucci , Others '' . Otaku USA Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 47 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 48 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 49 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 50 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 51 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 52 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 53 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 54 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 55 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 56 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 57 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 58 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 59 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 60 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 61 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 62 '' .",
"20": "Shueisha . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Volume 63 '' . Shueisha . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Golden heart , golden ring . Le bizzarre avventure di Jojo . Amazon.co.uk . ASIN 8874710216 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bakemonogatari , Boogiepop Authors Pen JoJo 's Novels '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ 恥知らず の パープル ヘイズ - ジョジョ の 奇妙 な 冒険 より - . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . ASIN 4087806162 .",
"21": "( hide ) JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure by Hirohiko Araki Manga Main series Phantom Blood Battle Tendency Stardust Crusaders Diamond Is Unbreakable Vento Aureo Stone Ocean Steel Ball Run JoJolion Spin - offs Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan Anime OVA series Film TV anime Phantom Blood & Battle Tendency Stardust Crusaders Diamond Is Unbreakable Video games JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure GioGio 's Bizarre Adventure All Star Battle Eyes of Heaven Diamond Records Related Characters Dio Brando `` Voodoo Kingdom '' `` JoJo ( Sono Chi no Sadame ) '' `` Bloody Stream '' `` Stand Proud '' `` Roundabout '' `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' `` Last Train Home '' ( Essential Collection Last Train Home ) `` I Want You '' JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vento_Aureo&oldid=815433554 '' Categories : Manga series 1995 manga JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Anime and manga about organized crime Italy in fiction Dissociative identity disorder in popular culture Works about gangsters 2001 in fiction Shueisha manga Shōnen manga Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4803203223743199668
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what group of animals do octopus belong to
|
[
"class Cephalopoda"
] |
{
"0": "Octopus - wikipedia Octopus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the order of cephalopod . For other uses , see Octopus ( disambiguation ) . Octopus Temporal range : 323.2 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Late Carboniferous -- recent Common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Mollusca Class : Cephalopoda Subclass : Coleoidea ( unranked ) : Neocoleoidea Superorder : Octopodiformes Order : Octopoda Leach , 1818 Suborders Cirrina Incirrina Synonyms Octopoida Leach , 1817 The octopus ( / ˈɒktəpəs / or ~ / pʊs / ) is a soft - bodied , eight - armed mollusc of the order Octopoda . Around 300 species are recognised and the order is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids , cuttlefish and nautiloids . Like other cephalopods , the octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beak , with its mouth at the centre point of the arms ( which are sometimes mistakenly called `` tentacles '' ) . The soft body can rapidly alter its shape , enabling octopuses to squeeze through small gaps . They trail their eight arms behind them as they swim . The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion , by expelling a jet of water . Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight , and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates . Octopuses inhabit various regions of the ocean , including coral reefs , pelagic waters , and the seabed ; some live in the intertidal zone and others at abyssal depths . Most species grow fast , mature early and are short - lived . During breeding , the male uses a specially adapted arm to deliver a bundle of sperm directly into the female 's mantle cavity , after which he becomes senescent and dies . The female deposits fertilised eggs in a den and cares for them until they hatch , after which she also dies .",
"1": "Strategies to defend themselves against predators include the expulsion of ink , the use of camouflage and threat displays , their ability to jet quickly through the water , and their ability to hide . All octopuses are venomous , but only the blue - ringed octopuses are known to be deadly to humans . Octopuses appear in mythology as sea monsters like the Kraken of Norway and the Akkorokamui of the Ainu , and probably the Gorgon of ancient Greece . A battle with an octopus appears in Victor Hugo 's book Toilers of the Sea , inspiring other works such as Ian Fleming 's Octopussy . Octopuses appear in Japanese erotic art , shunga . They are eaten by humans in many parts of the world , especially the Mediterranean and the Asian seas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and pluralisation 2 Anatomy and physiology 2.1 Size 2.2 External characteristics 2.3 Circulatory system 2.4 Respiration 2.5 Digestion and excretion 2.6 Nervous system and senses 2.7 Ink sac 3 Lifecycle 3.1 Reproduction 3.2 Lifespan 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behaviour and ecology 5.1 Feeding 5.2 Locomotion 5.3 Intelligence 5.4 Camouflage and colour change 5.5 Defence 5.6 Pathogens and parasites 6 Evolution 6.1 Fossil history and phylogeny 6.2 Taxonomy 6.3 RNA editing 7 Relationship to humans 7.1 Cultural references 7.2 Danger 7.3 Fisheries and cuisine 7.4 In science and technology 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 External links Etymology and pluralisation The scientific Latin term octopus was derived from Ancient Greek ὀκτώπους or ὀκτά - , a compound form of ὀκτώ ( oktō , `` eight '' ) and πούς ( pous , `` foot '' ) , used for example by Alexander of Tralles ( c. 525 - c. 605 ) for the common octopus .",
"2": "The standard pluralised form of `` octopus '' in English is `` octopuses '' / ˈɒktəpəsɪz / ; the Ancient Greek plural ὀκτώποδες , `` octopodes '' / ɒkˈtɒpədiːz / , has also been used historically . The alternative plural `` octopi '' -- which misguidedly assumes it is a Latin `` - us '' - word -- is considered grammatically incorrect , but is used frequently enough to be acknowledged by the descriptivist Merriam - Webster 11th Collegiate Dictionary and Webster 's New World College Dictionary . The Oxford English Dictionary lists `` octopuses '' , `` octopi '' , and `` octopodes '' , in that order , calling `` octopodes '' rare and noting that `` octopi '' is based on a misunderstanding . New Oxford American Dictionary ( 3rd Edition 2010 ) lists `` octopuses '' as the only acceptable pluralisation , and indicates that `` octopodes '' is still occasionally used , but that `` octopi '' is incorrect . Anatomy and Physiology Size See also : Cephalopod size Giant Pacific octopus at Echizen Matsushima Aquarium , Japan . It is considered to be the largest species . The giant Pacific octopus ( Enteroctopus dofleini ) is often cited as the largest known octopus species . Adults usually weigh around 15 kg ( 33 lb ) , with an arm span of up to 4.3 m ( 14 ft ) . The largest specimen of this species to be scientifically documented was an animal with a live mass of 71 kg ( 156.5 lb ) . Much larger sizes have been claimed for the giant Pacific octopus : one specimen was recorded as 272 kg ( 600 lb ) with an arm span of 9 m ( 30 ft ) . A carcass of the seven - arm octopus , Haliphron atlanticus , weighed 61 kg ( 134 lb ) and was estimated to have had a live mass of 75 kg ( 165 lb ) . The smallest species is Octopus wolfi , which is around 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) and weighs less than 1 g ( 0.035 oz ) .",
"3": "External characteristics The octopus is bilaterally symmetrical along its dorso - ventral axis ; the head and foot are at one end of an elongated body and function as the anterior ( front ) of the animal . The head includes the mouth and brain . The foot has evolved into a set of flexible , prehensile appendages , known as arms , that surround the mouth and are attached to each other near their base by a webbed structure . The arms can be described based on side and sequence position ( such as L1 , R1 , L2 , R2 ) and divided into four pairs . The bulbous and hollow mantle is fused to the back of the head and is known as the visceral hump ; it contains most of the vital organs . The mantle cavity has muscular walls and contains the gills ; it is connected to the exterior by a funnel or siphon . The mouth of an octopus , located underneath the arms , has a sharp hard beak . Diagram of octopus from side , with gills , funnel , eye , ocellus ( eyespot ) , web , arms , suckers , hectocotylus and ligula labeled . The skin consists of a thin outer epidermis with mucous cells and sensory cells , and a connective tissue dermis consisting largely of collagen fibres and various cells allowing colour change . Most of the body is made of soft tissue allowing it to lengthen , contract , and contort itself . The octopus can squeeze through tiny gaps ; even the larger species can pass through an opening close to 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) in diameter . Lacking skeletal support , the arms work as muscular hydrostats and contain longitudinal , transverse and circular muscles around a central axial nerve . They can extend and contract , twist to left or right , bend at any place in any direction or be held rigid . The interior surfaces of the arms are covered with circular , adhesive suckers . The suckers allow the octopus to anchor itself or to manipulate objects . Each sucker is usually circular and bowl - like and has two distinct parts : an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow cavity called an acetabulum , both of which are thick muscles covered in a protective chitinous cuticle .",
"4": "When a sucker attaches to a surface , the orifice between the two structures is sealed . The infundibulum provides adhesion while the acetabulum remains free , and muscle contractions allow for attachment and detachment . A finned Grimpoteuthis octopus of the suborder Cirrina with its atypical octopus body plan . The eyes of the octopus are large and are at the top of the head . They are similar in structure to those of a fish and are enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule fused to the cranium . The cornea is formed from a translucent epidermal layer and the slit - shaped pupil forms a hole in the iris and lies just behind . The lens is suspended behind the pupil and photoreceptive retinal cells cover the back of the eye . The pupil can be adjusted in size and a retinal pigment screens incident light in bright conditions . Some species differ in form from the typical octopus body shape . Members of the suborder Cirrina have stout gelatinous bodies with webbing that reaches near the tip of their arms , and two large fins above the eyes , supported by an internal shell . Fleshy papillae or cirri are found along the bottom of the arms , and the eyes are more developed . Circulatory system Octopuses have a closed circulatory system , where the blood remains inside blood vessels . Octopuses have three hearts ; a systemic heart that circulates blood round the body and two branchial hearts that pump it through each of the two gills . The systemic heart is inactive when the animal is swimming and thus it tires quickly and prefers to crawl . Octopus blood contains the copper - rich protein haemocyanin to transport oxygen . This makes the blood very viscous and it requires considerable pressure to pump it round the body ; octopuses ' blood pressures can exceed 75 mmHg . In cold conditions with low oxygen levels , haemocyanin transports oxygen more efficiently than haemoglobin . The haemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead of being carried within blood cells , and gives the blood a bluish colour . The systemic heart has muscular contractile walls and consists of a single ventricle and two atria , one for each side of the body .",
"5": "The blood vessels consist of arteries , capillaries and veins and are lined with a cellular endothelium which is quite unlike that of most other invertebrates . The blood circulates through the aorta and capillary system , to the vena cavae , after which the blood is pumped through the gills by the auxiliary hearts and back to the main heart . Much of the venous system is contractile , which helps circulate the blood . Respiration Octopus with open siphon . The siphon is used for respiration , waste disposal and discharging ink . Respiration involves drawing water into the mantle cavity through an aperture , passing it through the gills , and expelling it through the siphon . The ingress of water is achieved by contraction of radial muscles in the mantle wall , and flapper valves shut when strong circular muscles force the water out through the siphon . Extensive connective tissue lattices support the respiratory muscles and allow them to expand the respiratory chamber . The lamella structure of the gills allows for a high oxygen uptake ; up to 65 % in water at 200C . Water flow over the gills correlates with locomotion , and an octopus can propel its body when it expels water out of its siphon . The thin skin of the octopus absorbs additional oxygen . When resting , around 41 % of an octopus 's oxygen absorption is through the skin . This decreases to 33 % when it swims , as more water flows over the gills ; skin oxygen uptake also increases . When it is resting after a meal , absorption through the skin can drop to 3 % of its total oxygen uptake . Digestion and excretion The digestive system of the octopus begins with the buccal mass which consists of the mouth , pharynx , radula and salivary glands . The radula is a spiked , tongue - like organ made of chitin . Food is broken down and is forced into the oesophagus by two lateral extensions of the esophageal side walls in addition to the radula . From there it is transferred to the gastrointestinal tract , which is mostly suspended from the roof of the mantle cavity by numerous membranes .",
"6": "The tract consists of a crop , where the food is stored ; a stomach , where food is ground down ; a caecum where the now sludgy food is sorted into fluids and particles and which plays an important role in absorption ; the digestive gland , where liver cells break down and absorb the fluid and become `` brown bodies '' ; and the intestine , where the accumulated waste is turned into faecal ropes by secretions and blown out of the funnel via the rectum . During osmoregulation , fluid is added to the pericardia of the branchial hearts . The octopus has two nephridia ( equivalent to vertebrate kidneys ) which are associated with the branchial hearts ; these and their associated ducts connect the pericardial cavities with the mantle cavity . Before reaching the branchial heart , each branch of the vena cava expands to form renal appendages which are in direct contact with the thin - walled nephridium . The urine is first formed in the pericardial cavity , and is modified by excretion , chiefly of ammonia , and selective absorption from the renal appendages , as it is passed along the associated duct and through the nephridiopore into the mantle cavity . Play media A common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) moving around . Its nervous system allows the arms to move with some autonomy . Nervous system and senses The octopus ( along with cuttlefish ) has the highest brain - to - body mass ratios of all invertebrates , and is also greater than many vertebrates . It has a highly complex nervous system , only part of which is localised in its brain , which is contained in a cartilaginous capsule . Two - thirds of an octopus 's neurons are found in the nerve cords of its arms , which show a variety of complex reflex actions that persist even when they have no input from the brain . Unlike vertebrates , the complex motor skills of octopuses are not organised in their brain via an internal somatotopic map of its body , instead using a nonsomatotopic system unique to large - brained invertebrates . Eye of common octopus Octopuses have keen eyesight . Like other cephalopods , they can distinguish the polarisation of light .",
"7": "Colour vision appears to vary from species to species , for example being present in O. aegina but absent in O. vulgaris . Attached to the brain are two special organs called statocysts ( sac - like structures containing a mineralised mass and sensitive hairs ) , that allow the octopus to sense the orientation of its body . They provide information on the position of the body relative to gravity and can detect angular acceleration . An autonomic response keeps the octopus 's eyes oriented so that the pupil is always horizontal . Octopuses may also use the statocyst to hear sound . The common octopus can hear sounds between 400 Hz and 1000 Hz , and hears best at 600 Hz . Octopuses also have an excellent sense of touch . The octopus 's suction cups are equipped with chemoreceptors so the octopus can taste what it touches . Octopus arms do not become tangled or stuck to each other because the sensors recognise octopus skin and prevent self - attachment . The arms contain tension sensors so the octopus knows whether its arms are stretched out , but this is not sufficient for the brain to determine the position of the octopus 's body or arms . As a result , the octopus does not possess stereognosis ; that is , it does not form a mental image of the overall shape of the object it is handling . It can detect local texture variations , but can not integrate the information into a larger picture . The neurological autonomy of the arms means the octopus has great difficulty learning about the detailed effects of its motions . It has a poor proprioceptive sense , and it knows what exact motions were made only by observing the arms visually . Ink sac The ink sac of an octopus is located under the digestive gland . A gland attached to the sac produces the ink , and the sac stores it . The sac is close enough to the funnel for the octopus to shoot out the ink with a water jet . Before it leaves the funnel , the ink passes through glands which mix it with mucus , creating a thick , dark blob which allows the animal to escape from a predator . The main pigment in the ink is melanin , which gives it its black colour . Cirrate octopuses lack the ink sac .",
"8": "Lifecycle Reproduction Adult male Tremoctopus violaceus with hectocotylus Octopuses are gonochoric and have a single , posteriorly - located gonad which is associated with the coelom . The testis in males and the ovary in females bulges into the gonocoel and the gametes are released here . The gonocoel is connected by the gonoduct to the mantle cavity , which it enters at the gonopore . An optic gland creates hormones that cause the octopus to mature and age and stimulate gamete production . The gland may be triggered by environmental conditions such as temperature , light and nutrition , which thus control the timing of reproduction and lifespan . When octopuses reproduce , the male uses a specialised arm called a hectocotylus to transfer spermatophores ( packets of sperm ) from the terminal organ of the reproductive tract ( the cephalopod `` penis '' ) into the female 's mantle cavity . The hectocotylus in benthic octopuses is usually the third right arm , which has a spoon - shaped depression and modified suckers near the tip . In most species , fertilisation occurs in the mantle cavity . The reproduction of octopuses has been studied in only a few species . One such species is the giant Pacific octopus , in which courtship is accompanied , especially in the male , by changes in skin texture and colour . The male may cling to the top or side of the female or position himself beside her . There is some speculation that he may first use his hectocotylus to remove any spermatophore or sperm already present in the female . He picks up a spermatophore from his spermatophoric sac with the hectocotylus , inserts it into the female 's mantle cavity , and deposits it in the correct location for the species , which in the giant Pacific octopus is the opening of the oviduct . Two spermatophores are transferred in this way ; these are about one metre ( yard ) long , and the empty ends may protrude from the female 's mantle . A complex hydraulic mechanism releases the sperm from the spermatophore , and it is stored internally by the female .",
"9": "Female giant Pacific octopus guarding strings of eggs About forty days after mating , the female giant Pacific octopus attaches strings of small fertilised eggs ( 10,000 to 70,000 in total ) to rocks in a crevice or under an overhang . Here she guards and cares for them for about five months ( 160 days ) until they hatch . In colder waters , such as those off of Alaska , it may take as much as 10 months for the eggs to completely develop . The female aerates the eggs and keeps them clean ; if left untended , many eggs will not hatch . She does not feed during this time and dies soon afterwards . Males become senescent and die a few weeks after mating . The eggs have large yolks ; cleavage ( division ) is superficial and a germinal disc develops at the pole . During gastrulation , the margins of this grow down and surround the yolk , forming a yolk sac , which eventually forms part of the gut . The dorsal side of the disc grows upwards and forms the embryo , with a shell gland on its dorsal surface , gills , mantle and eyes . The arms and funnel develop as part of the foot on the ventral side of the disc . The arms later migrate upwards , coming to form a ring around the funnel and mouth . The yolk is gradually absorbed as the embryo develops . Octopus paralarva , a planktonic hatchling Most young octopuses hatch as paralarvae and are planktonic for weeks to months , depending on the species and water temperature . They feed on copepods , arthropod larvae and other zooplankton , eventually settling on the ocean floor and developing directly into adults with no distinct metamorphoses that are present in other groups of mollusc larvae . Octopus species that produce larger eggs -- including the southern blue - ringed , Caribbean reef , California two - spot , Eledone moschata and deep sea octopuses -- do not have a paralarval stage , but hatch as benthic animals similar to the adults . In the argonaut ( paper nautilus ) , the female secretes a fine , fluted , papery shell in which the eggs are deposited and in which she also resides while floating in mid-ocean .",
"10": "In this she broods the young , and it also serves as a buoyancy aid allowing her to adjust her depth . The male argonaut is minute by comparison and has no shell . Lifespan Octopuses have a relatively short life expectancy ; some species live for as little as six months . The giant Pacific octopus , one of the two largest species of octopus , may live for as much as five years . Octopus lifespan is limited by reproduction : males can live for only a few months after mating , and females die shortly after their eggs hatch . Octopus reproductive organs mature due to the hormonal influence of the optic gland but result in the inactivation of their digestive glands , typically causing the octopus to eventually die from starvation . Experimental removal of both optic glands after spawning was found to result in the cessation of broodiness , the resumption of feeding , increased growth , and greatly extended lifespans . Distribution and habitat Octopus cyanea in Kona , Hawaii Octopuses live in every ocean , and different species have adapted to different marine habitats . As juveniles , common octopuses inhabit shallow tide pools . The Hawaiian day octopus ( Octopus cyanea ) lives on coral reefs ; argonauts drift in pelagic waters . Abdopus aculeatus mostly lives in near - shore seagrass beds . Some species are adapted to the cold , ocean depths . The spoon - armed octopus ( Bathypolypus arcticus ) is found in abyssal plains at depths of 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) , and Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis lives near hydrothermal vents at 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) . The cirrate species are often free - swimming and live in deep - water habitats . No species are known to live in fresh water . Behaviour and ecology Most species are solitary when not mating , though a few are known to occur in high densities and with frequent interactions , signaling , mate defending and eviction of individuals from dens . This is likely the result of abundant food supplies combined with limited den sites . Octopuses hide in dens , which are typically crevices in rocky outcrops or other hard structures , though some species burrow into sand or mud .",
"11": "Octopuses are not territorial but generally remain in a home range ; they may leave the area in search of food . They can use navigation skills to return to a den without having to retrace their outward route . They are not known to be migratory . Octopuses bring captured prey back to the den where they can eat it safely . Sometimes the octopus catches more prey than it can eat , and the den is often surrounded by a midden of dead and uneaten food items . Other creatures , such as fish , crabs , molluscs and echinoderms , often share the den with the octopus , either because they have arrived as scavengers , or because they have survived capture . Feeding Veined octopus eating a crab Nearly all octopuses are predatory ; bottom - dwelling octopuses eat mainly crustaceans , polychaete worms , and other molluscs such as whelks and clams ; open - ocean octopuses eat mainly prawns , fish and other cephalopods . Major items in the diet of the giant Pacific octopus include bivalve molluscs such as the cockle Clinocardium nuttallii , clams and scallops , and crustaceans such as crabs and spider crabs . Prey that it is likely to reject include moon snails , because they are too large , and limpets , rock scallops , chitons and abalone , because they are too securely fixed to the rock . A bottom - dwelling octopus typically moves among the rocks and feels through the crevices . The creature may make a jet - propelled pounce on prey and pull it towards the mouth with its arms , the suckers restraining it . Small prey may be completely trapped by the webbed structure . Octopuses usually inject crustaceans like crabs with a paralysing saliva then dismember them with their beaks . Octopuses feed on shelled molluscs either by forcing the valves apart , or by drilling a hole in the shell to inject a nerve toxin . It used to be thought that the hole was drilled by the radula , but it has now been shown that minute teeth at the tip of the salivary papilla are involved , and an enzyme in the toxic saliva is used to dissolve the calcium carbonate of the shell .",
"12": "It takes about three hours for O. vulgaris to create a 0.6 mm ( 0.024 in ) hole . Once the shell is penetrated , the prey dies almost instantaneously , its muscles relax , and the soft tissues are easy for the octopus to remove . Crabs may also be treated in this way ; tough - shelled species are more likely to be drilled , and soft - shelled crabs are torn apart . Some species have other modes of feeding . Grimpoteuthis has a reduced or non-existent radula and swallows prey whole . In the deep - sea genus Stauroteuthis , some of the muscle cells that control the suckers in most species have been replaced with photophores which are believed to fool prey by directing them towards the mouth , making them one of the few bioluminescent octopuses . Locomotion Octopuses swim with their arms trailing behind . Octopuses mainly move about by relatively slow crawling , with some swimming in a head - first position . Jet propulsion , or backwards swimming , is their fastest means of locomotion , followed by swimming and crawling . When in no hurry , they usually crawl on either solid or soft surfaces . Several arms are extended forwards , some of the suckers adhere to the substrate and the animal hauls itself forwards with its powerful arm muscles , while other arms may push rather than pull . As progress is made , other arms move ahead to repeat these actions and the original suckers detach . During crawling , the heart rate nearly doubles , and the animal requires ten or fifteen minutes to recover from relatively minor exercise . Most octopuses swim by expelling a jet of water from the mantle through the siphon into the sea . The physical principle behind this is that the force required to accelerate the water through the orifice produces a reaction that propels the octopus in the opposite direction . The direction of travel depends on the orientation of the siphon . When swimming , the head is at the front and the siphon is pointed backwards , but when jetting , the visceral hump leads , the siphon points towards the head and the arms trail behind , with the animal presenting a fusiform appearance .",
"13": "In an alternative method of swimming , some species flatten themselves dorso - ventrally , and swim with the arms held out sideways , and this may provide lift and be faster than normal swimming . Jetting is used to escape from danger , but is physiologically inefficient , requiring a mantle pressure so high as to stop the heart from beating , resulting in a progressive oxygen deficit . Movements of the finned species Cirroteuthis muelleri Cirrate octopuses can not produce jet propulsion and rely on their fins for swimming . They have neutral buoyancy and drift through the water with the fins extended . They can also contract their arms and surrounding web to make sudden moves known as `` take - offs '' . Another form of locomotion is `` pumping '' , which involves symmetrical contractions of muscles in their webs producing peristaltic waves . This moves the body slowly . In 2005 , Adopus aculeatus and veined octopus ( Amphioctopus marginatus ) were found to walk on two arms , while at the same time mimicking plant matter . This form of locomotion allows these octopuses to move quickly away from a potential predator without being recognised . A study of this behaviour led to the suggestion that the two rearmost appendages may be more accurately termed `` legs '' rather than `` arms '' . Some species of octopus can crawl out of the water briefly , which they may do between tide pools while hunting crustaceans or gastropods or to escape predators . `` Stilt walking '' is used by the veined octopus when carrying stacked coconut shells . The octopus carries the shells underneath it with two arms , and progresses with an ungainly gait supported by its remaining arms held rigid . Intelligence Main article : Cephalopod intelligence Octopus opening a container by unscrewing its cap Octopuses are highly intelligent , but the extent of their intelligence and learning capability are not well defined . Maze and problem - solving experiments have shown evidence of a memory system that can store both short - and long - term memory . It is not known precisely what contribution learning makes to adult octopus behaviour . Young octopuses learn nothing from their parents , as adults provide no parental care beyond tending to their eggs until the young octopuses hatch .",
"14": "In laboratory experiments , octopuses can be readily trained to distinguish between different shapes and patterns . They have been reported to practise observational learning , although the validity of these findings is contested . Octopuses have also been observed in what has been described as play : repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them . Octopuses often break out of their aquariums and sometimes into others in search of food . They have even boarded fishing boats and opened holds to eat crabs . The veined octopus collects discarded coconut shells , then uses them to build a shelter , an example of tool use . Camouflage and colour change Play media Video of Octopus cyanea moving and changing its colour , shape and texture Octopuses use camouflage when hunting , and to avoid predators . To do this they use specialised skin cells which change the appearance of the skin by adjusting its colour , opacity , or reflectivity . Chromatophores contain yellow , orange , red , brown , or black pigments ; most species have three of these colours , while some have two or four . Other colour - changing cells are reflective iridophores and white leucophores . This colour - changing ability is also used to communicate with or warn other octopuses . Octopuses can create distracting patterns with waves of dark coloration across the body , a display known as the `` passing cloud '' . Muscles in the skin change the texture of the mantle to achieve greater camouflage . In some species , the mantle can take on the spiky appearance of algae ; in others , skin anatomy is limited to relatively uniform shades of one colour with limited skin texture . Octopuses that are diurnal and live in shallow water have evolved more complex skin than their nocturnal and deep - sea counterparts . Defence Warning display of greater blue - ringed octopus ( Hapalochlaena lunulata ) Aside from humans , octopuses may be preyed on by fishes , seabirds , sea otters , pinnipeds , cetaceans , and other cephalopods . Octopuses typically hide or disguise themselves by camouflage and mimicry ; some have conspicuous warning coloration ( aposematism ) or deimatic behaviour . An octopus may spend 40 % of its time hidden away in its den .",
"15": "When the octopus is approached , it may extend an arm to investigate . 66 % of Enteroctopus dolfleini in one study had scars , with 50 % having amputated arms . The blue rings of the highly venomous blue - ringed octopus are hidden in muscular skin folds which contract when the animal is threatened , exposing the iridescent warning . The Atlantic white - spotted octopus ( Callistoctopus macropus ) turns bright brownish red with oval white spots all over in a high contrast display . Displays are often reinforced by stretching out the animal 's arms , fins or web to make it look as big and threatening as possible . Once they have been seen by a predator , they commonly try to escape but can also use distraction with an ink cloud ejected from the ink sac . The ink is thought to reduce the efficiency of olfactory organs , which would aid evasion from predators that employ smell for hunting , such as sharks . Ink clouds of some species might act as pseudomorphs , or decoys that the predator attacks instead . When under attack , some octopuses can perform arm autotomy , in a manner similar to the way skinks and other lizards detach their tails . The crawling arm may distract would - be predators . Such severed arms remain sensitive to stimuli and move away from unpleasant sensations . Octopuses can replace lost limbs . Some octopuses , such as the mimic octopus , can combine their highly flexible bodies with their colour - changing ability to mimic other , more dangerous animals , such as lionfish , sea snakes , and eels . Pathogens and parasites The diseases and parasites that affect octopuses have been little studied , but cephalopods are known to be the intermediate or final hosts of various parasitic cestodes , nematodes and copepods ; 150 species of protistan and metazoan parasites have been recognised . The Dicyemidae are a family of tiny worms that are found in the renal appendages of many species ; it is unclear whether they are parasitic or are endosymbionts . Coccidians in the genus Aggregata living in the gut cause severe disease to the host .",
"16": "Octopuses have an innate immune system , and the haemocytes respond to infection by phagocytosis , encapsulation , infiltration or cytotoxic activities to destroy or isolate the pathogens . The haemocytes play an important role in the recognition and elimination of foreign bodies and wound repair . Captive animals have been found to be more susceptible to pathogens than wild ones . A gram - negative bacterium , Vibrio lentus , has been found to cause skin lesions , exposure of muscle and death of octopuses in extreme cases . Evolution Further information : Evolution of cephalopods Fossil History and phylogeny Cephalopods have existed for 500 million years and octopus ancestors were in the Carboniferous seas 300 million years ago . The oldest known octopus fossil is Pohlsepia , which lived 296 million years ago . Researchers have identified impressions of eight arms , two eyes , and possibly an ink sac . Octopuses are mostly soft tissue , and so fossils are relatively rare . Octopuses , squids and cuttlefish belong to the clade Coleoidea . They are known as `` soft - bodied '' cephalopods , lacking the external shell of most molluscs and other cephalopods like the Nautiloids and the extinct Ammonoidea . Octopuses have eight arms like other coleoids but lack the extra specialised feeding appendages known as tentacles which are longer and thinner with suckers only at their club - like ends . The vampire squid ( Vampyroteuthis ) also lacks tentacles but has sensory filaments . Two possible extant cephalopod phylogenies , based on genetics studies by Strugnell et al. 2007 , are shown in the possible cladograms .",
"17": "Cladogram 1 Cephalopods Nautiloids Nautilus Coleoids Octopods Vampyroteuthis Squids and cuttlefish Cladogram 2 Cephalopods Nautiloids Nautilus Coleoids Squids and cuttlefish Vampyroteuthis Octopods Taxonomy The scientific name Octopoda was first coined and given as the order of octopuses in 1818 by English biologist William Elford Leach , who classified them as Octopoida the previous year . The Octopoda consists of around 300 known species and can be divided into two suborders , the Incirrina and the Cirrina . The incirrate octopuses ( the majority of species ) lack the cirri and paired swimming fins of the cirrates . In addition , the internal shell of incirrates is either present as a pair of stylets or absent altogether .",
"18": "Order Octopoda Life restoration of Keuppia levante , an extinct species from the Cretaceous Genus † Keuppia ( incertae sedis ) Genus † Palaeoctopus ( incertae sedis ) Genus † Paleocirroteuthis ( incertae sedis ) Genus † Pohlsepia ( incertae sedis ) Genus † Proteroctopus ( incertae sedis ) Genus † Styletoctopus ( incertae sedis ) Suborder Cirrina : finned deep - sea octopus Family Opisthoteuthidae : umbrella octopus The flapjack octopus ( Opisthoteuthis californiana ) Family Cirroctopodidae Family Cirroteuthidae Family Stauroteuthidae Suborder Incirrina Superfamily Octopodoidea Family Amphitretidae Family Bathypolypodidae Family Eledonidae Family Enteroctopodidae Family Megaleledonidae Taki , 1961 Family Octopodidae Superfamily Argonautoidea Shelled argonaut , Argonauta argo Family Alloposidae : seven - arm octopus Family Argonautidae : argonauts Family Ocythoidae : tuberculate pelagic octopus Family Tremoctopodidae : blanket octopus RNA editing Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater RNA editing ( which involves changes to the nucleic acid sequence of the primary transcript of RNA molecules ) than any other organisms . Editing is concentrated in the nervous system and affects proteins involved in neural excitability and neuronal morphology . More than 60 % of RNA transcripts for coleoid brains are recoded by editing , compared to less than 1 % for a human or fruit fly . Coleoids rely mostly on ADAR enzymes for RNA editing , which requires large double - stranded RNA structures to flank to the editing sites . Both the structures and editing sites are conserved in the coleoid genome and the mutation rates for the sites are severely hampered . Hence , greater transcriptome plasticity has come as the cost of slower genome evolution .",
"19": "High levels of RNA editing do not appear to be present in more basal cephalopods or other molluscs . Relationship to humans Minoan clay vase with octopus decoration , c. 1500 BC Cultural references Ancient seafaring people were aware of the octopus , as evidenced by certain artworks and designs . For example , a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos ( 1900 -- 1100 BC ) has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus . The terrifyingly powerful Gorgon of Greek mythology has been thought to have been inspired by the octopus or squid , the octopus itself representing the severed head of Medusa , the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs , and its tentacles as the snakes . The Kraken are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts of Norway and Greenland , usually portrayed in art as a giant octopus attacking ships . Linnaeus included it in the first edition of his 1735 Systema Naturae . A Hawaiian creation myth says that the present cosmos is the last of a series which arose in stages from the ruins of the previous universe . In this account , the octopus is the lone survivor of the previous , alien universe . The Akkorokamui is a gigantic octopus - like monster from Ainu folklore . The NROL - 39 mission patch , depicting the National Reconnaissance Office as an octopus with a long reach A battle with an octopus plays a significant role in Victor Hugo 's book Travailleurs de la mer ( Toilers of the Sea ) , relating to his time in exile on Guernsey . Ian Fleming 's 1966 short story collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights , and the 1983 James Bond film were partly inspired by Hugo 's book . Japanese erotic art , shunga , includes ukiyo - e woodblock prints such as Katsushika Hokusai 's 1814 print Tako to ama ( The Dream of the Fisherman 's Wife ) , in which an ama diver is sexually intertwined with a large and a small octopus . The print is a forerunner of tentacle erotica . The biologist P.Z.",
"20": "Myers noted in his science blog , Pharyngula , that octopuses appear in `` extraordinary '' graphic illustrations involving women , tentacles , and bare breasts . Since it has numerous arms emanating from a common centre , the octopus is often used as a symbol for a powerful and manipulative organisation , usually negatively . Danger Pen and wash drawing of an imagined colossal octopus attacking a ship , by the malacologist Pierre de Montfort , 1801 Octopuses generally avoid humans , but incidents have been verified . For example , a 2.4 - metre ( 8 ft ) Pacific octopus , said to be nearly perfectly camouflaged , `` lunged '' at a diver and `` wrangled '' over his camera before it let go . Another diver recorded the encounter on video . All species are venomous , but only blue - ringed octopuses have venom that is lethal to humans . Bites are reported each year across the animals ' range from Australia to the eastern Indo - Pacific Ocean . They bite only when provoked or accidentally stepped upon ; bites are small and usually painless . The venom appears to be able to penetrate the skin without a puncture , given prolonged contact . It contains tetrodotoxin , which causes paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles . This causes death by respiratory failure leading to cerebral anoxia . No antidote is known , but if breathing can be kept going artificially , patients recover within 24 hours . Bites have been recorded from captive octopuses of other species ; they leave swellings which disappear in a day or two . Fisheries and cuisine Main article : Octopus as food Octopus fisheries exist around the world with total catches varying between 245,320 and 322,999 metric tons from 1986 to 1995 . The world catch peaked in 2007 at 380,000 tons , and fell by a tenth by 2012 . Methods to capture octopuses include pots , traps , trawls , snares , drift fishing , spearing , hooking and hand collection . Octopus is eaten in many cultures and is a common food on the Mediterranean and Asian coasts . The arms and sometimes other body parts are prepared in various ways , often varying by species or geography .",
"21": "Live octopuses are eaten in several countries around the world , including the US . Animal welfare groups have objected to this practice on the basis that octopuses can experience pain . Octopuses have a food conversion efficiency greater than that of chickens , making octopus aquaculture a possibility . In Science and technology In classical Greece , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) commented on the colour - changing abilities of the octopus , both for camouflage and for signalling , in his Historia animalium : `` The octopus ... seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it ; it does so also when alarmed . '' Aristotle noted that the octopus had a hectocotyl arm and suggested it might be used in sexual reproduction . This claim was widely disbelieved until the 19th century . It was described in 1829 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier , who supposed it to be a parasitic worm , naming it as a new species , Hectocotylus octopodis . Other zoologists thought it a spermatophore ; the German zoologist Heinrich Müller believed it was `` designed '' to detach during copulation . In 1856 the Danish zoologist Japetus Steenstrup demonstrated that it is used to transfer sperm , and only rarely detaches . Octopus in captivity at Aquarium Finisterrae in Corunna , Galicia , Spain . These animals are known to escape from their tanks . Octopuses offer many possibilities in biological research , including their ability to regenerate limbs , change the colour of their skin , behave intelligently with a distributed nervous system , and make use of 168 kinds of protocadherins ( humans have 58 ) , the proteins that guide the connections neurons make with each other . The California two - spot octopus has had its genome sequenced , allowing exploration of its molecular adaptations . Having independently evolved mammal - like intelligence , octopuses have been compared to hypothetical intelligent extraterrestrials . Their problem - solving skills , along with their mobility and lack of rigid structure enable them to escape from supposedly secure tanks in laboratories and public aquariums .",
"22": "Due to their intelligence , octopuses are listed in some countries as experimental animals on which surgery may not be performed without anesthesia , a protection usually extended only to vertebrates . In the UK from 1993 to 2012 , the common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) was the only invertebrate protected under the Animals ( Scientific Procedures ) Act 1986 . In 2012 , this legislation was extended to include all cephalopods in accordance with a general EU directive . Some robotics research is exploring biomimicry of octopus features . Octopus arms can move and sense largely autonomously without intervention from the animal 's central nervous system . In 2015 a team in Italy built soft - bodied robots able to crawl and swim , requiring only minimal computation . In 2017 a German company made an arm with a soft pneumatically controlled silicone gripper fitted with two rows of suckers . It is able to grasp objects such as a metal tube , a magazine , or a ball , and to fill a glass by pouring water from a bottle . References Jump up ^ `` ITIS Report : Octopoda Leach , 1818 '' . Itis.gov. 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coleoidea -- Recent cephalopods '' . Mikko 's Phylogeny Archive . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Octopus '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . `` ὀκτώπους '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . `` ὀκτά - πούς '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Clarendon Press .",
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"33": "Jump up ^ `` Coconut shelter : evidence of tool use by octopuses '' . EduTube Educational Videos . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Nadia . `` Tales from the Cryptic : The Common Atlantic Octopus '' . Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Centre . Retrieved 27 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Mather , Anderson & Wood ( 2010 ) , pp. 90 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Crowfoot , Thomas . `` Octopuses and Relatives : Predators and Defenses '' . A Snail 's Odyssey . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Mäthger , L.M. ; Bell , G.R. ; Kuzirian , A.M. ; Allen , J.J. ; Hanlon , R.T. ( 2012 ) . `` How does the blue - ringed octopus ( Hapalochlaena lunulata ) flash its blue rings ? '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 215 ( 21 ) : 3752 -- 3757 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 076869 . Jump up ^ Wigton , Rachel ; Wood , James B. `` Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda '' . Grass octopus ( Octopus macropus ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , R.T. ; Messenger , J.B. ( 1998 ) . Cephalopod Behaviour . Cambridge University Press . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64583 - 6 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , R.L. ( 2005 ) . `` An Observation of Inking Behavior Protecting Adult Octopus bocki from Predation by Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) Hatchlings '' . Pacific Science . 59 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 72 . doi : 10.1353 / psc. 2005.0004 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Katherine ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Even Severed Octopus Arms Have Smart Moves '' . Octopus Chronicles .",
"34": "Scientific American . Jump up ^ Mather , Anderson & Wood ( 2010 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Norman , M.D. ; Finn , J. ; Tregenza , T. ( 2001 ) . `` Dynamic mimicry in an Indo - Malayan octopus '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society . 268 ( 1478 ) : 1755 -- 8 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2001.1708 . PMC 1088805 . PMID 11522192 . Jump up ^ Norman , M.D. ( 2005 ) . `` The ' Mimic Octopus ' ( Thaumoctopus mimicus n . gen. et sp . ) , a new octopus from the tropical Indo - West Pacific ( Cephalopoda : Octopodidae ) '' . Molluscan Research . 25 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Pascal , Santiago ; Gestal , Camino ; Estevez , J. ; Arias , Christian Andrés ( 1996 ) . `` Parasites in commercially - exploited cephalopods ( Mollusca , Cephalopoda ) in Spain : An updated perspective '' . Aquaculture. 142 : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / 0044 - 8486 ( 96 ) 01254 - 9 . Jump up ^ Furuya , Hidetaka ; Tsuneki , Kazuhiko ( 2003 ) . `` Biology of Dicyemid Mesozoans '' . Zoological Science . 20 ( 5 ) : 519 -- 532 . doi : 10.2108 / zsj. 20.519 . PMID 12777824 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Castellanos - Martínez , Sheila ; Gestal , Camino ( 2013 ) . `` Pathogens and immune response of cephalopods '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 447 : 14 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2013.02. 007 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Farto , R. ; Armada , S.P. ; Montes , M. ; Guisande , J.A. ; Pérez , M.J. ; Nieto , T.P. ( 2003 ) . `` Vibrio lentus associated with diseased wild octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) '' . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 83 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 156 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2011 ( 03 ) 00067 - 3 . Jump up ^ Courage ( 2013 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda '' . The Cephalopod Group . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , R.E. ; Vecchione , M. ; Mangold , K.M. ( 1999 ) . `` Cephalopoda Glossary '' . Tree of Life web project . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Octopuses & Squids '' . Vancouver Aquarium . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Norman , M. ( 2000 ) . Cephalopods : A World Guide . ConchBooks . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 925919 - 32 - 9 . Jump up ^ Seibel , B. `` Vampyroteuthis infernalis , Deep - sea Vampire squid '' . The Cephalopod Page . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Strugnell , J. ; Nishiguchi , M.K. ( 2007 ) . `` Molecular phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods ( Mollusca : Cephalopoda ) inferred from three mitochondrial and six nuclear loci : a comparison of alignment , implied alignment and analysis methods '' . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 73 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 410 . doi : 10.1093 / mollus / eym038 . Jump up ^ Gofas , S. ( 2009 ) .",
"36": "`` Octopoda '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mather , Anderson & Wood ( 2010 ) , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , D. ; Ifrim , C. ; Stinnesbeck , W. ( 2008 ) . `` A new Palaeoctopus ( Cephalopoda : Coleoidea ) from the Late Cretaceous of Vallecillo , north - eastern Mexico , and implications for the evolution of Octopoda '' . 51 ( 5 ) . Palaeontology : 1129 -- 1139 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2008. 00797. x . Jump up ^ Philippe Bouchet ( 2015 ) . `` Octopodoidea d'Orbigny , 1840 '' . World Register of Marine Species . Flanders Marine Institute . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Courage ( 2013 ) , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Liscovitch - Brauer , N. ; Alon , S. ; Porath , H.T. ; Elstein , B. ; Unger , R. ; Ziv , T. ; Admon , A. ; Levanon , E.Y. ; Rosenthal , J.J.C. ; Eisenberg , E. ( 2017 ) . `` Trade - off between transcriptome plasticity and genome evolution in cephalopods '' . Cell. 169 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 202 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2017.03. 025 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 22 December 2007 ) . `` Knossos fieldnotes '' . The Modern Antiquarian . Jump up ^ Wilk , Stephen R. ( 2000 ) . Medusa : Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 988773 - X . Jump up ^ `` Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae sistens regna tria naturae '' . google.com .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Smedley , Edward ; Rose , Hugh James ; Rose , Henry John ( 1845 ) . Encyclopaedia Metropolitana , Or , Universal Dictionary of Knowledge : Comprising the Twofold Advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement , with Appropriate Engravings . B. Fellowes . pp. 255 -- . Jump up ^ Dixon , Roland Burrage ( 1916 ) . Oceanic . The Mythology of All Races. 9 . Marshall Jones Company . pp. 2 -- . Jump up ^ Batchelor , John ( 1901 ) . The Ainu and Their Folklore . London : The Religious Tract Society . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Octopus '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Cohen - Vrignaud , Gerard ( 2012 ) . `` On Octopussies , or the Anatomy of Female Power '' . differences . 23 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 61 . doi : 10.1215 / 10407391 - 1533520 . Jump up ^ Fritze , Sointu ; Suojoki , Saara ( 2000 ) . Forbidden Images : Erotic Art from Japan 's Edo Period ( in Finnish ) . Helsingin kaupungin taidemuseo . pp. 23 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 8965 - 54 - 4 . Jump up ^ Uhlenbeck , Chris ; Margarita Winkel ; Ellis Tinios ; Amy Reigle Newland ( 2005 ) . Japanese Erotic Fantasies : Sexual Imagery of the Edo Period . Hotei . p. 161 . ISBN 90 - 74822 - 66 - 5 . Jump up ^ Briel , Holger ( 2010 ) . Berninger , Mark ; Ecke , Jochen ; Haberkorn , Gideon , eds . The Roving Eye Meets Traveling Pictures : The Field of Vision and the Global Rise of Adult Manga .",
"38": "Comics As a Nexus of Cultures : Essays on the Interplay of Media , Disciplines . McFarland . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3987 - 4 . Jump up ^ Myers , P.Z. ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Extraordinary Octopus Illustrations '' . Pharyngula . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , P.Z. ( 29 October 2006 ) . `` Definitely not safe for work '' . Pharyngula . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , S. ( 26 February 2010 ) . `` Why Mark Zuckerberg Octopus Cartoon Evokes ' Nazi Propaganda , ' German Paper Apologizes '' . iMediaEthics . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Philip ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` 8 - Foot Octopus Wrestles Diver Off California Coast , Rare Encounter Caught on Camera '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Tentacles of venom : new study reveals all octopuses are venomous '' . University of Melbourne . 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blue - ringed Octopuses , Hapalochlaena maculosa '' . The MarineBio Conservation Society . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Roy . `` What makes blue - rings so deadly ? Blue - ringed octopus have tetrodotoxin '' . The Cephalopod Page . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells ( 1978 ) , pp. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , G.E. ; Parker , G. ; Morrison , J. ( 1998 ) . `` A Review of Octopus Fisheries Biology and British Columbia Octopus Fisheries '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat . Jump up ^ Rocliffe , S. ; Harris , A. ( 2016 ) . `` The status of octopus fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean '' . Retrieved 18 June 2017 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Cushman , Abi ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` Common octopus '' . Animal fact guide . Jump up ^ `` Giant Pacific octopus '' . Monterey Bay Aquarium. 2017 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , L. ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` Live and let dine '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Killingsworth , Silvia ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Why not eat octopus ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , M. ( 30 May 2010 ) . `` Macho foodies in New York develop a taste for notoriety '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells , Martin ( 1983 ) . `` Cephalopods do it differently '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 100 ( 1382 ) : 333 -- 334 . ISSN 0262 - 4079 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( c. 350 BC ) . Historia animalium . IX , 622a : 2 -- 10 . Cited in Borrelli , Luciana ; Gherardi , Francesca ; Fiorito , Graziano ( 2006 ) . A catalogue of body patterning in Cephalopoda . Firenze University Press . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 377 - 7 . Abstract Jump up ^ Leroi , Armand Marie ( 2014 ) . The Lagoon : How Aristotle Invented Science . Bloomsbury . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 3622 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Cephalopoda '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mann , T. ( 2012 ) . Spermatophores : Development , Structure , Biochemical Attributes and Role in the Transfer of Spermatozoa . Springer . p. 28 .",
"40": "ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 82308 - 4 . Jump up ^ Singer , Emily ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Biologists Search for New Model Organisms '' . Quanta Magazine . Jump up ^ Baer , Drake ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` Octopuses Are ' the Closest We Will Come to Meeting an Intelligent Alien ' '' . Science of Us . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Brulliard , Karin ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Octopus slips out of aquarium tank , crawls across floor , escapes down pipe to ocean '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals ( Scientific Procedures ) Act ( Amendment ) Order 1993 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals ( Scientific Procedures ) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations 2012 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2010 / 63 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council '' . Article 1 , 3 ( b ) ( see page 276 / 39 ) : Official Journal of the European Union . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Octopus - Inspired Robots Can Grasp , Crawl , and Swim '' . IEEE Spectrum. 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Matt ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` This robotic octopus tentacle is n't creepy at all '' . Wired . Sources Wells , M.J. ( 1978 ) . Octopus , Physiology and Behaviour of an Advanced Invertebrate . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 2470 - 8 . Courage , K.H. ( 2013 ) . Octopus ! , The Most Mysterious Creature in the Sea . Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 698 - 13767 - 7 . Mather , J.A. ; Anderson , R.C. ; Wood , J.B. ( 2010 ) .",
"41": "Octopus : The Ocean 's Intelligent Invertebrate . Timber Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60469 - 067 - 5 . External links The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Octopoda Octopuses -- Overview at the Encyclopedia of Life Octopoda at the Tree of Life Web Project Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Saury Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Sprat european Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Alaska pollock Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Rockfish Smelt - whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more . Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp more . Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more . Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more . Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Gilt - head bream Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Commercial species Fishing topics Fisheries glossary Commercial mollusks Marine gastropods Abalone Periwinkle Whelk Buccinum",
"42": "undatum Bullacta exarata Land and freshwater gastropods Helix pomatia Helix aspersa Helix aperta Cepaea nemoralis Otala lactea Escargot Free - swimming marine bivalves Scallop Queen scallop Pecten maximus Pecten jacobaeus Argopecten irradians Placopecten magellanicus Infaunal bivalves Clam Atlantic surf clam Soft - shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria Austrovenus stutchburyi Saxidomus nuttalli Arctica islandica Cockle Geoduck Spisula solidissima Paphies ventricosa Paphies australis Tuatua Ruditapes largillierti Grooved carpet shell Sessile bivalves Oyster Mussel Pearl oyster Pinctada maxima Freshwater bivalves Freshwater pearl mussel Cephalopods Octopus Squid Techniques Heliciculture Gathering by hand Clam digging Dredging Oyster farming Oyster boats Pearl farming Pearl diving Ama divers Trawling List of fishing topics by subject Edible mollusks Bivalves Clams Atlantic jackknife Atlantic surf Geoduck Grooved carpet shell Hard clam Horse Mactra stultorum Blunt gaper Ocean quahog Pacific razor Venus California butterclam Senilia senilis Smooth clam Soft - shell Triangle shell",
"43": "Tuatua Japanese littleneck Razor clam Pod razor Ensis ( razor genus ) Paphies Cockles Common Blood Goolwa New Zealand Sydney Mussels Blue Mediterranean New Zealand green - lipped California Brown Asian / Philippine green Date Mytilidae ( mussel family ) Oysters Auckland Eastern Olympia Southern mud Colchester native Pacific Portuguese Windowpane Rock Sydney rock Ostra chilena / Bluff Gillardeau oysters Crassostrea ( `` true oyster '' genus ) Scallops Atlantic bay Great / king New Zealand Pecten jacobaeus Peruvian calico Yesso Placopecten magellanicus Gastropods Abalone White Red Black Green Pink Blacklip Greenlip Green ormer Pāua ( group of three species ) South African abalone Chilean Conches Queen Elegant Dog Limpets Black - foot opihi / Hawaiian Turtle / talc Yellow - foot opihi China Common European Rayed Mediterranean Ribbed Mediterranean Rustic Periwinkles Common Banded Littorina sitkana Whelks Common Kellet 's Knobbed Lightning Channeled Other snails Sea Mud - flat Korean mud Chorus giganteus Land Cornu aspersum Helix lucorum Helix",
"44": "pomatia Freshwater Nerites Inkfish Cuttlefish Spineless Bottletail Octopus Common Atlantic white - spotted Big blue Pacific giant Southern red Mimic Amphioctopus fangsiao Squid New Zealand arrow Japanese flying Humboldt Neon flying Chitons Chiton magnificus Acanthopleura granulata Related topics Oyster farming Land snail farming Gastropod anatomy Bivalve anatomy Taxon identifiers Wd : Q40152 ADW : Octopoda EoL : 2315 Fossilworks : 61473 GBIF : 459 IRMNG : 11705 ITIS : 82589 NCBI : 6638 NZOR : 95190945 - 22e3 - 473b - 9072 - c303dd315db1 uBio : 513337 WoRMS : 11718 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octopus&oldid=838414773 '' Categories : Octopuses Animals that can change color Commercial molluscs Edible cephalopods Tool - using animals Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Featured articles Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from May 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing video clips Talk",
"45": "View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски",
"46": "മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nouormand ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $700.3 million It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa .",
"1": "It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and grossed $700 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film and the third highest - grossing R - rated film of all - time ( after Deadpool and The Matrix Reloaded ) . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , with many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry , and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it Georgie sees a clown in the sewer , who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stan Uris ) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang .",
"2": "Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries . He is targeted by Bowers ' gang for being fat , after which he flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise while searching the sewers for Ben . Beverly Marsh , a girl ostracized over rumors of promiscuity , also joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends homeschool student Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include a menacing clown , a headless boy , a fountain of blood , a diseased and rotting man , a creepy painting come to life , Mike 's parents burning alive , and a phantom Georgie . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to a well currently under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter the group begins to splinter , with only Bill and Beverly resolute in fighting It . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her sexually abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her .",
"3": "Henry Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Bowers down the well to his apparent death . The Losers descend into the sewers and find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he 's Pennywise in disguise . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . The Losers reject this and reaffirm their friendship , overcoming their various fears . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and he retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finally accepts his brother 's death and is comforted by his friends . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting the creature as adults . The Losers create a blood oath by cutting each other 's hands and forming a circle , swearing to return to Derry in adulthood if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group part ways . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . As she leaves , Bill runs up to her and they kiss . Cast Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production .",
"4": "Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . ''",
"5": "Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father .",
"6": "On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly over false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as she is being abused physically and sexually by her father . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . ''",
"7": "Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the main cast . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On casting Wolfhard as Richie Tozier , Muschietti wanted an actor who not only matched the physical description , but also embodied the character as `` ( S ) ome of the characters of the Losers ' Club are very , very particular and very specific and , for me , you ca n't play Richie Tozier if you 're not Richie Tozier . So , for me that was probably the character where I said , ' Man , I have to find Richie Tozier in real life . ' ( ... ) then along came Finn ( Wolfhard ) , and I immediately realized this kid had a burning need inside to express himself and be funny and when I saw him , I said , ' Yeah , that 's him . ' '' As for the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense number of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider .",
"8": "Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of older teenage thugs attending Derry High School , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command . Additionally , It 's other forms include ; Javier Botet as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; and Tatum Lee as Judith , a disturbing woman from an abstract painting that haunts Stan .",
"9": "Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Molly Atkinson appears as Sonia Kaspbrak , the overprotective mother of Eddie Kaspbrak ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Joe Bostick and Megan Charpentier appear as Mr. Keene and Gretta Keene , the pharmacist at Derry and his daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule , respectively . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay .",
"10": "Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall .",
"11": "On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film .",
"12": "It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist .",
"13": "Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor .",
"14": "Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hockstetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 1980s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids .",
"15": "But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . ''",
"16": "Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach .",
"17": "I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , and numerous shops had their frontage changed . A statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman and Lethal Weapon 2 , confirming the film 's 1989 setting .",
"18": "On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets .",
"19": "Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . A portrait of Francis , Duke of Anjou , by Nicholas Hilliard . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour .",
"20": "She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . ''",
"21": "While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music The film 's score was composed by British composer , Benjamin Wallfisch . A soundtrack album was released in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 .",
"22": "`` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Home Media The film was released on digital download on December 19 , 2017 , and was released on 4K , Blu - ray and DVD on January 9 , 2018 . Marketing This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy .",
"23": "( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it .",
"24": "Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon .",
"25": "Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer was viewed 197 million times in the first 24 hours after it was released , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . ''",
"26": "Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office It has grossed $327.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $372.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $700.3 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million .",
"27": "The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office .",
"28": "Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 288 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM !",
"29": "! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Acting Ensemble It Nominated Best Youth Performance Sophia Lillis Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga , Gary Dauberman and Stephen King Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Poster It Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Horror Movie It Nominated Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned a second film , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . ''",
"30": "Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with Gary Dauberman writing the script . Later in December 2017 , Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to Georgie Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmovie.com/movie/it-v638977 ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros Editors ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IGN Editors ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT DIRECTOR CARY FUKUNAGA SEEKS THE `` PERFECT '' PENNYWISE FOR REMAKE `` . IGN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 .",
"31": "CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` IT REMAKE HAS A RATING , PLANS FOR A SEQUEL '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Just As Glorious And Terrifying As You Feared '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Casts Hollywood Legacy as Pennywise the Clown '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King has an ' It ' remake update for you '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Production with One Last Creepy Photo '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Courtney ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mansion in Riverdale sets the scene for horror film ' It ' '' . CTV Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Northumberland News Editor ( May 31 , 2016 ) .",
"32": "`` Port Hope eyed for remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Burnham , Emily ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Crew from new adaptation of Stephen King 's `` It '' in Bangor to scope out potential filming locations `` . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT 's first trailer introduces terrifying new version of Stephen King 's clown Pennywise '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` First ' It ' Movie Trailer Unleashes Pennywise '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calfas , Jennifer . `` ' It ' Shatters Box Office Records With Massive Opening Weekend '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It scares off The Exorcist to become highest - grossing horror ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Launches With $50 M Overseas ; ' It ' Tops $600 M WW ; ' Despicable 3 ' Hops Past ' Zootopia ' -- Intl Box Office '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 25 , 2017 ) .",
"33": "`` ' It ' Sequel Gets September 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Remake to Star ' Midnight Special 's ' Jaeden Lieberher '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ledford , Jon ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It finds its Pennywise '' . Looper . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charnel House Editors ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` IT Character Profiles '' . Charnel House . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT : DIRECTOR TALKS R - RATING & NEW STILLS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Interview with Ty Simpkins '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The It Movie Just Cast A Key Member of the Losers Club '' . CINEMABLEND . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Reboot Taps ' Hemlock Grove ' Star Bill Skarsgard to Play Pennywise the Clown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 .",
"34": "Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Finds Its Pennywise the Clown ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It in final talks with Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellen , Tom ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Ellen 's Empire Interview -- IT with Andrés Muschietti '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Two - part remake of Stephen King 's It will finally go into production this year , gets R rating '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Reboot of Stephen King 's It Finds Its Pennywise ... Again '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kee ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` RICHARD ARMITAGE BLOWS HIS COVER '' . Anthem Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` New version of Stephen King 's It finds its younger , hipper Pennywise '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` It ' : Here 's Who 's Testing For the Role of Pennywise ! ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Has Found Its Pennywise the Clown '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walkuski , Eric ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` IT SET VISIT : TILDA SWINTON COULD HAVE BEEN PENNYWISE , AND MORE FUN FACTS ! '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Has Found Its Pennywise the Clown '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Skarsgård is the new Pennywise in Stephen King It adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ivie , Devon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wow , the First Photo of Pennywise the Clown From It 's Film Adaptation Is So Cute and Cuddly , You Guys '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look Teases Bill Skarsgård 's Pennywise the Dancing Clown With New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 13 , 2016 ) .",
"36": "`` ' It ' : Here 's Your First Look at Pennywise ! ! ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look at Pennywise the Clown From Stephen King 's IT Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It : first image of the new Pennywise '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beach , Tracy ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake -- First Look '' . FrightFind . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` It movie exclusive : Pennywise the Clown seen in terrifying first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Producer Dan Lin Says the Remake Is Like ' Stranger Things ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` IT : Pennywise lurks below in new photo from Stephen King 's thriller '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Pennywise Hits the Sewer in a Chilling New Photo '' . IndieWire .",
"37": "Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST STEPHEN KING 'S IT IMAGE SHOWS PENNYWISE BEING HORRIFYING '' . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : New Image Released along with Details from Director Andrés Muschietti '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Remake Offers Up Creepy First Look at Bill Skarsgard 's Pennywise ( Photo ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` IT DIRECTOR ANDRES MUSCHIETTI TALKS BILL SKARSGARD 'S TERRIFYING PENNYWISE '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Bill Skarsgard Was Cast as Pennywise in ' IT ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The List Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . The List . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Barton , Steve ( July 14 , 2017 ) .",
"38": "`` Stephen King 's IT : Andy Muschietti and Barbara Muschietti Talk Hard R Rating '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It finds a new Pennywise in Bill Skarsgard '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moreno , EJ ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andres Muschietti Talks The Film 's Hard `` R '' - Rating `` . Monkeys Fighting Robots . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophia Lillis Joins New Line 's ' It ' Remake ; Aunjanue Ellis Sign on To Christine Crokos ' ' Pimp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It Director Andy Muschietti Vows To Deliver A No Holds Barred Adaptation Of The King Classic '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : T. Collins , Sean ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Encounter With Pennywise , Remake Details '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT -- First Photo of the New Losers Club ! '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` First look at the Loser 's Club from Stephen King adaptation It '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 .",
"39": "Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the New Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Is Responsible for ' Stranger Things ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Michael ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Rules : Andy and Barbara Muschietti Talk About It , Sequel Ideas , Pet Sematary , and The Jaunt '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' IT '' Director Talks Freedom Of An R - Rating `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' It ' stars had their ' favorite summer ever ' with Pennywise the clown ( really ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Terrifying Vision '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' : 40 + Things to Know About the Terrifying Stephen King Adaptation '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ONE IT STAR COULDN 'T STOP LAUGHING THE FIRST TIME THEY MET PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfull , Jonathan ( June 22 , 2016 ) .",
"40": "`` Stephen King 's It remake first look at the Losers ' Club '' . SciFiNow . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Pennywise Comes After Nicholas Hamilton '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClendon , Lamarco ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton on Filming Stephen King 's ' It ' Remake '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Paper Boat '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Geek , Den ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It : Filming Update , Release Date , Cast , Photos & More '' . Den of Geek ! . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bloodline ' Actor Joins Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keane , Stuart ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Casts Another Key Child Role , And This One Hardly Featured in the Original '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snicks ( June 20 , 2016 ) .",
"41": "`` Film Version of Stephen King 's `` It '' Will Retain Novel 's Creepy Homoerotic Storyline `` . NewNowNext . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Barbara Muschietti , producer of film based on Stephen King 's novel ' It ' , talks about experience in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How to Write a Novel Editors ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It '' . How to Write a Novel . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` IT Characters List '' . Stephen King . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It Movie Adaptation Has Begun Production '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon , Charles ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Stephen King 's IT scares off film - makers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Owen ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It -- everything you need to know '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( August 24 , 2016 ) .",
"42": "`` TATUM LEE TO PLAY A HORRIFYING CREATION IN THE IT REMAKE '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Jancy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's The Full Cast List for the New ' IT ' Movie '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McGloin , Matt ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King `` It '' Movie Wraps `` . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Daniel ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Might ' It : Part 2 ' Be Filming Sooner Than Expected ? '' . Cinema Runner . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Teaser Trailer : Pennywise Creeps Back Into Our Lives '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Opie , David ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` It 's coming , as Hollywood plans Stephen King adaptation '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dionne , Zach ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ' IT ' REMAKE : STEPHEN KING 'S PENNYWISE IS BACK '' . Fuse . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Warner Bros Remaking Stephen King 's It '' . / Film .",
"43": "Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schrader , Chris ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Updates on the ' Pet Sematary ' and ' It ' Remakes '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Getting Two - Film Adaptation by ' Jane Eyre ' Director '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Explains the Demise of His Unconventional ' IT ' Adaptation '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Warner Bros. taps Kajganich for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lilja 's Library Editor ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` David Kajganich -- Interview '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Screenwriter Gives Update on Big Screen Adaptation of Stephen King 's It '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castina ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Stephen King 's `` It '' Bound For Big Screen `` . PopCrunch .",
"44": "Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : More on the IT Remake ! Rated R ? '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Remake of Stephen King 's It will be Rated - R and Set in the Mid-1980s '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Niki ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` SCREENWRITER DAVID KAJGANICH GIVES AN UPDATE ON STEPHEN KING 'S IT '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Early Details on the IT Remake '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Director Cary Fukunaga Talks TRUE DETECTIVE , Making an 8 - Hour Film , Future Seasons , BEASTS OF NO NATION , Modernizing Horror with IT , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Be Adapted by Cary Fukunaga into Two Films ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Will Shoot Next Summer '' .",
"45": "Coming Soon . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Will Shoot Stephen King 's It Next Summer '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake put on indefinite hold as director Cary Fukunaga walks out '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga on Adapting It , His Musical With Owen Pallett , and # TrueDetectiveSeason2 '' . Slate . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Director Seeks `` Perfect Pennywise '' Clown `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga opens up about IT departure -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` The remake of IT may be dead '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sky News Editors , Justin ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` It Remake ' Dead ' As Director Walks Away '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` IT Emphasizes Pennywise 's Most Terrifying Virtue '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ White , James ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mama 's Andrés Muschietti in Negotiations To Direct It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayorga , Emilio ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Muschiettis to Produce Supernatural Thriller ' Shadows ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) .",
"48": "`` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 .",
"49": "Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) .",
"50": "`` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) .",
"51": "`` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 .",
"52": "Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 .",
"53": "Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 .",
"54": "Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 .",
"55": "Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 .",
"56": "Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) .",
"57": "`` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Blu - ray Will Contain 11 Deleted and Extended Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) .",
"59": "`` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions .",
"60": "Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) .",
"61": "`` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) .",
"62": "`` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) .",
"63": "`` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly .",
"64": "Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone .",
"65": "Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) .",
"66": "`` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' .",
"67": "Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times .",
"68": "Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards : ' Get Out ' Is In with D.C. Film Critics '' ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 .",
"69": "Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darling , Cary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 .",
"70": "Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Are You Afraid Of The Dark ? Movie Gets October 2019 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective",
"71": "( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering (",
"72": "1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Runaway ( 2018 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) It It ( 2017 ) It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry ,",
"73": "Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back . Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back . for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr.",
"74": "Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=821745893 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros.",
"75": "films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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suffix applied to the end of the name of enzymes
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{
"0": "- Ase - wikipedia - Ase Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up - ase in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The suffix - ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes . The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate , e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase ; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase . Sometimes enzymes are named for the function they perform , rather than substrate , e.g. the enzyme that polymerizes ( assembles ) DNA into strands is called polymerase ; see also reverse transcriptase . The commonly used - ase suffix for naming enzymes was derived from the name diastase .",
"1": "See also ( edit ) Amylase DNA polymerase Organic chemistry affixes Carbon - based - ane ( alkane ) - ene ( alkene ) - ine ( unsaturated hydrocarbon ) - yne ( alkyne ) alk - ( saturated hydrocarbon ) ar - ( aromatic ) cyclo - ( cyclic ) Oxygen - based - al ( aldehyde ) - oate ( ester ) - oic acid ( carboxylic acid ) - ol ( alcohol ) - one ( ketone ) - ose ( sugar ) Nitrogen - based - ine ( alkaloid ) aza - ( N replaces C ) Sulfur - based thio - ( S replaces O ) Counting axial atoms meth - ( 1 ) eth - ( 2 ) prop - ( 3 ) but - ( 4 ) ( and the rest are ordinary Greek / Latin prefixes ) Other - ase ( enzyme ) - yl ( radical ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=-ase&oldid=741836454 '' Categories : Chemistry suffixes Biological nomenclature Greek suffixes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2016 , at 23 : 44 . About Wikipedia",
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who plays caesar planet of the apes 2014
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[
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{
"0": "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring Andy Serkis Jason Clarke Gary Oldman Keri Russell Toby Kebbell Kodi Smit - McPhee Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) ( Palace of Fine Arts ) July 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $235 million ( gross ) $208.6 million ( net ) Box office $710.6 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver . It stars Andy Serkis , Jason Clarke , Gary Oldman , Keri Russell , Toby Kebbell and Kodi Smit - McPhee . It is the sequel to the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which began 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the original Planet of the Apes series . Dawn is set ten years after the events of Rise , and follows a group of people in San Francisco who struggle to stay alive in the aftermath of a plague that is wiping out humanity , while Caesar tries to maintain dominance over his community of intelligent apes . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on July 11 , 2014 and was met with highly positive reviews , with critics praising its visual effects , story , direction , acting , musical score , action and emotional depth .",
"1": "It was also a box office success , grossing over $710 million worldwide , and making it the eighth highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards , including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director for Reeves , and Best Supporting Actor for Serkis . A third installment , titled War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Home media 6.4 Accolades 7 Third film 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Ten years after the pandemic of the deadly ALZ - 113 virus , later called Simian Flu , the worldwide human population was drastically reduced , with only about one in five hundred genetically immune to the virus . Meanwhile , the apes , under the chimpanzee Caesar , all bestowed with genetically enhanced intelligence by the virus , have long established a colony in the Muir Woods near San Francisco . One day , a group of humans led by a man named Malcolm enter the apes ' territory from San Francisco in search of a hydroelectric dam that would restore power to the city . An encounter by Caesar 's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash leads to the latter 's injury by a man named Carver . Malcolm manages to prevent further escalation while Caesar orders the humans to leave . Prompted by Koba , a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for his mistreatment as a test subject , Caesar brings his army to the humans ' community at an unfinished tower as a display of strength . Caesar announces his intent to fight the humans if forced to while demanding the humans to stay in their territory .",
"2": "Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him time to take a small team to the forest and reconcile with the apes so they can access the dam . He meets with Caesar , who allows them to work on the generator on the condition that they surrender their guns . As Malcolm , his wife Ellie , and son Alexander work , they bond with the apes . The fragile bonding is greatly helped when Ellie , a nurse , effectively treats Cornelia 's illness . Meanwhile , Dreyfus arms his community using the Fort Point armory . Koba discovers the armory and confronts Caesar of this , but accuses him of loving humans more than apes . Caesar beats Koba in response but refrains from killing him . Koba later returns to the armory and takes an assault rifle , killing two guards and then Carver as the humans succeed in repairing the generator and restoring power to the city . Koba takes advantage of their celebration to covertly set fire to the apes ' home . He then shoots Caesar , who falls into the underbrush below , and frames the humans for Caesar 's apparent death in order to wage war . Koba quickly takes command and leads the apes into San Francisco , where they plunder the armory and mount an assault on the tower . The apes breach the building and imprison the humans as Dreyfus flees underground . When Ash refuses Koba 's orders to kill unarmed humans , citing Caesar 's teachings , Koba throws the ape to his death and has any other ape loyal to Caesar imprisoned . Malcolm 's family finds Caesar barely alive and transports him to his former house in San Francisco . Caesar reveals that Koba shot him and confesses that apes can be as corrupt and violent as humans . When Malcolm sneaks into the settlement to find medical supplies for Caesar , he encounters Blue Eyes , who spares him before learning that his father is still alive and that it was Koba who shot him , not the humans . After reconciling with Caesar , Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the imprisoned humans and apes . Malcolm escorts the apes into the tower , and then finds Dreyfus . He learns that the return of electricity allowed Dreyfus ' men to make radio contact with survivors at a military base , who are now coming to fight the apes .",
"3": "Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower ; as they fight , Dreyfus detonates C - 4 charges that destabilize the tower in a failed attempt to kill the apes , at the cost of his own life . Koba starts shooting at the apes , but Caesar tackles him off a ledge . While clinging on a metal girder , Koba is rejected as an ape by Caesar and dropped to his death . Malcolm and Caesar acknowledge their friendship , with Malcolm warning of the approaching human military . Caesar responds that the humans will never forgive the apes for their attack and convinces Malcolm to leave with his family . He then stands before a kneeling mass of apes , preparing for war . Cast ( edit ) Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell and Andy Serkis Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee and the leader of the evolved ape tribe Toby Kebbell as Koba , a scarred bonobo and Caesar 's treacherous lieutenant ; previously played by Christopher Gordon in Rise Judy Greer as Cornelia , a common chimpanzee and Caesar 's wife , mother of Blue Eyes and a newborn son ; previously played by Devyn Dalton in Rise Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee and Caesar 's former rival and enemy turned friend Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan and Caesar 's friend and advisor Nick Thurston as Blue Eyes , a common chimpanzee and Caesar and Cornelia 's first son Doc Shaw as Ash , a common chimpanzee , son of Rocket , also Blue Eyes ' best friend Lee Ross as Grey , a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba , who perishes during Koba 's attack on the human city . Richard King as Stone , a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba , who after Koba 's death , goes on to follow Caesar .",
"4": "Humans ( edit ) Jason Clarke as Malcolm , the leader of the small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar and the other apes Gary Oldman as Dreyfus , the leader of the remaining human survivors Keri Russell as Ellie , a former nurse at the CDC , and Malcolm 's wife Kodi Smit - McPhee as Alexander , Malcolm 's son from a previous marriage Kirk Acevedo as Carver , a former San Francisco water worker and a member of Malcolm 's group . He is killed by Koba as part of a plot to usurp Caesar 's position . Jocko Sims as Werner , the colony 's radio operator Enrique Murciano as Kemp , a member of Malcolm 's group Keir O'Donnell as Finney , an ally of Dreyfus Lombardo Boyar as Terry , a guard at the colony 's armory Kevin Rankin as McVeigh , a guard at the colony 's armory Jon Eyez as Foster , a member of Malcolm 's group James Franco ( uncredited ) as Will Rodman from Rise of the Planet of the Apes , in a cameo via a video from Caesar 's childhood Production ( edit ) Film set on Rampart Street , New Orleans , May 2013 Development ( edit ) After the release of Rise of the Planet of the Apes , director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise featured several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' In an interview recorded after the release of Rise , Wyatt stated , `` We want to grow and evolve , in the films that will ( hopefully ) come after this , to the ' 68 original . '' Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after Rise , as a whole new ape generation can be born , and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba 's relationship .",
"5": "According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa , a version of the spaceship from the 1968 Planet of the Apes under the name Icarus was in Rise as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel . In November 2011 , Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to Rise . It was reported to be a `` healthy seven - figure deal '' for him to reprise his role as Caesar , the ape leader . On May 15 , 2012 , it was announced Scott Z . Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by Rise writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver . On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Post-production On September 17 , 2012 , there were reports that director Wyatt was considering leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to make the film properly . On October 1 , Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was confirmed as his replacement . Reeves had been working on developing a new Twilight Zone film . On October 18 , Mark Bomback , writer of Live Free or Die Hard , was reported to be doing a re-write for Reeves . Casting ( edit ) In December 2012 , after the departure of director Wyatt , James Franco speculated that he would not be returning for the sequel , saying , `` Now Rupert 's not a part of it so I do n't know . My guess is I wo n't be in it . Nobody 's talked to me since Rupert left . '' Later , Matt Reeves revealed that Franco would be seen in a cameo in the film . Freida Pinto , who played primatologist Caroline Aranha in Rise , confirmed that she would not be returning for Dawn . In April 2014 , when asked by IGN about the fate of Franco and Pinto 's characters , producer Dylan Clark said , `` I mean , they 're the ones that died ... They were ground zero of the virus . '' In February 2013 , actors Gary Oldman , Jason Clarke , and Kodi Smit - McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel , set ten years after the events from the first film .",
"6": "In March 2013 , actress Keri Russell was cast in a role . That same month , Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia , a female chimp and love interest for Caesar . Toby Kebbell , Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming . On May 15 , 2013 , Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River , British Columbia . The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to the locations depicted in the film , the forests , and the variety of landscapes . Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans . Visual effects ( edit ) Like Rise , visual effects for Dawn were done by Weta Digital . In addition to the apes , Weta created other digital animals , such as a herd of elk , a grizzly bear , and CG doubles of the live horses . The elk were created using key - frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE , the bear through key - frame animation , and the horses with a mixture of key - frame animation and motion capture . Soundtrack ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released August 12 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 77 : 21 Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 8 , 2014 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Level Plaguing Field '' 2 : 21 2 . `` Look Who 's Stalking '' 2 : 35 3 . `` The Great Ape Processional '' 4 : 34 4 .",
"7": "`` Past Their Primates '' 1 : 57 5 . `` Close Encounters of the Furred Kind '' 4 : 38 6 . `` Monkey to the City '' 1 : 16 7 . `` The Lost City of Chimpanzee '' 3 : 46 8 . `` Along Simian Lines '' 5 : 04 9 . `` Caesar No Evil , Hear No Evil '' 2 : 27 10 . `` Monkey See , Monkey Coup '' 5 : 12 11 . `` Gorilla Warfare '' 7 : 37 12 . `` The Apes of Wrath '' 4 : 28 13 . `` Gibbon Take '' 2 : 55 14 . `` Aped Crusaders '' 3 : 26 15 . `` How Bonobo Can You Go '' 5 : 42 16 . `` Enough Monkeying Around '' 3 : 35 17 . `` Primates for Life '' 5 : 42 18 . `` Planet of the End Credits '' 8 : 56 19 . `` Ai n't That a Stinger ( Written By Griffin Giacchino ) '' 1 : 10 Release ( edit ) On May 31 , 2012 , Fox announced that Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was scheduled for release on May 23 , 2014 . It was announced on June 20 , 2013 that the release date for Dawn was being pushed back two months to July 18 , 2014 . On December 10 , 2013 , the film was pushed up one week to July 11 , 2014 . The film premiered at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco , California on June 26 , 2014 . The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28 . In Hungary , the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film 's distributor , InterCom , and as a result it opened on July 17 , 2014 on 45 screens , significantly fewer than similar big - budget productions .",
"8": "However , the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating Transformers : Age of Extinction , which had been leading the chart for three weeks ( on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna ) . Marketing ( edit ) A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a `` simian flu '' website and mock PSA videos . 20th Century Fox and Vice Media 's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten - year gap between the events of Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . A novel titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes : Firestorm which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books . A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile / PC game Plague Inc. get a Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update on July 10 , 2014 . It allows players to create and customize a simian flu virus to infect the world and eradicate humanity whilst helping apes survive . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was a success at the box office with many critics calling it `` the summer 's best popcorn film '' , and Deadline.com commented saying it is `` a franchise that will keep going and going , unless they screw it up '' . The film grossed $208,545,589 in the USA & Canada , and $500,290,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $708,835,589 . Calculating in all expenses and revenues , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a net profit of $182.18 million . It had a worldwide opening of $103.3 million which was the 11th - highest of 2014 . Worldwide it is the highest - grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise and the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2014 . In the United States and Canada , the film is the highest - grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise , unadjusted for inflation and the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2014 .",
"9": "It opened on July 11 , 2014 across 3,967 theaters and topped the box office on its opening day earning $27.7 million ( including previews ) . During its traditional three - opening , the film debuted at number one earning $72.6 million , which was 33 % higher than its predecessor . Box Office Mojo pointed out that the film 's good word of mouth as well as its predecessors ' , its darker tone , attachment of new characters and the first film 's way of ending were all determining factors in the film 's strong opening . It remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends in North America despite facing competition with The Purge : Anarchy in its second week . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes earned $31.3 million during its opening weekend internationally from 4,913 screens in 26 markets where it opened at No. 1 in 14 of those . International opening weekend tallies of more than $5 million were witnessed in the UK ( $14.88 million ) , Mexico ( $12.94 million ) , South Korea ( $11.5 million ) , Russia ( $9.99 million ) , Brazil with ( $9.2 million ) and Australia ( $6.6 million ) . The film topped the box office outside North America for two non-consecutive weekends . The film became a massive financial success in China where it opened with $47 million on its opening weekend there . The robust debut helped the film top the international charts for the first time dethroning Guardians of the Galaxy and aided the film in passing $400 million internationally and $600 million globally . Fox reported that the sequel 's debut in China was one of the best in history for a Western title , save for Iron Man 3 , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers : Age of Extinction at that time . After playing for a month in theaters , it passed $100 million on its fourth weekend and became the fourth Hollywood film of the year to achieve such a milestone . In total , it went on to make $107.4 million there , of which the studio received $26.8 million profit . Critical response ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim upon release .",
"10": "On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a score of 90 % based on 287 reviews with a rating average of 7.9 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads : `` With intelligence and emotional resonance to match its stunning special effects , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes expands on its predecessor with an exciting and ambitious burst of sci - fi achievement . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average , the film has a `` generally favorable '' rating score of 79 out of 100 based on 48 reviews . Guy Lodge of Variety said , `` An altogether smashing sequel to 2011 's better - than - expected Rise of the Planet of the Apes , this vivid , violent extension of humanoid ape Caesar 's troubled quest for independence bests its predecessor in nearly every technical and conceptual department , with incoming helmer Matt Reeves conducting the proceedings with more assertive genre elan than Rise journeyman Rupert Wyatt . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film `` manages to do at least three things exceptionally well that are hard enough to pull off individually : Maintain a simmering level of tension without let - up for two hours , seriously improve on a very good first entry in a franchise and produce a powerful humanistic statement using a significantly simian cast of characters . In the annals of sequels , Dawn is to Rise of the Planet of the Apes what The Empire Strikes Back was to Star Wars -- it 's that much better . '' Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said , `` There 's evident patience and intelligence to the filmmaking all over , as well as an engagement with genuine ideas about diplomacy , deterrence , law and leadership . However often it risks monkey - mad silliness , it 's impressively un-stupid . '' Drew McWeeny of HitFix awarded the film an `` A + '' grade and said `` Dawn is not just a good genre movie or a good summer movie . It 's a great science - fiction film , full - stop , and one of the year 's very best movies so far . '' Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote that `` in bearing , speech , and agonized expressiveness , Serkis 's Caesar conveys the conflicts of a king with almost Shakespearean grandeur . '' A.O.",
"11": "Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being able to balance out the action sequences and special effects with strong storytelling , writing that `` Dawn is more than a bunch of occasionally thrilling action sequences , emotional gut punches and throwaway jokes arranged in predictable sequence . It is technically impressive and viscerally exciting , for sure , but it also gives you a lot to think , and even to care , about . '' Less favorable reviews included Andrew O'Hehir at Salon.com who wrote , `` Here 's a rule that has gradually become clear to me : Any film that begins with one of those fake - news montages , where snippets of genuine CNN footage are stitched together to concoct a feeling of semi-urgency around its hackneyed apocalypse , already sucks even before it gets started . This one makes a dutiful attempt to struggle back from that suckage , but it all ends in yelling . '' Home Media ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 2 , 2014 . According to Nielsen VideoScan , it subsequently became the best - selling home video release for the week . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Third film ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . On January 6 , 2014 , Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes . In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria was cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was small .",
"12": "In October 2015 , The Wrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film , retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DAWN OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Panet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.awn.com/news/interstellar-winter-soldier-lead-2015-saturn-award-noms Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolRejects.Com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rise - Rubert Wyatt on Crafting a Summer Blockbuster. wmv '' . YouTube . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Director Considers ' Full Metal Jacket with Apes ' Sequel Idea '' . movieline.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Visit the Planet of the Apes '' . IGN . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves exits The Twilight Zone movie '' . Den of Geek . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"14": "Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` James Franco Will Not Return in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - MovieWeb.com '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Heidi . `` James Franco to make cameo in Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco Is In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes -- Here 's How '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco , Freida Pinto out of ' Planet of the Apes ' sequel '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Producer Dylan Clark on Building a Simian Empire '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Zero Dark ' Actor Jason Clarke to Star in ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Casts Kodi Smit - McPhee '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Keri Russell Joins ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Judy Greer Joins Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ... As a Chimp ! '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jocko Sims Joins ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety .",
"15": "May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strang , Fay ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Magic behind the monkey : Andy Serkis sports motion caption suit on set of latest Planet Of The Apes ... as Keri Russell makes her debut '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Jaquetta ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` Plans mulled for dormant Six Flags '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter. 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Independence Day ' sequel gets release date as ' X-Men ' , ' Apes ' switch - Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Moves Up One Week '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ McCullum , Jennifer ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Premiere : How Andy Serkis ' Caesar Found a Voice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The opening and closing films '' . MIFF . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Varga Ferenc ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Magyarország legnagyobb mozihálózata nem vetíti az új Majmok bolygóját '' . ORIGO . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary Box Office , July 17 -- 20 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` The Simian Flu & You '' . Simianflu.com. 2013 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Kicks Off Viral Simian Flu Website '' . Firstshowing.net . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : Planet of the Apes Short Films Document Gap Between Rise and Dawn '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes prequel book 's 1st chapter '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mutation 1.9 Announced - the Simian Flu from Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . Ndemiccreations.com . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Rules With $73 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr . ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 8 ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 8 ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes - Total Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Strong on Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Goes Bananas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Rules Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Lucy ' Wins Brain vs. Brawn Battle '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartagloine ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Awakens To $31.1 M Overseas ; ' Transformers ' Adds $102 M ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` FINAL : Intl Box Office : ' Apes ' Dawns Again ; ' Godzilla ' Stomps Japan ; ' Hercules ' Muscles In ; ' Transformers ' $300 M+ In China ; Asia Action Ramps Up ; More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 28 , 2014 ) .",
"18": "`` FINAL : Intl Box Office : ' Transformers ' Adds $84.6 M ; ' Apes ' Swings Up With $61.9 M ; ' Boyhood ' Growing In UK ; More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Rises to No. 1 in China '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Roars in China , Crosses $600 M Worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julie Makinen ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs into $100 - million club in China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Aims to Scare Away Summer Blues '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Friday Box Office - Variety '' . Variety . July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Barone ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Performance - Capture King Andy Serkis on Evolving Caesar in `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes Reviews - MetaCritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Guy Lodge Film Critic @ guylodge .",
"19": "`` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Review : A Bleak but Thrilling Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , review : ' impressively un-stupid ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Drew McWeeny ( June 28 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' is a daring and dazzling accomplishment '' . HitFix . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty . `` Andy Serkis breathes life into ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Boston Globe . 2014 Boston Globe Media Partners , LLC . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Neighbors Who Need Good Fences '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes `` : Can the ape - pocalypse save Hollywood 's dreadful summer ? '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hail Caesar ! Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Hitting DVD and Blu - ray This December '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Takes Over Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) .",
"20": "`` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dawn of the Planet of the Apes .",
"21": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Official website Dawn of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Box Office Mojo Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Metacritic Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ,",
"22": "Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dawn_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=837953321 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s science fiction films 2014 3D films American films American 3D films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in the future Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in New Orleans Boom !",
"23": "Studios titles Genetic engineering in fiction Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 01 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the girl who played in the grinch
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{
"0": "Taylor Momsen - Wikipedia Taylor Momsen Jump to : navigation , search Taylor Momsen Momsen performing with The Pretty Reckless at River City Rockfest 2017 Taylor Michel Momsen ( 1993 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1993 ( age 24 ) St. Louis , Missouri , US Occupation Singer songwriter actress model Years active 1997 -- present Musical career Genres Alternative rock hard rock post-grunge Instruments Vocals guitar Labels Interscope Razor & Tie Cooking Vinyl Associated acts The Pretty Reckless Taylor Michel Momsen ( born July 26 , 1993 ) is an American singer , songwriter , former actress and model . She is known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless . She is also known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) and Cindy Lou Who in the film Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting 3 Modeling 4 Music 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Momsen was born in St. Louis , Missouri . Her parents are Michael and Collette Momsen and she has a younger sister , Sloane Momsen , who is also an actress . She has Russian ancestry . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School for elementary school and later Herbert Hoover Middle School in Potomac , Maryland . She studied dance at the Center of Creative Arts in St. Louis . Momsen was signed with Ford Models at a very young age : `` My parents signed me up with Ford ( Modeling ) at the age of 2 . No 2 - year - old wants to be working , but I had no choice . My whole life , I was in and out of school . I did n't have friends . I was working constantly and I did n't have a real life . ''",
"1": "She began acting professionally at three years of age in a 1997 national commercial for Shake ' n Bake . She was then cast in The Prophet 's Game . Momsen is included on the list of Unclaimed Coogan accounts for performing children whose partial childhood earnings are mandated to be put in a special fund but who have yet to claim their earnings . Momsen attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan for high school alongside Connor Paolo , Gregori Lukas and Sarah Hyland . Acting ( edit ) Momsen at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 In 2000 , Momsen played the role of Cindy Lou Who in Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas , her breakout role . In 2002 , she was given the role of Gretel in the motion picture : Hansel and Gretel , as well as Alexandra , the President 's daughter , in Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams . Momsen 's career came to a halt for over three years until she received a lead role in the WB series Misconceptions , which was never aired , after that she also appeared in the 2006 film Saving Shiloh . She also auditioned for the title role in Hannah Montana , and was in the top three , but the role was instead awarded to Miley Cyrus -- a decision that Momsen was happy with in retrospect . In 2007 , she starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film Underdog as Molly and as Jennifer in the movie Paranoid Park , directed by Gus Van Sant . Beginning in 2007 , she played the character of Jenny Humphrey in The CW television series Gossip Girl , which is based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Momsen 's appearances on the series became increasingly sporadic , and by the end of the first half of the fourth season , she had only appeared in four episodes . It was then announced that the actress would be scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show , which ultimately resulted in her leaving the series as a regular cast member , following the completion of the fourth season in 2011 . Later that year , on August 16 , 2011 , Momsen told Elle magazine that she had quit acting to focus on her music career .",
"2": "However , on October 16 , 2012 , it was reported that Momsen would be returning to Gossip Girl for the final episode of the sixth and final season , in which she appeared briefly in the wedding sequence . Modeling ( edit ) In June 2008 , at the age of fourteen , Momsen signed to IMG Models . Taylor was the face of British fashion chain New Look for its spring / summer 2010 collection . After weeks of speculation of who was the face of Madonna 's 2010 fashion line `` Material Girl '' , Momsen was announced on July 15 , 2010 . A week later , Momsen was announced as the model for John Galliano 's new women 's fragrance , scheduled to launch in autumn 2010 . In 2010 , she appeared in a video for John Galliano 's `` Parlez - Moi d'Amour '' fragrance ad campaign . Momsen is currently the face of Samantha Thavasa 's handbag line . She has done multiple photoshoots , press events , and commercials . She appeared on the cover of Page Six Magazine when she was fifteen years old in 2009 . Momsen also appeared on the February 2010 cover of Seventeen . In October 2010 , Momsen wore a pair of platform stilettos , thigh - high stockings , and had a holster strapped around her leg for Revolver . Two months after she appeared on the cover of French magazine Rock One 's . Momsen appeared on the cover of FHM 's March 2012 edition and FHM ranked Momsen # 29 in its 2012 Hot 100 issue . She also made her cover debut for Maxim in the November 2013 issue . Music ( edit ) Momsen performing in April 2010 Momsen has said that `` music is where I can be me '' , stating that `` acting is easy . I 've been doing it for so long and I totally love it . But you 're playing a character instead of yourself . Music is more personal because you 're writing it and you 're involved in every step of it . '' At 5 years old , Momsen recorded the song `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' for the soundtrack to How the Grinch Stole Christmas .",
"3": "In 2002 , she recorded the songs `` One Small Voice '' and `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' for the compilation album School 's Out ! Christmas . In March 2009 , Momsen stated in an interview with OK ! magazine that her band The Pretty Reckless had signed a deal with Interscope Records . She played her first tour with her band opening for The Veronicas on their Revenge Is Sweeter Tour in spring 2009 . After the tour , Momsen began working with guitarist Ben Phillips , who would soon join the band . Momsen subsequently swapped out her former bandmates . She co-writes songs with Phillips ; in addition to lead vocals , Momsen also plays rhythm guitar . The band 's debut album Light Me Up was released on August 30 , 2010 in the UK , where it debuted at number 6 , as well as at number 18 in Ireland . The first single `` Make Me Wanna Die '' was released on May 30 , 2010 , while the second single `` Miss Nothing '' which was released on August 23 , 2010 peaked at number 39 . `` Just Tonight '' was released as the album 's third single . Songs from this album have been in the movie `` Kick - ass '' as well as shows like `` The Vampire Diaries '' and `` Gossip Girl '' . Television personality Heidi Montag recorded `` Blackout '' , a song written by Momsen . According to Momsen , she wrote the song when she was 8 years old and recorded it as a demo with a producer . Montag released the song as a digital only single , with the music video being directed by her husband Spencer Pratt . Momsen commented about the recording : `` I 'm like , okay , dude , you 're singing an 8 - year - old 's words , but that 's cool . It 's so funny because I did n't shop it or anything and I get this call going , ' Did you write a song for Heidi Montag ' ? And I 'm like , ' What ? ' '' . The track was later included on Montag 's debut studio album Superficial ( 2010 ) .",
"4": "On July 27 , 2011 , Momsen announced via Twitter that the band would be the supporting act for Evanescence during the fall of 2011 . Throughout 2012 , Momsen and her band toured North America ; the second headlining tour , titled the Medicine Tour , began in March 2012 and culminated with supporting dates for Marilyn Manson 's 2012 world tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour . Momsen also appeared as guest vocalist on the first track of ex Ministry member Paul Barker 's 2012 album Fix This . On November 30 , 2012 , it was announced that The Pretty Reckless ' fourth single `` Kill Me '' would be released on December 11 . The track was the last song to be featured in the Gossip Girl series finale . Momsen cites Kurt Cobain , The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Who , Pink Floyd , AC / DC , Marilyn Manson , Oasis and Shirley Manson of Garbage as some of her personal influences . Going to Hell was released on March 18 , 2014 . The release marked the band 's largest sales week to date and landed at # 5 on the Billboard 200 with over 35,000 copies sold in its first week . The success of the record saw Taylor , along with the rest of the band , break records when they became the first female - fronted band to reach No. 1 on the rock radio charts with its first two singles : `` Heaven Knows '' in March 2014 and `` Fucked Up World '' in September 2014 . The Pretty Reckless also spent the majority of late 2013 throughout 2014 on tour supporting Going To Hell . In 2014 , her band also supported Fall Out Boy in their European leg of the Save Rock n Roll Tour along with New Politics . Throughout 2015 , Momsen continued to record new material for the third Pretty Reckless album . On September 29 , 2016 , the band released the single `` Take Me Down '' , which reached number two on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . The third album , Who You Selling For was released in October 2016 .",
"5": "Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Pretty Reckless discography Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Prophet 's Game , The The Prophet 's Game Honey Bee Swan 2000 Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Cindy Lou Who Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Newcomer Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Under 2002 We Were Soldiers Julie Moore 2002 Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams Alexandra 2002 Hansel & Gretel Gretel 2006 Saving Shiloh Samantha Wallace 2007 Paranoid Park Jennifer 2007 Underdog Molly Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress 2008 Spy School Madison Kramer Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Early Edition Allie Uncredited ; episode : `` A Minor Miracle '' 2006 Misconceptions Hopper Watson Unaired WB series 2007 -- 2010 ; 2012 Gossip Girl Jennifer `` Jenny '' Humphrey Main cast ( season 1 -- 4 ) Special guest star ( season 6 ) : 66 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aleksander , Irina ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Taylor Momsen : Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Momsen , Taylor ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter : taylormomsen : @ Zheka_Kinoman yes , I 'm part Russian '' . Twitter.com .",
"6": "Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Gets Spiritual - Daily Intelligencer '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen '' . Movies.yahoo.com. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blonska , Joanna . `` The Young and the ' Reckless ' '' . Bethesda Magazine . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen , Age 3 , In Shake ' N Bake Commercial ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unclaimed Coogan Fund list '' . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Glad She 's Not ' Hannah Montana ' '' . www.starpulse.com . January 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael `` ' Gossip Girl ' Sidelines Taylor Momsen '' , Deadline.com , November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Momen Quit Acting '' . www.yahooblogs.com . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Returning To ' Gossip Girl ' Along With Connor Paolo '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Alums Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo Make Surprise Return for Show 's Final Episode '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : From Gossip Girl to Supermodel '' . Offtherack.people.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Teen . `` Taylor Momsen : Girl on Film '' .",
"7": "Teenvogue.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen for new look '' . The Express online . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen is the face of Material Girl ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen To Model For Galllano ! ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Thavasa Will Have You Know Taylor Momsen Is Employable '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Seventeen Cover - Interview and Pictures of Taylor Momsen '' . Seventeen.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FHM at Taylor Momsen 's sexy house party ! Girls '' . FHM.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . FHM. 2012 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweet ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Momsen Pictures of a Pretty Reckless Singer '' . Maxim . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona , `` Taylor Momsen : ' Music is my only goal ' '' , Digital Spy , November 3 , 2010 , retrieved November 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Not Kissing Chace Crawford Offscreen '' . Okmagazine.com . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAYLOR MOMSEN 'S `` Pretty Reckless '' : The Veronicas Pick `` GOSSIP GIRL '' Band As Tour Opener `` .",
"8": "Huffingtonpost.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Song from Taylor Momsen 's Pretty Reckless By Avery Spofford on July 12 , 2010 5 : 56 pm -- Spin Jump up ^ DREAMSEEKERS : THE BEST MUSIC YOU 'VE NEVER HEARD. ( 2011 , Mar 19 ) . Billboard - the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment , 123 , A , B , C , D. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/868612104 ^ Jump up to : Harp , Justin , `` Momsen ' surprised by Montag song cover ' '' , Digital Spy , October 15 , 2010 , retrieved January 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen announces tour with Evanescence , AHN , July 27 , 2011 , retrieved July 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless Bring ' Medicine Tour ' Stateside By Tara Hall on January 31 , 2012 5 : 56 pm -- Soundspike Jump up ^ `` Kill Me ( Explicit ) '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.com. 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen of The Pretty Reckless - ' Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : ' I admire Shirley Manson ' - Music News '' . Digital Spy. 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I love Oasis . I love Noel Gallagher . He 's a great songwriter . I 'd love to be able to write a song with him at some point '' . The A.V. Club . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRETTY RECKLESS TO RELEASE NEW ALBUM ' GOING TO HELL ' MARCH 18 , 2014 ON RAZOR & TIE '' . Razor & Tie Direct L.L.C. 2014 - 01 - 21 .",
"9": "Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Soundtrack Earns Its Biggest Sales Week Yet , Recalling Adele 's Longevity '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Reckless Only Female - Fronted Band to Top Mainstream Rock With First 2 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Premiere : THE PRETTY RECKLESS 's ' Take Me Down ' '' . blabbermouth.net. 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretty Reckless - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taylor Momsen .",
"10": "Official website Taylor Momsen on IMDb Taylor Momsen on Twitter ( hide ) The Pretty Reckless Taylor Momsen Jamie Perkins Ben Phillips Mark Damon Nick Carbone Matt Chiarelli John Secolo Studio albums Light Me Up Going to Hell Who You Selling For Extended plays The Pretty Reckless Hit Me Like a Man EP Singles `` Make Me Wanna Die '' `` Miss Nothing '' `` Just Tonight '' `` Kill Me '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Messed Up World '' `` Follow Me Down '' `` Take Me Down '' `` Back to the River '' Tours Light Me Up Tour The Medicine Tour Going to Hell Tour Who You Selling For Tour Related articles Discography Interscope Records VIAF : 10175733 LCCN : n2003080676 ISNI : 0000 0000 8356 3618 GND : 141515686 SUDOC : 124063888 BNF : cb15683982x ( data ) BIBSYS : 8030377 MusicBrainz : d1ecf86c - 3d89 - 420e - b8c1 - bceb6b101c61 BNE : XX4862922 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Momsen&oldid=821027473 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from St. Louis Actresses of Russian descent American alternative rock musicians American child actresses American child models American child singers American female guitarists Female models from Missouri American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American feminists American film actresses American hard rock musicians American people of Russian descent American rock guitarists American rock songwriters American Roman Catholics American television actresses Female post-grunge singers Feminist musicians Guitarists from Missouri Kerrang ! Awards winners Musicians from St.",
"11": "Louis Sex - positive feminists Singers from Missouri Songwriters from Missouri Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Mirandés Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 00 : 27 .",
"12": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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nobel laureate who began career as accountant in calcutta
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"0": "List of people from Kolkata - wikipedia List of people from Kolkata Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kolkata has been regarded as the cultural capital of India . This is a list of notable people from Kolkata , that is , people born in or associated with the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writers in Bengali 1.1 Poets ( in order of surname ) 1.2 Critics , philosophers ( in order of surname ) 1.3 Linguists 1.4 Historians 2 Reformers 3 Scientists ( in order of surname ) 4 Nobel laureates 5 Business people 6 Freedom fighters 7 Ramon Magsaysay Award winners 8 Performing arts 8.1 Artists 8.2 Cinema 8.3 Photography 8.4 Theatre 8.5 Music 8.6 Dance 8.7 Magic 9 Sports 9.1 Summer Olympic medallists 9.2 Other sportspersons 9.3 Sports administrators 10 References Writers in Bengali ( edit ) Nabarun Bhattacharya Aroup Chatterjee ( born 1958 ) -- British Indian atheist physician ,",
"1": "author of Mother Teresa : The Untold Story Poets ( in order of surname ) ( edit ) Suchitra Bhattacharya Sukanta Bhattacharya Buddhadev Bose Amiya Chakravarty Shakti Chattopadhyay Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Dinesh Das Jibanananda Das Bishnu Dey Satyendranath Dutta Sudhindranath Dutta Sunil Gangopadhyay Joy Goswami Kaji Nazrul Islam Binoy Majumdar Mohitolal Majumdar Arun Mitra Premendra Mitra Subhas Mukhopadhyay Purnendu Patri Annada Shankar Ray Dwijendralal Ray Tarapada Ray Sukumar Ray Samar Sen Rabindranath Tagore , Nobel Laureate Srijato Jaydeep Sarangi English poet ( also writes in Bangla ) with six collections Critics , philosophers ( in order of surname ) ( edit ) Syed Mujtaba Ali S. Wajid Ali Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay Samik Bandyopadhyay Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Nirad C. Chaudhuri Pramath Chowdhury Kedarnath Datta Michael Madhusudan Dutt Kazi Nazrul Islam Shishir Kumar Maitra Dinabandhu Mitra Dhan Gopal Mukerji A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Rajendra Prasad Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Bhaktivinoda Thakur Swami Vivekananda Linguists ( edit ) James Atkinson Brajendranath De Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay Historians ( edit ) Barun De R.C. Majumdar P.J.",
"2": "Marshall Rajat Kanta Ray Tapan Raychaudhuri Sir Jadunath Sarkar Sumit Sarkar Susobhan Sarkar Reformers ( edit ) Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury Raja Ram Mohun Roy Mother Teresa Keshab Chandra Sen Henry Louis Vivian Derozio David Hare Alexander Duff Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar William Carey Moti Lal Seal Scientists ( in order of surname ) ( edit ) Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose Debendra Mohan Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Anil Kumar Gain J.B.S.",
"3": "Haldane Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Subhash Mukhopadhyay Sisir Kumar Mitra Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Meghnad Saha Ashoke Sen Nobel laureates ( edit ) Five Nobel Prize winners have been associated with Kolkata : Sir Ronald Ross ( 1902 , Medicine ) Rabindranath Tagore ( 1913 , Literature ; first Asian to win the Nobel Prize ) CV Raman ( 1930 , Physics ) Mother Teresa ( 1979 , Peace ) Amartya Sen ( 1998 , Economics ) Business people ( edit ) Aditya Vikram Birla Rama Prasad Goenka ( RPG Group ) Lakshmi Mittal Purnendu Chatterjee Sanjiv Goenka Radhe Shyam Agarwal Radhe Shyam Goenka Freedom fighters ( edit ) Sri Aurobindo Benoy Basu Khudiram Bose Rash Behari Bose Subhas Chandra Bose Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay Chittaranjan Das Jatindra Nath Das Bagha Jatin Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Bipin Chandra Pal Sudhamoy Pramanick Bidhan Chandra Roy Ashoke Kumar Sen Matangini Hazra Ramon Magsaysay Award winners ( edit ) The Ramon Magsaysay Award , sometimes called `` Asia 's Nobel Prize '' , is given `` to perpetuate his example of integrity in government , courageous service to the people , and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society . ''",
"4": "Kolkata winners include : Satyajit Ray Mahasweta Devi Samaresh Majumdar Mother Teresa Gour Kishore Ghosh Performing arts ( edit ) Artists ( edit ) Gerry Judah Jamini Roy Sudip Roy Paritosh Sen Paresh Maity Anil Kumar Dutta Jogen Chowdhury Samir Roychoudhury Shanu Lahiri Ganesh Pyne Devajyoti Ray Cinema ( edit ) Satyajit Ray , who won the Oscar for Lifetime Achievement in 1992 , lived in Kolkata and is considered among the four greatest directors of film history . Other notable filmmakers from Kolkata include : Nitin Bose Buddhadeb Dasgupta Anik Dutta Kaushik Ganguly Ritwik Ghatak Gautam Ghose Rituparno Ghosh Hrishikesh Mukherjee Srijit Mukherji Arin Paul Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury Tapan Sinha Aparna Sen Mrinal Sen Manick Sorcar Notable actors Uttam Kumar Utpal Dutt Soumitra Chatterjee Dhritiman Chaterji Tapen Chatterjee Rabi Ghosh Barun Chanda Arun Mukherjee Pahari Sanyal N.",
"5": "Viswanathan Chhabi Biswas Karuna Bannerjee Anil Chatterjee Subir Banerjee Uma Dasgupta Saswata Chatterjee Tarun Kumar Anup Kumar Ashok Kumar Bhanu Bandopadhyay Biswajit Chatterjee Prosenjit Chatterjee Jahor Roy Kanan Devi Razzak Dev Jeet Ruma Guha Thakurta Ranjit Mallick Mirza Abbas Ali Suchitra Sen Moonmoon Sen Riya Sen Raima Sen Reemma Sen Omar Sani Victor Banerjee Parambrata Chatterjee Konkona Sen Sharma Varsha Ashwathi Photography ( edit ) Indrani Pal - Chaudhuri Benu Sen Sunil Das Theatre ( edit ) Badal Sircar ( dramatist ) Rudraprasad Sengupta ( actor and director ) Sambhu Mitra ( actor and director ) Notable theatre groups Nandikar Bohurupi Music ( edit ) Composers Kabir Suman Salil Chowdhury Rahul Dev Burman Sachin Dev Burman Bappi Lahiri Shantanu Moitra Pritam Hindustani classical singers / maestros Ustad Allauddin Khan Ustad Ali Akbar Khan Pandit Ravi Shankar Ananda Shankar Ustad Vilayat Khan Pandit Jasraj Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Rashid Khan Naina Devi ( 1917 - 1993 ) Pandit Nikhil Banerjee Ustad Amjad Ali Khan Ustad Bahadur Khan Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty Anjan Chattopadhyay Other singers Dwijendra Lal Roy K.C.",
"6": "Dey Gauhar Jan Pankaj Mullick Kanan Devi Kanika Bandyopadhyay Suchitra Mitra Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay Manabendra Mukhopadhyay Manna Dey Kishore Kumar Sandhya Mukhopadhyay Debabrata Biswas Begum Akhtar Usha Uthup Ruma Guha Thakurta Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta Suman Chatterjee Sachin Dev Burman Anjan Dutt Rupam Islam Prashant Tamang Shayan Chowdhury Arnob Choir groups Calcutta Youth Choir IPTA Bengali bands Moheener Ghoraguli Bhoomi Prithibi Chandrabindoo Fossils Insomnia Krosswindz Bandage Cactus Contemporary Bollywood musicians Kumar Sanu Alka Yagnik Abhijeet Bhattacharya Babul Supriyo Pritam Shreya Ghoshal Shaan Arijit Singh Monali Thakur Dance ( edit ) Prominent dancers of the city include : Uday Shankar and his wife Amala Shankar Mamata Shankar Tanushree Shankar Ananda Shankar Sadhana Bose Sharmila Biswas Rani Karnaa Magic ( edit ) Kolkata is the magic capital of India and has produced internationally famous magicians and performers , including : P.C. Sorcar P.C. Sorcar , Jr . P.C.",
"7": "Sorcar , Young Sports ( edit ) Summer Olympic medallists ( edit ) Norman Pritchard , track and field , 1900 Richard James Allen , hockey , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 Leslie Claudius , hockey , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 Gurbux Singh , hockey , 1964 , 1968 Vece Paes , hockey , 1980 Leander Adrian Paes , tennis , 1996 Other sportspersons ( edit ) Sourav Ganguly , cricketer , former India national cricket team 's captain Chhanda Gayen , mountaineer , first Bengali woman to summit Mount Everest Pankaj Roy , cricketer Ashok Dinda , cricketer Wriddhiman Saha , cricketer Deep Dasgupta , cricketer Chuni Goswami , footballer Shailen Manna , footballer , former India national football team 's captain ( guided India to Gold medal in 1951 Asiad ) Pradip Kumar Banerjee , footballer Krishanu Dey , footballer Sudeep Chatterjee , footballer Mihir Sen , record swimmer Jyotirmoyee Sikdar , track and field Arjun Atwal , golfer Surya Shekhar Ganguly , chess grandmaster Dibyendu Barua , chess grandmaster Sandipan Chanda , chess grandmaster Deep Sengupta , chess grandmaster Manoj Tiwary , cricketer Gobar Guha , wrestler Rohan Gavaskar , cricketer ( son of Sunil Gavaskar ) Manohar Aich , body builder , Mr. Universe 1952 Dipu Ghosh , badminton , Arjuna Award Leander Paes , tennis player Saurav Ghosal , squash player Mohammed Shami , cricketer Sports administrators ( edit ) Pankaj Gupta Jagmohan Dalmiya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dutta , Krishna ; Anita Desai ( 2003 ) . Calcutta : a cultural and literary history . Signal Books . p. xiv .",
"8": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 902669 - 59 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Shanu Lahiri dead '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale Of Two Women : In search of their own songs '' . The Telegraph . March 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Katha Kavya Abhinaya '' . Sangeet Natak Akademi. 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Kolkata topics History Bengali renaissance Black Hole of Calcutta Bhurshut Calcutta Flag Direct Action Day Dutch Bengal Gobindapur History of Kolkata Presidency division Job Charnock Kalighat Falta Railway Kalikata Lal Dighi Maratha Ditch Robert Clive Sabarna Roy Choudhury Siege of Calcutta Sutanuti State Archaeological Gallery The Calcutta Quran Petition Warren Hastings Battle of Biderra Nabakrishna Deb Rabindranath Tagore Localities and streets Kolkata Metropolitan Area Neighbourhoods list Streets ( list ) Ethnic enclaves Bow Barracks ( Anglo - Indian ) Chinatown , Kolkata ( Chinese ) Tangra , Kolkata ( Chinese ) Armani - para ( Armenian ) Buildings Belvedere Estate Indian Museum Jorasanko Thakur Bari Calcutta High Court Marble Palace National Library of India Netaji Bhawan Raj Bhavan Sabarna Sangrahashala Shaheed Minar Victoria Memorial St.",
"9": "Paul 's Cathedral Metcalfe Hall Writers ' Building Metropolitan Building Grand Hotel Shobhabazar Rajbari High rises Completed Chatterjee International Center South City Tata Centre Industry House Everest House Jeevan Sudha GOI Building Hiland Park Upcoming The 42 Urbana Uniworld City Education Secondary Calcutta Boys ' School Calcutta Girls ' High School Don Bosco School , Park Circus Hare School Hindu School , Kolkata La Martiniere Calcutta Loreto Schools Ramakrishna , Narendrapur Sainik School , Purulia Scottish Church Collegiate School South Point School St. Xavier 's Collegiate School St. Paul 's School , Darjeeling St. James ' School ( Kolkata ) Higher Aliah University Asiatic Society Asutosh College Vivekananda College Marine Engineering and Research Institute Bethune College Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology Medical College and Hospital Calcutta National Medical College Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management Indian Statistical Institute Jadavpur University Maulana Azad College Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology National Library of India Netaji Subhas Open University Presidency University Rabindra Bharati University Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics School of Tropical Medicine Scottish Church College St. Xavier 's College University of Calcutta West Bengal University of Health Sciences West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Calcutta School of Music Industry and economy ABP Group Allahabad Bank AMRI Hospitals Andrew Yule and Company Baidyanath Group Balmer Lawrie Batanagar Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Berger Paints Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Biecco Lawrie Birds Jute and Export Birla Corporation Braithwaite & Co .",
"10": "Braithwaite , Burn & Jessop Construction Company Bridge and Roof Company Britannia Industries Burn & Company Burnpur Burn Standard Company Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation ( CESC ) Calcutta Stock Exchange Chandras ' Chemical Factory Coal India Damodar Valley Corporation Emami Exide Industries Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers GKB Opticals Hawkers Hind Motor Hindustan Ambassador IISCO India Government Mint , Kolkata ITC Limited Jai Balaji group Jessop & Company Kolkata Port Trust Lexulous Limtex Lux Industries Magma Fincorp National Insurance Company Peerless Group Saregama Sinclairs Hotels Limited Tata Global Beverages The Juice Station The Park Hotels UCO Bank United Bank of India VISA Steel Transportation Road Calcutta Tramways Company Calcutta State Transport Corporation Kalyani Expressway Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation South Bengal State Transport Corporation Howrah Bridge ( Rabindra Setu ) Belghoria Expressway Vidyasagar Setu Vivekananda Setu Nivedita Setu Golden Quadrilateral Rickshaw Hand - pulled rickshaw Rail Kolkata Metro Kolkata Circular Railway Kolkata Suburban Railway Eastern Railway South Eastern Railway Trams in Kolkata Kolkata LRTS Howrah Junction railway station Kolkata railway station Sealdah railway station Shalimar railway station Kolkata Monorail Sea Port of Kolkata Air Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport List of airports Culture Kolkata Book Fair Calcutta Youth Choir Coffee House Dwarkin Festivals Kolkata International Film Festival Dover Lane Music Conference Kolkata in the media Music of Bengal Nandan Priya Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Ritwik Ghatak Satyajit Ray Feluda Byomkesh Bakshi Tollywood Ghosts in Bengali culture Adda P.C. Sorcar Football Kolkata Derby Group theatre of Kolkata Places of worship Hindu Belur Math Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kalighat Christian St.",
"11": "Paul 's Cathedral Portuguese Church St. John 's Church Parasnath Temple Tipu Sultan Mosque Birla Mandir , Kolkata Chinese temples in Kolkata Magen David Synagogue Sports ATK Barasat Stadium B.C. Roy Trophy Beighton Cup Bengal cricket team Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Polo Club Calcutta South Club Bengal Tigers Bhawanipore F.C. Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Football League Dalhousie A.C. East Bengal Club East Bengal Ground Eastern Railway F.C. Eden Gardens Indian Football Association IFA Shield Kalighat F.C. Kishore Bharati Krirangan Kolkata Derby Kolkata Knight Riders No Dada No KKR Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament Kolkata Vipers Mohammedan Sporting Club Mohammedan Sporting Ground Mohun Bagan Athletic Club Mohun Bagan Ground Netaji Indoor Stadium Pailan Arrows United S.C. Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Royal Bengal Tigers Salt Lake Stadium Sunfeast Open Southern Samity Subroto Cup Aryan F.C. Tollygunge Agragami F.C.",
"12": "West Bengal football team Other topics Someplace Else Princeton Club Calcutta Club Adwaita Zoological Garden , Alipore Bengal Club Central Forensic Science Laboratory Calcutta Rowing Club Electoral constituencies List of people from Kolkata Fort William Hooghly River Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden Kundu Special Chinese of Calcutta Early phase of printing in Calcutta Legendary personalities in Bengal Maidan Missionaries of Charity Rabindra Sarobar Royal Calcutta Golf Club South Park Street Cemetery Sundarbans National Park Tolly Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_from_Kolkata&oldid=804411157 '' Categories : People from Kolkata Lists of people by city in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 21 : 00 . About Wikipedia",
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when did the tv show the waltons first air
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"September 14, 1972 (1972-09-14)",
"September 1972",
"September 1972",
"September 1972"
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{
"0": "The Waltons - wikipedia The Waltons Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Waltons ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Waltons Genre Family drama Created by Earl Hamner Jr . Based on The Homecoming by Earl Hamner Jr . Starring Richard Thomas Ralph Waite Michael Learned Ellen Corby Will Geer Judy Norton Jon Walmsley Mary Elizabeth McDonough Eric Scott David W. Harper Kami Cotler Peggy Rea Joe Conley Ronnie Claire Edwards Leslie Winston Patricia Neal ( The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ) Narrated by Earl Hamner , Jr . Composer ( s ) Jerry Goldsmith ( theme music ) Arthur Morton Alexander Courage Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 221 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Lee Rich Earl Hamner Jr . Rod Peterson Producer ( s ) Robert L. Jacks Andy White Rod Peterson Claylene Jones Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Lorimar Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format 480i Audio format Mono Original release September 14 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 14 ) -- June 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 04 ) Chronology Preceded by The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ( 1971 ) Followed by A Wedding on Walton 's Mountain ( 1982 ) External links Website www.the-waltons.com The Waltons is an American television series created by Earl Hamner , Jr. , based on his book Spencer 's Mountain and a 1963 film of the same name , about a family in rural Virginia during the Great Depression and World War II .",
"1": "The television movie The Homecoming : A Christmas Story was broadcast on December 19 , 1971 . Based on its success , the CBS television network ordered one season of episodes based on the same characters and that became the television series The Waltons . Beginning in September 1972 , the series subsequently aired on CBS for nine seasons . After the series was canceled by CBS in 1981 , NBC aired three television movie sequels in 1982 , with three more in the 1990s on CBS . The Waltons was produced by Lorimar Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution in syndication . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Setting 1.2 Story 1.3 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Television film 2.2 Characters 2.3 Inspiration 2.4 Filming 3 Broadcast and release 4 Reception 4.1 Nielsen ratings 4.2 Accolades 5 Reunion movies 6 Home media 6.1 DVD releases 6.2 Streaming 7 Syndication 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The main story is set in Walton 's Mountain , a fictional town at the foot of a mountain in fictitious Jefferson County , Virginia . The real place upon which the stories are based is the community of Schuyler in Nelson County , Virginia . The time period is from 1933 to 1946 , during the Great Depression and World War II , during the presidential administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman . The year 1933 is suggested by a reference to the opening of the Century of Progress exposition in Chicago , a brief shot of an automobile registration , and it is divulged in episode 18 that the date is in the spring of 1933 . The last episode of season one , `` An Easter Story '' , is set in February -- April 1934 . The year 1934 takes two seasons to cover , while some successive years are covered over the course of a few months . The series finale , `` The Revel '' , revolves around a party and the invitation date is given as June 4 , 1946 .",
"2": "A span of 13 years is therefore covered in nine seasons . There are some chronological inconsistencies , which ostensibly do not hinder the storyline . The first three reunion movies ( A Wedding on Walton 's Mountain , Mother 's Day on Walton 's Mountain , and A Day for Thanks on Walton 's Mountain ) , all produced in 1982 , are set in 1947 . Of the later reunions , A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion , filmed in 1993 , is set in 1963 , and revolves around President John F. Kennedy 's assassination ; A Walton Wedding , made in 1995 , is set in 1964 ; A Walton Easter , filmed in 1997 , is set in 1969 . The series began relating stories that occurred 38 years in the past and ended with its last reunion show set 28 years in the past . Story ( edit ) John , John - Boy , and Olivia Walton The story is about the family of John Walton Jr. ( known as John - Boy ) : his six siblings , his parents John and Olivia Walton , and the elder John 's parents Zebulon `` Zeb '' and Esther Walton . John - Boy is the oldest of the children ( 17 years old in the beginning ) , who becomes a journalist and novelist . Each episode is narrated at the opening and closing by a middle - aged John Jr. ( voiced by author Earl Hamner on whom John - Boy is based ) . John Sr. manages to eke out a living for his family by operating a lumber mill with his sons ' help as they grow older . The family income is augmented by some small - scale farming , and John occasionally hunts to put meat on the table . In the simpler days of their country youth , all of the children are rambunctious and curious , but as times grow tough and the Walton youths grow up to deal with them , the children slowly depart from the innocent , carefree days of walking everywhere barefoot while clad in overalls and hand - sewn pinafores , and into the harsh , demanding world of adulthood and responsibility . The family shares hospitality with relatives and strangers as they are able .",
"3": "The small community named after their property is also home to folk of various income levels , ranging from the well - to - do Baldwin sisters , two elderly spinsters who distill moonshine that they call `` Papa 's recipe '' ; Ike Godsey , postmaster and owner of the general store with his somewhat snobbish wife Corabeth ( a Walton cousin ; she calls her husband `` Mr. Godsey '' ) ; an African - American couple , Verdie and Harley Foster ; Maude , a sassy octogenarian artist who paints on wood ; Flossie Brimmer , a friendly though somewhat gossipy widow who runs a nearby boarding house ; and Yancy Tucker , a good - hearted handyman with big plans but little motivation . Jefferson County sheriff Ep Bridges , who fought alongside John in World War I , keeps law and order in Walton 's Mountain . The entire family ( except for John ) attends a Baptist church , of which Olivia and Grandma Esther are the most regular attendees . The church that the Hamners actually attended was Schuyler Baptist Church , near the Hamner homeplace and is still in operation . The church has helped host several events honoring Earl Hamner , Jr. , including one in 2014 . In the signature scene that closes almost every episode , the family house is enveloped in darkness , save for one , two or three lights in the upstairs bedroom windows . Through voice - overs , two or more characters make some brief comments related to that episode 's events , and then bid each other goodnight , after which the lights go out . After completing high school , John - Boy attends fictional Boatwright University in the fictional nearby town of Westham . He later goes to New York City to work as a journalist . Grandma and John - Boy During the latter half of the 1976 -- 77 season , Grandma Esther Walton suffers a stroke and returns home shortly before the death of her husband , Grandpa Zeb Walton ( reflecting Ellen Corby 's real - life stroke and the death of Will Geer , the actors who portrayed the characters ) . During the series ' last few years , Mary Ellen and Ben start their own families ; Erin , Jason and John - Boy are married in later television movie sequels . Conversely , the younger children Jim - Bob and Elizabeth , struggle to find and cement true love .",
"4": "World War II deeply affects the family . All four Walton boys enlist in the military . Mary Ellen 's physician husband , Curtis `` Curt '' Willard , is sent to Pearl Harbor and is reported to have perished in the Japanese attack on December 7 , 1941 . Years later , Mary Ellen hears of sightings of her `` late '' husband , investigates and finds him alive ( played by another actor ) , but brooding over his war wounds and living under an assumed name . She divorces him and later remarries . John - Boy 's military plane is shot down , while Olivia becomes a volunteer at the VA hospital and is seen less and less ; she eventually develops tuberculosis and enters an Arizona sanitarium . Olivia 's cousin , Rose Burton , moves into the Walton house to look after the brood . Two years later , John Sr. moves to Arizona to be near Olivia . Grandma appears in only a handful of episodes during the eighth season ( she was usually said to be visiting relatives in nearby Buckingham County ) . Six feature - length movies were made after the series ' run ; set from 1947 to 1969 , they aired between 1982 and 1997 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Waltons episodes Production ( edit ) Television film ( edit ) The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ( 1971 ) was not made as a pilot for a series , but it was so popular that it led to the broadcaster , CBS , initially commissioning one season of episodes based on the same characters , and the result was The Waltons . Except for the children and Grandma Walton , the actors for the movie were not the same as for the series . The musical score was by Oscar - winning composer Jerry Goldsmith ( Goldsmith also scored several episodes of the first season , but the producers believed his TV movie theme was too gentle and requested he write a new theme for the series ) and was later released on an album by Film Score Monthly paired with James Horner 's score for the 1982 TV movie Rascals and Robbers : The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn . Patricia Neal ( as Olivia ) won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama .",
"5": "The movie was also nominated for three Emmys : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie ( Neal ) , Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama - Adaptation ( Earl Hamner ) , and Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama - A Single Program ( Fielder Cook ) . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Waltons characters Grandpa and Grandma Walton The following is a brief summary of the main characters . See main article for a more complete list . John `` John - Boy '' Walton Jr . ( Richard Thomas , seasons 1 -- 5 , guest season 6 , three movie sequels ; Robert Wightman , seasons 8 -- 9 and one movie sequel ) , the eldest of the seven children John Walton Sr.",
"6": "( Ralph Waite ) , the family patriarch Olivia Walton ( Michael Learned , seasons 1 -- 7 , guest season 8 , and four movies ) , the matriarch Zebulon `` Grandpa '' Walton ( Will Geer , seasons 1 -- 6 ) , John 's father Esther `` Grandma '' Walton ( Ellen Corby , seasons 1 -- 5 & 7 , sporadically in other seasons , and in five movies ) , John 's mother Jason Walton ( Jon Walmsley , entire series and six movies ) , second - oldest brother ; musically talented Mary Ellen Walton ( Judy Norton Taylor , entire series and six movies ) , headstrong oldest daughter ; becomes a nurse Erin Walton ( Mary Elizabeth McDonough , entire series and six movies ) , second Walton daughter ; works as a telephone operator and as manufacturing supervisor Benjamin `` Ben '' Walton ( Eric Scott , entire series and six movies ) , third Walton son ; has an entrepreneurial spirit James Robert `` Jim - Bob '' Walton ( David W. Harper , entire series and six movies ) , youngest Walton son ; mechanically inclined Elizabeth Walton ( Kami Cotler , entire series and six movies ) , youngest of the seven children Curtis Willard ( Tom Bower ) , seasons 5 - 7 , and one episode in season 9 , Mary Ellen 's husband Cindy Walton ( Leslie Winston ) , seasons 7 - 9 and four of the reunion movies , Ben 's wife Rose Burton ( Peggy Rea , seasons 8 -- 9 and one sequel ) , Olivia 's matronly cousin who fills in as matriarch during Olivia 's absence Inspiration ( edit ) Earl Hamner 's rural childhood growing up in the unincorporated community of Schuyler , Virginia , provided the basis for the setting and many of the storylines of The Waltons . His family and the community provided many life experiences which aided in the characters , values , area , and human - interest stories of his books , movies , and television series . Hamner provided the voice - over of the older John - Boy , usually heard at the beginning and end of each episode .",
"7": "John - Boy Walton 's fictional alma mater , Boatwright University , is patterned after Richmond College , which became part of the University of Richmond on Boatwright Drive near Westham Station in The West End of Richmond , Virginia , about seventy miles east of Schuyler . Filming ( edit ) The town of Walton 's Mountain was built in the rear area of the Warner Bros. Studios , but the mountain itself was part of the range opposite Warner studios in Burbank , California . The Waltons ' house facade was built in the back of the Warner Brothers lot . After the series concluded , the set was destroyed . For the reunion shows , a replica Waltons ' house facade was built on the Here Come the Brides set on the Columbia Ranch studio , now part of the Warner Brothers studios . The Waltons ' house is still used as scenery at Warner Brothers . For example , it served as the Dragonfly Inn on The Gilmore Girls . Broadcast and release ( edit ) Some sources indicate CBS put the show on its fall 1972 schedule in response to congressional hearings on the quality of television . Backlash from a 1971 decision to purge most rural - oriented shows from the network lineup may have also been a factor . The network gave The Waltons an undesirable timeslot -- Thursdays at 8 p.m. , opposite two popular programs : The Flip Wilson Show on NBC and The Mod Squad on ABC . `` The rumor was that they put it against Flip Wilson and The Mod Squad because they did n't think it would survive . They thought , ' We can just tell Congress America does n't want to see this ' , '' Kami Cotler , who played Elizabeth Walton , said in a 2012 interview . However , CBS had enough faith in the show to devise a full - page newspaper ad flanked with the show 's positive reviews , urging people to watch the show . This ad was attributed to saving The Waltons , causing the ratings to radically increase . Ralph Waite was reluctant to audition for the part of John Walton because he did n't want to be tied to a long - running TV series , but his agent persuaded him by saying , `` It will never sell . You do the pilot . You pick up a couple of bucks and then you go back to New York . ''",
"8": "The cast at the 40th Anniversary of the show in 2012 Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Rank Rating 1 ( 1972 -- 73 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 24 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 25 ) # 20 20.6 ( tied with The Partridge Family and Medical Center ) 2 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 10 , 12 - 25 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 11 ) # 2 28.1 3 ( 1974 -- 75 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 25 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 2 ) # 8 25.5 4 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 18 , 20 - 25 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 19 ) # 14 22.9 ( tied with M * A * S * H ) 5 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 7 , 9 - 25 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 8 ) # 15 22.3 ( tied with Little House on the Prairie ) 6 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 7 , 9 - 11 , 14 - 21 , 23 , 25 - 26 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episodes 8 , 22 ,",
"9": "24 ) Monday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episode 12 ) Monday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 13 ) # 21 20.8 ( tied with ABC Sunday Night Movie ) 7 ( 1978 -- 79 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 24 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 2 ) Not in the Top 30 N / A 8 ( 1979 -- 80 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 24 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 2 ) Not in the Top 30 9 ( 1980 -- 81 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 22 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 pm ( Episode 2 ) # 30 18.6 Accolades ( edit ) The Waltons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1973 . Also in 1973 Richard Thomas won the Emmy for Lead Actor in a Drama Series . Michael Learned won the Emmy for Lead Actress in a Drama Series three times ( 1973 , 1974 , and 1976 ) . Ellen Corby was also a three - time winner in the Supporting Actress category , winning in 1973 , 1975 , and 1976 . Will Geer was awarded the Supporting Actor Emmy in 1975 . Veteran actress Beulah Bondi won an Emmy in 1977 for Lead Actress in a Single Performance for her guest appearance as Martha Corrine Walton in the episode `` The Pony Cart '' ( Episode # 111 ) . She first appeared in The Waltons episode `` The Conflict '' ( Episode # 51 ) as the widow of Zeb Walton 's brother . The series itself earned a Peabody Award for its first season . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Waltons No. 34 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time .",
"10": "In 2017 , from March 20 to March 24 INSP network remembered the life of Earl Hamner Jr. ( who had died in 2016 ) by featuring clips of interviews ( once per episode ) with him about his time involved with The Waltons during the breaks while its syndicated reruns aired from 3 - 5pm and again at 7pm . Reunion movies ( edit ) The Walton 's Reunion Movie Collection : 1 . A Wedding on Walton 's Mountain ( 1982 ) 2 . Mother 's Day on Walton 's Mountain ( 1982 ) 3 . A Day for Thanks on Walton 's Mountain ( 1982 ) 4 . A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion ( 1993 ) 5 . A Walton Wedding ( 1995 ) 6 . A Walton Easter ( 1997 ) Home Media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video has released all nine seasons and six TV movies of The Waltons on DVD in Region 1 . Seasons 1 -- 4 have been released in Region 2 . The pilot movie , The Homecoming : A Christmas Story , was released by Paramount Home Entertainment . Lorimar produced the series , CBS produced the pilot film , which is why Paramount , under CBS Home Entertainment , handles home video rights for The Homecoming . German - release DVDs provide German or English sound - track options , with dubbed German voices , or the original English soundtrack , although episode titles , in German , are not always either literal or precise translations of the original English - language titles .",
"11": "DVD name Episodes Region 1 Region 2 ( UK ) The Homecoming : A Christmas Story N / A September 23 , 2003 N / A The Complete 1st Season 24 May 11 , 2004 November 1 , 2004 The Complete 2nd Season 24 April 26 , 2005 July 3 , 2006 The Complete 3rd Season 24 April 25 , 2006 September 11 , 2006 The Complete 4th Season 24 January 23 , 2007 March 5 , 2007 The Complete 5th Season 24 May 8 , 2007 September 12 , 2007 The Complete 6th Season 22 January 8 , 2008 March 20 , 2008 The Complete 7th Season 23 April 29 , 2008 N / A The Complete 8th Season 24 January 6 , 2009 N / A The Complete 9th Season 22 April 28 , 2009 N / A TV Movie Collection ( not including the original movie ) 6 January 26 , 2010 N / A Streaming ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 9 are available via streaming in SD as well as HD through services such as Amazon Video . Syndication ( edit ) Lorimar sold the distribution rights of The Waltons to Warner Bros. Television to avoid a lawsuit owing to the similarities between the series and the film Spencer 's Mountain , which Warners owned . Warner Bros. acquired Lorimar in 1989 , and has continued to syndicate the series ever since . Reruns currently air in the U.S. on INSP , the Hallmark Channel . In Canada , The Waltons airs on Vision TV and BookTelevision .",
"12": "In the UK , the series was broadcast on BBC 1 and BBC 2 during the 1970s / 1980s - the first three seasons were broadcast on BBC 2 from February 18 , 1974 to May 17 , 1976 , on Mondays at 20.00 GMT , and seasons 4 and 5 were shown on BBC 1 from September 5 , 1976 to August 30 , 1977 , on Sundays at 16.10 in 1976 and Tuesdays at 19.00 through 1977 . After that , seasons 6 - 9 would be broadcast on BBC 2 again , starting on April 30 , 1979 and concluding in April 1983 . The three reunion TV movies filmed in 1982 were also shown on BBC 2 from December 21 to December 28 , 1983 . The show was repeated on Channel 4 in the 1990s . It currently airs on True Entertainment in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Waltons '' The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ( 1971 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` All About The Creator '' . All About The Waltons . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Courtship '' , Season one , episode 18 Jump up ^ A significant anachronism occurs in the first season . In the first episode , the Waltons listen to Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy 's radio program ( in tribute to Bergen , who played Grandpa in the pilot film ) . However , Bergen 's radio show did not begin airing until 1937 . Jump up ^ `` The Foundling '' , season one , episode one Jump up ^ `` Home - Schuyler Baptist Church , Schuyler , Virginia '' . Schuyler Baptist Church , Schuyler , Virginia . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( 2013 ) . The Christmas encyclopedia ( Third edition . ed . ) . p. 434 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame , p.",
"13": "153 , TV 's Biggest Hits : The Story Of Television Themes From `` Dragnet '' To `` Friends '' , Schirmer Books , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 870324 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Homecoming - A Christmas Story '' . ^ Jump up to : King , Susan ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) . `` 40th anniversary celebration of ' The Waltons ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ IV , J. Garland Pollard . `` Earl Hamner and the CBS Brand BrandlandUSA '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1980 's '' . www.classictvhits.com . Jump up ^ `` The Waltons '' . peabodyawards.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Amazon Video : The Waltons : The Complete First Season Retrieved October 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Lee Rich Interview : Archive of American Television .",
"14": "Retrieved on June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 18 February 1974 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 17 May 1976 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC One London - 5 September 1976 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC One London - 30 August 1977 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 30 April 1979 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 29 March 1983 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 21 December 1983 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 23 December 1983 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 28 December 1983 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Further reading ( edit ) Conley , Joe ( 2010 ) . Ike Godsey of Walton 's Mountain . Albany : BearManor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 508 - 5 . McDonough , Mary ( 2012 ) . Lessons from the Mountain : What I Learned from Erin Walton . Kensington Books . ISBN 978 - 0758263674 . External links ( edit ) The Waltons on IMDb The Waltons at TV.com The Shed Waltons Mountain The Waltons at the Encyclopedia of Television Walton 's Mountain Museum official website All About The Waltons The Waltons website The Illustrated Waltons Episode Guide Rockfish-river.com The Surviving Waltons : Where Are They Now ?",
"15": "A Walk with Grandpa Walton and the Walton family The Waltons at HallmarkChannel.com Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A.",
"16": "Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D.",
"17": ", season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A.",
"18": "Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr.",
"19": "Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Waltons&oldid=818787169 '' Categories : 1972 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Fictional characters from Virginia Fictional families Great Depression television series Mattel Peabody Award - winning television programs Period family drama television series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television programs based on novels Television series by Lorimar Television Television series set in the 1930s Television series set in the 1940s Television shows set in Virginia Television series about families World War II television drama series The Waltons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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-4884287726486488887
|
how many pages are in the book inside out and back again
|
[
"263",
"263",
"263",
"263",
"263"
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{
"0": "Inside Out & Back Again - wikipedia Inside Out & Back Again Jump to : navigation , search Inside Out & Back Again Author Thanhha Lai Cover artist Zdenko Bašić , Manuel Šumberac , Ray Shappell Country United States Language English Genre Historical Fiction Publisher HarperCollins Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 263 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 196278 - 3 OCLC 606403465 Inside Out & Back Again is a verse novel by Thanhha Lai . The book was awarded the 2011 National Book Award for Young People 's Literature and one of the two Newbery Honors . The novel was based on her first year in the United States , as a ten - year - old girl who spoke no English in 1975 . Plot summary ( edit ) Inside Out and Back Again is a story about a young girl named Kim Hà and her family being forced to move to the United States because the Vietnam War had reached their home , and it was no longer safe . They board a navy ship and flee . Upon spending a couple months at a refugee camp , they end up moving to Alabama . There she struggles with learning English and confronting bullies , including one that she nicknamed Pink Boy , at her new school . Hà at one point said , `` No one would believe me but at times I would choose wartime in Saigon over peacetime in Alabama . '' Eventually , she has pushed through those hard times with the help of their next door neighbor , Mrs. Washington and the support of her family . In the beginning of the book , it mentions that Hà 's father , a soldier in the Vietnam war , was captured by the North Vietnamese Army when she was only a year old . In the end , Hà 's family figures out that unfortunately , her father had died while in North Vietnamese hands . Hà then gets used to living in the U.S and her family celebrates the new year . She prays for good things to happen to her and her family . The main resolution of the book is family importance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thanhha Lai - About the Author '' . HarperCollins Publishers .",
"1": "Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 National Book Award Winner , Young People 's Literature '' . National Book Foundation . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Honor Books '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Book Inside Out and Back Again '' . HarperCollins Publishers . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) http://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/books/Inside-Out-Back-Again-Thanhha-Lai/ https://books.google.com/books?id=68Rzkmm82I0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thanhha+Lai&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W8pPT6egEor4ggfeyNHODQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Thanhha%20Lai&f=false Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inside_Out_%26_Back_Again&oldid=832592952 '' Categories : 2011 novels Verse novels Vietnam War novels Novels set in Alabama HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 22 : 15 . About Wikipedia",
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where did the dewey decimal system come from
|
[
"first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876",
"Melvil Dewey",
"the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876"
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{
"0": "Dewey Decimal Classification - wikipedia Dewey Decimal Classification Jump to : navigation , search `` Dewey Decimal '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Duodecimal . The Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) , or Dewey Decimal System , is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876 . It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions , the latest issued in 2011 , and has grown from a four - page pamphlet in 1876 . It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries . It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) , a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries . OCLC licenses access to an online version for catalogers called WebDewey . The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject . Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic . The classification 's notation makes use of three - digit Arabic numerals for main classes , with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail . Using Arabic numerals for symbols , it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover special aspects of general subjects . A library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library , on the basis of its subject . The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves . The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1873 -- 1885 : Early development 1.2 1885 -- 1942 : Period of adoption 1.3 1942 -- present : Forging an identity 2 Administration and publication 3 Design 3.1 Classes 3.2 Tables 3.3 Relative Index 4 Influence and criticism 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Melvil Dewey , the inventor of the Dewey Decimal classification 1873 -- 1885 : early development ( edit ) Melvil Dewey ( 1851 -- 1931 ) was an American librarian and self - declared reformer . He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business . He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library . He applied the classification to the books in that library , until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification . In 1876 , he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library . He used the pamphlet , published in more than one version during the year , to solicit comments from other librarians . It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived , that of Ernest Cushing Richardson . His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication `` Public Libraries in America '' in 1876 . In March 1876 , he applied for , and received copyright on the first edition of the index . The edition was 44 pages in length , with 2,000 index entries , and was printed in 200 copies . 1885 -- 1942 : period of adoption ( edit ) The second edition of the Dewey Decimal system , published in 1885 with the title Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for arranging , cataloging , and indexing public and private libraries and for pamflets , clippings , notes , scrap books , index rerums , etc.",
"2": ", comprised 314 pages , with 10,000 index entries . 500 copies were produced . Editions 3 -- 14 , published between 1888 and 1942 , used a variant of this same title . Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition . In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that `` nearly 100 persons hav ( spelling of `` have '' per English - language spelling reform , which Dewey championed ) contributed criticisms and suggestions `` . One of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics . When the system was first introduced , most libraries in the US used fixed positioning : each book was assigned a permanent shelf position based on the book 's height and date of acquisition . Library stacks were generally closed to all but the most privileged patrons , so shelf browsing was not considered of importance . The use of the Dewey Decimal system increased during the early 20th century as librarians were convinced of the advantages of relative positioning and of open shelf access for patrons . New editions were readied as supplies of previously published editions were exhausted , even though some editions provided little change from the previous , as they were primarily needed to fulfill demand . In the next decade , three editions followed closely on : the 3rd ( 1888 ) , 4th ( 1891 ) , and 5th ( 1894 ) . Editions 6 through 11 were published from 1899 to 1922 . The 6th edition was published in a record 7,600 copies , although subsequent editions were much lower . During this time , the size of the volume grew , and edition 12 swelled to 1243 pages , an increase of 25 % over the previous edition . In response to the needs of smaller libraries who were finding the expanded classification schedules difficult to use , in 1894 , the first abridged edition of the Dewey Decimal system was produced . The abridged edition generally parallels the full edition , and has been developed for most full editions since that date . By popular request , in 1930 , the Library of Congress began to print Dewey Classification numbers on nearly all of its cards , thus making the system immediately available to all libraries making use of the Library of Congress card sets .",
"3": "Dewey 's was not the only library classification available , although it was the most complete . Charles Ammi Cutter published the Expansive Classification in 1882 , with initial encouragement from Melvil Dewey . Cutter 's system was not adopted by many libraries , with one major exception : it was used as the basis for the Library of Congress Classification system . In 1895 , the International Institute of Bibliography , located in Belgium and led by Paul Otlet , contacted Dewey about the possibility of translating the classification into French , and using the classification system for bibliographies ( as opposed to its use for books in libraries ) . This would have required some changes to the classification , which was under copyright . Dewey gave permission for the creation of a version intended for bibliographies , and also for its translation into French . Dewey did not agree , however , to allow the International Institute of Bibliography to later create an English version of the resulting classification , considering that a violation of their agreement , as well as a violation of Dewey 's copyright . Shortly after Dewey 's death in 1931 , however , an agreement was reached between the committee overseeing the development of the Decimal Classification and the developers of the French Classification Decimal . The English version was published as the Universal Decimal Classification and is still in use today . According to a study done in 1927 , the Dewey system was used in the US in approximately 96 % of responding public libraries and 89 % of the college libraries . After the death of Melvil Dewey in 1931 , administration of the classification was under the Decimal Classification Committee of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation , and the editorial body was the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee with participation of the American Library Association ( ALA ) , Library of Congress , and Forest Press . By the 14th edition in 1942 , the Dewey Decimal Classification index was over 1,900 pages in length and was published in two volumes . 1942 -- present : forging an identity ( edit ) 1885 - Dewey Decimal Classification The growth of the classification to date had led to significant criticism from medium and large libraries which were too large to use the abridged edition but found the full classification overwhelming .",
"4": "Dewey had intended issuing the classification in three editions : the library edition , which would be the fullest edition ; the bibliographic edition , in English and French , which was to be used for the organization of bibliographies rather than of books on the shelf ; and the abridged edition . In 1933 , the bibliographic edition became the Universal Decimal Classification , which left the library and abridged versions as the formal Dewey Decimal Classification editions . The 15th edition , edited by Milton Ferguson , implemented the growing concept of the `` standard edition '' , designed for the majority of general libraries but not attempting to satisfy the needs of the very largest or of special libraries . It also reduced the size of the Dewey system by over half , from 1,900 to 700 pages , a revision so radical that Ferguson was removed from the editorship for the next edition . The 16th and 17th editions , under the editorship of the Library of Congress , grew again to two volumes . However , by now , the Dewey Decimal system had established itself as a classification for general libraries , with the Library of Congress Classification having gained acceptance for large research libraries . The first electronic version of `` Dewey '' was created in 1993 . Hard - copy editions continue to be issued at intervals ; the online WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey are updated quarterly . Administration and publication ( edit ) Dewey and a small editorial staff managed the administration of the very early editions . Beginning in 1922 , the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation , a not - for - profit organization founded by Melvil Dewey , managed administrative affairs . The ALA set up a Special Advisory Committee on the Decimal Classification as part of the Cataloging and Classification division of ALA in 1952 . The previous Decimal Classification Committee was changed to the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee , with participation of the ALA Division of Cataloging and Classification , and of the Library of Congress . Melvil Dewey edited the first three editions of the classification system and oversaw the revisions of all editions until his death in 1931 . May Seymour became editor in 1891 and served until her death in 1921 . She was followed by Dorcas Fellows , who was editor until her death in 1938 . Constantin J. Mazney edited the 14th edition .",
"5": "Milton Ferguson functioned as editor from 1949 to 1951 . The 16th edition in 1958 was edited under an agreement between the Library of Congress and Forest Press , with David Haykin as director . Editions 16 - 19 were edited by Benjamin A. Custer and the editor of edition 20 was John P. Comaromi . Joan Mitchell was editor until 2013 , covering editions 21 to 23 . As of 2013 the Editor - in - Chief is Michael Panzer of OCLC . Dewey himself held copyright in editions 1 to 6 ( 1876 -- 1919 ) . Copyright in editions 7 -- 10 was held by the publisher , The Library Bureau . On the death of May Seymour , Dewey conveyed the `` copyrights and control of all editions '' to the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation , a non-profit chartered in 1922 . The Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) of Dublin , Ohio , US , acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification system when it bought Forest Press in 1988 . In 2003 the Dewey Decimal Classification came to national attention when OCLC sued the Library Hotel for trademark infringement for using the classification system as the hotel theme . The case was settled shortly thereafter . The OCLC has maintained the classification since 1988 , and also publishes new editions of the system . The editorial staff responsible for updates is based partly at the Library of Congress and partly at OCLC . Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee , a ten - member international board which meets twice each year . The four - volume unabridged edition is published approximately every six years , the most recent edition ( DDC 23 ) in mid-2011 . The web edition is updated on an ongoing basis , with changes announced each month . An experimental version of Dewey in RDF is available at dewey.info . This includes access to the top three levels of the classification system in 14 languages . In addition to the full version , a single - volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20,000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895 . `` Abridged 15 '' was published in early 2012 .",
"6": "Full edition Publication year Abridged edition Publication year 1st 1876 2nd 1885 3rd 1888 4th 1891 5th 1894 1st 1895 6th 1899 7th 1911 8th 1913 2nd 1915 9th 1915 10th 1919 11th 1922 3rd 1926 12th 1927 4th 1929 13th 1932 5th 1936 14th 1942 6th 1945 15th 1951 7th 1953 16th 1958 8th 1959 17th 1965 9th 1965 18th 1971 10th 1971 19th 1979 11th 1979 20th 12th 21st 13th 22nd 2003 14th 23rd 2011 15th 2012 Design ( edit ) The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study . Main divisions include philosophy , social sciences , science , technology , and history . The scheme is made up of ten classes , each divided into ten divisions , each having ten sections . The system 's notation uses Arabic numbers , with three whole numbers making up the main classes and sub-classes and decimals creating further divisions . The classification structure is hierarchical and the notation follows the same hierarchy . Libraries not needing the full level of detail of the classification can trim right-most decimal digits from the class number to obtain a more general classification . For example : 500 Natural sciences and mathematics 510 Mathematics 516 Geometry 516.3 Analytic geometries 516.37 Metric differential geometries 516.375 Finsler Geometry The classification was originally enumerative , meaning that it listed all of the classes explicitly in the schedules .",
"7": "Over time it added some aspects of a faceted classification scheme , allowing classifiers to construct a number by combining a class number for a topic with an entry from a separate table . Tables cover commonly used elements such as geographical and temporal aspects , language , and bibliographic forms . For example , a class number could be constructed using 330 for economics + . 9 for geographic treatment + . 04 for Europe to create the class 330.94 European economy . Or one could combine the class 973 for United States + . 05 for periodical publications on the topic to arrive at the number 973.05 for periodicals concerning the United States generally . The classification also makes use of mnemonics in some areas , such that the number 5 represents the country Italy in classification numbers like 945 ( history of Italy ) , 450 ( Italian language ) , 195 ( Italian philosophy ) . The combination of faceting and mnemonics makes the classification synthetic in nature , with meaning built into parts of the classification number . The Dewey Decimal Classification has a number for all subjects , including fiction , although many libraries create a separate fiction section shelved by alphabetical order of the author 's surname . Each assigned number consists of two parts : a class number ( from the Dewey system ) and a book number , which `` prevents confusion of different books on the same subject . '' A common form of the book number is called a Cutter number , which represents the author and distinguishes the book from other books on the same topic .",
"8": "Classes ( edit ) Main article : List of Dewey Decimal classes ( From DDC 23 ) 000 - Computer science , information & general works 100 -- Philosophy and psychology 200 -- Religion 300 -- Social sciences 400 -- Language 500 -- Pure Science 600 -- Technology 700 -- Arts & recreation 800 -- Literature 900 -- History & geography Tables ( edit ) ( From DDC 23 ) T1 Standard Subdivisions T2 Geographic Areas , Historical Periods , Biography T3 Subdivisions for the Arts , for Individual Literatures , for Specific Literary Forms T3A Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors T3B Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One Author T3C Notation to Be Added Where Instructed in Table 3B , 700.4 , 791.4 , 808 -- 809 T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families T5 Ethnic and National Groups T6 Languages Relative index ( edit ) The Relative Index ( or , as Dewey spelled it , `` Relativ Index '' ) is an alphabetical index to the classification , for use both by classifiers but also by library users when seeking books by topic . The index was `` relative '' because the index entries pointed to the class numbers , not to the page numbers of the printed classification schedule . In this way , the Dewey Decimal Classification itself had the same relative positioning as the library shelf and could be used either as an entry point to the classification , by catalogers , or as an index to the Dewey - classed library itself . Influence and criticism ( edit ) A library book shelf in Hong Kong classified using the Dewey classification Scheme Dewey Decimal Classification numbers formed the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification ( UDC ) , which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks ( comma , colon , parentheses , etc . ) . Adaptations of the system for specific regions outside the English - speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification , the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries , and the Nippon Decimal Classification ( Japanese ) . Despite its widespread usage , the classification has been criticized for its complexity and limited scope of scheme - adjustment .",
"9": "In particular , the arrangement of subheadings has been described as archaic and as being biased towards an Anglo - American world view . In 2007 -- 08 , the Maricopa County Library District in Arizona , abandoned the DDC in favor of the Book Industry Standards and Communications ( BISAC ) system , one that is commonly used by commercial bookstores , in an effort to make their libraries more accessible for patrons . Several other libraries across the United States , and other countries ( including Canada and the Netherlands ) followed suit . The classification has also been criticized as being a proprietary system licensed by a single entity ( OCLC ) , making it expensive to adopt . However , book classification critic Justin Newlan stands by the Dewey Decimal System , stating newer , more advanced book classification systems `` are too confusing to understand for newcomers '' . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Consider as an example a book on the network protocol IPv6 . It will be located at 004.62 , after general networking books ( 004.6 ) . The shelf location is thus defined . Jump up ^ Note that the title makes use of Dewey 's `` reformed spelling '' in some areas . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dewey , Melvil ( 1876 ) , Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library ( Project Gutenberg eBook ) , retrieved 31 July 2012 Jump up ^ Chapter 17 in Joudrey , Daniel N. ; Taylor , Arlene G. ; Miller , David P. ( 2015 ) . Introduction to Cataloging and Classification ( 11th ed . ) . Santa Barbara , CA : Libraries Unlimited / ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 856 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dewey Services '' . OCLC . 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Offers library users familiarity and consistency of a time - honored classification system used in 200,000 libraries worldwide Jump up ^ `` Countries with libraries that use the DDC '' . OCLC . 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 .",
"10": "Libraries in more than 135 countries use the Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) system to organize their collections for their users . ( 135 countries are listed . ) Jump up ^ Wiegand , Wayne A. ( 1996 ) , Irrepressible reformer , Chicago : American Library Association , ISBN 083890680X , 083890680X Jump up ^ Krajewski , Markus ( 2011 ) , Paper machines , Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press ^ Jump up to : Dewey , Melvil ( 1876 ) , A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a ... , ( s.n. ) , OCLC 78870163 Jump up ^ Comaromi , John P. ( 1976 ) , The eighteen editions of the Dewey Decimal Classification , Albany , N.Y : Forest Press Division , Lake Placid Education Foundation , p. 43 , ISBN 0 - 910608 - 17 - 2 Jump up ^ United States . Bureau of Education . ( 1876 ) , Public libraries in the United States of America , Washington : Govt . Print . Off. , pp. 623 -- 648 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 155 Jump up ^ `` Dewey decimal classification and relative index ( 1971 ) '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Chan , Lois Mai ( 2007 ) , Cataloging and classification ( Third ed . ) , The Scarecrow Press , Inc. , p. 321 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5944 - 9 , 0810859440 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 315 ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . OCLC . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cutter Classification '' . Forbes Library Subject Guides . Forbes Library .",
"11": "Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , pp. 297 - 313 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 321 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 381 Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 345 Jump up ^ Chan ( 2007 ) , pp. 321 -- 323 Jump up ^ Trotter , Ross ( 6 July 1995 ) . `` Electronic Dewey : The CD - ROM Version of the Dewey Decimal Classification '' . Cataloging & Classification Quarterly . 19 ( 3 - 4 ) : 213 -- 234 . doi : 10.1300 / J104v19n03_17 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Majumder , Apurba Jyoti ; Gautam Sarma . `` Webdewey : The Dewey Decimal Classification in The Web '' ( PDF ) . INFLIBNET Centre , Ahmedabad , Planner 2007 ( held at Gauhati University ) . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 416 Jump up ^ Chan ( 2007 ) , pp. 323 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Joan ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Michael Panzer named Editor - in - Chief of the Dewey Decimal Classification system '' . OCLC Press Release . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dewey , Melvil ( 1922 ) . Decimal classification and relative index for libraries and personal use ... Lake Placid Club , N.Y : Forest Press . p. 2 . OCLC 1367992 . Jump up ^ Comaromi ( 1976 ) , p. 286 Jump up ^ Luo , Michael ( September 23 , 2003 ) . `` Where Did Dewey File Those Law Books ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OCLC and The Library Hotel settle trademark complaint '' .",
"12": "Library Technology Guides . October 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Latest versions '' . OCLC . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Updates '' . OCLC . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dewey Web Services '' . OCLC . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dewey Decimal Classification / Linked Data '' . OCLC . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abridged '' . OCLC . 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chan ( 2007 ) , pp. 326 -- 331 Jump up ^ Chan ( 2007 ) , p. 331 Jump up ^ Chan ( 2007 ) , p. 333 - 362 ^ Jump up to : OCLC . `` Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification '' . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ United States . Office of Education . ( 1876 ) , Public libraries in the United States of America , Washington : Govt . print . off. , p. 628 Jump up ^ `` A Brief Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification '' . OCLC . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Insup ; Wang Guizhi . `` Library Systems in East Asia '' . McLuhan Studies . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Tali Balas . `` Done with Dewey '' . ALSC . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fandino , Marta ( 2008 ) . `` UDC or DDC : a note about the suitable choice for the National Library of Liechtenstein '' ( PDF ) . Extensions and Corrections to the UDC . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Rachel Ivy ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Picturing Classification The Evolution and Use of Alternative Classification in Dutch Public Libraries '' . Public Libraries Online . Retrieved 15 December 2013 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Fister , Barbara ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` In the search for better browsability , librarians are putting Dewey in a different class '' . The Library Journal . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Laena ( January 2009 ) . `` New Classification System for Public Libraries ? '' . The Public Library Association Blog . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dewey Decimal System . Wikidata has the property : Dewey Decimal Classification ( P1036 ) ( see uses ) OCLC 's Dewey Decimal website Dewey Summaries as Linked Data Full text of A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library ( Dewey Decimal Classification ) ( 1876 ) from Project Gutenberg Book Industry Standards and Communications ( BISAC ) system Library classification systems Bliss ( BC ) Brian Deer Chinese Library ( CLC / CCL ) Colon ( CC ) Cutter Expansive Dewey Decimal ( DDC ) Harvard -- Yenching Korean decimal ( KDC ) Library of Congress ( LCC ) New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Nippon Decimal ( NDC ) Swedish library system ( SAB ) Universal Decimal ( UDC ) See also : Knowledge organization Commons Portal Computable knowledge Topics and concepts Alphabet of human thought Authority control Automated reasoning Commonsense knowledge Commonsense reasoning Computability Formal system Inference engine Knowledge base Knowledge - based systems Knowledge engineering Knowledge extraction Knowledge representation Knowledge retrieval Library classification Logic programming Ontology Personal knowledge base Question answering Semantic reasoner Proposals and implementations Zairja Ars Magna (",
"14": "1300 ) An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language ( 1688 ) Calculus ratiocinator & Characteristica universalis ( 1700 ) Dewey Decimal Classification ( 1876 ) Begriffsschrift ( 1879 ) Mundaneum ( 1910 ) Logical atomism ( 1918 ) Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus ( 1921 ) Hilbert 's program ( 1920s ) Incompleteness theorem ( 1931 ) World Brain ( 1938 ) Memex ( 1945 ) General Problem Solver ( 1959 ) Prolog ( 1972 ) Cyc ( 1984 ) Semantic Web ( 2001 ) Evi ( 2007 ) Wolfram Alpha ( 2009 ) Watson ( 2011 ) Siri ( 2011 ) Knowledge Graph ( 2012 ) Wikidata ( 2012 ) Cortana ( 2014 ) Viv ( 2016 ) In fiction The Engine ( Gulliver 's Travels , 1726 ) Joe ( `` A Logic Named Joe '' , 1946 ) The Librarian ( Snow Crash , 1992 ) Dr. Know ( A.I. Artificial Intelligence , 2001 ) Waterhouse ( The Baroque Cycle , 2003 ) See also : Logic machines in fiction and List of fictional computers Authority control VIAF : 198122328 GND : 4149423 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"15": "php?title=Dewey_Decimal_Classification&oldid=803782048 '' Categories : Dewey Decimal Classification Library cataloging and classification 1876 introductions American inventions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
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what was the first light beer in the us
|
[
"Miller Lite",
"Miller Lite",
"Miller Lite",
"Miller Lite"
] |
{
"0": "Miller Lite - wikipedia Miller Lite Jump to : navigation , search Miller Lite Miller Lite logo Type American Light Lager Manufacturer Miller Brewing Company Introduced 1973 Alcohol by volume 4.2 % Website https://www.millerlite.com/ Miller Lite Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 113 kJ ( 27 kcal ) Carbohydrates . 9 Fat 0.0 Protein < 1 Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Miller Lite , also known simply as Lite , is an 4.2 % ABV American light pale lager sold by MillerCoors of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . Miller Lite competes with Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light beer . The company also produces Miller Genuine Draft and Miller High Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Awards 3 Advertising 3.1 Motorsport sponsorship 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Miller Lite was essentially the first mainstream light beer . After its first inception as `` Gablinger 's Diet Beer , '' developed in 1967 by Joseph L. Owades , PhD , a biochemist working for New York 's Rheingold Brewery , the recipe was given by Owades to Chicago 's Peter Hand Brewing . That year , Peter Hand Brewing was purchased by a group of investors , renamed Meister Brau Brewing , and Lite was soon introduced as Meister Brau Lite , a companion to their flagship Meister Brau . Under the new management , Meister Brau Brewing encountered significant financial problems , and in 1972 , sold several of its existing labels to Miller . The recipe was relaunched simply as `` Lite '' on packaging and in advertising ( with `` Lite Beer from Miller '' being its `` official '' name until the late ' 90s ) in the test markets of Springfield , Illinois , Knoxville , Tennessee , and San Diego , California , in 1973 , and heavily marketed using masculine pro sports players and other , so - called , macho figures of the day in an effort to sell to the key beer - drinking male demographic .",
"1": "Miller Lite was introduced nationally in 1975 . Miller 's heavy - advertising approach worked where the two previous light beers had failed , and Miller 's early production totals of 12.8 million barrels quickly increased to 24.2 million barrels by 1977 as Miller rose to 2nd place in the American brewing marketplace . Other brewers responded , in particular Anheuser - Busch with its heavily advertised Bud Light in 1982 , which eventually overtook Lite in sales by 1994 . Anheuser - Busch played on the branding style of `` Lite '' by highlighting the fact that their beer was called `` Bud Light , '' as `` everything else is just a light . '' In 1992 , light beers became the biggest domestic beer in America , and in 1998 , Miller relabeled its `` Lite '' brand as `` Miller Lite . '' In 2008 , Miller Brewing Company test - marketed three new recipes -- an amber , a blonde ale , and a wheat -- under the Miller Lite brand , marketed as Miller Lite Brewers Collection . In December 2013 , as part of a product placement marketing campaign with the film Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues , Miller reintroduced the 1974 navy - blue blackletter font `` Lite '' packaging on its 16 - US - fluid - ounce ( 470 ml ) cans for a limited time ( the original 1972 cans used a light - blue script logo ) . However , the vintage packaging was such a success that by September 2014 , the company decided to switch back to the vintage packaging full - time , including on bottles and tap handles , mirroring the unexpected success that PepsiCo had in 2009 with its Pepsi Throwback & Mountain Dew Throwback lines in tapping into the retro - themed packaging market . The unexpected sales increase , combined with wanting to differentiate the packaging from Bud Light , were factors in the decision , with some consumers even stating that Miller actually improved on the taste when nothing changed in the beer itself . Awards ( edit ) Miller Lite Great American Beer Festival 's silver medal in 2003 in the same category . At the 2010 and 2014 Great American Beer Festival , Miller Lite won the gold medal for Best American Style Lager or Light Lager , beating out Miller Genuine Draft , which received the bronze .",
"2": "The beer debuted at # 1 on the list of top 100 beers of all time by Cold Cans . Advertising ( edit ) The Miller Lite logo , 2003 - 2014 . Miller Lite 's long - running `` Tastes Great ! ... Less Filling ! '' advertising campaign was ranked by Advertising Age magazine as the eighth best advertising campaign in history . The campaign was developed by the advertising agency McCann - Erickson Worldwide . In the prime of the campaign , television commercials typically portrayed a Lite Beer drinker noting its great taste followed by another who observed that it was less filling . This usually led to a parody of Wild West saloon fights in which every patron got involved in the dispute for no real reason , though in this case it was always a shouting match , and blows were never thrown . The commercials were closed with a voiceover from actor Eddie Barth , who read the slogan , `` Lite Beer from Miller : Everything you 've always wanted in a beer . And less . '' The then - recently retired New York Jets running back Matt Snell was the first person to appear in Miller Lite 's first commercial in 1973 . To attract ' Joe Sixpack ' to a light beer , these commercials started to feature both elite ex-athletes such as Ray Nitschke , Ben Davidson , and Bubba Smith but also oddball cultural figures such as Mickey Spillane ( accompanied by a blonde , Lee Meredith , who is better known for her role as Ulla , the secretary in The Producers ) , and comedian Rodney Dangerfield . As the series of commercials went on , it began featuring athletes and celebrities of all sorts . Some commercials from this era include : Former Major League catcher and Milwaukee Brewers broadcaster Bob Uecker being rousted from his good seat at a ballgame , and escorted away by an usher . Uecker comments , `` I must be in the front rowwwwwww , '' but ends up in the last row of the nosebleed seats . This gave rise to the term `` Bob Uecker seats '' . Joe Frazier , famous heavyweight boxing champion , walking into a full bar as part of a barbershop quartet while the on - screen caption says `` Joe Frazier , Famous Heavyweight Singer . ''",
"3": "The quartet sings `` do like Smokin ' Joe '' and the song goes on to praise Miller Lite 's advantages . There is then a moment 's silence which follows with a roar of applause . ( 1 ) Marv Throneberry , who was one of the most famously hapless members of the 1962 New York Mets , wondering over and over , `` I do n't know why I was asked to do this commercial . '' Former Baltimore Orioles first baseman Boog Powell and former umpire Jim Honochick doing a spot together , with Honochick totally unaware whom he is standing next to , until he puts his glasses on at the end , and exclaims , `` Hey - you 're Boog Powell ! '' Pro footballer / actor Bubba Smith proclaims at the end of a spot , `` I also like the easy - opening can , '' then proceeds to tear off the entire top third of an aluminum Miller Lite can . In a later ad , pro bowling legend Don Carter laments that bowlers are athletes too , and attempts to prove it by repeating Smith 's feat . But he struggles to do so . And perhaps most famously , when Billy Martin and George Steinbrenner were in the middle of their legendary 1970s era feuds , they did an ad with Martin saying , `` Tastes great , George '' , and Steinbrenner replying , `` Less filling , Billy ! '' , back and forth until Steinbrenner finally says , `` You 're fired ! '' ( changed to `` You 're hired ! '' when Martin was re-hired by Steinbrenner in real life ) . Martin replies , `` Not Again ! '' As the popularity of the ads and the number of athletes and celebrities that appeared in them grew , Miller produced occasional `` alumni '' ads featuring all of the stars , generally in some sort of competition between the ' Less Fillings ' and the ' Taste Greats ' . The ads usually ended with Rodney Dangerfield somehow being the goat of the losing team . In one of the last spots to feature Dangerfield , the Miller Lite alumni are competing in a bowling match . It is the last frame of a tie game , and Ben Davidson grumbles to Dangerfield , `` All we need is one pin , Rodney . ''",
"4": "Dangerfield rolls the ball down the lane , only to have it bounce horizontally off the head pin and into the gutter , knocking down zero pins . As part of this campaign , Miller Brewing ran a series of highly distinctive television commercials in the winter of 1993 -- 1994 showing several fictitious `` extreme sports '' such as `` Wiener Dog Drag Racing '' ( which featured two wiener dogs racing each other at a drag racing strip ) , `` Sumo High Dive '' ( which depicted a Japanese sumo wrestler diving off a platform ) and `` The Miss Perfect Face - Off '' ( which featured beauty pageant contestants playing ice hockey ) . The tag line that followed was , `` If you can combine great taste with less filling , you can combine anything . '' and the question `` Can your beer do this ? '' In 1995 - 1996 , Miller Lite ran the `` Life Is Good '' campaign , which showed Miller Lite drinkers ' aspirational transition to more fun via a Miller Lite bottle tap , like `` Beach Rewind '' , where three men on a beach admired three beautiful women walking by , and could rewind , and enjoy , the scene repeatedly . The campaign was developed by Leo Burnett Company , and received the American Marketing Association EFFIE award for outstanding advertising effectiveness . The campaign included celebrities such as Larry Bird , Keith Jackson , and Richard Karn . Beginning January 12 , 1997 , a series of surrealistic Miller Lite ads , purportedly made by a man named `` Dick '' , began to air . They were hallmarked as such either at the beginning or the end of the commercial . The campaign was developed by Minneapolis - based ad agency Fallon . The series of `` Dick '' commercials was directed by Gerald Casale of the new wave band Devo . Such commercials include one where a middle - aged man sees the message `` twist to open '' on a Miller Lite bottle cap , and he proceeds to do the Twist . Screenshot from the Catfight commercial where a blonde and a brunette fight over whether Miller Lite beer tastes great or is less filling The ad campaign changed back to using high - profile celebrities who were either on opposite ends of the spectrum or had bragging rights to exchange with the other . Notable pairings included the following : George Brett and Robin Yount .",
"5": "Brett and Yount were both elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 with 98 and 77 percent of the vote respectively while Yount won two MVP awards to Brett 's one . Edgar Winter and George Hamilton . Winter 's albinism was a stark contrast to the tanned look of Hamilton on screen . Ken Stabler and Dan Fouts . Stabler needles Fouts about never getting to or winning a Super Bowl while Fouts lets Stabler know about his inferior passing statistics . In 2002 , `` Catfight '' , another high - profile commercial in the long - running `` Great Taste ... Less Filling '' campaign , was denounced by critics as depicting women as sexual objects . The commercial featured two women , a blonde ( Tanya Ballinger ) and a brunette ( Kitana Baker ) , discussing the classic `` Great Taste / Less Filling '' debate , except they engaged in a catfight , hence the ad 's title , with the fight moving from a fountain to a mud pit , with the girls stripping each other of their clothing in the process . An uncensored version of the commercial ended in the muddy beauties , stripped down to their underwear , sharing a passionate kiss . The girls received much publicity from the commercial , and later starred in a few related commercials , videos and events . In 2006 , Miller Lite had an advertising campaign called Man Laws featuring celebrities that include actor Burt Reynolds , professional wrestler Triple H , comedian Eddie Griffin , and former American football player Jerome Bettis . The celebrities and other actors were in a `` Men of the Square Table '' , a group meeting where they discuss different situations that should be included in the `` Man Laws '' . The ads were developed by the ad agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky / Miami , and were directed by comedy film director Peter Farrelly . In June 2010 , commercials premiered featuring actresses Lindsey McKeon and Nadine Heimann as bartenders . Motorsport sponsorship ( edit ) The Miller Lite car in 2012 . The car 's current driver , Brad Keselowski , won the Sprint Cup Series title that same year . Miller Brewing Company began their NASCAR sponsorship in 1983 with driver Bobby Allison , advertising the Miller High Life brand and later in 1990 with driver Rusty Wallace , advertising the Miller Genuine Draft brand .",
"6": "In 1997 , the company began advertising the Miller Lite brand on Wallace 's # 2 Penske Racing car . The car later earned the nickname `` Blue Deuce '' , due to its number and blue paint scheme . Wallace retired following the 2005 season , and Kurt Busch was named as his replacement . Busch drove the `` Blue Deuce '' from 2006 to 2010 . The car is currently driven by Brad Keselowski , who won the 2012 Sprint Cup Series championship . Other promotion in motorsport included the sponsoring of Don Prudhomme 's Larry Dixon - driven NHRA top fuel dragster from 1997 to 2007 . Prior to that , Dixon was sponsored by Miller Genuine Draft . Additionally , Miller Brewing sponsored the Unlimited hydroplane of R.B. `` Bob '' Taylor in 1984 with the U-7 `` Lite All - Star '' , driven by Tom D'Eath . The following year , Miller switched teams and brands with the `` Miller American '' Unlimited hydroplane owned by Fran Muncey and Jim Lucero -- which resulted in the 1985 National Championship , and APBA Gold Cup wins in 1985 , 1986 , and 1987 , driven by Chip Hanauer . For the first time in a video game , it was featured in NASCAR ' 15 : Victory Edition and NASCAR Heat Evolution as a sponsor available to users verified to be over 21 years of age . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beer Nutrition Facts and Codes '' . MillerCoors . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.millercoors.com/Who-We-Are/Proud-History.aspx Jump up ^ Saxon , Wolfgang ( December 22 , 2005 ) . `` Joseph L. Owades , Developer of Recipe for Light Beer , Is Dead at 86 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Lisa . `` A Brief History of Beer in Chicago '' . Serious Eats . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B.S.B. Loses Miller Lite Account to Burnett '' . New York Times . Feb 14 , 1991 .",
"7": "Retrieved Feb 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Miller Lite Brewers Collection website Archived 2008 - 07 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Miller Lite Brings Back Its White Label , Possibly Also Its Mojo Bloomberg Businessweek ( 09 / 02 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ People Really Think Miller Lite In Vintage - Style Cans Tastes Better Consumerist ( 09 / 02 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS . '' Advertising Age . Accessed on July 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( 2010 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Teshome Actor Eddie Barth dies ; Voiceover artist known for 1980s Miller Lite commercials '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-17/sports/sp-2233_1_bob-uecker Jump up ^ `` Miller revives `` Miller Time '' theme for Lite `` . Modern Brewery Age . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` See Dick Make Ads '' Archived 2006 - 11 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... University of Iowa Department of Communication . Accessed on July 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Miller Lite 's ' Catfight ' ad angers some viewers . '' USA Today . Accessed on July 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ Miller Lite `` Unopened Beer '' . AdWeek . Accessed on July 2 , 2006 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miller Lite . Official website Important dates in the history of Miller Brewing Co . San Antonio Express - News . SABMiller Beer Africa South African Breweries Carling Black Label Castle Lager Castle Lite Castle Milk Stout Hansa Hansa Marzen Gold Hansa Pilsener Kgalagadi Breweries Limited St Louis Lager St Louis Export Ohlssons Lager Intafact Beverages Limited",
"8": "Hero Lager Eagle Lager Castle Milk Stout Grand Malt Beta Malt International Breweries plc Trophy Lager Trophy Black Lager BETAMALT Nile Breweries Limited Chairman 's Extra Strong Beer Club Pilsener Eagle Extra Lager Eagle Lager Nile Gold Crystal Malt Lager Nile Special Cervejas de Moçambique 2M Laurentina Clara Laurentina Premium Laurentina Preta Manica Raiz Tanzania Breweries Limited Kilimanjaro Safari Ndovu Special Malt Southern Sudan Beverages Limited White Bull Nile Special Club Pilsener Other Balimi Extra Lager Barons Bohlinger 's Lager Chibuku Club Premium Lager Club Shandy Golden Pilsener Lion Lager Maluti Premium Lager Mosi N'GOLA Rhino Lager Sibebe Stone Strong Lager Zambezi Lager Zambezi Lite Lager Asia and Oceania CR Snow Huadan Dry Beer Löwen New Three Star Shengquan Singo Snow Zero Foster 's Group Carlton & United Breweries Carlton Draught Crown Lager Crown Pilsner Foster 's Melbourne Bitter NT Draught Resch 's Victoria Bitter Cascade Brewery Matilda Bay Brewing Company Other Haywards 2000 Haywards 5000 Haywards Black Indus Pride Knock Out Royal Challenge Premium Lager Zorok Europe Dreher Sörgyárak Arany Ászok Dreher",
"9": "24 Dreher Bak Dreher Classic Dreher Premium Kőbányai Sör Kompania Piwowarska Dębowe Mocne Gingers Ksiazece Tyskie Lech Free Lech Lite Lech Mocny Lech Pils Lech Premium Tyskie Tyskie Gronie Wojak Żubr Plzeňský Prazdroj Pilsner Urquell Gambrinus Velkopopovický Kozel Radegast Ursus Breweries Azuga Ciucaș Stejar Timișoreana Ursus Premium Other Dorada Dorada Especial Dorada Sin Essa Moya Kaluga Šariš Dark Šariš Premium Šariš Light Siroco by Tropical Smädný Mnìch Topvar Tri Bogatyrya Svetloye Tropical Tropical Premium Velkopopovický Kozel Velkopopovický Kozel Cerny Velkopopovický Kozel Premium Velkopopovický Kozel Svěltý Zolotaya Bochka Klassicheskoye Zolotaya Bochka Platinovoe Zolotaya Bochka Razlyvnoe Zolotaya Bochka Svetloye Zolotaya Bochka Vyderzhannoye Żubr North America ( MillerCoors ) Miller Brewing Company Hamm 's Beer Hamm 's Golden Draft Hamm 's Special Light Icehouse MGD 64 Mickey 's Miller Chill Miller Genuine Draft Miller Genuine Draft Light Miller High",
"10": "Life Miller Lite Milwaukee 's Best Milwaukee 's Best Ice Milwaukee 's Best Light Olde English 800 Red Dog SouthPaw Light Steel Reserve St. Louis Henry Weinhard 's ( Belgian Style Wheat Blonde Blue Boar Pale Ale Classic Dark Hefeweizen India Pale Ale Private Reserve ) Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company ( Amber Light Berry Weiss Big Butt Doppelbock Creamy Dark Lager Honey Weiss Light Oktoberfest Original Red Lager Summer Shandy ) Molson Coors Brewing Company Blue Moon Coors Coors Light Killian 's Molson Canadian Other Saint Archer Brewing Company South America Backus and Johnston Arequipeña Cristal Cusqueña Cusqueña Light Cusqueña Malta Pilsen Callao Pilsner Polar Pilsen Trujillo San Juan Bavaria Brewery Águila Aguila Light Águila Light Brava Club Colombia Costeñita Costeña Leona Pilsen Poker Cerveceria Hondureña Barena Imperial Port - Royal Salva - Vida Other Atlas Balboa Barena Club Premium Lager Conquer Dorada Golden Light Pilsener Pilsener Lite Regia Extra Suprema Non-beer Blakes & Doyle Brutal Fruit Coca - Cola Beverages Africa Crispin Hard Cider Company Fox Barrel Cider Frisco Fusion Guaraná Redd 's Cougar Bourbon San Mateo Sarita Skelter 's Straight Viva Other SAB World of Beer Flagship brands Global brands Joint venture between SABMiller ( 49 % ) and China Resources Enterprises ( 51 % ) Joint venture between SABMiller ( 58 % ) and Molson Coors Brewing Company ( 42 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"11": "php?title=Miller_Lite&oldid=821635353 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1975 American beer brands Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sings the christmas song all i want for christmas is you
|
[
"Mariah Carey",
"Mariah Carey",
"Mariah Carey",
"American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey"
] |
{
"0": "All I Want for Christmas Is You - wikipedia All I Want for Christmas Is You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mariah Carey song that has been covered by many artists . For other uses , see All I Want for Christmas Is You ( disambiguation ) . `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Single by Mariah Carey from the album Merry Christmas B - side `` Miss You Most ( At Christmas Time ) '' `` Joy to the World '' Released November 1 , 1994 Format 7 '' CD Recorded August 1994 Genre Christmas pop R&B Length 4 : 01 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff Mariah Carey singles chronology `` Endless Love '' ( 1994 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( 1994 ) `` Joy to the World '' ( 1994 ) `` Endless Love '' ( 1994 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( 1994 ) `` Joy to the World '' ( 1994 ) Music video `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' on YouTube `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is a Christmas song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . She wrote and produced the song alongside Walter Afanasieff . Columbia Records released it on November 1 , 1994 , as the lead single from her fourth studio album and first holiday album , Merry Christmas ( 1994 ) . It is an uptempo love song that includes bell chimes , heavy back - up vocals , and synthesizers . Two music videos were commissioned for the song : the song 's primary music video features grainy home - movie - style footage of Carey , her dogs and family during the holiday season , as well as Carey dressed in a Santa suit frolicking on a snowy mountainside . Carey 's then - husband Tommy Mottola makes a cameo appearance as Santa Claus , bringing Carey a gift and leaving on a red sleigh .",
"1": "The second video was filmed in black and white , and features Carey dressed in 1960s style in homage to The Ronettes , alongside back up singers and female dancers . Carey has performed `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' in numerous live television appearances and tours throughout her career . In 2010 , Carey re-recorded the song for her second holiday album , Merry Christmas II You , titled `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( Extra Festive ) '' . Carey also re-recorded the song as a duet with Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his 2011 album Under the Mistletoe , titled `` All I Want for Christmas for You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' . The song has also been covered by many artists over the years . In the years since its original release , `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' has been critically lauded ; it was once called `` one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon '' in The New Yorker . It has become established as a Christmas standard and continues to surge in popularity each holiday season . The song was commercially successful , topping the charts in the Czech Republic , Hungary , the Netherlands , Norway , Slovenia , and Spain while reaching number two in Australia , Japan , and the United Kingdom , and the top 10 in several other countries . With global sales of over 16 million copies , the song remains Carey 's biggest international success and is the 11th best - selling single of all time . As of 2017 , the song was reported to have earned $60 million in royalties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Remixes and re-releases 6 Live performances 7 Music videos 8 Legacy 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 9.4 Mariah Carey and Justin Bieber version 10 Certifications and sales 11 List of cover versions 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Following the success of the singer 's 1993 career best - selling album Music Box , Carey and her management at Columbia Records began devising ideas and strategies for subsequent projects .",
"2": "Carey 's then - husband , Tommy Mottola , head of Columbia 's parent label Sony Music Entertainment , began mapping out possible follow ups for the singer during the pinnacle years of her career . During initial discussions regarding the thought of doing a Christmas - themed album with Carey and her writing partner of over four years , Walter Afanasieff , fear arose that it was not commercially expedient or wise to release holiday music at the peak of one 's career , as it was more often equated with a release towards the end of a musician 's waning career . Afanasieff recalled his sentiments during initial discussions for a holiday record : `` Back then , you did n't have a lot of artists with Christmas albums . It was n't a known science at all back then , and there was nobody who did new , big Christmas songs . So we were going to release it as kind of an everyday , ' Hey , you know , we 're putting out a Christmas album . No big deal . ' '' Ultimately , with Mottola 's persistence and Carey 's initiative to be a `` risk - taker '' as Afanasieff put it , the song and its parent album , Merry Christmas , began taking form in early - mid 1994 . Recording for the album began in June , while the Carey - Afanasieff songwriting duo penned `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' in late August . Often referencing herself a festive person and demonstrating a usual penchant for her love of all things Christmas , Carey began decorating the home she shared with Mottola in upstate New York ( which also came equipped with a personal recording studio ) with Christmas ornaments and other holiday - inspired trinkets . In doing so , Carey felt she could capture the essence and spirit of what she was singing and make her vocal performance and delivery more emotive and authentic . The songwriting pair carved out the chords , structure and melody for the song in just a quarter of an hour : `` It 's definitely not ' Swan Lake , ' ' admits Afanasieff . ' But that 's why it 's so popular -- because it 's so simple and palatable ! '' .",
"3": "At first , Afanasieff admitted that he was puzzled and `` blanched '' as to where Carey wanted to take the melody and vocal scales , though she was `` adamant '' in her direction for the song . In an interview with Billboard , Afanasieff described the type of relationship he and Carey shared in the studio and as songwriters for the song and in general : It was always the same sort of system with us . We would write the nucleus of the song , the melody primary music , and then some of the words were there as we finished writing it . I started playing some rock ' n ' roll piano and started boogie woogie - ing my left hand , and that inspired Mariah to come up with the melodic ( Sings . ) ' I do n't want a lot for Christmas . ' And then we started singing and playing around with this rock ' n ' roll boogie song , which immediately came out to be the nucleus of what would end up being ' All I Want For Christmas Is You . ' That one went very quickly : It was an easier song to write than some of the other ones . It was very formulaic , not a lot of chord changes . I tried to make it a little more unique , putting in some special chords that you really do n't hear a lot of , which made it unique and special . Then for the next week or two Mariah would call me and say , ' What do you think about this bit ? ' We would talk a little bit until she got the lyrics all nicely coordinated and done . And then we just waited until the sessions began , which were in the summer of ' 94 where we got together in New York and started recording . And that 's when we first hear her at the microphone singing , and the rest is history . Afanasieff flew back to California where he finished the song 's programming and production . Originally , he had a live band play the drums and other instruments with the thought of giving it a more raw and affective sound . He was unhappy with the results of the recording and subsequently scrapped the effort and used his original , personal arrangement and programmed all the instruments heard on the song ( with the exception of the background vocals ) including the piano , effects , drums and triangle .",
"4": "While Carey continued writing material in her rented home in The Hamptons , Afanasieff completed the song 's programming and awaited to rendezvous with her a final time in order to layer and harmonize the background vocals . In touching on several aspects of what excited her to record and release a Christmas album , Carey went into detail on what writing and recording the song and album meant for her : `` I 'm a very festive person and I love the holidays . I 've sung Christmas songs since I was a little girl . I used to go Christmas caroling . When it came to the album , we had to have a nice balance between standard Christian hymns and fun songs . It was definitely a priority for me to write at least a few new songs , but for the most part people really want to hear the standards at Christmas time , no matter how good a new song is . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' A sample of the song 's chorus and various computerized programming , instruments and background vocals . Combined with Carey 's voice , the sample illustrates the song 's hearkening and inspiration drawn from previous decades as well as what music critics attribute its success to . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Carey 's masterpiece is an incredible feat of philosophical subterfuge . Christmas is a time of material and affection - based excess , yet the song is narrowly focused on just one thing : getting to be with a specific person ; you . It rejects the idea of love in general in favor of love in particular , simultaneously defying and defining pop - music conventions . With more economy of expression and undoubtedly catchier lyrics , ' Want ' is a sort of Hegelian dialectic of Christmastime desire , taking the conflicting notions of abundance and specificity and packaging them into an earworm for the generations . '' -- Emma Green , The Atlantic `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is an uptempo song , composed with pop , soul , R&B , gospel , dance - pop and rhythmic adult contemporary influences and stylings . By early August , Carey already had two original songs written alongside Afanasieff ; the `` sad and balld - y '' `` Miss You Most ( At Christmas Time ) '' and the `` Gospel - tinged and religious '' `` Jesus Born on This Day '' .",
"5": "The third and final original song the pair planned to write was to be centered and inspired and in the vein of a `` Phil Spector , old rock ' n roll , sixties - sounding Christmas song '' . The song begins with a `` sparking '' bit of percussion `` that resembles an antique music box or a whimsical snow globe . '' After Carey 's a cappella style vocal introduction , the song introduces other seasonal percussive signifiers including ; celebratory church - like bells , cheerful sleigh bells , and `` an underlying rhythmic beat that sounds like the loping pace of a horse or reindeer . These sounds echo religious and secular musical touchstones , without veering blatantly too much in either direction , and give the song an upbeat , joyous tone . '' In an interview in 1994 , Carey described the song as `` fun '' , and continued : `` It 's very traditional , old - fashioned Christmas . It 's very retro , kind of ' 60s . '' Afanasieff went further in breaking down the song 's musical elements : `` A lush bed of keyboards , reminiscent of a small - scale Wall of Sound , cushions the song 's cheery rhythms , while a soulful vocal chorus adds robust oohs , tension - creating counter-melodies , and festive harmonies . Most notably , however , the song 's jaunty piano chords and melody keep the song merrily bouncing along . '' Lyrically , the describes the yearning desire to be with a loved one for Christmas , regardless of whether they have to forgo the usual commercial aspect of the holiday season such as ornamental lights , trees , snow and presents . The song incorporates various instruments , including piano , drums , violin , oboe , flute , bell chimes , bass effect , and cowbells . The song layers background vocals throughout the chorus and sections of the bridge . `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is played at a original tempo of 150.162 beats per minute . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in common time and in the key of G major .",
"6": "Carey 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of G to the high note of G. Carey wrote the song 's lyrics and melody , while Afanasieff arranged and produced the piece with synthetically created computerized equipment . Slate 's Ragusea counts `` at least 13 distinct chords at work , resulting in a sumptuously chromatic melody . The song also includes what I consider the most Christmassy chord of all -- a minor subdominant , or ' iv , ' chord with an added 6 , under the words ' underneath the Christmas tree , ' among other places . ( You might also analyze it as a half - diminished ' ii ' 7th chord , but either interpretation seems accurate ) . '' According to Roch Parisien from AllMusic , the song contains `` The Beach Boys - style harmonies , jangling bells , and a sleigh - ride pace , injecting one of the few bits of exuberant fun in this otherwise vanilla set . '' Critics have noted the song 's 1940s , 1950s , and 1960s influences which , in conjunction with Carey 's voice and its simple melody , heralded its recipe for success . In discussing the song 's chord progression and stylistic approaches , Slate 's Adam Ragusea hailed the song as `` the only Christmas song written in the last half - century worthy of inclusion in the Great American Songbook . '' The A.V. Club 's Annie Zaleski attributes the song 's enduring appeal to its ambiguity in being able to pin it down as belonging to a specific era . Critics also noted the song a tad reminiscent of the works of Judy Garland and Nat King Cole , while also describing it as hearkening back to `` ' 60s and ' 70s Motown covers of prewar Christmas classics , such as The Jackson 5 's ( and ) Stevie Wonder '' . Slate 's Ragusea conceded that `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' `` sounds like it could have been written in the ' 40s and locked in a Brill Building safe . '' In a piece on the song in Vogue , a writer felt the song 's lyrics helped solidify its status over two decades later : `` those lyrics could have been sung by Frank Sinatra -- well , maybe not Frank , but another singer back then .",
"7": "I think that 's what gives it that timeless , classic quality . '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' was lauded by music critics . Parisien called the song `` a year - long banger '' , complimenting its instrumentation and melody . Steve Morse , editor of The Boston Globe , wrote that Carey sang with a lot of soul . According to Barry Schwartz from Stylus Magazine , `` to say this song is an instant classic somehow does n't capture its amazingicity ; it 's a modern standard : joyous , exhilarating , loud , with even a hint of longing . '' Schwartz praised the song 's lyrics as well , describing them as `` beautifully phrased , '' and calling Carey 's voice `` gorgeous '' and `` sincere . '' Kyle Anderson from MTV labeled the track `` a majestic anthem full of chimes , sleigh bells , doo - wop flourishes , sweeping strings and one of the most dynamic and clean vocal performances of Carey 's career '' . While reviewing the 2009 remix version , Becky Bain from Idolator called the song a `` timeless classic '' and wrote , `` We love the original song to pieces -- we blast it while decorating our Christmas tree and lighting our Menorah . '' Shona Craven of Scotland 's The Herald , said , `` ( it 's ) a song of optimism and joy that maybe , just maybe , hints at the real meaning of Christmas . '' Additionally , she felt the main reason it was so successful is the subject `` you '' in the lyrics , explaining , `` Perhaps what makes the song such a huge hit is the fact that it 's for absolutely everyone . '' Craven opened her review with a bold statement : `` Bing Crosby may well be turning in his grave , but no child of the 1980s will be surprised to see Mariah Carey 's sublime All I Want For Christmas Is You bounding up the charts after being named the nation 's top festive song . '' In his review for Carey 's Merry Christmas II You , Thomas Connor from the Chicago Sun - Times called the song `` a simple , well - crafted chestnut and one of the last great additions to the Christmas pop canon '' .",
"8": "In a 2006 retrospective look at Carey 's career , Sasha Frere - Jones of The New Yorker said , the `` charming '' song was one of Carey 's biggest accomplishments , calling it `` one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon '' . Dan Hancox , editor of The National , quoted and agreed with Jones ' statement , calling the song `` perfection '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Carey performing `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' at the National Christmas Tree Lighting ceremony near the White House on December 6 , 2013 In the United States , in the first week of January 1995 , `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary and at No. 12 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song placed on these two charts again in December 1995 and in December 1996 . The song was ineligible for inclusion on the Billboard Hot 100 during its original release , because it was not released commercially as a single . This rule lapsed in 1998 , however , allowing the song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 ( peaking at No. 83 in January 2000 ) . The song topped the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart in December 2005 , but it was unable to attain a new peak on the Billboard Hot 100 chart because it was considered a recurrent single and was thus ineligible for chart re-entry . Every December from 2005 to 2008 , the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 Re-currents chart . In 2012 , after the recurrent rule was revised to allow all songs in the top 50 onto the Billboard Hot 100 chart , the single re-entered the chart at No. 29 and peaked at number 21 for the week ending January 5 , 2013 . In December 2017 , the song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it its highest peak since its original release . As of December 16 , 2017 , `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' topped the Billboard Holiday 100 chart for a record - extending 27th cumulative week . No other song has spent more than two weeks at No. 1 on the Holiday 100 since the chart 's launch in 2011 .",
"9": "It has become the first holiday ringtone to be certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , of songs recorded before the year 2000 , it is the best - selling digital single by a woman , as well as the overall best - selling holiday digital single . As of November 2016 , Nielsen SoundScan estimated total sales of the digital track at 3,200,000 downloads . In the United Kingdom , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 5 during the week of December 10 , 1994 . The following week , the song peaked at number 2 , staying there for the final three weeks of December ( held out of the coveted `` Christmas No. 1 '' honor by East 17 's `` Stay Another Day '' ) . As of January 27 , 2017 , it had spent seventy - eight weeks on the UK Singles Chart . As of December 19 , 2013 , `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' has sold one million copies in the UK . On December 11 , 2015 , it was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipment of 1.2 million units ( including streams ) and remains Carey 's best - selling single in the UK . In 2010 , `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' was named the No. 1 holiday song of the decade in the United Kingdom . The song peaked at number 2 in the United Kingdom for a second time in December 2017 due to strong downloads and streaming . The song peaked at No. 2 on the Australian Singles Chart and was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of over 210,000 units . In Denmark , it peaked at No. 4 , staying in the chart for sixteen weeks and being certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' became Carey 's best - selling single in Japan . It was used as the theme song to the popular drama 29 - sai no Christmas ( 29 才 の クリスマス , lit .",
"10": "`` Christmas in 29 Years , 29th Christmas '' ) , and was titled Koibito - tachi no Christmas ( 恋人 たち の クリスマス , lit . `` Lovers ' Christmas '' ) . The single peaked at No. 2 for two weeks , blocked from the top spot by `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' and `` Everybody Goes '' , both released by rock band Mr. Children . It sold in excess of 1.1 million units in Japan . Due to strong sales and airplay , the song re-charted in Japan in 2010 , peaking at No. 6 on the Japan Hot 100 . The single has been certified the Million award by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) on two different formats ( compact disc and ringtone ) , in 1994 and 2008 , respectively . Remixes and re-releases ( edit ) When the song was first released as a single in 1994 , no remixes were commissioned except for the instrumental version ; however , this version was not released on the single that year . Carey re-released the song commercially in Japan in 2000 , with a new remix known as the So So Def remix . The remix contains new vocals and is played over a harder , more urban beat that contains a sample of Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force 's `` Planet Rock ; '' it features guest vocals by Jermaine Dupri and Bow Wow . The remix appears on Carey 's compilation album Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) as a bonus track . In 2009 , a remix produced by Carey and Low Sunday , called `` Mariah 's New Dance Mix '' , was released . The mix laid the original 1994 vocals over new electronic instrumentation . The remix garnered a positive response . MTV 's Kyle Anderson wrote that `` it 's difficult to improve perfection , '' but that the remix `` does dress up the song in a disco thump that should make your office Christmas party 28 percent funkier than it was last year . '' Idolator 's Becky Bain praised the song 's catchiness . In 2010 , Carey re-recorded the song for her thirteenth studio and second holiday album , Merry Christmas II You .",
"11": "Titled `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( Extra Festive ) '' , the new version featured re-recorded vocals , softer bell ringing and stronger drumming , and an orchestral introduction that replaced the slow vocal introduction . Steven J. Horowitz from Rap - Up wrote that the new version `` sound ( ed ) just as enjoyable as it did in 1994 . '' While the song was praised , it drew criticism for being too similar to the original . Thomas Connor from the Chicago Sun - Times wrote that the new version `` just seems to add a few brassy backup singers to the exact same arrangement . '' Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone agreed , writing that it was `` hard to figure out what 's ' extra festive ' '' about the new version . Dan Hancox , editor of The National , also felt the new version was unnecessary . In 2011 , Justin Bieber also recorded a version of the song as a duet with Carey on his holiday album , Under the Mistletoe . Live performances ( edit ) Carey performing the 2010 version of the song live at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida on December 3 , 2010 Carey has performed the song during concerts as well as live televised performances . It was part of the set - list during the Japanese shows of Carey 's Daydream World Tour ( 1996 ) , Butterfly World Tour ( 1998 ) , Charmbracelet World Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) , and The Adventures of Mimi Tour ( 2006 ) . Additionally , Carey performed the song at the 2004 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade , which aired on ABC . Carey sang the So So Def remix version at the opening night of her Angels Advocate Tour on New Year 's Eve . On November 9 , 2010 , Carey taped a live Christmas Special featuring the song , which aired on December 13 , 2010 on ABC . Additionally , Carey performed the song alongside `` Oh Santa ! '' airing on ESPN and ABC throughout the day on Christmas Day of 2010 . On December 3 , she performed both songs at the Walt Disney World Resort theme park , Magic Kingdom , in a performance that was taped and aired part of the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade on ABC .",
"12": "She performed them again in a music video promoting the day 's NBA games that aired on both networks . Carey also included the track as the encore to her sold out , first annual Christmas concert series at the Beacon Theater in New York City . The show was entitled All I Want For Christmas Is You , A Night of Joy & Festivity . During The Late Late Show with James Corden on December 15 , 2016 , Mariah Carey sung this song on the popular feature Carpool Karaoke . Fellow singers Adele , Lady Gaga , Demi Lovato , Nick Jonas , Elton John , Selena Gomez , Gwen Stefani , Chris Martin and the band Red Hot Chili Peppers were featured in the video . It quickly went viral , achieving over 2 million views in less than 24 hours , and 25 million views in less than three weeks . Music videos ( edit ) There are three music videos for `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . The first , primary video was shot in the style of a home movie using Super-8mm film ; it was directed and filmed by Carey during the Christmas season of 1993 . The video begins with Carey placing holiday ornaments on a Christmas tree and frolicking through the snowy mountainside . Outdoor scenes were shot at the Fairy Tale Forest in New Jersey , where Carey 's then - husband Tommy Mottola made a cameo appearance as Santa Claus . It continues with scenes of Carey getting ready for her album cover photo shoot and spending time with her dog Jack . It concludes with Santa Claus leaving Carey with a bag of presents and waving goodbye . It has more than 400 million views on YouTube as of December 27 , 2017 . In the song 's alternate video , inspired by The Ronettes , Carey dances in a 1960s - influenced studio surrounded by go -- go dancers . For a 1960s look , the video was filmed in black and white , with Carey in white boots and teased up hair . This video was also directed by Carey . There are two edits to this version of the video . Another video was created for the So So Def remix , but it does not feature Carey or the hip - hop musicians that perform in the song .",
"13": "Instead , the video is animated and based on a scene in the video from Carey 's `` Heartbreaker '' ( 1999 ) . It features cartoon cameo appearances by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Bow Wow , Luis Miguel ( Carey 's boyfriend at the time ) , Carey 's dog Jack , and Santa Claus . Kris Kringle is credited with directing the music video . Since 2009 , the song has been included in a music video accompanying ESPN 's ( and their sister station , ABC ) Christmas Day coverage of the NBA . The music video for the duet featuring Bieber was filmed in Macy 's department store in New York City , and features Bieber shopping with his friends whilst Carey is seen singing in the background . Legacy ( edit ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' charts every holiday season since its original release . In December 2017 , the song peaked at # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it the first holiday song to enter Hot 100 's Top 10 since Kenny G 's cover of `` Auld Lang Syne '' in January 2000 . It became Carey 's 28th Top 10 Hit in the Hot 100 . With global sales of over 16 million copies , the song remains Carey 's biggest international success and the 11th best selling single of all time . As of 2017 , the song was reported to have earned $60 million in royalties . The Daily Telegraph hailed `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' as the most popular and most played Christmas song of the decade in the United Kingdom . Rolling Stone ranked it fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list , calling it a `` holiday standard . '' Due to the song 's lasting impact , Carey was dubbed the `` Queen of Christmas '' , a title she 's hesitant to accept . `` I do n't accept that name because I feel like it 's ( too much ) , '' she said . `` I humbly thank them and I do have an extraordinary love for the holiday season , and it is the best time of the year . '' Carey released a children 's book based on `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' on November 10 , 2015 , which went on to sell over 750,000 copies .",
"14": "She later released an animated family film based on the book and song on November 14 , 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 6 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 7 Portugal ( AFP ) 5 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company )",
"15": "US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Holiday 100 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 204 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Chart ( 1995 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 202 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 6 South Korean International Singles ( Gaon ) 98 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 17 ) Peak position UK Holiday Songs Mariah Carey and Justin Bieber version ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 35 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 61 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 19 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 148 US Billboard Hot 100 86 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Holiday Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,",
"16": "000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Digital download 2 × Platinum 180,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Physical sales Million 1,100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Digital sales 2x Million 2,100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital downloads Gold 3,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Mastertone 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 1,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 16,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone List of cover versions ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries .",
"17": "Shania Twain ( live performance , 1998 ) Samantha Mumba ( Samantha Sings Christmas EP , 2001 ) Olivia Olson ( Love Actually : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , 2003 ) My Chemical Romance ( `` Kevin and Bean 's Christmastime in the 909 '' , 2004 ) The Cheetah Girls ( Cheetah - licious Christmas , 2005 ) Agnes Carlsson and Måns Zelmerlöw ( 2007 ) Miley Cyrus ( live performance , 2007 ) Same Difference ( live performance , 2007 ) John Mayer ( live performance , 2008 ) Suemitsu & the Suemith ( Best Angle for the Pianist : Suemitsu & the Suemith 05 -- 08 , 2008 ) Whitney Duncan ( 2008 ) Alexandra Burke ( live performance , 2009 ) Dave Barnes ( Very Merry Christmas , 2010 ) Big Time Rush and Miranda Cosgrove ( Holiday Bundle , 2010 ) Lady Antebellum ( A Merry Little Christmas , 2010 ) US Billboard Hot Country Songs -- No. 57 Jessica Mauboy ( All I Want for Christmas , 2010 ) May J. ( Believin ' ... , 2010 ) Newsboys ( Christmas ! A Newsboys Holiday , 2010 ) Nota ( Nota 's A Capella Christmas , 2010 ) Bowling for Soup ( Merry Flippin ' Christmas , Vol.",
"18": "1 and 2 , 2011 ) Michael Bublé ( Christmas , 2011 ) Amber Riley ( Glee : The Music , The Christmas Album Volume 2 , 2011 ) Tiffany Alvord ( 2012 ) Demi Lovato ( live performance , 2012 ) Ariana Grande - ( live performance , 2012 ) Cee Lo Green ( Cee Lo 's Magic Moment , 2012 ) Quietdrive ( 2012 ) Atomic Tom ( 2013 ) Ayahi Takagaki ( melodia 2 , 2013 ) Park Bom & Lee Hi ( 2013 ) The Electrical Fire ( 2013 ) Jim Brickman ( 2014 ) Fifth Harmony ( I 'll Be Home for Christmas , 2014 ) The McClymonts ( 2014 ) Idina Menzel ( Holiday Wishes , 2014 ) Tal Wilkenfeld ( 2014 ) Ten Second Songs ( Anthony Vincent ) ( `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' in 20 Different Styles , 2014 ) Batfoot !",
"19": "( Punk Rock Christmas , 2015 ) Paula Arenas ( 2013 ) Ali Brustofski ( 2015 ) Steve Grand ( Music video , 2015 ) Chase Holfelder ( 2015 ) Kylie Minogue and Mumford & Sons ( live performance , 2015 ) The Girl and the Dreamcatcher ( 2015 ) Giselle Tavera ( 2015 ) Saara Aalto ( The X Factor , 2016 ) Cosmic Girls ( JUSE TV , 2016 ) Steve Grand ( 2016 ) Karmin ( 2016 ) She & Him ( Christmas Party , 2016 ) Straight No Chaser ( I 'll Have Another ... Christmas Album , 2016 ) The Darcys ( 2016 ) The Dollyrots ( 2016 ) Hanson ( Finally It 's Christmas , 2017 ) Lindsey Stirling ( Warmer in the Winter , 2017 ) Lena ( Sing meinen Song -- Das Weihnachtskonzert , 2017 ) Out of the Blue ( 2017 ) Polish Club ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) Mariah Carey portal Christmas music List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Frere - Jones , Sasha ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` On Top : Mariah Carey 's Record - Breaking Career '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs - Rolling Stone , Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending Dec. 11 , 2011 . Songs : Mariah 's Christmas Gift '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wile , Rob ( December 25 , 2013 ) .",
"20": "`` The True Story Behind Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas ' '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The music industry should be dreaming of a white Christmas '' . The Economist . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Why Mariah Carey Christmas Hit Will Be Around Forever '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` 12 Things You Did n't Know About Mariah Carey 's Christmas Hit '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wile , Rob ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` The True Story Behind Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Eric ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's ' Merry Christmas ' 20th Anniversary : Find Out What Went Into Making a Modern Christmas Classic '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nickson 1998 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Green , Emma ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' : A Historical Dialectic '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You - Mariah Carey '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nickson 1998 , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : `` Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Ragusea , Adam ( December 7 , 2015 ) .",
"21": "`` ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' Is Diminished Chords '' . Slate . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Parisien , Roch . `` Merry Christmas > Overview '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Michelle ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Enduring Magic of Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' '' . Vogue . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( December 4 , 1994 ) . `` Carey marks the season with music , good works '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` On Second Thought : Mariah Carey -- Merry Christmas '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kyle ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' Gets The Remix Treatment '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Becky ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` ' All I Want For Christmas ' Is Mariah 's X-Mas Dance Remix '' . Idolator . Gawker Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Shona ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` In Praise Of ... A Very Mariah Christmas '' . The Herald . STV Group plc . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Connor , Thomas ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Mariah , Boyle 's Christmas CDs a couple lumps of coal '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hancox , Dan ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sounds of the Season '' .",
"22": "The National . Mubadala Development Company . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( ( cite web url = https://www.billboard.com/artist/309388/mariah+carey/chart title = All I Want for Christmas Is You - Mariah Carey work = Billboard accessdate = November 10 , 2010 archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101111011955/http://https://www.billboard.com/artist/Illegal name entered mariah / / mariah % 2F / chart ? f = Invalid chart name entered ( ( ( chart ) ) ) Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' Hits Hot 100 's Top 10 for First Time , ' Perfect ' Still No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Mariah Carey 's ' Christmas ' Classic Returns '' . billboard.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' Is World 's First Double Platinum Holiday Ringtone '' . Legacy Recordings . PR Newswire . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Nielsen Business Media . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Staff ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Are the Top - Selling Holiday Songs ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Christmas Albums , From Bing To Buble '' .",
"23": "Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . The Official Charts Company . December 10 , 1994 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey - All I Want For Christmas Is You '' . UK Singles Chart . Chart Stats . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . BBC . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's All I Want For Christmas Is You Tops 1 million sales '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BPI - Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Paul ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` The Fairytale of New Media '' . Music Week . United Business Media . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas classics from Ariana Grande , Michael Buble and more reach new all - time highs on the Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2006 ) . Australian Chart Book 1993 - 2005 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 45889 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey - All I Want For Christmas Is You ( song ) '' . Danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin 2008 '' ( in Danish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Denmark . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 29 - sai no Kurisumasu '' ( in Japanese ) . JDorama.com .",
"24": "Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nickson 1998 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Oricon ( 19 December 1994 ) . `` Top Selling Singles '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 26 December 1994 ) . `` Top Selling Singles '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The World 's Number - Two Music Market Is No Afterthought . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 5 , 1995 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ - Statistics - Other Data - List of million - certified compact discs by year - 1994 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . riaj.or.jp . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ - Statistics - Certification of Music Download - December 2008 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . riaj.or.jp . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . In December 2017 the Song hit the Top - 10 on the Billboard Charts for the first time when it peaked at # 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nickson 1998 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Juzwiak , Rich ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` On Mariah Carey 's Agreeably Bizarre Yuletide Sequel Merry Christmas II You '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Steven J. `` Album Preview : Mariah Carey -- ' Merry Christmas II You ' '' . Rap - Up . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas II You '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 .",
"25": "Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber and Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas ' Video Debuts ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Tickets '' . Mariahcarey.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Stars Are Heading Down Santa Claus Lane '' . Disney . December 21 , 2004 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Rings In 2010 at Madison Square Garden , NY '' . Mariahcarey.com . January 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Tapes ABC Christmas Special , Grants A Fan 's Wish '' . Mariahcarey.com . November 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Performs at Disney Christmas Day Parade '' . Mariahcarey.com . December 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mariah Carey NBA Christmas Special 2010 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Watch Adele , Chris Martin , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Mariah Carey and more in ' Carpool Karaoke ' Christmas special - NME '' . NME . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nickson 1998 , p. 136 Jump up ^ MariahCareyVEVO ( November 23 , 2009 ) , Mariah Carey - All I Want For Christmas Is You , retrieved June 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hoppes , Lynn ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Behind the scenes with Mariah Carey '' . ESPN .",
"26": "Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey hit is most popular Christmas song '' . The Daily Telegraph . David and Frederick Barclay . December 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy . `` The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oswald , Anjelica ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey shows a humble side and rejects the title of ' Queen of Christmas ' '' . The Insider . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Announces Children 's Book Based on All I Want for Christmas Is You : People.com '' . People . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Song Gets Movie Treatment `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want For Christmas Is You Animated Film '' . Press Release . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey -- Chart history '' Brasil Hot 100 Airplay for Mariah Carey . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .",
"27": "Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201652 into search . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 49 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . January 14 , 1995 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 03 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ マライア ・ キャリー の アルバム 売り上げ ランキング ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 1 , 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 50 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201750 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Artists - Mariah Carey - Holiday 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepsze single na UK Top 40 - 1994 wg sprzedaży '' ( in Polish ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2016 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Digital Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber with Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber with Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber with Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tobias Zywietz . `` Chart Log UK 2011 '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien .",
"31": "Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want For Christmas Is You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Mariah Carey -- ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' Track '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Mariah Carey ; ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ Million List -- マライア ・ キャリー 恋人 たち の クリスマス ソニー レコード 1994.10. 29 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ Million List -- マライア ・ キャリー 恋人 たち の クリスマス ソニー レコード 1994.10. 29 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Enter All I Want for Christmas Is You in the search field and then press Enter .",
"32": "^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Mariah Carey -- ' All I want For Christmas is You ' Streaming '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : wEEKLY cHARTS from December 15 , 2016 '' . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Have Yourself a Carey Christmas '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SamanthaMumbaVEVO Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` All ' Love Actually ' scene - stealer Olivia Olson wants for graduation is a record deal '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnny Loftus . `` A Cheetah - licious Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Färsjö , Therese ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Julens hetaste par '' . Expressen ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hiffmeyer , Paul ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Yuletide Cheer '' . People . Retrieved October 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' X Factor ' final songlist revealed '' . Digital Spy .",
"33": "Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Patrick ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` X Factor winner Alexandra Burke odds on for Christmas hit '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Music Online Japan : Suemitsu - The Suemith '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : ' Glee ' Cast , Katy Perry , Bruno Mars '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Rick ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Gift Guide : The Best New Christmas Albums `` American Songwriter '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' Big Time Rush ' First Look : Snoop Dogg brings some holiday cheer to the Nickelodeon show '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Stephanie ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Lady Antebellum spreads holiday cheer '' . Daily Trojan . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carey - Oke '' . Billboard . December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want For Christmas - Album - Various Artists '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Believin ' ... '' recochoku.jp . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas ! A Newsboys Holiday '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NOTA - All I Want For Christmas Is You . December 12 , 2010 .",
"34": "Retrieved December 23 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Merry Flippin ' Christmas , Vol. 1 and 2 '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Buble Christmas Special Coming to NBC '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Review - Glee : The Music , The Christmas Album , Vol. 2 '' . allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Covers ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' At ' Christmas In Washington ' Concert '' . Idolator . December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ariana Grande - `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey cover ) ( Live in L.A. 11 - 10 - 12 ) . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Sia , Nicole ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Let Cee Lo Green 's Muppets Christmas Video Thaw Your Cold , Cold Heart SPIN '' . Spin . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Atomic Tom - All I Want For Christmas Is You ( Mariah Carey Cover ) . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Melodia 2 Ayahi Takagaki CD Album '' . CDJapan . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Park Bom and Lee Hi Release Pretty But Creepy `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' MV `` . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ `` Theelectricalfire.bandcamp.com '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BT Fasmer . `` New Age Music Guide '' . New Age Music Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Epic Records ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Epic Records Caps Banner Year With The Release Of First Holiday EP ... -- NEW YORK , Nov. 11 , 2014 / PRNewswire / -- '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The MccLymonts Forever Begins Tonight tour '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Idina Menzel : It 's Too Early for Christmas Music '' . TIME.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Hear Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' in 20 Different Styles '' . Billboard . Billboard Music . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Hear `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' in Almost Every Style You Can Imagine `` . Slate . Slate Holdings Group , LLC . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paula arenas - all i want fior christmas is you . December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' MUSIC VIDEO - Steve Grand . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com .",
"36": "Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford And Sons Join Kylie Minogue For A Mariah Carey Christmas Cover '' . baeblemusic.com . December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ X Factor semi final : Is Saara Aalto 's All I Want For Christmas is You song of the night ? . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 -- via UnrealityTV . Jump up ^ ( 내 손안에 쥬크 박스 쥬스 TV ) 우주 소녀 - all i want for christmas is you # 55 . December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Party '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll Have Another ... Christmas Album '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Indie rockers the Darcys change face , record Mariah Carey Christmas cover '' . CTV News . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . Bandcamp.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , It 's Christmas '' . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Stirling : Warmer In The Winter '' . PledgeMusic . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` Sing meinen Song -- Das Weihnachtskonzert '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqGfvtJvaSg Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJqwvUq-wRc Works cited Nickson , Chris ( 1998 ) , Mariah Carey revisited : her story , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19512 - 0 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` Someday '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) ''",
"38": "`` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. ''",
"39": "`` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Book Portal Links to related articles Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs.",
"40": "Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? ''",
"41": "`` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Idina Menzel Filmography Discography Studio albums Still I Ca n't Be Still Here I Stand Holiday Wishes Idina Live albums Live : Barefoot at the Symphony Singles `` Defying Gravity '' `` Brave '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Poker Face '' `` Let It Go '' Featured songs `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` One Short Day '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` For Good '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Concert tours Still I Ca n't Be Still Tour I Stand tour Barefoot at the Symphony Tour Idina Menzel : Live at Radio City Idina Menzel : World Tour Idina 2017 world tour Related articles Taye Diggs Book UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey ,",
"42": "2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You&oldid=821920724 '' Categories : Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1994 singles 1994 songs 2015 singles 2015 songs Mariah Carey songs Songs written by Walter Afanasieff Songs written by Mariah Carey American Christmas songs Music videos directed by Diane Martel Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Samantha Mumba songs Kate Alexa songs Lee Hi songs Japanese television drama theme songs Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Norway Michael Bublé songs Black - and - white music videos Justin Bieber songs Sony Music Entertainment singles Dance - pop songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles using Billboard ID with invalid artist Articles using BillboardChartNum with invalid chart name CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Japanese - language text Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Brazil",
"43": "Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Dynamic lists Good articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia",
"44": "Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 11 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who had a baby at 100 in the bible
|
[
"Abraham",
"Abraham",
"Sarah",
"Abraham",
"Abraham"
] |
{
"0": "Sarah - Wikipedia Sarah Jump to : navigation , search For the given name Sarah , see Sarah ( given name ) . For other uses , see Sarah ( disambiguation ) . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The template Infobox religious biography is being considered for merging . '' Sarah A depiction of Sarah and her husband , Abraham on the far left , hosting three angels in white robes Personal Sarai Ur Kaśdim Hebron Spouse Abraham ( half - brother ) Children Isaac Relatives Haran ( brother - in - law ) Nahor ( brother - in - law ) Terah ( father - in - law ) Lot ( nephew ) Lot 's wife ( niece ) Sarah or Sara ( / ˈsɛərə / SAIR - ə ; Hebrew : שָׂרָה , Modern Sara , Tiberian Śārā ISO 259 - 3 Śara ; Latin : Sara ; Arabic : سارا or سارة Sāra ) was the half -- sister and wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac as described in the Hebrew Bible . Her name was originally Sarai ( Hebrew : שָׂרָי , Sarai ) . According to Genesis 17 : 15 , God changed her name to Sarah as part of a covenant after Hagar bore Abraham his first son , Ishmael . The Hebrew name Sarah indicates a woman of high rank and is translated as `` princess '' or `` noblewoman '' .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Hebrew Bible 1.1 Departure from Ur 1.2 Pharaoh 's harem 1.3 Hagar and Ishmael 1.4 Isaac 1.5 Abimelech 1.6 Death 1.7 Family tree 2 In rabbinic literature 2.1 Pharaoh 's harem 2.2 Relations with Hagar 2.3 Death 3 New Testament references 4 Islam 5 Tomb of Sarah 6 Contemporary works and analysis 7 Notes 8 External links In the Hebrew Bible ( edit ) Abram 's Counsel to Sarai ( watercolor circa 1896 -- 1902 by James Tissot ) Sarah was the half - sister and wife of Abraham . She was considered beautiful to the point that Abraham feared that when they were near more powerful rulers she would be taken away and given to another man . Twice he purposely identified her as being his sister so that he would be `` treated well '' for her sake . No reason is given why Sarah remained barren ( childless ) for a long period of time . She was originally called `` Sarai '' , which is translated `` my princess '' . Later she was called `` Sarah '' , i.e. , `` princess '' . Departure from ur ( edit ) Terah , with Abram ( as he was then called ) , Sarai and Lot , departed for Canaan , but stopped in a place named Haran , where Terah remained until he died at the age of 205 . The LORD had told Abram to leave his country and his father 's house for a land that he would show him , promising to make of him a great nation , bless him , make his name great , bless those who blessed him , and curse `` him '' that curses him . Following God 's command , Abram took his wife Sarai , his nephew Lot , and the wealth and persons that they had acquired , and traveled to Shechem in Canaan . Abram was 75 at this time . Pharaoh 's harem ( edit ) Sarai Is Taken to Pharaoh 's Palace by James Tissot .",
"2": "There was a severe famine in the land of Canaan , so that Abram and Lot and their households , travelled south to Egypt . On the journey to Egypt , Abram instructed Sarai to identify herself only as his sister , fearing that the Egyptians would kill him in order to take his wife , saying , `` I know what a beautiful woman you are . When the Egyptians see you , they will say , ' this is his wife . ' Then they will kill me but will let you live . Say you are my sister , so that I will be treated well for your sake and my life will be spared because of you . '' When brought before Pharaoh , Sarai said that Abram was her brother , and the king thereupon took her into his palace and bestowed upon the latter many presents and marks of distinction . It is possible that Sarai acquired her Egyptian handmaid Hagar during this stay . However , God afflicted Pharaoh 's household with great plagues . Pharaoh then realized that Sarai was Abram 's wife and demanded that they leave Egypt immediately . Hagar and Ishmael ( edit ) Banishment of Hagar , Etching . À Paris chez Fr . Fanet , Éditeur , Rue des Saints Pères n ° 10 . 18th century . Sarah is seen at the left , looking on . After having lived in Canaan for ten years and still childless , Sarai suggested that Abram have a child with her Egyptian handmaid Hagar , to which he agreed . This resulted in tension between Sarai and Hagar , and Sarai complained to her husband that the handmaid no longer respected her . At one point , Hagar fled from her mistress but returned after angels met her . She gave birth to Abram 's son Ishmael when Abram was eighty - six years old . Isaac ( edit ) In Genesis 17 when Abram was ninety - nine years old , God declared his new name : `` Abraham '' -- `` a father of many nations '' , and gave him the covenant of circumcision . God gave Sarai the new name `` Sarah '' , and blessed her . Abraham was given assurance that Sarah would have a son . Not long afterwards , Abraham and Sarah were visited by three men . One of the visitors told Abraham that upon his return next year , Sarah would have a son .",
"3": "While at the tent entrance , Sarah overheard what was said , and she laughed to herself about the prospect of having a child at their ages . The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at the idea of bearing a child , for her age was as nothing to God . Sarah soon became pregnant and bore a son to Abraham , at the very time which had been spoken . The patriarch , then a hundred years old , named the child `` Isaac '' ( Hebrew yitschaq , `` laughter '' ) and circumcised him when he was eight days old . For Sarah , the thought of giving birth and nursing a child , at such an old age , also brought her much laughter , as she declared , `` God had made me to laugh , ( so that ) all that hear will laugh with me . '' Abraham held a great feast on the day when Isaac was to be weaned . It was during this banquet that Sarah happened upon the then teenaged Ishmael mocking and was so disturbed that she requested that both he and Hagar be removed from their company . Abraham was initially distressed by this but relented when told by God to do as his wife had asked . Abimelech ( edit ) Sarah , as depicted on Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum by Guillaume Rouillé After being visited by the three men , Abraham and Sarah settled between Kadesh and Shur in the land of the Philistines . While he was living in Gerar , Abraham again claimed that Sarah was his sister . King Abimelech subsequently had her brought to him . Later , God came to Abimelech in a dream and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a married woman . Abimelech , who had not laid hands on her , inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation , especially since Abraham had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings . In response , God told Abimelech that he did indeed have a blameless heart and that was why he continued to exist . However , if he did not return Sarah to Abraham , God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household . Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him .",
"4": "Early next morning , Abimelech informed his servants of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to why he had brought such great guilt upon his kingdom . Abraham replied that he thought there was no fear of God in that place , and that they might kill him for his wife . Then Abraham defended what he had said as not being a lie at all : `` And yet indeed she is my sister ; she is the daughter of my father , but not the daughter of my mother ; and she became my wife . '' Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham , and gave him gifts of sheep , oxen , and servants ; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech 's lands . Further , Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve as Sarah 's vindication before all . Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household , since God had stricken the women with infertility because of the taking of Sarah . Death ( edit ) Sarah , who died at the age of 127 , is the only woman in the Hebrew scriptures ( Old Testament ) whose age is given . Abraham buried her in the Cave of the Patriarchs ( also called the Cave of Machpelah ) , near Hebron which he had purchased , along with the adjoining field , from Ephron the Hittite and laid her to rest in the cave . Family tree ( edit ) Terah Sarah Abraham Hagar Haran Nahor Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah Ishmaelites 7 sons Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites Esau Jacob Rachel Bilhah Edomites Zilpah Leah 1 . Reuben 2 . Simeon 3 . Levi 4 . Judah 9 . Issachar 10 . Zebulun Dinah ( daughter ) 7 . Gad 8 . Asher 5 . Dan 6 . Naphtali 11 . Joseph 12 .",
"5": "Benjamin In rabbinic literature ( edit ) The Talmud identifies Sarai with Iscah , daughter of Abraham 's deceased brother Haran , so that in this Sarah turns out to be the niece of Abraham and the sister of Lot and Milcah . Rashi on Genesis 20 : 12 She is ( indeed ) my sister , my father 's daughter . - And the daughter of ( one 's ) father ( from a different mother ) is permitted to a son of Noah , ( i.e. , a non-Jew ) , for there is no ( halachic relationship ( with regard to forbidden marriages ) through ) paternity for non-Jews . In order to bear out his words he answered him ( Avimelech ) thus . And if you will say ( by way of objection ) , is it not true that she was the daughter of his brother ( Sanhedrin 58b ) , ( and not his father ? The answer is that ) the children of children are like ( one 's own ) children ( Yevamos 62b . In his comments to Exodus 18 : 1 , Rashi explains that `` young children call their father 's father , ' Father ' . '' ) and ( Sarah ) is thus ( considered ) the daughter of Terah , ( Abraham 's father , for she was the daughter of Haran , another son of Terah ) . Pharaoh 's harem ( edit ) When brought before Pharaoh , Sarah said that Abram was her brother , and the king thereupon bestowed upon the latter many presents and marks of distinction . As a token of his love for Sarai the king deeded his entire property to her , and gave her the land of Goshen as her hereditary possession : for this reason the Israelites subsequently lived in that land . Sarai prayed to God to deliver her from the king , and He thereupon sent an angel , who struck Pharaoh whenever he attempted to touch her . Pharaoh was so astonished at these blows that he spoke kindly to Sarai , who confessed that she was Abraham 's wife . The king then ceased to annoy her .",
"6": "According to another version , Pharaoh persisted in annoying her after she had told him that she was a married woman ; thereupon the angel struck him so violently that he became ill , and was thereby prevented from continuing to trouble her . According to one tradition it was when Pharaoh saw these miracles wrought in Sarai 's behalf that he gave her his daughter Hagar as slave , saying : `` It is better that my daughter should be a slave in the house of such a woman than mistress in another house . '' Abimelech acted likewise . Sarah is the sister of Abram by another mother and wife of Abram as described in the Hebrew Bible ( the Book of Genesis ) . In Genesis 17 : 15 , God changes her name to Sarah ( princess ) ( `` a woman of high rank '' ) as part of the covenant with El Shaddai after Hagar bears Abram his first born son Ishmael . The name Sarai uses the semitic root Šarai or law and like El has the sense of power , authority , lord , deity , natural law , law as might be expected for the lady of the house . The Hebrew name Sarah indicates a woman of high rank ( less than that of 1st wife ) and is sometimes translated as `` princess . '' Relations with Hagar ( edit ) Abraham , Sarah and Hagar , imagined here in a Bible illustration from 1897 . Sarai treated Hagar well , and induced women who came to visit her to visit Hagar also . Hagar , when pregnant by Abraham , began to act superciliously toward Sarai , provoking the latter to treat her harshly , to impose heavy work upon her , and even to strike her . Some believe Sarai was originally destined to reach the age of 175 years , but forty - eight years of this span of life were taken away from her because she complained of Abraham , blaming him as though he was the cause that Hagar no longer respected her . Sarah was sterile ; but a miracle was granted to her after her name was changed from `` Sarai '' to `` Sarah '' . According to one myth , when her fertility had been restored and she had given birth to Isaac , the people would not believe in the miracle , saying that the patriarch and his wife had adopted a foundling and pretended that it was their own son .",
"7": "Abraham thereupon invited all the notabilities to a banquet on the day when Isaac was to be weaned . Sarah invited the women , also , who brought their infants with them ; and on this occasion she gave milk from her breasts to all the strange children , thus convincing the guests of the miracle . Death ( edit ) Legends connect Sarah 's death with the attempted sacrifice of Isaac , however , there are two versions of the story . According to one , Samael came to her and said : `` Your old husband seized the boy and sacrificed him . The boy wailed and wept ; but he could not escape from his father . '' Sarah began to cry bitterly , and ultimately died of her grief . According to the other legend , Satan came to Sarah disguised as an old man , and told her that Isaac had been sacrificed . Believing it to be true , she cried bitterly , but soon comforted herself with the thought that the sacrifice had been offered at the command of God . She started from Beer - sheba to Hebron , asking everyone she met if he knew in which direction Abraham had gone . Then Satan came again in human shape and told her that it was not true that Isaac had been sacrificed , but that he was living and would soon return with his father . Sarah , on hearing this , died of joy at Hebron . Abraham and Isaac returned to their home at Beer - sheba , and , not finding Sarah there , went to Hebron , where they discovered her dead . According to the Genesis Rabbah , during Sarah 's lifetime her house was always hospitably open , the dough was miraculously increased , a light burned from Friday evening to Saturday evening , and a pillar of cloud rested upon the entrance to her tent . New Testament references ( edit ) The First Epistle of Peter praises Sarah for obeying her husband . She is praised for her faith in the Hebrews `` hall of faith '' passage alongside a number of other Old Testament figures . Other New Testament references to Sarah are in Romans and Galatians . In Galatians 4 , she and Hagar are used as an allegory of the old and new covenants : `` For it is written that Abraham had two sons , one by the slave woman and the other by the free woman .",
"8": "His son by the slave woman was born in the ordinary way ; but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a promise . These things may be taken figuratively , for the women represent two covenants . One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves : This is Hagar . Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem , because she is in slavery with her children . But the Jerusalem that is above is free , and she is our mother ... Now you , brothers , like Isaac , are children of promise ... Therefore , brothers , we are not children of the slave woman , but of the free woman . '' Islam ( edit ) Mausoleum of Sarah , Abraham 's wife in the Mosque of Abraham Sarah ( Arabic : سارة Sāra ) , the wife of the patriarch and Islamic prophet Abraham and the mother of the prophet Isaac , is an honoured woman in the Islamic faith . She lived with Abraham throughout her life and , although she was barren , God promised her the birth of a prophetic son , Isaac . Abraham , however , prayed constantly to God for a child . Sarah , being barren , subsequently gave him her Egyptian handmaiden , Hājar ( Hagar ) , to wed as his second wife . Hagar bore Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) , when Abraham was eighty - six , who too would become a prophet of God like his father . Thirteen years later , God announced to Abraham , then ninety - nine , that barren Sarah would give birth to Abraham 's second son , Isaac , who would also be a prophet of the Lord . Although the Qur'an does not mention Sarah by name , it mentions the annunciation of the birth of Isaac . The Qur'an mentions that Sarah laughed when the angels gave her the glad tidings of Isaac : There came Our messengers to Abraham with glad tidings . They said , ' Peace ! ' He answered , ' Peace ! ' and hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf . But when he saw their hands went not towards the ( meal ) , he felt some mistrust of them , and conceived a fear of them . They said : `` Fear not : We have been sent against the people of Lut .",
"9": "And his wife was standing ( there ) , and she laughed : But we gave her glad tidings of Isaac , and after him , of Jacob . She said : `` Alas for me ! shall I bear a child , seeing I am an old woman , and my husband here is an old man ? That would indeed be a wonderful thing ! '' -- Qur'an , Sura 11 ( Hud ) , ayat 69 - 72 Tomb of Sarah ( edit ) Mausoleum of Sarah , 1911 . Sarah is believed to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs ( known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham ) . The compound , located in the ancient city of Hebron , is the second holiest site for Jews ( after the Temple Mount in Jerusalem ) , and is also venerated by Christians and Muslims , both of whom have traditions which maintain that the site is the burial place of three biblical couples ; Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebecca , and Jacob and Leah . According to the Book of Genesis , Abraham purchased the plot of land for her tomb from a man named Ephron the Hittite . Contemporary works and analysis ( edit ) Sarah has been featured in several novels , and she is the central character in Sarah by Orson Scott Card in the Women of Genesis series , Sarai : A Novel by Jill Eileen Smith , and Sarah : A Novel by Marek Halter . In the Christian fiction novel Redeeming Love by Francine Rivers , the protagonist , called `` Angel '' throughout the duration of the story , is barren . At the end of the book , she reveals that her birth name is `` Sarah '' to her husband , who takes the revelation as a promise from God that they will one day be able to have children . In the 1994 movie Abraham , Sarah is portrayed by Barbara Hershey . Sarah is also a subject discussed in nonfiction books . In Twelve Extraordinary Women by Pastor John F. MacArthur , her life and story is analyzed along with that of Eve , Rahab , Ruth , Hannah , the Virgin Mary , Anna the Prophetess , the Samaritan woman at the well , Mary of Bethany , Martha , Mary Magdalene , and Lydia of Thyatira .",
"10": "Sarah appears in Slightly Bad Girls of the Bible : Flawed Women Loved by a Flawless God by Liz Curtis Higgs alongside several other biblical women . Some classical and modern scholars have analyzed Abraham 's reasoning for hiding Sarah 's position as his wife . Rashi argued that when a stranger comes to town , the proper thing to do would be to inquire if he needs food and drink , not whether his female companion is a married woman , and hence as Abimelech did the latter , it tipped off Abraham to the fact that there is no fear of God in this place , and so he lied about his relationship with Sarah in order to avoid being killed . Christian interpretation of the incidents has varied considerably . Some commentators have seen them as regrettable exceptions in the lives of those who otherwise lived upright lives , comparable to Noah 's and Lot 's drunkenness and David 's adultery . Others have questioned Sarah 's status as Abraham 's sister . According to Emanuel Feldman ( 1965 ) , basing his argument on Albright 's interpretation of the archaeology of Nuzu , a wife could legally be awarded the title `` sister '' , and that this was the most sacred form of marriage , and hence Abraham and Isaac referred to their wives as `` sisters '' for this reason . Most archaeologists however dispute that view , instead arguing the opposite - that sisters in the region were often awarded the title `` wife '' in order to give them much greater status in society . Savina Teubal 's book Sarah the Priestess explains that while Sarah was indeed both Abram 's wife and sister , there was no incest taboo because she was a half - sister by a different mother . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 621 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 .",
"11": "entry `` Sarah '' Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 Jump up ^ Commentaries on Genesis 17 : 15 , and Brown - Driver - Briggs ' Hebrew Definitions Jump up ^ Genesis 12 : 12 - 13 , 20 : 2 Jump up ^ Genesis 11 : 30 Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Commentary suggests that Sarai = `` my princess '' would refer to a single family and Sarah = `` a princess '' signified one of many , i.e. many families , in parallel to the change from Abram to Abraham Jump up ^ Genesis 11 : 27 -- 11 : 32 Jump up ^ Genesis 12 : 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Genesis 12 : 4 Jump up ^ Genesis 12 : 11 - 13 , NIV Jump up ^ Genesis 12 : 14 -- 17 Jump up ^ Genesis 12 : 18 -- 20 Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 1 -- 6 Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 7 -- 16 Jump up ^ Genesis 17 : 1 -- 27 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 4 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 9 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 10 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 12 Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 8 -- 18 Jump up ^ Genesis 23 : 1 , 2 The ages of some other women can be deduced or approximated . Eve was created the same day as Adam , so when Seth was born when Adam had lived 130 years , Eve had lived as long also , short a number of hours . Jump up ^ Genesis 23 : 1 -- 20 Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 : Sarah was the half -- sister of Abraham . Jump up ^ Genesis 22 : 21 - 22 : Uz , Buz , Kemuel , Chesed , Hazo , Pildash , and Jidlaph Jump up ^ Sanhedrin 69B Jump up ^ Genesis 11 : 29 Jump up ^ ( Rashi , The Sapirstein Edition . Vol.",
"12": "1 , pp. 213 - 14 . Translated by R. Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg et al. Mesorah Publications , Ltd . Brooklyn : 1999 . ) ^ Jump up to : Sefer haYashar ( Book of Jasher ) , section `` Lek Leka '' . Jump up ^ Pirḳe R. El . xxxvi . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah xli. 2 . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah xlv. 2 . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah xlv. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Rosh Hashanah 16b . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah xlv. 7 . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah xlvii. 3 . Jump up ^ Bava Metzia 87a ; comp. Gen. R. liii. 13 . Jump up ^ Gen. R. lviii. 5 . Jump up ^ Pirḳe de Rabbi Eliezer xxxii . Jump up ^ Sefer haYashar , section `` Wayera '' . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah lx. 15 . Jump up ^ 1 Peter 3 : 6 , cited in Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Sara '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Hebrews 11 : 11 Jump up ^ Romans 4 : 19 and 9 : 9 , cited in Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Sara '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Galatians 4 : 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Galatians 4 : 22 - 26 , 28 , 31 , NIV Jump up ^ Lings , Martin ( 1983 ) . `` The House of God '' . Muhammad : His Life Based on the Earliest Sources . Islamic Texts Society . ISBN 978 - 0042970509 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 16 : `` And Abram ( was ) fourscore and six years old , when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 17 : 1 - 22 `` ( v. 1 ) And when Abram was ninety years old and nine , the LORD appeared to Abram ... ( v. 19 ) And God said , Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed ; and thou shalt call his name Isaac ... '' Jump up ^ Quran 11 : 69 -- 72 Jump up ^ Genesis 23 Jump up ^ Twelve Extraordinary Women : How God Shaped Women of the Bible , and What He Wants to Do with You ( 2008 ) ISBN 1 - 4002 - 8028 - 1 Jump up ^ Higgs , Liz , Slightly Bad Girls of the Bible : Flawed Women Loved by a Flawless God . 978 - 1400072125 Jump up ^ Emanuel Feldman . Changing patterns in Biblical criticism . Tradition 1965 ; 7 ( 4 ) and 1966 ; 8 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Savina Teubal ( 1984 ) . Sarah The Priestess : The First Matriarch Of Genesis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8040 - 0844 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarah . Rubenstein , Nechama .",
"14": "`` The Three Faces of Sarah '' , Chabad.org Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted .",
"15": "People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters Non-humans Allâh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinn ' Ifrîṫ ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mârid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Is - ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? )",
"16": "Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūṫ ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jâlûṫ ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah ,",
"17": "cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abî Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'aṫ Fir'awn ( Âsiyá bint Muzâḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azîz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyân ibn Al - Walîd ) ) Wife of ' Azîz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aş - ḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş - ḥāb as - Sabṫ ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aş - ḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ?",
"18": "Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lûṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamûd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣ - ḥâb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ajam Ar - Rûm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banî Isrâ'îl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'ṫafikāṫ ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ - ḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yûnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayṫ ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣ - ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers ,",
"19": "literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kâfirûn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kiṫāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Mubārakah ( `` The Land The Blessed '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Land The Holy '' ) In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains ,",
"20": "'' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāṫ al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāṫ Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Âminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Jahannam ( Hell ) Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah ,",
"21": "'' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabîl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Monument the Sacred '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place - of - Prostration The Farthest '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina ,",
"22": "possibly : Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Plant matter Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidraṫ al - Munṫahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injîl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ân ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrâhîm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) Aṫ - Ṫawrâṫ ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mûsâ ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabûr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kiṫâb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Ṫābūṫ as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā '",
"23": "Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāṫ Al - ' Uzzá Manāṫ Jibṫ and Ṭâghûṫ Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawâkib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharâb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Important women in Islam Generations of Adam Hawwa Generations of Ibrāhīm and his sons Sarah Hājar Rebecca Rāḥīl Generation of Mūsa Asiya Jochebed Miriam Ṣaffūrah Reign of Kings Bilquis ,",
"24": "the Queen of Sheba House of Amram Hannah Mariam Elizabeth Time of Muhammad Aminah Khadija bint Khuwaylid Mothers of the Believers Fatimah Zaynab bint Ali Early Sufism Rabi'a al - ' Adawiyya Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah&oldid=837168733 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Biblical matriarchs Christian female saints from the Old Testament People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Abraham Angelic visionaries Book of Genesis people Ancient Jewish women Biblical people in Islam Lech - Lecha Vayeira People in the Catholic Epistles Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource አማርኛ বাংলা Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština",
"25": "Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Ladino Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 04 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won the most stanley cups in history
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{
"0": "Stanley Cup Finals - wikipedia Stanley Cup Finals Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the NHL championship series . For the NHL post-season in general , see Stanley Cup playoffs . For the 2017 finals , see 2017 Stanley Cup Finals . Stanley Cup Finals The Stanley Cup is awarded to the winner of the championship series . First awarded 1893 Most recent 2017 Current champions Pittsburgh Penguins ( 2017 ) ( 5th title ) Most titles Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) The Stanley Cup Finals in ice hockey ( also known as the Stanley Cup Final among various media , French : Finale de la Coupe Stanley ) is the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's championship series to determine the winner of the Stanley Cup , North America 's oldest professional sports trophy . Originally inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was donated in 1892 by Lord Stanley of Preston , then -- Governor General of Canada , initially as a `` challenge trophy '' for Canada 's top - ranking amateur ice hockey club . The champions held onto the Cup until they either lost their league title to another club , or a champion from another league issued a formal challenge and defeated the reigning Cup champion in a final game to claim their win . Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906 . Starting in 1915 , the Cup was officially held between the champion of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and the champion of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the championship trophy of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in 1926 . Today , the championship round of the NHL 's playoffs is a best - of - seven series played between the champions of the Eastern and Western Conferences . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Broadcasting 1.1. 1 American local / national coverage policy for Stanley Cup Finals 2 Series format 3 Champions 4 Records 4.1 Team 4.1.",
"1": "1 Stanley Cup Final consecutive appearances 4.2 Individual 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Stanley Cup was first awarded to the Montreal Hockey Club in 1893 when the team won the 1893 AHAC season . The team then had to defend its champion - title both through league championships and challenge games organised by the Stanley Cup trustees . Until 1912 , these challenges could take place before or during a league season . After 1912 , the trustees ordered that challenges only take place after all league games were completed . The last challenge , in 1914 , was the inauguration of the first `` World Series '' of ice hockey , a series between the Stanley Cup and league champion Toronto Hockey Club of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and the Victoria Aristocrats , champions of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . The series was pre-arranged between the two leagues prior to the season after post-season exhibitions held in their previous seasons . The inaugural series was to be held in the city of the NHA champion , and alternate annually following the series . After the series got under way , there was some concern that the series would not produce an `` official '' Stanley Cup champion . The Victoria club had not formally applied to the Stanley Cup trustees to challenge for the Cup . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , because they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger , as they had not verified themselves with the trustees . However , on March 18 , trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Lester Patrick , PCHA President , had not filed a challenge , because he had expected Emmett Quinn of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being purposely ignored . The Victoria challenge was accepted . Any tension was disffused as Toronto successfully defended the Cup by sweeping a best - of - five series in three games . This began the end of the influence of the Stanley Cup trustees on the challengers and series for the Cup .",
"2": "In March 1914 , trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' Victoria vs. Toronto Date Winning Team Score Losing Team Rules Notes March 14 , 1914 Toronto HC 5 -- 2 Victoria Aristocrats NHA March 17 , 1914 Toronto HC 6 -- 5 Victoria Aristocrats PCHA 15 : 00 , OT March 19 , 1914 Toronto HC 2 -- 1 Victoria Aristocrats NHA Toronto Hockey Club wins best - of - five series 3 games to 0 All games played at Arena Gardens in Toronto . Part of their 1913 agreement to set up drafting and player rights ownership , the NHA and PCHA leagues agreed to have their respective champions face each other for the Cup . At the same time , the NHA concluded a similar agreement with the Maritime Hockey League but the MHL champions abandoned their 1914 challenge and did not challenge again . From 1914 onwards , the Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with alternating games played according to NHA and PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , joined the PCHA in 1914 , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . Two years later , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship finals . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA dissolved , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place .",
"3": "In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the finals . In 1924 , the PCHA and the WCHL merged to form the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) and the championship reverted to a single series . After winning in the 1924 -- 25 season , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . The WHL folded in 1926 , and most of the players moved to the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of American Stanley Cup Finals television announcers and List of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers The first television broadcast was in 1953 . English - language coverage was aired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , with the play - by - play called by Danny Gallivan and colour commentary by Keith Dancy , hosted by Wes McKnight . The Hockey Night in Canada team of Gallivan and Dancy would cover the next eight Finals . Gallivan would call his last championship series in 1978 .",
"4": "Hockey Night in Canada on CBC remains the exclusive English - language broadcaster across Canada despite 1972 when a lengthy NABET strike forced coverage to be instead aired on CTV , from 1985 to 1988 when the series was split between CBC and either CTV or Global TV , and since 2015 when it became a Rogers Media - produced broadcast under a sub-license agreement . French - language broadcasts in Canada also began in 1953 , with play - by - play commentator René Lecavalier and colour commentator Jean - Maurice Bailly on CBC 's Télévision de Radio - Canada ( SRC ) division . SRC would continue to be the exclusive French - language broadcaster until 2003 when Réseau des sports ( RDS ) took over . Since 2015 , under a sub-license agreement with Rogers , TVA has been the exclusive home of French - language broadcasts in Canada . The first broadcast in the United States was in 1962 , covered by local Chicago station WGN , while network broadcasts started in 1966 on NBC . However , national coverage on American television , like the rest of the NHL season , remained in a state of flux for decades . From 1966 to 1975 , NBC and CBS held the rights at various times , but they each only covered selected games of the series . It was then carried on syndication from 1976 to 1979 through the 1970s NHL Network . In 1980 , the Hughes broadcast network simulcast CBC 's feed before the series was moved to cable . During its time on cable from 1980 to 1993 , rights to the series was held at various times by USA , SportsChannel America and ESPN , but there was no exclusive coverage of games and thus local broadcasters could also still televise them regionally as well . In 1995 , Fox signed on to be the exclusive national broadcast network of selected games of the final round , splitting it with ESPN . This splitting of exclusive national coverage on cable / broadcast networks remains , first being passed to ABC and ESPN in 2000 , and then NBC and Versus ( now NBCSN ) in 2006 . American local / National coverage Policy for Stanley Cup Finals ( edit ) 1995 -- present : National coverage ( network and cable ) exclusive . 1981 -- 1994 : Local coverage permitted for all games .",
"5": "National coverage ( cable ) not exclusive . 1976 -- 1980 : National coverage on syndicated network exclusive . 1968 -- 1975 : Local coverage permitted for non-network games . National network telecasts exclusive . Series format ( edit ) See also : Stanley Cup playoffs § History The championship series began with the interleague ' World Series ' played in one city . The series alternated between a rink of the NHA and later the NHL and a rink of the PCHA and later the WCHL / WHL . It was not until the demise of the WHL , that the final series alternated games between the two finalists ' home ice . The series allowed ties until 1928 . As the two and later three leagues differed , the series would alternate using each league 's rules . The PCHA continued to use seven - man team play , and games would alternate with six and seven - man games . After the NHL became the last remaining league to compete for the Cup , the trophy was then awarded to the winner of the NHL 's championship playoff round . This first took place in 1927 between the Boston Bruins and the Ottawa Senators , which was planned to be a best - of - three series , although the series allowed ties . The series ended after four games , when the Senators defeated the Bruins in the fourth game . The NHL has changed its playoff format several times since 1927 , and thus the final round has not always pitted conference or division playoff champions against each other . In the playoff format used from 1929 to 1938 , the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other ( i.e. the first place teams played each other , the second place teams play each other , and likewise for the third place teams ) . The winner of the first place series would automatically advance to the final round . The winner of the second and third place series would then play each other , with the winner of that series earning the other berth to the championship round . During the Original Six era , the top four teams made the playoffs , with the first and third place teams battling in one semifinal series , while the second and fourth place teams battled in the other . And from 1975 to 1981 , all the playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference .",
"6": "Since 1982 , the NHL 's final round has pitted the league 's two conference playoff champions . Years Format Notes 1914 -- 1922 best - of - five 1923 -- 1924 best - of - three 1925 -- 1926 best - of - five 1927 best - of - three Ties allowed , series ended in four games .",
"7": "1928 best - of - five 1929 -- 1930 best - of - three 1931 -- 1938 best - of - five 1939 -- present best - of - seven 2005 Finals canceled due to lockout Champions ( edit ) Further information : List of Stanley Cup champions Most recent Finals Year Winning team Coach Losing team Coach Result Series - winning goal 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) Mike Sullivan Nashville Predators ( WC ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 2 Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) Mike Sullivan San Jose Sharks ( WC ) Peter DeBoer 4 -- 2 Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) Joel Quenneville Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) Jon Cooper 4 -- 2 Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) Darryl Sutter New York Rangers ( EC ) Alain Vigneault 4 -- 1 Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , 2OT ) 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) Joel Quenneville Boston Bruins ( EC ) Claude Julien 4 -- 2 Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) Darryl Sutter New Jersey Devils ( EC ) Peter DeBoer 4 -- 2 Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) Most Final appearances ( Top Five ) ( Bold indicates Cup wins ) Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 34 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA / NHL ) 24 9 .",
"8": "727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 24 Detroit Red Wings 11 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 13 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 19 Boston Bruins 6 13 . 315 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 13 Chicago Blackhawks 6 7 .",
"9": "462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 Notes ^ 1 . The NHL includes the Toronto Hockey Club ( Toronto Arenas ) 1918 win and the 1922 Toronto St. Patricks win in the Toronto Maple Leafs total . ^ 2 . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . ^ 3 . The Montreal Canadiens totals include the 1919 Final that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) Most losses : Detroit Red Wings ( 13 ) , Boston Bruins ( 13 ) Least losses : Colorado Avalanche ( 0 ) Most consecutive wins : Montreal Canadiens ( 5 in 1956 -- 1960 ) Most consecutive losses : Toronto Maple Leafs ( 3 in 1938 -- 1940 ) , St. Louis Blues ( 3 in 1968 -- 1970 ) Most consecutive appearances : Montreal Canadiens ( 10 in 1951 -- 1960 ) Most appearances without a loss : Montreal Canadiens ( 9 from 1968 to 1986 ) Most appearances without a win : Toronto Maple Leafs ( 6 from 1933 to 1940 ) , Detroit Red Wings ( 6 from 1956 to 1995 ) , Philadelphia Flyers ( 6 from 1976 to 2010 ) Most seasons between wins : New York Rangers ( 54 between 1940 and 1994 ) Most seasons between appearances : Toronto Maple Leafs ( 50 between 1967 and the present ) Stanley Cup Final consecutive appearances ( edit ) Team Stanley Cup Final appearance streak Consecutive Stanley Cup Final appearances Stanley Cup championships during streak Montreal Canadiens 10 seasons 1950 -- 51 through to 1959 -- 60 6 : 1952 -- 53 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 ,",
"10": "1959 -- 60 Montreal Canadiens 05 seasons 1964 -- 65 through to 1968 -- 69 4 : 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 New York Islanders 05 seasons 1979 -- 80 through to 1983 -- 84 4 : 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 Montreal Canadiens 04 seasons 1975 -- 76 through to 1978 -- 79 4 : 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 Detroit Red Wings 03 seasons 1940 -- 41 through to 1942 -- 43 1 : 1942 -- 43 Toronto Maple Leafs 03 seasons 1946 -- 47 through to 1948 -- 49 3 : 1946 -- 47 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 Detroit Red Wings 03 seasons 1947 -- 48 through to 1949 -- 50 1 : 1949 -- 50 Detroit Red Wings 03 seasons 1953 -- 54 through to 1955 -- 56 2 : 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 Toronto Maple Leafs 03 seasons 1961 -- 62 through to 1963 -- 64 3 : 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 St.",
"11": "Louis Blues 03 seasons 1967 -- 68 through to 1969 -- 70 none Philadelphia Flyers 03 seasons 1973 -- 74 through to 1975 -- 76 2 : 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 Edmonton Oilers 03 seasons 1982 -- 83 through to 1984 -- 85 2 : 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 Individual ( edit ) Career Most years in Final ( 12 ) - Maurice Richard , Red Kelly , Jean Beliveau , Henri Richard Most games played in Final ( 65 ) - Red Kelly , Henri Richard Most consecutive games in Final ( 53 ) - Bernie Geoffrion Most career points in Final ( 62 ) - Jean Beliveau Most career goals in Final ( 34 ) - Maurice Richard Most career assists in Final ( 35 ) - Wayne Gretzky Most career game - winning goals in Final ( 9 ) - Jean Beliveau Most career shutouts in Final ( 8 ) - Clint Benedict Series Most points , one series ( 13 ) - Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) Most goals , one series ( 14 ) - Bernie Morris ( 1917 ) Most assists , one series ( 10 ) - Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) Most shutouts , one series ( 3 ) - Clint Benedict ( 1926 ) , Frank McCool ( 1945 ) , Martin Brodeur ( 2003 ) See also ( edit ) List of Stanley Cup champions List of Stanley Cup challenge games List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) Bibliography Coleman , Charles ( 1964 -- 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vols. 1 -- 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Eric Zweig ; James Duplacey ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books .",
"12": "ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 2000 ) . Total Stanley Cup . Total Sports Canada . ISBN 1 - 892129 - 07 - 8 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andrew ; Hockey Hall of Fame ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Citations Jump up ^ Roarke , Shawn P. ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stanley Cup has incredible history '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreiser , John ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Cup timeline , from 1892 to today '' . NHL . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , p. 25 Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond ( 1992 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Season At Coast Opens With Exhibition Game Tomorrow '' . Ottawa Citizen . November 27 , 1913 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , p. 20 Jump up ^ Diamond ( 1992 ) , p.",
"13": "45 Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Podnieks , p. 51 Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , pp. 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig , and Duplacey , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig and Duplacey , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN. 2006 - 02 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . 2005 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Final Series Record Book , 1918 - 2011 Page 1 - Stanley Cup Playoffs '' . Nhl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond ( 2000 ) , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Diamond ( 2000 ) , p. 89 Endnotes Jump up ^ The NHL officially began referring to the championship series as a singular `` Final '' circa 2006 . However , various North American media still continue to refer to it as plural `` Finals '' , similar to the NBA Finals . Jump up ^ Note that one of the above ( most points , most goals ) is incorrect , as 14 goals are also 14 points . The discrepancy seems to be whether the years prior to 1918 are included in NHL Stanley Cup history . External links ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . NHL.com .",
"14": "Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . `` List of Stanley Cup Playoff Formats : 1917 to date '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 25 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 ,",
"15": "by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s",
"16": "1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup_Finals&oldid=816558298 '' Categories : Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup Annual sporting events in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"17": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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9,
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13,
1,
0,
4,
15,
5,
6,
14,
3,
2,
8,
16,
11,
7,
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[
10,
9,
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1
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7399729722473359987
|
country with most olympic gold medals all time
|
[
"United States",
"United States"
] |
{
"0": "All - time Olympic Games medal table - wikipedia All - time Olympic Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The all - time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018 , including Summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , and a combined total of both , is tabulated below . These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as official Games . The IOC itself does not publish all - time tables , and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games . This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database . The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database . Usually , a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . When different codes are displayed for different years , medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code ( such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands ) or simple change of country name ( such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka ) . As the medals are attributed to each NOC , not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC , such as before independence of that country ( see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams ) . Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist . The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors . World map showing nations that have won Summer Olympic medals . World map showing nations that have won Winter Olympic medals .",
"1": "Contents 1 NOCs with medals 2 NOCs without medals 3 Variations 3.1 Early Olympics 3.2 Germany 3.3 Russia and the Soviet Union 4 Notes 4.1 Obsolete nations notes 4.2 Name changes notes 4.3 Participation notes 4.4 Disputed participation notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links NOCs with medals ( edit ) The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee , but can be displayed as sorted by any other column , such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals . To sort by gold , silver , and then bronze , sort first by the bronze column , then the silver , and then the gold . The table does not include revoked medals ( e.g. due to doping ) . Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Afghanistan ( AFG ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Algeria ( ALG ) 13 5 8 17 0 0 0 0 16 5 8 17 Argentina ( ARG ) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74 Armenia ( ARM )",
"2": "6 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 6 6 14 Australasia ( ANZ ) 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Australia ( AUS ) 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512 Austria ( AUT ) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43 Bahamas ( BAH ) 16 6 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 6 14 Bahrain ( BRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Barbados ( BAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0",
"3": "Belarus ( BLR ) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96 Belgium ( BEL ) 26 40 53 55 148 21 6 47 41 55 58 154 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 Bohemia ( BOH ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana ( BOT ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Brazil ( BRA ) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128 British West Indies ( BWI ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 20 51 87 80 218 20 6 40 52 89 83 224",
"4": "Burundi ( BDI ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon ( CMR ) 14 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Canada ( CAN ) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501 Chile ( CHI ) 23 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 7 13 China ( CHN ) 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608 Colombia ( COL ) 19 5 9 14 28 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28 Costa Rica ( CRC ) 15 6 0 0 0 0 21 Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Croatia ( CRO ) 7 11",
"5": "10 12 33 8 6 11 15 15 16 13 44 Cuba ( CUB ) 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 16 49 49 45 143 16 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168 Denmark ( DEN ) 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 0 41 45 75 75 195 Djibouti ( DJI ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 14",
"6": "7 Ecuador ( ECU ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Egypt ( EGY ) 22 7 10 15 32 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32 Eritrea ( ERI ) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Estonia ( EST ) 12 9 9 16 34 10 7 22 13 11 17 41 Ethiopia ( ETH ) 13 22 11 20 53 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53 Fiji ( FIJ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470 France ( FRA ) 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248",
"7": "276 316 840 Gabon ( GAB ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Georgia ( GEO ) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33 Germany ( GER ) 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 28 54 36 118 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519 West Germany ( FRG ) 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243 Ghana ( GHA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Great Britain ( GBR ) 28 263 295 291",
"8": "849 23 11 16 31 51 274 299 307 880 Greece ( GRE ) 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116 Grenada ( GRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Guatemala ( GUA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Haiti ( HAI ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 26 175 147 169 491 23 7 49 176 149 173 498 Iceland ( ISL ) 20 0 18 0 0 0",
"9": "0 38 0 India ( IND ) 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28 Indonesia ( INA ) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32 Iran ( IRI ) 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69 Iraq ( IRQ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Ireland ( IRL ) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31 Israel ( ISR ) 16 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 7 9 Italy ( ITA ) 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 22",
"10": "35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77 Japan ( JPN ) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497 Jordan ( JOR ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 8 13 16 23 31 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 14 31 38 33 102 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102 Kosovo ( KOS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Korea ( PRK ) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 19 16 17 23 56 South Korea ( KOR ) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337",
"11": "Kuwait ( KUW ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 11 11 5 19 11 0 8 22 15 9 27 Lebanon ( LIB ) 17 0 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 17 0 0 0 0 19 6 10 36 6 10 Lithuania ( LTU ) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 23 0 9 0 0 32 0 Macedonia ( MKD ) 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Malaysia ( MAS ) 13 0",
"12": "7 11 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 11 Mauritius ( MRI ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Mexico ( MEX ) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69 Moldova ( MDA ) 6 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 5 Mongolia ( MGL ) 13 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 10 14 26 Montenegro ( MNE ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Morocco ( MAR ) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Namibia ( NAM ) 7",
"13": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Netherlands ( NED ) 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415 Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 39 46 28 46 120 Niger ( NIG ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) 16 10 12 25 0 0 0 0 17 10 12 25 Norway ( NOR ) 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520 Pakistan ( PAK ) 17 10 0 0 0 0 20 10 Panama ( PAN ) 17",
"14": "0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Paraguay ( PAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Peru ( PER ) 18 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Philippines ( PHI ) 21 0 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 10 Poland ( POL ) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306 Portugal ( POR ) 24 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 8 12 24 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 18 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 6 9 Qatar ( QAT ) 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Romania ( ROU ) 21 89 95 122 306",
"15": "21 0 0 42 89 95 123 307 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russian Empire ( RU1 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204 Unified Team ( EUN ) 45 38 29 112 9 6 8 23 54 44 37 135 Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Samoa ( SAM ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Senegal ( SEN ) 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 6 6 15 0",
"16": "0 0 0 7 6 6 15 Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 17 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) 6 9 12 7 28 7 8 13 12 16 8 36 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 5 8 10 23 8 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40 South Africa ( RSA ) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86 Spain ( ESP ) 23 45 64 41 150 20 0 43 46 64 44 154 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sudan ( SUD ) 12 0 0 0 0 0",
"17": "0 0 12 0 0 Suriname ( SUR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652 Switzerland ( SUI ) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345 Syria ( SYR ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24 Tajikistan ( TJK ) 6 0 0 0 0 10 Tanzania ( TAN ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Thailand ( THA ) 16 9 8 16 33 0 0 0",
"18": "0 20 9 8 16 33 Togo ( TOG ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Tonga ( TGA ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 17 6 11 19 0 0 0 0 20 6 11 19 Tunisia ( TUN ) 14 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 13 Turkey ( TUR ) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) 6 35 30 56 121 7 8 13 38 31 60 129 United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) 9 0 0 0 0 0",
"19": "0 9 0 United States ( USA ) 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,",
"20": "827 Uruguay ( URU ) 21 6 10 0 0 0 0 22 6 10 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 6 8 6 17 31 7 0 0 13 9 6 17 32 Venezuela ( VEN ) 18 10 15 0 0 0 0 22 10 15 Vietnam ( VIE ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Virgin Islands ( ISV ) 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 34 28 34 32 94 Zambia ( ZAM ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 13 8 0 0 0 0 14 8 Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Mixed team ( ZZX ) 8 5 17 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 17 Totals 28 5,115 5,080 5,482 15,677 23 1,060 1,058 1,050 3,168 51 6,",
"21": "175 6,138 6,532 18,845 The sum total of gold , silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons : Some sports ( such as boxing , judo , taekwondo and wrestling ) award or have previously awarded two bronze medals per competition . Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event . If this tie is for gold or silver , there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event . Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded . Some early events , such as cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics had only two entrants . Retroactively awarding gold , silver and bronze medals for the 1896 and 1900 games results in some anomalies , such as the 100 metre freestyle swimming event in 1896 where no surviving records distinguish the places of those who finished between 3rd and 10th position . NOCs without medals ( edit ) After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees have yet to win an Olympic medal . Seven historic National Olympic Committees and the Refugee Olympic Team are also included in this list . Team ( IOC code ) No Summer No Winter No Games Albania ( ALB ) 8 12 American Samoa ( ASA ) 8 9 Andorra ( AND ) 11 12 23 Angola ( ANG ) 9 0 9 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) 10 0 10 Aruba ( ARU ) 8 0 8 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 0 9 Belize ( BIZ ) 12 0 12 Benin ( BEN ) 11 0 11 Bhutan ( BHU ) 9 0 9",
"22": "Bolivia ( BOL ) 14 6 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 7 7 14 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 9 11 Brunei ( BRU ) 5 0 5 Burkina Faso ( BUR ) 9 0 9 Cambodia ( CAM ) 9 0 9 Cape Verde ( CPV ) 6 0 6 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 10 12 Central African Republic ( CAF ) 10 0 10 Chad ( CHA ) 12 0 12 Comoros ( COM ) 6 0 6 Congo ( CGO ) 12 0 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo ( COD ) 10 0 10 Cook Islands ( COK ) 8 0 8 Dominica ( DMA ) 6 7 El Salvador ( ESA ) 11 0 11 Equatorial Guinea ( GEQ ) 9 0 9 The Gambia ( GAM ) 9 0 9 Guam ( GUM ) 8 9 Guinea ( GUI ) 11 0 11 Guinea - Bissau ( GBS ) 6 0 6 Honduras ( HON ) 11 12 Kiribati ( KIR ) 0 Korea ( COR )",
"23": "0 Laos ( LAO ) 9 0 9 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 0 11 Liberia ( LBR ) 12 0 12 Libya ( LBA ) 10 0 10 Madagascar ( MAD ) 12 14 Malawi ( MAW ) 10 0 10 Maldives ( MDV ) 8 0 8 Mali ( MLI ) 13 0 13 Malta ( MLT ) 16 18 Marshall Islands ( MHL ) 0 Mauritania ( MTN ) 9 0 9 Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) 5 0 5 Monaco ( MON ) 20 10 30 Myanmar ( MYA ) 17 0 17 Nauru ( NRU ) 6 0 6 Nepal ( NEP ) 13 17 Nicaragua ( NCA ) 12 0 12 Oman ( OMA ) 9 0 9 Palau ( PLW ) 5 0 5 Palestine ( PLE ) 6 0 6 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 10 0 10 Rwanda ( RWA ) 9 0 9 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 6 0 6",
"24": "Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 6 0 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( VIN ) 8 0 8 San Marino ( SMR ) 14 10 24 São Tomé and Príncipe ( STP ) 6 0 6 Seychelles ( SEY ) 9 0 9 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 11 0 11 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 9 Somalia ( SOM ) 9 0 9 South Sudan ( SSD ) 0 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 10 11 East Timor ( TLS ) 6 Turkmenistan ( TKM ) 6 0 6 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 8 0 8 Yemen ( YEM ) 7 0 7 North Borneo ( NBO ) 0 Malaya ( MAL ) 0 Republic of China ( ROC ) 0 Saar ( SAA ) 0 North Yemen ( YAR ) 0 South Yemen ( YMD ) 0 Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) 0 Variations ( edit ) The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee . Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently .",
"25": "Early Olympics ( edit ) For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC . Only one of these cases concerns a medal . A gold medal that is officially added to France 's total is given to Luxembourg . Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics . France is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals . In the table above these medals are listed under the United States . Furthermore , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals . Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic . This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics . In addition , some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables . Germany ( edit ) Germany has competed under five different designations , including as two separate teams at several Games . Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams . The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams , when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 !",
"26": "Total Germany ( GER ) 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) ( GDR ) 25 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46 578 587 589 1754 Russia and the Soviet Union ( edit ) The Russian Federation and the Russian Empire are often combined outside of IOC sources . The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992 . Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 !",
"27": "Total Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 ) 9 150 128 156 434 6 47 38 35 120 15 197 166 191 554 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 , OAR ) Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 19 590 485 481 1556 17 136 107 111 354 36 726 592 592 1910 Notes ( edit ) Obsolete nations notes ( edit ) → , Australasia ( ANZ ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia ( AUS ) and New Zealand ( NZL ) . They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games . → → , Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) after World War I , athletes from Bohemia ( BOH ) ( now part of the present - day Czech Republic ) competed in 1900 , 1908 , and 1912 Games . Czechoslovakia competed in 1920 -- 1992 , from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic ( CZE ) and Slovakia ( SVK ) .",
"28": "→ , , Athletes from Barbados ( BAR ) , Jamaica ( JAM ) , and Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) competed as the British West Indies ( BWI ) at the 1960 Games . The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 -- 1962 , so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964 . , , , → Germany ( GER ) competed 1896 -- 1952 and from 1992 . Due to the partition of Germany after World War II , Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games -- Germany ( GER ) and the Saar ( SAA ) . The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957 , and Saar athletes then competed for Germany . East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team , as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted `` provisional '' recognition by the IOC in 1955 . For the Games of 1956 -- 1964 , Germany participated as a United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany . Retrospectively , the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team . After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968 , East Germany ( GDR ) and West Germany ( FRG ) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games . , → Athletes from Malaya ( MAL ) and North Borneo ( NBO ) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games , prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ( MAS ) in 1963 . The Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) , an autonomous country within the Netherlands ( NED ) , competed 1952 -- 2008 . The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee 's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . → → → Russian Empire ( RU1 ) participated at the 1900 , 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union ( URS ) competed from 1952 to 1988 .",
"29": "Unified Team ( EUN ) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Russian Federation ( RUS ) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 ( Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia ) , 1994 or 1996 . , → , Serbia ( SRB , 1912 , 2006 - current ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 . Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1920 - 1992 Winter ) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( officially the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) in five Games ( 1920 -- 1936 ) before the Second World War . They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games ( 1948 -- 1992 Winter ) . This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia . Some ex-Yugoslavian nations ( Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) have competed as independent teams since 1992 . Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations . Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed . Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team . The combined team Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2004 - 2006 ) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro . They competed as Yugoslavia from ( YUG , 1996 -- 2002 ) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games . Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008 . , → Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990 , North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in 1984 and 1988 , and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic ( YMD ) at the 1988 Games .",
"30": "After forming united republic Yemen ( YEM ) has participated since 1992 . → , The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932 , 1936 , and 1948 Games and was representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) . After the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) and Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) have participated as separate teams . Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together , which was common in early Games ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes . Special code used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC . At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . Kuwait Olympic Committee had been suspended by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) for the second time in five years due to governmental interference . Name changes notes ( edit ) Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras ( HBR ) in 1968 and 1972 . Benin was known as Dahomey ( DAH ) in 1972 . Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta ( VOL ) in 1972 . After the Chinese Civil War , Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956 , 1960 , 1972 and 1976 ( winter ) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games . In 1979 , the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC , a compromise that was acceptable for the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games . The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984 . Participation of the Republic of China , representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) , in 1932 , 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan 's total participation count .",
"31": "The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire ( ZAI ) between 1984 and 1996 . Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988 . Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) between 1960 and 1968 . Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1896 -- 1920 ) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1924 -- present ) , both of which used the name `` Great Britain '' and the country code GBR . Prior to Ghana 's independence in 1957 , Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games . Prior to Guyana 's independence in 1966 , British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964 . Totals of Hong Kong ( HKG ) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee , designated as `` Hong Kong '' from 1952 -- 1996 and `` Hong Kong , China '' since 2000 . Myanmar was known as Burma ( BIR ) between 1948 and 1988 . Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996 . Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon ( CEY ) between 1948 and 1972 . Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964 , the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games . Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games , but had participated as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) during those Games . Prior to Zimbabwe 's independence in 1980 , Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia ( RHO ) in 1928 , 1960 , and 1964 Games . Participation notes ( edit ) Brunei 's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official , but no competing athletes . This participation is not counted in Brunei 's participation total . Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but neither athlete competed , so this participation is not counted in Djibouti 's participation total .",
"32": "Liberia 's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott . This participation is not counted in Liberia 's participation total . Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games , but then withdrew from competition . This participation is not counted in Libya 's participation total . Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error . Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC , so this participation is not counted in Suriname 's participation total . India 's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association 's suspension . On February 11 , 2014 , the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India 's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward . Does not include the participation of Timor - Leste 's and Netherlands Antilles 's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . Disputed participation notes ( edit ) The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud , a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia , competed for the nation in 1896 . Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz , a Chilean diplomat and athlete , competed for the nation in 1896 . Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti . Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Haiti 's participation total . Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran .",
"33": "Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Iran 's participation total . Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru . Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Peru 's participation total . Enrico Brusoni 's gold medal in the Cycling Men 's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee , but this race is not recognized by the IOC as a 1900 Summer Olympics event . Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics . However , medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC . Michel Théato , a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games , was born in Luxembourg . The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France . The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship . Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race ( that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey ) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian - American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States ; each won a gold medal . In 2012 , Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22 , 1905 , and that Hansen , who was registered as an `` alien '' as late as 1925 , probably never received American citizenship . The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians . In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC 's medal database .",
"34": "Bob Fowler , an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games , was a native Newfoundlander , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals . Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC . In 2009 , historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917 . See also ( edit ) All - time Paralympic Games medal table All - time Youth Olympic Games medal table Olympic medal table List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event References ( edit ) ^ `` Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Bob Fowler '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` What Events are Olympic ? '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally '' . Olympics Universe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .",
"35": "^ `` Timeline : Olympic Powers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed . ^ `` Russian Federation '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Russia '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Alexander Picolin jr . `` Statistics ( choose Ewige Tabellen ) '' . Olympiastatistik.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's Points Race '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ `` Italy - Olympic Summer Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ `` Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Arts & Culture Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie '' . NRK . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` USA - guld 1904 var Norges '' . Svenska Dagbladet . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` Norges OL - historie skrives på nytt '' . Nettavisen . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement -- Italy . books.google.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ `` Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) All - time medal counts are compiled by various sources , often adding up related results for Russia , Germany , Serbia , Czech Republic etc . OlympiaStatistik.de ( 2006 ) NBC Historical Medals -- vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 ,",
"36": "2010 ) Historical Medals - london2012.com ( Summer Games , not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012 ) All - time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps Olympanalyt.com - medals by countries Sources International Olympic Committee medal database Official Olympic Reports Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic Games medal winners Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 )",
"37": "Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis",
"38": "Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St.",
"39": "Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St.",
"40": "Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting",
"41": "Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco - Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross ‐ country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5 - a-side Football 7 - a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis World Championships or World Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women Cycling BMX Cyclo - cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian Games Show Jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey",
"42": "men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Luge natural Modern pentathlon Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers constructors Roller hockey men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men 's sprint women women 's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"43": "php?title=All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table&oldid=838451011 '' Categories : Medal tables at multi-sport events Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medals Olympics - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8475341882385418406
|
when did the song things that make you go hmmm come out
|
[
"June 23, 1991",
"June 1991",
"June 1991",
"June 1991",
"June 1991"
] |
{
"0": "Things that Make You go hmmm ... - Wikipedia Things that Make You go hmmm ... Jump to : navigation , search `` Things That Make You Go Hmmm ... '' Single by C + C Music Factory from the album Gonna Make You Sweat Released June 23 , 1991 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD single Recorded Length 5 : 23 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Robert Clivillés Freedom Williams Producer ( s ) Robert Clivillés David Cole C + C Music Factory singles chronology `` Here We Go ( Let 's Rock & Roll ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Things That Make You Go Hmmm ... '' ( 1991 ) `` Just a Touch of Love '' ( 1991 ) `` Here We Go ( Let 's Rock & Roll ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Things That Make You Go Hmmmm ... '' ( 1991 ) `` Just a Touch of Love '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` Things That Make You Go Hmmmm ... '' on YouTube `` Things That Make You Go Hmmm ... '' is a song by American dance group C + C Music Factory . It was released in June 1991 as the third single from the album Gonna Make You Sweat . The single features Freedom Williams and he is also seen in the song 's music video . The song inspired a running gag on The Arsenio Hall Show , where Arsenio , while allegedly on a long drive , pondered certain thoughts and referred to them as `` things that make you go hmmm ... '' The C + C song was a success in the US , reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 31 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart . It also reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . The song contains samples from the songs `` I 'm Shook '' by James Brown , `` My Thang '' by James Brown , and `` Apache '' by the Incredible Bongo Band . The song was certified gold by the RIAA on August 13 , 1991 for sales of over 500,000 copies .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Music video 3 In popular culture 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References Critical reception ( edit ) Music & Media wrote about the song : `` The secret behind the success of these dance / pop providers is the good hook in their songs . This time it 's the saxophone part , which is repeated after each line . '' The Gavin Report wrote : `` Writers / producers Cole and Clivilles have successfully crossbred a unique brand of Rap and melody that 's taken them on back - to - back trips into the Top Ten . This third entry maintains their infectious rhythm , strengthened by a title that will keep audiences hummmmin ' . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Marcus Nispel and the style of the video was a major trendsetter in the early 1990s . It featured silhouetted animation of dancers jumping and dancing in front of a white background , with a stage visible , but also in silhouette . The story of the song was also interpreted with black and gold cut - out animation that was a departure from the in - vogue 3D CGI animation of the time ; however , these 2 - D cut - outs ended up being even more progressive . In popular culture ( edit ) In American advertising , Coca - Cola was one of the first to advertise special promotions featuring the group in a special , brief cut of their music video . A version of the song was also used in a series of ads for McDonald 's . The ABC television network was one of the earliest media outlets to jump on the C + C bandwagon , advertising their spring 1992 prime - time programming under the takeoff banner , `` Shows that make you go ... '' , using a custom version of the song and running ads with a woman posing in front of a white background . Then , for their 1992 - 93 network campaign , ABC brought out many of their stars to do a complete take - off of the song and video for the It Must Be ABC banner .",
"2": "The song was heard in the short - lived US TV show Surviving Jack in episode six , `` She Drives Me Crazy '' , as well as in the British television series Brainiac : Science Abuse . The British girl group Stooshe covered the song and released it in 2013 as a B - side to their single `` Black Heart '' , under the title `` Things That Make You Go Mmm '' . The single reached number three in the UK and number four in Scotland . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 14 Canada Dance ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 31 US Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 51 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified United States Gold 1991 500,000 Preceded by `` Such a Good Feeling '' by Brothers in Rhythm Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single August 31 , 1991 -- September 7 , 1991 Succeeded by `` The Whistle Song '' by Frankie Knuckles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.whosampled.com/artist/C+C%20Music%20Factory/ Jump up ^ `` New Releases : Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media ( July 27 , 1991 , page 11 ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( July 5 , 1991 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 1863 . p. 52 .",
"3": "Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Things That Make You Go Hmmm ... '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1991 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1991 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1991 '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US certifications riaa.com ( Retrieved August 5 , 2008 ) ( hide ) C + C Music Factory Robert Clivillés David Cole Vocalists Freedom Williams Martha Wash Zelma Davis Deborah Cooper Trilogy Paul Pesco Q - Unique Albums Gonna Make You Sweat Anything Goes ! C + C Music Factory Singles `` Gonna Make You Sweat ( Everybody Dance Now ) '' `` Here We Go ( Let 's Rock & Roll ) '' `` Things That Make You Go Hmmm ... '' `` Keep It Comin ' ( Dance Till You Ca n't Dance No More ) '' Associated acts 2 Puerto Ricans , a Blackman , and a Dominican The 28th Street Crew The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M.",
"4": "MVP Related articles Clivillés and Cole `` Rock This Party ( Everybody Dance Now ) '' Power Factory Featuring C + C Music Factory Make My Video Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Things_That_Make_You_Go_Hmmm...&oldid=836891047 '' Categories : 1991 singles C + C Music Factory songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Songs written by Robert Clivillés Song recordings produced by Robert Clivillés Music videos directed by Marcus Nispel Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 35 . About Wikipedia",
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-3713557234150051752
|
how much does a new gulfstream g650 cost
|
[
"US$66.61 million",
"$66.5 million"
] |
{
"0": "Gulfstream G650 - wikipedia Gulfstream G650 Jump to : navigation , search G650 Gulfstream Aerospace G650 with landing gear down Role Business jet National origin United States Manufacturer Gulfstream Aerospace First flight November 25 , 2009 Status In service Produced 2008 -- present Number built 260 + as of October 2017 Unit cost G650 : US $ 66.61 million 650ER : US $68.68 million The Gulfstream G650 is a twin - engine business jet airplane produced by Gulfstream Aerospace . The model is designated Gulfstream GVI in its type certificate , and may be configured to carry from 11 to 18 passengers . Gulfstream began the G650 program in 2005 and revealed it to the public in 2008 . The G650 is the company 's largest and fastest business jet with a top speed of Mach 0.925 . The aircraft project was named the 2014 winner of the Collier Trophy , for having `` strengthened business aviation through significant technological advancements in aircraft performance , cabin comfort , and safety . '' The G650ER is an extended - range version of the G650 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Design 3 Variants 4 Incidents and accidents 5 Specifications ( G650 ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Unpainted flight test prototype at EBACE 2012 The Gulfstream G650 was formally launched as an internal company project in May 2005 , and publicly unveiled on March 13 , 2008 . At the public announcement occasion , company executives stated the new model would become Gulfstream 's largest , fastest and most expensive business jet on entry to the market . The wing design was completed in 2006 . A total of 1,400 hours of wind tunnel testing was completed by 2008 . A pressure - test fuselage was built and tested , including an ultimate - pressure test of 18.37 psi . The G650 taxied under its own power for the first time on September 26 , 2009 . A public rollout ceremony was later held on September 29 , 2009 .",
"1": "The G650 had its maiden flight on November 25 , 2009 . Flight testing for the maximum operating speed of Mach 0.925 was announced as completed on May 4 , 2010 . Gulfstream reported on August 26 , 2010 that the G650 hit a maximum speed of Mach 0.995 during a dive as part of its 1,800 - hour flight test program . In April 2011 , a G650 crashed shortly after lift off . The cause was determined to be related to the speeds carried out for the single engine take off run . The G650 test aircraft were grounded until May 28 , 2011 , when the remaining test aircraft were allowed to return to flight testing . On September 7 , 2012 , the G650 received its type certificate from the US Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . Its first delivery was to an American customer named Preston Henn on December 27 , 2012 . Prototype cabin G650 cockpit The G650 had a nominal list price of $64.5 million in 2013 , but there was a three - year waiting list . Some aircraft produced for delivery in 2013 sold for more than $70 million to buyers that wanted to take immediate delivery . On May 18 , 2014 , Gulfstream announced at the annual European Business Aviation Association exhibition , that it had developed an extended range version called the G650ER . The G650ER is capable of flying 7,500 nautical miles ( 13,900 km ; 8,600 mi ) at Mach 0.85 , due to its 4,000 pounds ( 1,814 kg ) increase in fuel capacity . Gulfstream stated that a G650ER development aircraft had flown non-stop from Hong Kong to Teterboro , New Jersey , U.S. in March , a distance of 7,494 nautical miles ( 13,879 km ; 8,624 mi ) ; it had also flown non-stop from Los Angeles to Melbourne in Australia . The extra fuel is housed in existing space inside the G650 's wings and aircraft already built may be quickly upgraded to the ER version . The G650ER received its certification in October 2014 and began deliveries in late 2014 ahead of its 2015 target .",
"2": "The G650ER attempted two world records from New York to Beijing to Savannah in February 2015 . Also in May 2014 , Gulfstream confirmed that the G650 would be offered to the United States Air Force for its program to replace the E-8C JSTARS air - to - ground surveillance and targeting aircraft . The still emerging requirements call for an aircraft with a 10 - 13 man crew and a belly - mounted radar 3.9 -- 6 m ( 13 -- 20 ft ) long . Design ( edit ) G650 on departure The G650 has a cruise speed of Mach 0.85 to 0.90 , with maximum speed of Mach 0.925 and a range of up to 7,000 nmi ( 13,000 km ) . It can be equipped with a full kitchen and bar and may be equipped with a variety of entertainment features including satellite telephones and wireless Internet . The jet uses two Rolls - Royce BR725 engines , each producing a maximum thrust of 17,000 pounds - force ( 75.6 kN ) . Gulfstream states that with a weight of less than 100,000 pounds ( 45,400 kg ) , it is able to land at small airports avoiding the busy airports around the world . To provide better usage of the internal volume , Gulfstream designers rejected the usual circular fuselage cross-section in favor of an oval which uses a flatter lower portion . The cabin is 8 feet 6 inches ( 2.59 m ) wide and 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) high , allowing the craft to be configured to carry between 11 and 18 passengers . The fuselage is of metal construction ; composite materials are used for empennage , winglets , rear pressure bulkhead , engine cowlings , cabin floor structure and many fairings . The elliptical cabin windows , eight on each side of the fuselage , are 28 inches ( 71 cm ) wide . Panels are bonded rather than riveted , reducing parts count compared to the G550 . The wing uses greater sweep ( 36 degrees ) than previous Gulfstream aircraft ( for example , the G550 wing has 27 degrees of sweep ) .",
"3": "It does not use leading - edge high - lift devices , and tracks for rear - mounted flaps are completely enclosed within the airfoil contour . The wing 's leading edge is a continuously - changing curve , and the airfoil varies continuously from root to tip , which incorporates winglets . The aircraft controls are completely fly - by - wire , with no mechanical control between pilot and flight surfaces . The surfaces are moved by dual hydraulic systems . The G650 shares its yokes and column with the G550 in an effort to receive a common type rating . While most airliners are , the G650 was the second fly - by - wire business jet after the Dassault Falcon 7X and before the Embraer Legacy 500 . Variants ( edit ) Gulfstream 650 with stairs open G650 Initial production version G650ER Extended Range version , with maximum takeoff weight increased by 4,000 pounds ( 1,814 kg ) and an equivalent increase in fuel capacity ; capable of flying 7,500 nautical miles ( 8,600 mi ; 13,900 km ) at Mach 0.85 . Certified in October 2014 . Fuel capacity of the wet wings is increased by a modification to the fuel system , through a service bulletin available as a $2 million retrofit for existing G650 aircraft . List price for new G650ER aircraft is $66.5 million in 2014 . Incidents and accidents ( edit ) On April 2 , 2011 , the second G650 test aircraft crashed during takeoff from the Roswell International Air Center , New Mexico , killing the four Gulfstream employees on board ( two pilots and two test engineers ) . The aircraft was conducting a takeoff - performance test during which an engine failure was simulated by reducing the right engine 's thrust to idle . The G650 became airborne briefly at a high angle of attack before its right wingtip hit the runway , then slid on the ground and caught fire . The National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) determined the probable cause of the crash was an aerodynamic stall of the aircraft due to a failure to properly develop and validate takeoff speeds , persistent and increasingly aggressive attempts to achieve a V2 speed that was too low . It found that Gulfstream 's investigation of the two previous uncommanded roll events was inadequate .",
"4": "Following the crash , Gulfstream raised the V2 speed of the G650 from 135 knots ( 250 km / h ) to 150 knots ( 280 km / h ) . The NTSB accused Gulfstream of withholding information , which the company denied . The NTSB also objected to Gulfstream 's use of legal counsel during the investigation . Specifications ( G650 ) ( edit ) left side Data from Gulfstream data , Flightglobal cabin details General characteristics Crew : 2 pilots Capacity : 11 -- 18 passengers Payload : 6,500 lb ( 2,950 kg ) Length : 99 ft 9 in ( 30.41 m ) Wingspan : 99 ft 7 in ( 30.36 m ) Height : 25 ft 4 in ( 7.72 m ) Wing area : 1,283 ft2 ( 119.2 m2 ) Aspect ratio : 7.7 Max .",
"5": "takeoff weight : 99,600 lb ( 45,200 kg ) Maximum landing weight : 83,500 lb ( 37,876 kg ) Wing sweep : 36 degrees Powerplant : 2 × Rolls - Royce Deutschland BR725 turbofan , 16,100 lbf ( 71.6 kN ) each Performance Maximum speed : Mach 0.925 ( 530 kn , 610 mph , 982 km / h ) for fast cruise Cruise speed : Mach 0.85 ( 488 kn , 562 mph , 904 km / h ) for long range cruise ; Mach 0.90 ( 516 kn , 595 mph , 956 km / h ) for normal cruise Range : 7,000 nautical miles ( 8,050 mi , 12,960 km ) for long range cruise Service ceiling : 51,000 ft ( 15,500 m ) Wing loading : 77.7 lb / ft2 ( 3.72 kPa ) Cabin pressurization : 10.7 psi ( 73.8 kPa ) See also ( edit ) Related development Gulfstream G550 Gulfstream G500 / G600 Aircraft of comparable role , configuration and era Bombardier Global Express Bombardier Global 7000 / 8000 Dassault Falcon 8X References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GULFSTREAM G650ER AFFIRMS PERFORMANCE PROWESS WITH WORLD - RECORD RUN '' . Gulfstream News . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Business Jets Specification and Performance Data '' ( PDF ) . Business & Commercial Aviation . Aviation Week . May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gulfstream Introduces the All - New Gulfstream G650 '' . Gulfstream , March 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ FAA Type Certificate No . T00015AT , Revision 4 ; Gulfstream GVI retrieved October 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kauh , Elaine ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` Gulfstream G650 Wins 2014 Collier Trophy '' . AVweb . Retrieved 13 March 2015 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Long Range Jets '' . Airstream Jets . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ New Gulfstream , Flying Magazine , Vol. 135. , No. 5 , May 2008 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Flying May 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Exclusive : The Gulfstream G650 '' . The Enterprise Report.com , September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larson , George . `` Gulfstream G650 Rolls Out '' . Aviation Week , September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Channel - Homepage - flightglobal.com '' . Flightglobal.com . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alton K. Marsh. Gulfstream G650 reaches near speed of sound . AOPA Online , 4 May 2010 ( accessed May 9 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Gulfstream G650 Reaches Mach 0.995 '' . Gulfstream.com , August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Investigators seek clues in G650 Crash '' . Jump up ^ Mayle , Mary Carr . `` Gulfstream G650 gets FAA certification '' Savannah Morning News , 8 September 2012 . Retrieved : 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Sarah . `` ' Ultra-ultra ' G650 gets type certificate '' Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association , 7 September 2012 . Retrieved : 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Redneck ' speed freak buys super-fast jet '' . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First G650 Delivered '' . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Alasdair . `` Speculating on business jets '' . Corporate Jet Investor , November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Alasdair . `` Second G650 trades '' . Corporate Jet Investor , November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donald , David ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` G650ER To Go Extra Miles , Available New Or Retrofit '' . ainonline.com .",
"7": "The Convention News Co. , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trautvetter , Chad . `` Globe - girdling Gulfstream G650ER Gets Its Wings '' AINonline , 9 October 2014 . Accessed : 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Garvey , William & Salerno . Jessica A. `` Gulfstream 650ER Enters Service '' Aviation Week , 1 January 2015 . Accessed : 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Gulfstream Flew Around the World With Just One Fuel Stop '' . Popular Mechanics Jump up ^ `` Gulfstream to pitch G650 for JSTARS replacement '' . Flightglobal.com , May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rolls - Royce presents BR725 engine to power new Gulfstream G650 '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Rolls - Royce , March 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Graham . `` Gulfstream G650 - in the cabin '' . Flightglobal.com , 13 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gulfstream G650 Specifications page . Gulfstream Jump up ^ `` Gulfstream launches ' ultra-ultra ' G650 '' . www.aopa.org. 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gulfstream Expansion Spurs Production Evolution '' . ainonline.com . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Warwick , Graham . `` Gulfstream G650 - in the cockpit '' . Flightglobal.com , March 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fly by Wire : Fact versus Science Fiction '' . Flying magazine . April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Longer - ranging Gulfsteam G650ER visits Melbourne on record - breaking flight '' . australianaviation.com.au . Phantom Media Pty Ltd . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trautvetter , Chad . `` Globe - girdling Gulfstream G650ER Gets Its Wings '' AINonline , 9 October 2014 .",
"8": "Accessed : 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Fred George ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Gulfstream Announces G650ER '' . Aviation Week . ^ Jump up to : `` Crash During Experimental Test Flight , Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation GVI ( G650 ) , N652GD , Roswell , New Mexico , April 2 , 2011 '' page 34 . Conclusion on page 52 . U.S. National Transportation Safety Board , October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ostrower , Jon . `` G650 was at high angle of attack prior to accident '' . Flight International , April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Croft , John . `` Two wing - drop incidents preceded G650 crash -- NTSB '' . Flight International , May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gulfstream G650 Product Specifications . Gulfstream External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Gulfstream G650 ( category ) G650 page on Gulfstream.com `` Gulfstream Introduces the All - New Gulfstream G650 '' , Gulfstream `` Gulfstream launches ' biggest , furthest , fastest ' G650 business jet '' , Flightglobal.com `` Honeywell International gets $3 billion pact for Gulfstream G650 aircraft '' , CNN `` Goodrich to Provide Key Systems for New Gulfstream G650 Large Business Jet '' , Goodrich `` G650 : As good as it gets ? ''",
"9": ", Flight International ( hide ) Gulfstream aircraft Grumman G-I G - II American Jet Industries / Gulfstream American Hustler Peregrine 600 Peregrine Gulfstream G - III G - IV G-V Jetprop 840 Jetprop 900 Jetprop 980 Jetprop 1000 Jetprop 1200 Peregrine 600 Peregrine G100 / G150 G200 G280 G300 / G350 / G400 / G450 G550 G500 / G600 G650 Military versions C - 4 C - 11 C - 20 C - 20F / G / H C - 37A C - 37B C - 38A X-54 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulfstream_G650&oldid=811539038 '' Categories : Gulfstream aircraft United States business aircraft 2000 -- 2009 Twinjets T - tail aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2009 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 07 : 43 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Clemson Tigers Football - wikipedia Clemson Tigers Football Jump to : navigation , search Clemson Tigers football 2017 Clemson Tigers football team First season 1896 ( 1896 ) Athletic director Dan Radakovich Head coach Dabo Swinney 10th season , 101 -- 30 (. 771 ) Stadium Memorial Stadium ( Capacity : 81,500 ( 86,092 record ) ) Field surface Natural Grass Location Clemson , South Carolina Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Division Atlantic Past conferences Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) ( 1896 -- 1921 ) Southern Conference ( SC ) ( 1921 -- 1952 ) All - time record 729 -- 459 -- 45 (. 609 ) Bowl record 22 -- 20 (. 524 ) Playoff appearances 3 ( 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Playoff record 3 -- 2 Claimed nat'l titles 2 ( 1981 , 2016 ) National finalist 1 ( 2015 ) Conference titles 23 ( 4 SIAA , 2 SoCon , 17 ACC ) Division titles 6 ( 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Rivalries South Carolina Gamecocks Florida State Seminoles Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Georgia Bulldogs NC State Wolfpack Boston College Eagles Auburn Tigers Consensus All - Americans 25 Current uniform Colors Orange and Regalia Fight song Tiger Rag Mascot The Tiger Marching band Tiger Band Website ClemsonTigers.com The Clemson Tigers , known traditionally as the `` Clemson University Tigers '' , represent Clemson University in the sport of American football . The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Formed in 1896 , the program has over 700 wins and has achieved two consensus Division I Football National Championships in the modern era and were College Football Playoff National Championship Finalists in 2015 and 2016 , winning the championship game over the Alabama Crimson Tide for the 2016 season .",
"1": "Clemson has had 6 undefeated seasons including 3 perfect seasons , 23 conference championships , 6 divisional titles since 2005 , and has produced over 100 All - Americans , 17 Academic All - Americans , and over 200 NFL players . Clemson has had seven members inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , including former players Banks McFadden , Terry Kinard , Jeff Davis , and former coaches John Heisman , Jess Neely , Frank Howard , and Danny Ford . With 23 total conference titles , Clemson is one of the founding members of the ACC , and holds 17 ACC titles , the most of any member , and holds the most combined conference football titles of any Atlantic Coast Conference school . The Tigers ' most recent ACC championships came back - to - back - to back in 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 the latter with a 12 -- 1 regular season and a 38 - 3 win over the # 7 Miami Hurricanes . Among its six undefeated regular seasons , Clemson was crowned poll - era National Champions and finished with its third perfect season with a win over Nebraska in the 48th Orange Bowl , and was the National Championship Finalist Runner - up with a 14 -- 1 record in 2015 . The next year Clemson won the National Title over # 1 Alabama in college football 's first National Championship rematch in 2016 . The Tigers have 41 bowl appearances , 18 of which are among the New Year 's Six Bowls , including 2 during the BCS `` big four '' era . Clemson has finished in the Final Top 25 rankings 31 times in the modern era , and finished in either the AP or Coaches Polls a combined 53 times since 1939 . The Tigers play their home games in Memorial Stadium on the university 's Clemson , South Carolina campus . The stadium is also known as `` Death Valley '' after a Presbyterian College head coach gave it the moniker in 1948 due to the many defeats his teams suffered there . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . Clemson 's streak of seven consecutive 10 win seasons ranks 2nd in active streaks behind the Alabama Crimson Tide .",
"2": "The Tigers have had 14 total seasons with 10 wins or more , seven of them with 11 to 12 wins or more by the end of the post season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1896 -- 1899 ) 1.2 John Heisman era ( 1900 -- 1903 ) 1.3 Post-Heisman era ( 1904 -- 1926 ) 1.4 Josh Cody era ( 1927 -- 1930 ) 1.5 Jess Neely era ( 1931 -- 1939 ) 1.6 Frank Howard era ( 1940 -- 1969 ) 1.7 Hootie Ingram era ( 1970 -- 1972 ) 1.8 Red Parker era ( 1973 -- 1976 ) 1.9 Charlie Pell era ( 1977 -- 1978 ) 1.10 Danny Ford era ( 1978 -- 1989 ) 1.11 Ken Hatfield era ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 1.12 Tommy West era ( 1993 -- 1998 ) 1.13 Tommy Bowden era ( 1999 -- 2008 ) 1.14 Dabo Swinney era ( 2008 -- present ) 2 Coaches 2.1 Current coaching staff 2.2 Head coaches 3 Clemson traditions 4 Rivalries 4.1 South Carolina 4.2 Florida State 4.3 Georgia Tech 4.4 Georgia 4.5 NC State 4.6 Boston College 4.7 Auburn 5 Records and results 5.1 Year - by - year results 5.2 Championships 5.2. 1 National championships 5.3 Playoffs 5.3. 1 Undefeated seasons 5.3. 2 Conference championships 5.3. 3 Divisional championships 5.4 Clemson vs.",
"3": "In - State NCAA Division I Schools 6 National polls 7 Bowl games 8 Individual award winners 8.1 College Football Hall of Fame inductees 8.2 Retired numbers 8.3 National award winners 8.4 National coaching awards 8.5 Consensus All - Americans 8.6 Atlantic Coast Conference awards 8.7 Atlantic Coast Conference 50th Anniversary football team 9 Current NFL players 10 All - time record vs. current ACC teams 11 Future non-conference opponents 12 Recruiting 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Walter Riggs , the `` father of Clemson football '' See also : List of Clemson Tigers football seasons Early history ( 1896 -- 1899 ) ( edit ) Walter Merritt Riggs can be characterized as the `` Father of Clemson Football '' , as he brought the game with him from Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama ( now Auburn University ) . The fact that Auburn and Clemson share the same mascot is no accident . Riggs allowed his players to pick the team mascot and , although he may have influenced their decision , the players chose Tigers because Princeton University had just won the national championship . Riggs helped organize and coach the infant Tiger team in 1896 . With little money to spend on uniforms , Riggs brought some of Auburn 's old practice uniforms with him , which happened to have orange and navy jerseys . Because the jerseys had gone through a few washboard scrubbings , they were quite faded , the navy worse than the orange . So Riggs made the school 's predominant color orange and the faded condition of the navy became the purplish color , officially known today as Regalia . The team played as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , the first southern athletics conference . The 1896 Clemson Tigers team . When the Tigers traveled to Greenville on Halloween to play Furman in their very first match , only Coach Riggs and backfield player Frank Thompkins had ever seen a football game played . Today in Clemson , the soccer field is named Historic Riggs field after Walter Riggs . Riggs took the team to a 2 -- 1 record in the inaugural year .",
"4": "He then stepped aside at the urging of the military cadets / students , who felt that he should concentrate on his scholastic duties rather than coach the team for free . William M. Williams coached the Tigers in 1897 , guiding them to a 2 -- 2 record . The team beat South Carolina for the first time and was state champion . In 1898 , John Penton led the Tigers to a 3 -- 1 record . In 1899 , when the Clemson Athletic Association could not afford a coaching salary , Riggs again took over the reins , one of only two Clemson football coaches to return to the position after stepping down . The 1899 squad went 4 -- 2 . Riggs ' overall record of 6 -- 3 gives him a . 667 winning percentage . After decade as a Mechanical Engineering professor , he was named acting president of Clemson Agricultural College in 1910 , being confirmed by the Board of Trustees as permanent president on March 7 , 1911 . He served until his untimely death on January 22 , 1924 while on a trip to Washington , D.C. to meet with officials of other land grant institutions . John Heisman era ( 1900 -- 1903 ) ( edit ) John W. Heisman on Bowman Field , Clemson 's first gridiron . Riggs hired John Heisman to coach Clemson . Heisman stayed only four years at Clemson , where he compiled a record of 19 -- 3 -- 2 , an . 833 percentage , the best in Clemson football history . In four seasons , he had three SIAA titles . In his first season of 1900 , he coached the Tigers to their first undefeated season ( 6 -- 0 ) , and first conference championship , outscoring their opponents 222 -- 10 -- the 64 -- 0 win over Davidson on opening day was then the largest score ever made in the South . The season had various other `` firsts '' , including the school 's first defeat of the Georgia Bulldogs and the Alabama Crimson Tide . The only close game was with the South Atlantic school VPI . Carl Sitton The 1902 team again won the SIAA . This was the first season with both Hope Sadler and Carl Sitton at ends .",
"5": "One writer recalls , `` Sitton and Hope Sadler were the finest ends that Clemson ever had perhaps . '' The only loss on the year was the first to rival South Carolina since 1896 . `` The Carolina fans that week were carrying around a poster with the image of a tiger with a gamecock standing on top of it , holding the tiger 's tail as if he was steering the tiger by the tail , '' Jay McCormick said . `` Naturally , the Clemson guys did n't take too kindly to that , and on Wednesday and again on Thursday , there were sporadic fistfights involving brass knuckles and other objects and so forth , some of which resulted , according to the newspapers , in blood being spilled and persons having to seek medical assistance . After the game on Thursday , the Clemson guys frankly told the Carolina students that if you bring this poster , which is insulting to us , to the big parade on Friday , you 're going to be in trouble . And naturally , of course , the Carolina students brought the poster to the parade . If you give someone an ultimatum and they 're your rival , they 're going to do exactly what you told them not to do . '' As expected , another brawl broke out before both sides agreed to mutually burn the poster in an effort to defuse tensions . The immediate aftermath resulted in the stoppage of the rivalry until 1909 . The 1903 team may have been Heisman 's best at Clemson . Following a 73 -- 0 defeat of Georgia Tech in 1903 , the Yellow Jackets hired Heisman as their first full - time football coach . Fullback Jock Hanvey rushed for 104 yards in the first half . The account in the Atlanta Constitution read `` Hanvey , the Clemson full back , outclassed them all . Time and time again he was sent through the line for gains of 10 , 15 and 20 yards , and his tackles were spectacular . '' After the 1903 season , Clemson tied 11 -- 11 in a game billed as the `` SIAA Championship Game . '' Cumberland rushed out to an early 11 to 0 lead , but Clemson came back to tie . On the second half kickoff , Clemson quarterback John Maxwell raced 100 yards for a touchdown . Clemson missed the try .",
"6": "Later , Cumberland fumbled a punt and Clemson recovered . Cumberland expected a trick play when Fritz Furtick simply ran up the middle and scored . Post-heisman era ( 1904 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Shack Shealy , the only Clemson alum to coach the Tigers After Heisman left Clemson to become the head coach at Georgia Tech , Shack Shealy , an end for the Tigers in the 1890s , coached the 1904 team to a 3 -- 3 -- 1 record -- the only Clemson graduate ever to serve as head coach of his alma mater Fritz Furtick Eddie Cochems , a future innovator of the former pass , had just lost out to Phil King for the Wisconsin job , when he accepted to coach Clemson 's 1905 team , which lost to Vanderbilt and Georgia Tech , but shut out Georgia , Alabama , and Auburn , featured stars left over from Heisman like Furtick and Puss Derrick . Bob Williams , who beat Heisman in 1902 , came to Clemson in 1906 , and also coached the 1909 and 1913 -- 1915 teams . The Tigers went undefeated with a 4 -- 0 -- 3 record in 1906 , with wins over Georgia , Auburn , Tennessee , and the John Heisman - coached Georgia Tech team . Clemson 's first forward pass took place during the game with Tech in Atlanta . Left End Powell Lykes , dropped back to kick , but lobbed a 30 - yard pass to George Warren instead . Clemson won , 10 -- 0 . The 1909 USC - Clemson was the first game broadcast in the state , by the United Wireless Telegraph Company . William Schilletter starred in 1913 and 1914 , and was the son of Augustus `` Shorty '' Schilletter , a German immigrant in charge of the Clemson College dining hall . Frank Shaughnessy led the 1907 team to a . 4 -- 4 record . Captain Mac McLaurin and R.T. Gaston starred at either tackle position . Vanderbilt legend Stein Stone posted just a 1 -- 6 record in 1908 . Captain Sticker Coles was All - Southern .",
"7": "Frank Dobson posted 11 -- 12 -- 1 overall record from 1910 -- 1912 . Wayne Hart had a 3 -- 6 record in 1916 . Washington & Lee 's Edward Donahue coached the Tigers to 21 -- 12 -- 3 record over three seasons , from 1917 -- 1920 . Stumpy Banks scored five touchdowns against Furman in 1917 for a school record . Yen Lightsey starred in 1919 and 1920 . Doc Stewart coached the Tigers through the transition from the SIAA to the Southern Conference , with a 6 -- 10 -- 2 record from 1921 -- 1922 . Bud Saunders led the Tigers to a 10 -- 22 -- 1 record from 1923 -- 1926 . Josh Cody era ( 1927 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) Josh Cody coached the Tigers from 1927 to 1930 , posting a 29 -- 11 -- 1 record . The Tigers were undefeated at home ( 13 -- 0 -- 1 ) and against South Carolina ( 3 -- 0 ) during Cody 's tenure . In 1927 Cody gave Red Sanders his first coaching job as backfield coach . O.K. Pressley made third - team All - American in 1928 . `` A better center than Captain O.K. Pressley of Clemson is hard to find , '' remarked former South Carolina head coach Billy Laval . In May 1929 , when rumors were swirling that he might leave to coach a bigger - name program , the students , faculty , and staff took up a collection to buy him a brand new black Buick automobile . Raymond Johnson wrote upon Cody 's death : `` Josh Cody wanted to be Vanderbilt 's coach so bad that he gave up the head man 's job at Clemson College after four successful seasons . '' Jess Neely era ( 1931 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) In 1931 , Jess Neely ( another McGugin product , and a former head coach at Rhodes and assistant at Alabama ) became Clemson 's head football coach . During his tenure , Neely led the Tigers to a 43 -- 35 -- 7 record . His final season at Clemson was the turning point in the Tigers ' program .",
"8": "His team went 9 -- 1 during that season , finishing second to Duke in the Southern Conference . The Tigers also received their first bowl invitation and bowl victory that year , defeating nationally ranked Boston College 6 -- 3 in the 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic . The 1939 Tigers finished with a # 12 ranking in the final AP poll . Clemson also had their first Associated Press All - American that year in Banks McFadden . Jess Neely , along with then athletic director Rupert Fike , founded the IPTAY Scholarship Fund , which supports the Clemson Athletic Department . An acronym for `` I Pay Ten A Year , '' as that was what it asked boosters to donate when founded in 1934 , IPTAY has since grown into one of the largest and most comprehensive collegiate sporting funds in the nation and a model for other programs . Frank Howard era ( 1940 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) After Jess Neely left to become the head coach at Rice , Frank Howard ( an assistant coach under Neely ) was named head coach . Known for his colorful persona , and penchant for imaginative language with both probable , and improbable stories , in his 30 years at Clemson , Howard compiled a 165 -- 118 -- 12 record , a 3 -- 3 bowl record , won two Southern Conference championships , and six ACC championships . Seven of Howard 's teams finished the year ranked in at least one final poll . During his stay at Clemson , Howard also oversaw the athletic department , ticket sales , and was an assistant coach for the baseball team . He also incorporated the Single Wing , T - formation , and I - formation offenses at different points during his coaching career at Clemson . Clemson had two undefeated season under Howard , one in 1948 ( 11 -- 0 ) , and one in 1950 ( 9 -- 0 -- 1 ) . As a line tutor and coach , Howard was part of Clemson 's successful 1939 season under Neely , achieving an 8 -- 1 record and a bid to the 1940 Cotton Bowl in Dallas to play undefeated Boston College . When Neely left Clemson in 1940 , the Clemson Athletic Council met to name a successor and council member Prof. Sam Rhodes suggested Howard 's name .",
"9": "Howard , standing in the back of the room , said `` I second the nomination . '' He got the job , becoming Clemson 's seventeenth head football coach and never left . He signed a one - year contract that he promptly lost , and he never had another in thirty years . Although Clemson was still a small military college until 1957 , under Frank Howard 's command , the Tigers remained nationally recognized contenders throughout the 1950s . In the sterling 1948 season , the team won a Southern Conference championship ( Howard 's first of eight ) . The Tiger 's also won their second bowl game , a 1948 Gator Bowl win over Missouri , and finished eleventh in the national rankings . For the rest of his life , Howard credited the 1948 team with saving his job . Howard nearly repeated the 1948 success in 1950 when the Tigers were ranked tenth by the Associated Press with a 9 -- 0 -- 1 season and a 15 -- 14 win over Miami ( Florida ) in Clemson 's first Orange Bowl win . Under Howard 's guidance , the Tigers were thus , champions on their first three bowl ventures . In January 1952 , after a 7 -- 2 regular season campaign , the Tiger 's were invited back to the Gator Bowl , and by being conference champions once again in 1956 , Clemson played in the 1957 Orange Bowl . In their second Gator Bowl trip , Miami downed Clemson 14 -- 0 ; Colorado led Clemson 20 -- 0 , then trailed 21 -- 20 , in a comeback game , before finally defeating the Tigers 27 -- 21 in Clemson 's second Orange Bowl appearance . Two season 's later , after an 8 -- 3 season , the Tigers played in the 1959 Sugar Bowl and with their tough defense , held the # 1 - ranked LSU Tigers to a standstill before losing 7 -- 0 , leading to an LSU National Championship . The invitation to play in the first Bluebonnet Bowl in Houston in December 1959 was the eighth bowl that Howard had been a part of either as a player , assistant coach or head coach . It was the seventh bowl trip for a Clemson team and the sixth in 12 years .",
"10": "Howard said that Clemson 's 23 -- 7 triumph over seventh ranked Texas Christian in the Bluebonnet Bowl was the best performance he had ever witnessed by a Clemson team . Clemson was the first school to play in two bowls in the same calendar year . A Single Wing expert for 22 seasons ( including nine as a line coach ) , Howard changed to the T - formation and its many variations in 1953 . Still another major change in the offense was installed in 1965 with the `` I '' and pro-type set . In his 13 seasons as head coach using the single wing , Clemson won 69 , lost 47 and tied 7 . In 12 years of `` T '' teams , the Tigers won 71 , lost 47 and tied 4 . While using the `` I '' in his last five years of coaching , Clemson recorded a 25 -- 24 -- 1 record . Howard was named Southern Conference Coach - of - the - Year in 1948 . In 1959 he was named Atlantic Coast Conference Coach - of - the - Year and was accorded the honor again in 1966 . As the style of football evolved in the 1960s , Howard 's ground game became outdated , and Clemson 's gridiron fortunes declined . The Tigers last winning season under Howard came in 1967 . On December 10 , 1969 , he stepped down as the fifth winningest coach in the nation , with 165 victories , 96 of them in the Atlantic Coast Conference . Howard also managed the athletic department during his tenure , and continued on as athletic director until February 4 , 1971 , when he was named assistant to the vice president of the university . On June 30 , 1974 , he retired from the university payroll , but continued to come into his office daily until failing health slowed him down , serving as Clemson 's ambassador until his death in 1996 . The tradition of rubbing `` Howard 's Rock '' prior to running down the hill before home games began during Coach Howard 's tenure . The playing field at Memorial Stadium was named `` Frank Howard Field '' in 1974 following his retirement to honor his many years of service for the university .",
"11": "He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , the South Carolina Sports Hall of Fame , the Clemson Hall of Fame , the Clemson Ring of Honor , the Helms Athletic Hall of Fame , the State of Alabama Hall of Fame , National Football Foundation Hall of Fame , the Orange Bowl Hall of Honor , and the Gator Bowl Hall of Fame . Hootie Ingram era ( 1970 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Clemson struggled during the years following Frank Howard 's retirement . His successor , Hootie Ingram , only compiled a 12 -- 21 record . During his tenure , the tradition of running down the hill was stopped from 1970 to the end of the 1972 season , when the team decided it wanted to come down the hill for the final home game against South Carolina . The traditional `` tiger paw '' logo , which was designed by John Antonio of Henderson Advertising , was introduced in 1970 by Ingram and Clemson President R.C. Edwards . Red Parker era ( 1973 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) After a successful run as head coach of The Citadel from 1966 to 1972 , Jimmy `` Red '' Parker coached the Tigers from 1973 to 1976 , compiling a 17 -- 25 -- 2 record . Clemson had a 7 -- 4 season under Parker in 1974 , with Parker being named ACC Coach of the Year . The Tigers went 2 -- 9 in 1975 , and 3 -- 6 -- 2 in 1976 . Red Parker was cut loose by the Board of Trustees at the end of the Bicentennial season . Athletic Director Bill McClellan got the task of informing Parker he was gone when Parker refused to fire his assistants . Though Parker is largely credited with building and recruiting a foundation that would ultimately set the stage for much of Clemson 's success in the following seasons . Charlie Pell era ( 1977 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Utilizing some of the talent enrolled during the Parker seasons , Charlie Pell coached the Tigers for two seasons , winning the ACC Coach of the Year award twice and leading the Tigers to the 1978 ACC Championship en route to an 18 -- 4 -- 1 record .",
"12": "Dual - threat quarterback Steve Fuller and the running back tandem of Lester Brown and Marvin Sims spearheaded a dynamic rushing attack that helped the Tigers win the ACC . The only loss came in Week 2 against SEC power Georgia , and , after a Gator Bowl win over No. 20 Ohio State , Clemson posted its second - best final AP poll finish in school history with a No. 6 ranking . In both seasons , Clemson earned berths to the Gator Bowl , although Pell left before the latter game . Pell became involved in NCAA rules and recruiting violations that came to light under the tenure of his successor , Danny Ford . Charlie Pell would leave after 1978 to become head coach at Florida , where his coaching career would end in 1984 following more NCAA rules violations . Danny Ford era ( 1978 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Danny Ford was promoted from offensive line coach to head coach in 1978 , after Charlie Pell left for the University of Florida . He won his first game , the 1978 Gator Bowl , with a 17 -- 15 victory over Ohio State and legendary coach Woody Hayes , who punched LB Charlie Bauman in the throat after making the game - clinching interception . In his third season , Ford guided Clemson to the summit of college football by winning the National Championship , and recording the program 's fifth undefeated season . The Tigers , who were unranked in the preseason , downed three top - 10 teams ( Georgia , North Carolina and Nebraska ) during the course of the 12 -- 0 season that concluded with a 22 -- 15 victory over Nebraska in the 1982 Orange Bowl . Ford , named National Coach - of - the - Year in 1981 , holds the record as the youngest coach ( 33 years old ) to win a national championship on the gridiron . 1981 Clemson Tigers football team visit the Oval Office in January 1982 . The 1981 college football season was one of the craziest and most unpredictable in the history of the sport . It seemed nobody wanted to win the national championship . At several points in the season , six different teams were ranked # 1 by the Associated Press . Most of them were beaten just as quickly as they earned the top spot .",
"13": "The Tigers slow rise to # 1 quickly gained momentum with an early season 13 -- 3 upset victory over defending national champion Georgia . The Clemson defense contained Georgia 's great tailback Herschel Walker and kept him out of the end zone . Week after week , Clemson was getting better . Offensively the team was led by junior quarterback Homer Jordan , who was a dual threat as a runner and passer . It was a run - oriented offense featuring a fine tandem of tailbacks in Cliff Austin and Chuck McSwain . When they needed a big play , Jordan often threw deep to receiver Perry Tuttle , who later became a first round draft choice of the Buffalo Bills . But the true strength of the Clemson team was its defense . The Tigers had three All Americans including safety Terry Kinard , linebacker Jeff Davis and defensive end Jeff Bryant . All three went on to solid pro careers . But the most famous member of the Clemson defense was a large freshman defensive tackle named William Perry . Perry would later gain fame for his nickname `` The Refrigerator '' and became a football folk hero with the Chicago Bears as a lovable overweight defensive lineman who sometimes scored touchdowns while lining up at fullback . After finishing the regular season with a perfect 11 -- 0 record , Clemson was invited to the Orange Bowl to play Big 8 champion Nebraska . To mark its first trip to the Orange Bowl in over 30 years , Clemson wore all orange uniforms for the second time . The Tigers took a quick 3 -- 0 lead in the first quarter behind a Donald Igwebuike 41 - yard field goal . But Nebraska came back with some trickery when I - back Mike Rozier threw a 25 - yard option pass to Anthony Steels for a touchdown to take the lead 7 -- 3 . Leading 13 -- 7 in the third quarter , Clemson took control for good when Homer Jordan threw a 13 - yard touchdown pass to Perry Tuttle , giving the Tigers a commanding 19 -- 7 lead . Clemson held on to win 22 -- 15 bringing home a consensus national championship . At 34 - years - old , Danny Ford became the youngest coach to lead his team to a national title .",
"14": "Ranked # 10 before the 1982 season began , with six players entering the NFL Draft , including First Round picks DE Jeff Bryant and WR Perry Tuttle , along with Hollis Hall , Center Tony Berryhill , Brian Clark , and linebacker and former team captain Jeff Davis , there were obvious questions as to how well the team would perform in 1982 in the aftermath of a championship season . The Tigers opened the season on the road playing border rival and SEC champion Georgia , losing this time in another close game by 6 points in front of a crowd of over 82,000 . The following weekend , Clemson hosted Boston College , in another fourth quarter game that resulted in a 17 -- 17 tie . Like the previous season , the Tigers gradually improved as the season progressed . In November , Clemson 's defense was resilient enough to hold of # 18 Maryland and # 18 North Carolina . Clemson went on to run the table the rest of the season with nine straight wins , and finish with the regular season with a record of 9 -- 1 -- 1 . After the # 8 Tigers received a bid to the Cotton Bowl with only one loss on the season , the senior class voted to decline the invitation . On November 22 , 1982 , the football program at Clemson was placed on probation for a 2 - year period to include the 1983 and 1984 seasons . This sanction was enforced on the program by the NCAA Committee on Infractions due to a lengthy history of recruiting violations to gain an athletic advantage that had taken place from 1977 through the Tigers ' 1981 National Championship season and into 1982 , under the administration of two head coaches , Charlie Pell and Danny Ford . More than 150 documented violations and 69 charges were cited under NCAA bylaws in the categories of improper recruiting inducements , extra benefits to student - athletes , ethical conduct , improper financial aid , improper campus visits , improper transportation and entertainment , improper use of funds , improper employment , and improper recruiting contact . As a result of these violations , Clemson was publicly reprimanded and censured by the NCAA . The football team was barred from participating in bowl games following the 1982 and 1983 seasons , and barred from appearing on live television in the 1983 and 1984 seasons .",
"15": "Also , the number of scholarships that the university could allocate to football players was restricted to 20 ( from the normal limit of 30 ) for the 1983 -- 84 and 1984 -- 85 academic years . Charles Alan Wright , chairman of the NCAA Committee on Infractions said at the time , `` Due to the large number and serious nature of the violations in this case , the committee believed that institutional sanctions related to appearances on television and in postseason football bowl games were appropriate . In addition , because the violations indicated a pattern of improper recruiting activities , the committee determined that a two - year limitation on financial aid to new recruits should be imposed to offset any recruiting advantage that was gained improperly by the university . '' The 1983 team , like the previous season , had a loss and a tie early in the season , this time with a 16 -- 16 tie with rival # 11 Georgia and a loss at Boston College . The team finished the rest of the season without a loss and going unbeaten in conference play , while finishing with another 9 -- 1 -- 1 season and # 10 , and # 11 rankings . The reduction of scholarships could be felt , in the next two seasons as Clemson still remained motivated , posting a winning 7 -- 4 season in 1984 , and an even 6 -- 6 campaign in 1985 . From 1987 to 1990 , Clemson posted four consecutive 10 win seasons and won three straight ACC titles , including a 35 -- 10 victory over Penn State and a 13 -- 6 defeat of the Oklahoma Sooners in the Florida Citrus Bowl . At that time , no team in Clemson history started higher in the AP poll than the 1988 team beginning the year as the No. 4 - ranked team in the nation and a preseason favorite to win the national title . After an early upset by # 10 FSU , the Tigers finished with a # 9 final ranking following their bowl win over Oklahoma . The 1988 team played one of the school 's toughest schedules , beating three ranked opponents and losing to two others . Rodney Williams paced the passing attack while Terry Allen rushed for 1,192 yards and 10 touchdowns for the ACC champions . In an age of offense , the ' 88 team was fourth in the nation in scoring defense .",
"16": "In 1989 , Clemson registered a 10 -- 2 season and top - 12 national ranking for the fourth straight season , and ended his career at Clemson with a 27 -- 7 win over West Virginia ( and All - America quarterback Major Harris ) in the 1989 Gator Bowl . Just five years after their first probation under Ford ended , Clemson once again found their football program accused of multiple recruiting violations in January 1990 . The NCAA accused Clemson coaches of committing 14 rules violations , which ranged from giving cash in amounts of $50 to $150 to players to having illegal contact with recruits over a period from 1984 to 1988 . Although later cleared by the NCAA of direct involvement , this chain of events led directly to the forced resignation of Clemson 's popular head coach . While at Clemson , Ford also coached wins over a number of coaches later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , including Joe Paterno , Tom Osborne , Barry Switzer , Bobby Bowden , Vince Dooley , and Woody Hayes . Coach Ford compiled a 96 -- 29 -- 4 (. 760 ) record at Clemson , 5 ACC Championships , and a 6 -- 2 bowl record . He is tied for second on the school 's wins list with Dabo Swinney and behind only Frank Howard . Ford was the third winningest coach in the country on a percentage basis after the 1989 season . Ford also coached 21 All - Americans and 41 players who went on to play in the NFL , during his 11 seasons at Clemson . After a few years away from coaching , Ford was hired by Arkansas in 1992 , where he would spend five seasons guiding the Razorbacks . In 2017 , Ford was named to the College Football Hall of Fame . Ken Hatfield era ( 1990 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Ken Hatfield , former coach at Air Force and Arkansas , took over as head coach at Clemson in late 1989 . He had a 32 -- 13 -- 1 record with the Tigers and led them to three bowl games . Hatfield worked to clean up the program 's image in the wake of the Ford - era sanctions . However , in the wake of Ford 's success , Hatfield and many in the Clemson fanbase did not see eye - to - eye .",
"17": "A common saying among Tiger fans during this time was `` Howard built it . Ford filled it . Hatfield killed it . '' This sentiment followed Clemson 's first losing season ( 1992 ) since 1976 . Largely due to this discontent , school officials refused to grant him a one - year extension on his contract after the 1993 season , even though the Tigers had rebounded from 5 -- 6 in 1992 to an 8 -- 3 record that year and were invited to the Peach Bowl . Expressing `` much disappointment '' in what he saw as a lack of support by Clemson fans and several university officials , Hatfield resigned at the end of the regular season . He was later hired at Rice . The purple home jerseys used by Clemson in special games made their debut during the 1991 ACC championship season , with the Tigers wearing them in the regular season against NC State and in the Citrus Bowl vs. California . Tommy West era ( 1993 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Tommy West replaced Ken Hatfield at the end of the 1993 season , coaching the Tigers to a 14 -- 13 victory in the 1993 Peach Bowl against Kentucky . West had a 31 -- 28 record during his five seasons at Clemson and led the Tigers to three bowl games but no ACC championships . West was fired after a dismal 1998 campaign which saw Clemson go 3 -- 8 and finish last in the ACC . West went on to be the head coach at Memphis . Tommy Bowden era ( 1999 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Coach Bowden After Tommy West 's dismissal following the 1998 season , Clemson hired Tommy Bowden , son of Bobby Bowden and coach at Tulane . Bowden led the Tigers to a 6 -- 6 record and a Peach Bowl bid in 1999 , with the team that navigated its way through a schedule that included MAC champions and undefeated Marshall , Big East champion and BCS runner - up Virginia Tech ( who went undefeated during the regular season ) , and eventual National Champion Florida State ( who finished the year undefeated ) . The 1999 meeting between the Tigers and Seminoles was dubbed the `` Bowden Bowl '' and was the first time that a father and son coached against each other in Division I football .",
"18": "FSU won the game 17 -- 14 in front of the largest crowd in the history of Death Valley . Tye Hill interception During Bowden 's tenure , the Tigers were bowl eligible every season but did n't win any ACC championships ( the 2004 team turned down a bowl invitation as punishment for a massive brawl during a game against the University of South Carolina ) . Bowden has been criticized for his teams underachieving . The 2000 Tigers started 8 -- 0 and rose as high as # 5 in the polls before losing three of their last four . The same thing happened during the 2006 season following a 7 -- 1 start and with the team on the verge of winning the ACC Atlantic Division . The Tigers have also shown great resolve at points during Bowden 's tenure . The 2003 team won four games at the end of the season to finish 9 -- 4 , which included victories over # 3 Florida State and # 7 Tennessee in the Chick - Fil - A Peach Bowl . The 2004 season saw the Tigers start 1 -- 4 only to win five of their last six games ( which included an overtime upset of # 10 Miami ) , while the 2005 team overcame a 2 -- 3 start to finish the season 9 -- 4 . Tommy Bowden agreed to resign for $3.5 million on October 13 , 2008 , after leading the team to a disappointing 3 -- 3 record ( 1 -- 2 ACC ) at the midpoint of a season in which the Tigers were an almost unanimous preseason pick to win their first ACC title under Bowden and were ranked # 9 in the preseason polls . Assistant coach Dabo Swinney was named interim head coach . Dabo Swinney era ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) Coach Swinney Following the departure of Tommy Bowden , wide receivers coach Dabo Swinney was dubbed interim head coach and led the Tigers to a 4 -- 2 record , finishing the 2008 regular season at 7 -- 6 . On December 1 , 2008 , Swinney signed a five - year contract as Clemson 's permanent head coach .",
"19": "On November 21 , 2009 , Swinney and the Tigers qualified for their first ACC title game berth , only to lose to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 39 -- 34 . They were awarded a trip to the 2009 Music City Bowl , and defeated the Kentucky Wildcats 21 -- 13 , avenging their upset loss in the 2006 Music City Bowl . During the 2010 season , after a close 24 -- 27 overtime loss to national champion Auburn on the road , Clemson was later defeated in the Meineke Car Care Bowl in Charlotte , North Carolina . In January 2011 , Swinney hired new offensive coordinator Chad Morris . Morris became tied with Gus Malzahn as the highest paid assistant in college football after Clemson gave Morris a six - year contract worth $1.3 million annually . Dabo also added on running backs coach Tony Elliott , and defensive line coach Marion Hobby . Sammy Watkins On September 17 , 2011 , Clemson beat the defending national champions , the # 21 - ranked Auburn Tigers , and ended Auburn 's 17 - game winning streak , the longest winning streak in the nation . On October 1 , 2011 , Clemson became the first ACC team to beat three nationally ranked opponents in a row : # 21 - ranked Auburn , # 11 - ranked Florida State , and # 11 - ranked Virginia Tech . On November 12 , 2011 , Clemson defeated Wake Forest , winning the ACC Atlantic Division title . On November 26 , 2011 , Clemson lost to South Carolina for the third straight year , the first time Clemson had lost three straight to its instate rival since the seasons from 1968 to 1970 . On December 3 , the Tigers won their first ACC Championship since 1991 , defeating Virginia Tech 38 -- 10 in the Championship Game . # 15 Clemson would go on to lose to the # 23 West Virginia Mountaineers in the 2012 Orange Bowl 70 -- 33 , giving up an all - time record number of points scored in a quarter ( 35 ) , half ( 49 ) and game ( 70 ) in the 109 - year history of bowl games .",
"20": "On January 3 , 2014 , Clemson defeated Ohio State 40 -- 35 in the 2014 Discover Orange Bowl at Sun Life Stadium . On December 31 , 2012 , Clemson achieved its first 11 - win season since the national championship year with a last - second upset win over the # 8 LSU Tigers in the Chick - fil - A Bowl . Clemson trailed 24 -- 13 in the fourth quarter , but rallied back with a game - winning drive that saw a 4th and 16 conversion deep in their own territory that would lead to Chandler Catanzaro 's 37 - yard field goal as time expired to give Clemson a 25 -- 24 win . The 2013 season was historic for the Clemson football program . The Tigers began the season with a 38 -- 35 home victory over rival and fifth - ranked Georgia and ended the regular season with a record fifth - straight loss to arch - rival South Carolina , 31 -- 17 , in the first Top 10 meeting of the two schools ( Clemson # 4 , Carolina # 9 ) . The Tigers finished 11 -- 2 in 2013 and secured the school 's first ever BCS bowl win with a 40 -- 35 victory over # 7 Ohio State in the Orange Bowl . Quarterback Tajh Boyd and wide receiver Sammy Watkins set Orange Bowl yardage records . Boyd compiled 505 total yards and threw five touchdowns . It was the Tigers fourth win over a top 10 opponent under Swinney . Clemson finished 10 -- 3 in 2014 , highlighted by a 35 -- 17 win over arch - rival South Carolina and a 40 -- 6 win over Oklahoma in the Russell Athletic Bowl . The Tigers took on ACC rival Florida State in week 3 of their season only to suffer a heartbreaking loss in overtime as # 22 Clemson lost to # 1 Florida State 17 -- 23 . The Tigers then claimed a six - game winning streak in the middle of their season but lost to Georgia Tech as star freshman quarterback Deshaun Watson went out with a knee injury early in the 1st quarter .",
"21": "The Tigers claimed the nation 's number 1 - ranked defense under defensive coordinator Brent Venables in 2014 , and the emergence of freshman quarterback Deshaun Watson propelled the Tigers to another 10 - win season for the 4th time in Dabo Swinney 's six years as head coach . The 2015 season is regarded by sports writers as one of the most successful seasons in Clemson history . The Tigers possessed the nation 's number 1 ranking throughout the second half of the regular season and ended with 14 -- 1 overall record . Behind the leadership of Heisman Trophy finalist Deshaun Watson , the Tigers won the 2015 ACC Championship against number 10 North Carolina by a score of 45 -- 37 . The Tigers were selected to participate in the 2016 College Football Playoff as the top - seeded team in the tournament . Clemson defeated the # 4 ranked Oklahoma Sooners in the 2015 Orange Bowl by a score of 37 -- 17 to advance to the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship game against the number 2 - ranked Alabama Crimson Tide on January 11 , 2016 . Clemson lost the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship Game to Alabama , 45 -- 40 ending the school 's 17 - game winning streak . Heisman finalist quarterback Deshaun Watson had a historic performance setting the record for most total yards in national championship game history , with 478 yards ( 405 passing ; 73 rushing ) against the nation 's best defense , and becoming the first player in history to amass over 4000 yards passing and 1,000 yards rushing in a single season . 2016 Clemson Tigers football team ( center , behind President Donald Trump ) visit the White House in 2017 . In August 2016 , ESPN.com reported that the 2016 -- 2017 preseason Coaches Top 25 poll ranked Clemson Tigers football as the # 2 team in the nation . With a loaded offense and plenty of young talent waiting to emerge on defense , Clemson entered 2016 as one of the frontrunners to contend for the national championship . However , the odds of another trip to the CFB Playoff were working against the Tigers .",
"22": "Only one team , Alabama , went back - to - back as national champions and Florida State was expected to emerge once again as a title contender from the ACC . However , Clemson once again set the standard for the rest of the conference and finished the regular season at 12 -- 1 . Clemson finished the season with wins at Auburn , Georgia Tech , and # 12 Florida State on the road and defeated # 3 Louisville in Memorial Stadium . The Tigers suffered a controversial 43 -- 42 home loss to Pitt in November , due partially to questionable officiating but also to three interceptions thrown by Deshaun Watson and a failure to convert a 4th - and - 1 late in the fourth quarter , but benefited from losses by a couple of other playoff contenders on that Saturday and finished the season with three straight victories to rank No. 2 in the final CFP rankings . As expected from last season 's returning starters , quarterback Deshaun Watson anchored an explosive offense that averaged 503 yards per game . The defense reloaded behind a standout defensive line and limited opponents to just 18.4 points a game . Clemson finished with a regular season record of 12 -- 1 , which culminated with a 56 -- 7 win at home over arch - rival South Carolina , Swinney 's largest margin of victory over the Gamecocks during his career . Clemson won the ACC championship and secured its second trip to the CFP National Championship with a 31 -- 0 shutout of semi-finalist # 3 Ohio State in the 2016 Fiesta Bowl . The Tigers competed in the College Football Playoff National Championship game in Tampa , Florida on January 9 , 2017 , beating the previously undefeated Alabama Crimson Tide 35 -- 31 on a game - winning touchdown with one second remaining , and winning the 2016 National Championship .",
"23": "Coaches ( edit ) Current coaching staff ( edit ) Clemson Tigers football current coaching staff Name Position Alma Mater Dabo Swinney Head Coach University of Alabama Jeff Scott Co-Offensive Coordinator / Wide Receivers Coach Clemson University Brent Venables Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Coach Kansas State University Michael Reed Cornerbacks Coach Boston College Mickey Conn Safeties Coach University of Alabama Todd Bates Defensive Line Coach University of Alabama Tony Elliott Co-Offensive Coordinator / Running Backs Coach Clemson University Danny Pearman Special Teams Coordinator / Tight Ends / Offensive tackles Coach Clemson University Robbie Caldwell Offensive Line Coach Furman University Brandon Streeter Quarterbacks Coach / Recruiting Coordinator Clemson University Lemanski Hall Defensive Ends Coach University of Alabama Joey Batson Strength and Conditioning Newberry College Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Clemson Tigers head football coaches Tenure Coach Years Record Pct . 1896 -- 1899 Walter M Riggs 6 -- 3 . 667 1897 William M. Williams 2 -- 2 . 500 1898 John A. Penton 3 -- 1 . 750 1900 -- 1903 John W. Heisman 19 -- 3 -- 2 . 833 1904 Shack Shealy 3 -- 3 -- 1 . 500 1905 Edward B. `` Eddie '' Cochems 3 -- 2 -- 1 . 583 1906 -- 1915 Bob Williams 5 22 -- 14 -- 6 . 595 1907 Frank J. Shaughnessy 4 -- 4 -- 0 . 500 1908 Stein Stone 1 -- 6 -- 0 . 143 1910 -- 1912 Frank M. Dobson 11 -- 12 -- 1 . 479 1916 Wayne Hart 3 -- 6 . 333 1917 -- 1920 Edward A. Donahue 21 -- 12 -- 3 .",
"24": "625 1921 -- 1922 Edward J. `` Doc '' Stewart 6 -- 10 -- 2 . 389 1923 -- 1926 Bud Saunders 10 -- 22 -- 1 . 318 1927 -- 1930 Josh C. Cody 29 -- 11 -- 1 . 720 1931 -- 1939 Jess C. Neely 9 43 -- 35 -- 7 . 547 1940 -- 1969 Frank Howard 30 165 -- 118 -- 12 . 580 1970 -- 1972 Hootie Ingram 12 -- 21 . 364 1973 -- 1976 Jimmy `` Red '' Parker 17 -- 25 -- 2 . 409 1977 -- 1978 Charley Pell 18 -- 4 -- 1 . 804 1978 -- 1989 Danny Ford 12 96 -- 29 -- 4 . 760 1990 -- 1993 Ken Hatfield 32 -- 13 -- 1 . 707 1993 -- 1998 Tommy West 6 31 -- 28 . 525 1999 -- 2008 Tommy Bowden 10 72 -- 45 . 615 2008 -- current Dabo Swinney 10 101 -- 30 . 771 Clemson Traditions ( edit ) Howard 's Rock In the early 1960s , the rock was given to then head coach Frank Howard by a friend , Samuel Columbus Jones ( Clemson Class of 1919 ) . It was presented to Howard by Jones , saying `` Here 's a rock from Death Valley , California , to Death Valley , South Carolina . '' Howard did n't think anything else about the rock and it was used as a door stop in his office for several years . In September 1966 , while cleaning out his office , Howard noticed the rock and told IPTAY executive director Gene Willimon , `` Take this rock and throw it over the fence or out in the ditch ... do something with it , but get it out of my office . ''",
"25": "Willimon had the rock placed on a pedestal at the top of the east endzone hill that the team ran down to enter the field for games . On September 24 , 1966 , the first time Clemson players ran by the rock , they beat conference rival Virginia , 40 -- 35 . Howard , seizing on the motivational potential of `` The Rock '' , told his players , `` Give me 110 % or keep your filthy hands off of my rock . '' The team started rubbing the Rock for the first game of 1967 , which was a 23 -- 6 waxing of ACC foe Wake Forest . As a result , it is now a tradition for the Clemson Army ROTC to protect the Rock for the 24 hours prior to the Clemson - South Carolina game when held in Death Valley . ROTC cadets keep a steady drum cadence around the rock prior to the game , which can be heard across the campus . Part of the tradition comes after unknown parties vandalized the Rock prior to the 1992 South Carolina - Clemson game . On June 2 , 2013 , Howard 's Rock was again vandalized when the case containing it was broken and a portion of the rock was removed by an apparent fan of the Tigers , who was eventually arrested following a police investigation . Running Down the Hill Probably the most highly publicized tradition of the Clemson Tigers football team is the entrance , which Brent Musburger referred to as `` The Most Exciting 25 seconds in College Football . '' Running down `` The Hill '' originally started out of practicality . Before the west stands were built , the football team dressed across the street at Fike Field House and ran from there to the gate and down the hill onto the field . Now , after exiting the stadium on the west side , the players load into 2 buses which , escorted by police officers , make their way around the stadium to the east side where The Hill is located . This scene is shown on the JumboTron inside the stadium . When the buses arrive at the east side the players get out and gather at the top of the hill and stand around Howard 's Rock ; once most of the players are out of the buses and ready to go a cannon sounds ; the band begins to play Tiger Rag and the players make their way down the hill .",
"26": "The spelling out of C-L-E-M-S-O-N during this Tiger Rag is one of , if not the , loudest times it will be spelled out during the game . Ring of Honor Created in 1994 , the Ring of Honor is the highest award given to former coaches , players , and other individuals who made a direct impact on the football program . The Graveyard The Graveyard is a mock cemetery near the football practice fields that features tombstones commemorating Clemson 's victories over ranked opponents on the road . First Friday Parade The Clemson football season kicks off each year with the annual First Friday Parade . The once a year event takes place on the Friday afternoon prior to the first home football game . Floats from various fraternities and sororities and other campus organizations are represented in the parade that rolls down main street in Clemson . The parade culminates at the Amphitheater in the middle of campus where the first Pep Rally of the year takes place . The Grand Marshal of the Parade is featured at the Pep Rally . Recent Grand Marshals have ranged from current PGA professional Dillard Pruitt , to College Football Hall of Fame legends Jess Neely and Frank Howard , to noted television announcers Brent Musburger and Ara Parseghian . Tailgating On October 15 , 2012 , Southern Living named Clemson the South 's best tailgate . Rivalries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Clemson -- South Carolina rivalry The Clemson - South Carolina rivalry which dates back to 1896 is the largest annual sporting event in terms of ticket sales in the state of South Carolina . From 1896 to 1959 , the Clemson - South Carolina game was played , on the fairgrounds , in Columbia , South Carolina and was referred to as `` Big Thursday . '' In 1960 an alternating - site format was implemented utilizing both teams ' home stadiums . The annual game has since been designated `` The Palmetto Bowl . '' The last eight contests between the programs have been nationally televised ( 4 on ESPN , 4 on ESPN2 ) .",
"27": "Clemson holds a 69 -- 42 -- 4 lead in the series . Florida State ( edit ) Main article : Clemson -- Florida State football rivalry Between 1999 and 2007 the ACC Atlantic Division matchup between Clemson and Florida State was referred to as the `` Bowden Bowl '' to reflect the father - son head coach matchup between Bobby Bowden ( Father , FSU ) and Tommy Bowden ( Son , Clemson ) . Their first meeting , in 1999 , was the first time in Division I-A history that a father and a son met as opposing head coaches in a football game . Bobby Bowden won the first four matchups extending FSU 's winning streak over Clemson to 11 dating back to 1992 . Since 2003 , Clemson is 7 -- 6 , including a 26 -- 10 win in Clemson over then - # 3 FSU . Also during this time the Tigers recorded a 27 -- 20 win in Tallahassee in 2006 which broke a 17 - year losing streak in Doak Campbell Stadium . 2007 was the last Bowden Bowl game as Tommy resigned as head coach in October 2008 . # 3 Clemson pulled off a thriller in Tallahassee in 2016 , 37 -- 34 , over the # 12 - ranked Seminoles . As of 2017 , Florida State leads the overall series 20 -- 11 . Georgia Tech ( edit ) Main article : Clemson -- Georgia Tech football rivalry Clemson 's rivalry with Georgia Tech dates to 1898 with the first game being played in Atlanta . The game was played in Atlanta for 44 of the first 47 match - ups , until Georgia Tech joined the ACC . When Georgia Tech joined the ACC in 1978 , the series went to a more traditional home - and - home setup beginning with the 1983 game . When the ACC expanded to 12 teams and split into two divisions in 2005 , Clemson and Georgia Tech were placed in opposite divisions but were designated permanent cross-divisional rivals so that the series may continue uninterrupted . The two schools are 127 miles apart and connected to each other by Interstate 85 . This distance is slightly closer than that between Clemson and traditional rival South Carolina ( 137 miles ) .",
"28": "Georgia Tech leads the series 50 -- 30 -- 2 . Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Clemson -- Georgia football rivalry The Bulldogs and the Tigers have played each other 64 times beginning in 1897 , with the 64th meeting played in 2014 . Clemson 's only regular - season losses of the 1978 , 1982 , and 1991 campaigns all came at the hands of Georgia `` between the hedges '' , whereas Georgia 's only regular - season setback during the three years of the Herschel Walker era came in Death Valley during Danny Ford 's 1981 national championship run . During the two programs ' simultaneous glory days of the early 1980s , no rivalry in all of college football was more important at the national level . The Bulldogs and Tigers played each other every season from 1973 to 1987 , with Scott Woerner 's dramatic returns in 1980 and the nine turnovers forced by the Tigers in 1981 effectively settling the eventual national champion . No rivalry of that period was more competitive , as evidenced by the critical eleventh - hour field goals kicked by Kevin Butler in 1984 and by David Treadwell more than once later in the decade . Despite blowouts in 1990 by the Tigers and in 1994 and 2003 by the Bulldogs , the series typically has remained very competitive with evenly matched games . Georgia currently maintains a 41 -- 18 -- 4 lead in the series . NC State ( edit ) Main article : Textile Bowl The yearly conference and divisional match - up with NC State is known as the Textile Bowl for the schools ' similar missions in research and development for the textile industry in the Carolinas . The first meeting of the two schools occurred in 1899 . Clemson currently holds a 57 -- 28 -- 1 series advantage . Boston College ( edit ) Main article : O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy The O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy was created in 2008 by the Boston College Gridiron Club in order to honor the tradition at both schools and to honor the legacy of Charlie O'Rourke and Banks McFadden , who played during the leather helmet era . The club plans to make this an annual presentation .",
"29": "Clemson first met Boston College on the football field in the 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic , the first ever bowl game for the Tigers and Eagles . Over the next 43 years , the teams met a total of 13 times . In 2005 , Boston College joined the ACC and the Atlantic Division . Since then , the game has been played on an annual basis with Clemson winning in 7 of the last 8 meetings . As of 2017 the Tigers lead the series 16 -- 9 -- 2 . Auburn ( edit ) Main article : Auburn -- Clemson football rivalry These old rivals first played in 1899 , but until 2010 , had not faced each other in the regular season since 1971 . Auburn leads the overall series 34 -- 15 -- 2 and had won 14 games in a row , dating back to 1952 , before Clemson snapped the streak in 2011 , by beating # 22 ranked Auburn 38 -- 24 in Death Valley , in front of a crowd of exactly 82,000 . Along with snapping one streak , Clemson also snapped Auburn 's seventeen - game winning streak coming off of the 2009 -- 2011 seasons . The Georgia Dome hosted the Auburn - Clemson rivalry in the 2012 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game . Clemson defeated Auburn 26 -- 19 riding on a 231 - yard performance by Andre Ellington . This game was notable due to Sammy Watkins ' absence , having been suspended the first two games due to a drug - related arrest in May 2012 . # 3 Clemson again defeated # 13 Auburn in 2017 14 - 6 in Clemson . Records and results ( edit ) Year - by - year results ( edit ) Main article : List of Clemson Tigers football seasons Championships ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) Clemson finished their undefeated 1981 season with a 22 -- 15 victory over the # 4 Nebraska Cornhuskers in the 1982 Orange Bowl , and were named the national champions by all major selectors .",
"30": "Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Opponent PF PA 1981 Danny Ford AP , UPI / Coaches ' Poll 12 -- 0 Orange Bowl Nebraska 22 15 2016 Dabo Swinney College Football Playoff , AP , Coaches ' Poll 14 -- 1 CFP National Championship Alabama 35 31 National championships : 2 † Other consensus selectors included Berryman , Billingsley , DeVold , FACT , FB News , Football Research , FW , Helms , Litkenhous , Matthews , National Championship Foundation , NFF , New York Times , Poling , Sagarin , and Sporting News Playoffs ( edit ) Clemson was selected as the one seed in the second College Football Playoff and defeated the fourth seed Oklahoma on December 31 , 2015 in the 2015 Orange Bowl . They lost to the Alabama Crimson Tide in the championship game on January 11 , 2016 . Clemson was selected to the third College Football Playoff as the second seed and defeated the third seed Ohio State on December 31 , 2016 in the 2016 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl . The Tigers defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide in the national championship game on January 9 , 2017 . Year Seed Opponent Round Result 2015 # 4 Oklahoma Semi-Finals -- Orange Bowl W 37 -- 17 # 2 Alabama Finals -- CFP National Championship Game L 45 -- 40 2016 # 3 Ohio State Semi-Finals -- Fiesta Bowl W 31 -- 0 # 1 Alabama Finals -- CFP National Championship Game W 35 -- 31 2017 # 4 Alabama Semi-Finals -- Sugar Bowl L 24 - 6 Total playoff record : 3 -- 2 Undefeated seasons ( edit ) Since its beginnings in 1896 , Clemson has completed six undefeated seasons . This includes three perfect seasons in which the Tigers were undefeated and untied .",
"31": "1900 , 1906 , 1948 , 1950 , 1981 , 2015 Year Coach Record 1900 John Heisman 6 -- 0 1906 Bob Williams 4 -- 0 -- 3 1948 Frank Howard 11 -- 0 1950 Frank Howard 11 -- 0 -- 1 1981 Danny Ford 12 -- 0 2015 Dabo Swinney 14 -- 1 Total undefeated seasons : 6 ( 3 perfect ) † The 2015 Clemson Tigers football team went undefeated in the regular season ( 12 -- 0 ) , and additionally won the ACC Championship Game and were Orange Bowl Champions , before qualifying for a supplementary game due to the new CFP format . Conference championships ( edit ) Clemson won the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1900 and 1902 ( tied 1903 and 1906 ) along with the Southern Conference title in 1940 and 1948 . Their 16 ACC titles ( 15 outright , 1 tied ) is the most ACC football championships . Year Coach Conference Overall record Conference record 1900 John Heisman Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 1902 John Heisman Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 6 -- 1 6 -- 0 1903 † John Heisman Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 4 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 -- 1 1906 † Bob Williams Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 4 -- 0 -- 3 4 -- 0 1940 Frank Howard Southern Conference 6 -- 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 1948 Frank Howard Southern Conference 11 -- 0 5 -- 0 1956 Frank Howard Atlantic Coast Conference",
"32": "7 -- 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 -- 1 1958 Frank Howard Atlantic Coast Conference 8 -- 3 5 -- 1 1959 Frank Howard Atlantic Coast Conference 9 -- 2 6 -- 1 1965 Frank Howard Atlantic Coast Conference 5 -- 5 5 -- 2 1966 Frank Howard Atlantic Coast Conference 6 -- 4 6 -- 1 1967 Frank Howard Atlantic Coast Conference 6 -- 4 6 -- 0 1978 Charley Pell Atlantic Coast Conference 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 1981 Danny Ford Atlantic Coast Conference 12 -- 0 6 -- 0 1982 Danny Ford Atlantic Coast Conference 9 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 0 1986 Danny Ford Atlantic Coast Conference 8 -- 2 -- 2 5 -- 1 -- 1 Danny Ford Atlantic Coast Conference 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 1988 Danny Ford Atlantic Coast Conference 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 1991 Ken Hatfield Atlantic Coast Conference 9 -- 2 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 1 2011 Dabo Swinney Atlantic Coast Conference 10 -- 4 6 -- 2 2015 Dabo Swinney Atlantic Coast Conference 14 -- 1 8 -- 0 2016 Dabo Swinney Atlantic Coast Conference 14 -- 1 7 -- 1 2017",
"33": "Dabo Swinney Atlantic Coast Conference 12 -- 1 7 -- 1 Conference titles : 23 † Denotes co-champions In 1965 , South Carolina violated participation rules relating to two ineligibile players and was required to forfeit wins against North Carolina State and Clemson . North Carolina State and Clemson were then declared co-champions . Conference affiliations 1896 -- 1921 : Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1921 -- 1953 : Southern Conference ( charter member ) 1953 -- present : Atlantic Coast Conference ( charter member ) Divisional championships ( edit ) In 2005 , the Atlantic Coast Conference divided into two divisions of six teams each and began holding an ACC Championship Game at the conclusion of the regular football season to determine the ACC Football Champions . Clemson won its first outright ACC Atlantic Division championship in 2009 and again in 2011 . In 2012 , Clemson tied for a share of the Atlantic Division Championship and was named co-champion of the division . Year Coach Division championship Game result Opponent PF PA 2009 Dabo Swinney ACC Atlantic Georgia Tech 34 39 2011 Dabo Swinney ACC Atlantic Virginia Tech 38 10 2012 ‡ Dabo Swinney ACC Atlantic 2015 Dabo Swinney ACC Atlantic North Carolina 45 37 2016 ‡ Dabo Swinney ACC Atlantic Virginia Tech 42 35 2017 Dabo Swinney ACC Atlantic Miami 38 Totals -- 6 4 -- 1 197 124 † On 7 / 18 / 2011 , Georgia Tech was required to vacate their victory due to NCAA violations and the game is considered by the NCAA and ACC to have no winner . ‡ Clemson finished 7 -- 1 in the ACC and was named co-champion of the Atlantic Division per ACC rules . Florida State played in the ACC Championship by owning the tie - breaker advantage .",
"34": "‡ Clemson finished 7 -- 1 in the ACC and was named co-champion of the Atlantic Division per ACC rules . Clemson played in the ACC Championship by owning the tie - breaker advantage . Clemson vs. In - State NCAA Division I Schools ( edit ) School Record Percentage Streak First meeting Last meeting Charleston Southern Buccaneers 0 -- 0 -- -- -- -- Coastal Carolina Chanticleers 1 -- 0 1.000 Won 1 2009 2009 Furman Paladins 42 -- 10 -- 4 . 786 Won 30 1896 2012 Presbyterian Blue Hose 33 -- 3 -- 4 . 875 Won 15 1916 South Carolina Gamecocks 69 -- 42 -- 4 . 617 Won 4 1896 2017 South Carolina State Bulldogs 4 -- 0 1.000 Won 4 2008 2016 The Citadel Bulldogs 32 -- 5 -- 1 . 855 Won 17 1909 2017 Wofford Terriers 12 -- 3 . 800 Won 5 1896 2015 Clemson 191 -- In - State NCAA Division I Schools 63 -- Draws 13 National polls ( edit ) Clemson has ended their football season ranked 32 times in either the AP or Coaches Poll . Clemson currently has eight consecutive 10 win seasons . It is the 2nd longest active streak behind Alabama with ten . Year Record AP Poll † Coaches ‡ Harris 1939 9 -- 1 -- 0 12 -- -- 1948 11 -- 0 -- 0 11 -- -- 1950 9 -- 0 -- 1 10 12 -- 1951 7 -- 3 -- 0 20 -- --",
"35": "1956 7 -- 2 -- 2 19 -- -- 1957 7 -- 3 -- 0 -- 18 -- 1958 8 -- 3 -- 0 12 13 -- 1959 9 -- 2 -- 0 11 11 -- 1977 8 -- 3 -- 1 19 -- -- 1978 11 -- 1 -- 0 6 7 -- 1981 12 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1982 9 -- 1 -- 1 8 -- -- 9 -- 1 -- 1 11 -- -- 1986 8 -- 2 -- 2 17 19 -- 10 -- 2 -- 0 12 10 -- 1988 10 -- 2 -- 0 9 8 -- 1989 10 -- 2 -- 0 12 11 -- 1990 10 -- 2 -- 0 9 9 -- 1991 9 -- 2 -- 1 18 17 -- 1993 9 -- 3 -- 0 23 22 -- 2000 9 -- 3 16 14 -- 2003 9 -- 4 22 22 -- 2005 8 -- 4 21",
"36": "21 23 2007 9 -- 4 21 22 16 2009 9 -- 5 24 -- -- 2011 10 -- 4 22 22 14 2012 11 -- 2 11 9 13 2013 11 -- 2 8 7 11 2014 10 -- 3 15 15 -- 2015 14 -- 1 2016 14 -- 1 2017 12 -- 2 † AP Poll began selecting the nation 's Top 20 teams in 1936 . Only the Top 10 teams were recognized from 1962 to 1967 . The AP Poll expanded back to the Top 20 teams in 1968 . In 1989 , it began recognizing the Top 25 teams . ‡ UPI / Coaches Poll began selecting its Top 20 teams on a weekly basis in 1950 before expanding to the nations 's Top 25 teams in 1990 . Bowl games ( edit ) This is a partial list of the ten most recent bowl games Clemson competed in . For the full Clemson bowl game history , see List of Clemson Tigers bowl games .",
"37": "Season Coach Bowl Game date W / L Opponent PF PA Dabo Swinney Meineke Car Care December 31 , 2010 South Florida 26 31 2011 Dabo Swinney Orange January 4 , 2012 West Virginia 33 70 2012 Dabo Swinney Chick - fil - A December 31 , 2012 LSU 25 24 2013 Dabo Swinney Orange January 3 , 2014 Ohio State 40 35 2014 Dabo Swinney Russell Athletic December 29 , 2014 Oklahoma 40 6 2015 Dabo Swinney Orange December 31 , 2015 Oklahoma 37 17 2015 Dabo Swinney 2016 CFP National Championship January 11 , 2016 Alabama 40 45 2016 Dabo Swinney Fiesta Bowl December 31 , 2016 Ohio State 31 0 2016 Dabo Swinney 2017 CFP National Championship January 9 , 2017 Alabama 35 31 2017 Dabo Swinney Sugar Bowl January 1 , 2018 Alabama 6 24 Total 42 Bowl games 22 -- 20 Individual award Winners ( edit ) See also : Clemson Tigers football statistical leaders College Football Hall of Fame inductees ( edit ) In 1951 , the College Football Hall of Fame opened in South Bend , Indiana . Clemson has had 3 players and 4 former coaches inducted into the Hall of Fame .",
"38": "Name Years at Clemson Position Year Inducted Jeff Davis 1978 -- 1981 Linebacker 2007 Danny Ford 1978 -- 1989 Head Coach 2017 John Heisman 1900 -- 1903 Head Coach 1954 Frank Howard 1940 -- 1969 Head Coach 1989 Terry Kinard 1978 -- 1982 Safety 2001 Banks McFadden 1937 -- 1939 Halfback 1959 Jess Neely 1931 -- 1939 Head Coach 1971 Retired numbers ( edit ) Number Name Years at Clemson Position Year Retired Steve Fuller + 1975 -- 1978 Quarterback 1979 66 Banks McFadden 1937 -- 1939 Halfback 28 C.J. Spiller + 2006 -- 2009 Running back + Steve Fuller 's number 4 was retired in 1979 . However , it was brought out of retirement in 2014 to be worn by Clemson 's 5 star quarterback recruit , Deshaun Watson . + C.J. Spiller ' s number 28 was retired in 2010 . However , it was brought out of retirement in 2016 to be worn by Clemson 's 5 star running back recruit Tavien Feaster National award winners ( edit ) CBS / Chevrolet Defensive Player of the Year Terry Kinard ( 1982 ) John Mackey Award Dwayne Allen ( 2011 ) Chic Harley Award Deshaun Watson ( 2016 ) Freshman of the Year Sammy Watkins ( 2011 ) Ted Hendricks Award Da'Quan Bowers ( 2010 ) Archie Griffin Award Deshaun Watson ( 2015 ) Davey O'Brien Award Deshaun Watson ( 2015 , 2016 ) Bobby Bowden Award Deshaun Watson ( 2016 ) Manning Award Deshaun Watson ( 2015 ,",
"39": "2016 ) Bronko Nagurski Trophy Da'Quan Bowers ( 2010 ) Jack Lambert Award Ben Boulware ( 2016 ) Johnny Unitas Award Deshaun Watson ( 2016 ) National coaching awards ( edit ) AFCA Coach of the Year Danny Ford ( 1981 ) Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year Chad Morris ( 2013 ) Dan Brooks ( 2016 ) AP Coach of the Year Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Dabo Swinney ( 2011 ) Frank Broyles Award Brent Venables ( 2016 ) Tony Elliott ( 2017 ) Grant Teaff Award Dabo Swinney ( 2014 ) Home Depot Coach of the Year Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Danny Ford ( 1981 ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Dabo Swinney ( 2015 , 2016 ) George Munger Award Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) Sporting News College Coach of the Year Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) Woody Hayes Trophy Danny Ford ( 1981 ) Consensus All - Americans ( edit ) See also : All - America and College Football All - America Team Clemson players have been honored 25 times as consensus All - Americans .",
"40": "Consensus All - Americans Year ( s ) Name Number Position 1967 Harry Olszewski 51 Bennie Cunningham 85 TE 1979 Jim Stuckey 83 DL 1981 Jeff Davis 45 LB 1981 -- 1982 Terry Kinard 43 DB William Perry 66 DL 1986 Terrence Flagler 33 RB David Treadwell 18 PK 1988 Donnell Woolford 20 DB 1990 Stacy Long 67 OL 1991 Jeb Flesch 59 OL 1991 Levon Kirkland 44 LB 1993 Stacy Seegars 79 OL 1997 Anthony Simmons 41 LB 2000 Keith Adams 43 LB 2005 Tye Hill 8 DB 2006 Gaines Adams 93 DL 2009 C.J. Spiller 28 KR / AP Da'Quan Bowers 93 DL 2011 Dwayne Allen 83 TE 2013 -- 2014 Vic Beasley DL 2015 Deshaun Watson QB 2015 Shaq Lawson 90 DL Atlantic Coast Conference awards ( edit ) ACC Player of the Year ( 9 ) Buddy Gore ( 1967 ) Steve Fuller ( 1977 , 1978 ) Jeff Davis ( 1981 ) William Perry ( 1984 ) Michael Dean Perry ( 1987 ) C.J. Spiller ( 2009 ) Tajh Boyd ( 2012 ) Deshaun Watson ( 2015 ) ACC Coach of the Year ( 9 ) Frank Howard ( 1958 , 1966 ) Red Parker ( 1974 ) Charley Pell ( 1977 , 1978 ) Danny Ford ( 1981 ) Tommy Bowden ( 1999 , 2003 ) Dabo Swinney ( 2015 ) ACC Offensive Player of the Year ( 3 ) C.J.",
"41": "Spiller ( 2009 ) Tajh Boyd ( 2012 ) Deshaun Watson ( 2015 ) ACC Defensive Player of the Year ( 6 ) Keith Adams ( 1999 ) Leroy Hill ( 2004 ) Gaines Adams ( 2006 ) Da'Quan Bowers ( 2010 ) Vic Beasley ( 2014 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 6 ) Chuck McSwain ( 1979 ) Terry Allen ( 1987 ) Ronald Williams ( 1990 ) Anthony Simmons ( 1995 ) James Davis ( 2005 ) Sammy Watkins ( 2011 ) ACC Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 1 ) Sammy Watkins ( 2011 ) ACC Defensive Rookie of the Year ( 1 ) Dexter Lawrence ( 2016 ) ACC Jacobs Blocking Trophy ( 8 ) Doug Cline ( 1959 ) Wayne Mass ( 1966 ) Harry Olszewski ( 1967 ) Joe Bostic ( 1977 ) Lee Nanney ( 1981 ) James Farr ( 1983 ) John Phillips ( 1987 ) Mitch Hyatt ( 2017 ) ACC Brian Piccolo Award ( 4 ) Rex Varn ( 1978 ) Jack Cain ( 1980 ) Ray Williams ( 1986 ) Warren Forney ( 1995 ) Atlantic Coast Conference 50th Anniversary Football team ( edit ) On July 23 , 2002 in celebration of the Atlantic Coast Conference 's 50th Anniversary , a 120 - member blue ribbon committee selected the Top 50 football players in ACC history . Clemson led all conference schools with the most players selected to the Golden Anniversary team . Each of Clemson 's honorees are All - Americans and former NFL players .",
"42": "The nine selectees from Clemson are : Joe Bostic ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Jerry Butler ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Bennie Cunningham ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Jeff Davis ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Steve Fuller ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Terry Kinard ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Michael Dean Perry ( 1984 -- 1987 ) William Perry ( 1981 -- 1984 ) Anthony Simmons ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Current NFL players ( edit ) * Practice Squad Only Mackensie Alexander -- Cornerback , Minnesota Vikings No. 20 Dwayne Allen -- Tight end , New England Patriots No. 83 Stephone Anthony -- Linebacker , Miami Dolphins No. 44 Tavaris Barnes -- Defensive end , Washington Redskins * No. 63 Isaiah Battle -- Offensive tackle , Seattle Seahawks * No. 79 Vic Beasley -- Linebacker , Atlanta Falcons No. 44 Andre Branch -- Defensive end , Miami Dolphins No. 50 Bashaud Breeland -- Cornerback , Washington Redskins No. 26 Jaron Brown -- Wide receiver , Arizona Cardinals No. 13 Martavis Bryant -- Wide receiver , Pittsburgh Steelers No. 10 Chandler Catanzaro -- Placekicker , New York Jets No. 7 Kevin Dodd -- Linebacker , Tennessee Titans No. 92 Andre Ellington -- Running back , Houston Texans No. 38 Wayne Gallman -- Running back , New York Giants No. 22 Marcus Gilchrist - Safety , Houston Texans No. 21 B.J. Goodson -- Linebacker , New York Giants No. 93 T.J. Green -- Safety , Indianapolis Colts No. 32 Chris Hairston -- Offensive tackle , Los Angeles Chargers No. 75 DeAndre Hopkins -- Wide receiver , Houston Texans No. 10 Adam Humphries -- Wide receiver , Tampa Bay Buccaneers No. 10 Grady Jarrett -- Defensive tackle , Atlanta Falcons No. 97 Jayron Kearse -- Safety , Minnesota Vikings No. 27 Shaq Lawson -- Defensive end , Buffalo Bills No. 90 Jordan Leggett -- Tight end , New York Jets No. 86 Byron Maxwell -- Cornerback , Seattle Seahawks No.",
"43": "41 Charone Peake -- Wide receiver , New York Jets No. 17 Bradley Pinion -- Punter , San Francisco 49ers No. 5 D.J. Reader -- Defensive tackle , Houston Texans No. 98 Artavis Scott -- Wide receiver , Los Angeles Chargers * No. 82 Coty Sensabaugh -- Cornerback , Pittsburgh Steelers No. 24 Tyler Shatley -- Offensive guard , Jacksonville Jaguars No. 69 C.J. Spiller -- Running back , Kansas City Chiefs No. 26 Cordrea Tankersley -- Cornerback , Miami Dolphins No. 30 Brandon Thomas -- Offensive guard , Jacksonville Jaguars * No. 70 Carlos Watkins -- Defensive tackle , Houston Texans No. 91 Sammy Watkins -- Wide receiver , Los Angeles Rams No. 12 Deshaun Watson -- Quarterback , Houston Texans No. 4 DeShawn Williams -- Defensive tackle , Cincinnati Bengals * No. 69 Mike Williams -- Wide receiver , Los Angeles Chargers No. 81 All - time record vs. current ACC teams ( edit ) Opponent Won Lost Tied Percentage Streak First meeting Last meeting Boston College 16 9 . 630 Won 7 1940 2017 Duke 36 16 . 689 Won 4 1934 2012 Florida State 11 20 0 . 367 Won 3 1970 2017 Georgia Tech 30 50 . 378 Won 3 1898 2017 Louisville 0 0 1.000 Won 4 2014 2017 Miami 5 6 0 . 455 Won 3 1945 2017 North Carolina 37 19 . 658 Won 3 1897 2015 North Carolina State 57 28 . 669 Won 6 1899 2017 Pittsburgh 0 0 . 000 Lost 2 1977 2016 Syracuse 0 .",
"44": "667 Lost 1 1995 2017 Virginia 38 8 . 819 Won 3 1955 2013 Virginia Tech 22 12 . 643 Won 5 1900 2017 Wake Forest 65 17 . 789 Won 9 1933 2017 Totals 349 212 12 . 619 Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced schedules as of August 23 , 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 at Texas A&M vs Texas A&M at Notre Dame vs Connecticut at Notre Dame vs Notre Dame vs South Carolina at South Carolina vs South Carolina at South Carolina vs Furman vs Wofford vs Akron vs Wyoming vs Furman vs Wofford vs The Citadel vs Charleston Southern vs Notre Dame vs South Carolina vs Charlotte vs South Carolina at South Carolina vs South Carolina at South Carolina vs Georgia Southern at South Carolina vs The Citadel vs Louisiana Tech vs Florida Atlantic Recruiting ( edit ) Clemson Tigers Football from Rivals.com team recruitment rankings : Year National rank Commits 2018 12th 15 2017 22nd 14 2016 6th 22 2015 4th 25 2014 13th 22 2013 14th 23 2012 14th 20 2011 8th 29 19th 24 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2014 . pp. 4 -- 12 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson Athletics Style & Branding Guide '' . Clemson Tigers . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ `` 2015 Clemson Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Clemson University . 2015 . p. 51 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Clemson Media Guide & Supplement '' . Clemson Sports Information . 2011 . pp. 182 -- 188 , 190 -- 194 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , Zach . `` Clemson Routs OU in Russell Athletic Bowl '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton , Russ . `` Would Clemson be Obsolete Without Auburn ? '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found -- Clemson University , South Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Heisman '' . John Heisman . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` John Heisman '' . CBSSports.com COLLEGE NETWORK . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vetter Sitton Clemson Coach '' . The Anderson Daily - Intelligencer . January 21 , 1915 . Jump up ^ Metrobeat.Net Archived July 22 , 2003 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nauright , John . `` The South Carolina -- Clemson Football War of 1902 '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Haney , Travis ; Williams , Larry ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` Classic Clashes of the Carolina - Clemson Football Rivalry : A State of Disunion '' . History Press . Retrieved 11 January 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Foster Senn ( October 17 , 1987 ) . `` This Day in Tiger Football '' . Clemson University Football Programs -- Clemson vs Duke : 81 . Jump up ^ `` Tech Slaughtered By Clemson Tigers '' . Atlanta Constitution . October 18 , 1903 . p.",
"46": "7 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Lou Sahadi. `` 24 . 1903 Game With Cumberland '' . 100 Things Clemson Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die . Jump up ^ `` Clemson - South Carolina : A game - by - game history '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Tigers to Wildcats '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 19 Tigers Run Past Tar Heels , 52 -- 7 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Timeline '' . ^ Jump up to : Traughber , p. 71 Jump up ^ `` Red Sanders '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One - Man Defensive Stand '' . ClemsonTigers.com . Jump up ^ `` Frank Howard '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( 1996 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Frank Howard , 86 , the Coach Of Top Clemson Football Teams '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gift from Death Valley became `` Death Valley '' tradition `` . Mark Schlabach . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Aaron ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) . `` 1970 designer of Clemson 's Tiger Paw logo , John Antonio , dies of cancer '' . The Post and Courier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Red Parker returns to The Citadel '' . Ken Burger / The Post and Courier . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Former Citadel , Clemson coach Red Parker dies at 84 '' . 2016 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Jim .",
"47": "Looking Back ... A Walk Through Clemson 's 1981 National Championship Season Archived 2007 - 10 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... TheACC.com , 2006 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Miamisouthpaw ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) . `` South Florida Sports Paradise : Ghosts of the Orange Bowl : 1981 Clemson Tigers '' . South Florida Sports Paradise . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 national championship `` put Clemson on the map '' `` . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson football : Tigers were overlooked at No. 1 in 1981 too '' . 2015 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Draft 2016 -- NFL Draft History : Full Draft Year '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Clemson Tigers '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` SEVERE SANCTIONS LEVIED ON CLEMSON '' . The New York Times . 23 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Charges Made Against Clemson by NCAA '' . 24 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 -- via washingtonpost.com . ^ Jump up to : Asher , Mark ( 23 November 1982 ) . `` Clemson : 2 Years NCAA Probation , 20 Scholarships Cut '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Clemson Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Clemson University . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson Reveals It Is Under Inquiry by N.C.A.A '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1990 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 .",
"48": "^ Jump up to : `` How Danny Ford went from Clemson legend to out of college football '' . Jump up ^ `` Clemson Drops Ford With $1 Million Deal '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1990 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Ford selected to College Football Hall of Fame '' . Jump up ^ Hanley , Brian . Clemson gets `` Real McCoy '' . Chicago Sun - Times , 1990 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Clemson coach quits . The New York Times , 1993 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY OF BOWDEN BOWL '' . MSN TV . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hunter Knowles , Bowden Bows Out , The Tiger News , October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mark Schlabach , Bowden ousted at Clemson ; coach ' deserved ' to be fired , QB says , ESPN.com , October 13 , 2008 , Accessed October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Clemson promotes interim coach Swinney to permanent job with 5 - year deal , ESPN.com , December 1 , 2008 , Accessed December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Tech stripped of 2009 ACC title win due to NCAA violations '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky vs. Clemson -- Game Recap -- December 27 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson vs. Auburn -- Game Recap -- September 18 , 2010 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson 's Chad Morris leaps from preps to $1.3 million '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason . `` Auburn Vs.",
"49": "Clemson Final Score : AU 's 17 - game Winning Streak Ended , 38 -- 24 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson vs. Virginia Tech -- Game Recap -- October 1 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest vs. Clemson -- Game Recap -- November 12 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson vs. South Carolina -- Game Recap -- November 26 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Tech vs. Clemson -- Game Recap -- December 3 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Mountaineers vs Clemson Tigers -- Recap '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason . `` Tigers win Chick - fil - A ! ( The Clemson ones ) '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia vs. Clemson -- Game Recap -- August 31 , 2013 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina makes it five in a row against Clemson '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dabo Swinney # cite note - 19 Jump up ^ `` Clemson Football -- Tigers News , Scores , Videos -- College Football '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Clemson vs. Florida State -- Game Recap -- September 20 , 2014 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Aaron . `` Watson goes home , revisits site of 2014 knee injury '' . Post and Courier . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Venables Named Defensive Coordinator - of - the - Year '' . ClemsonTigers.com .",
"50": "Jump up ^ `` Clemson football : Tigers were overlooked at No. 1 in 1981 too '' . NCAA.com. 2015 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina vs. Clemson -- Game Summary -- December 5 , 2015 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Clemson Tigers Win the 2015 College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Capital One Orange Bowl -- General News -- News Orange Bowl '' . game.orangebowl.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy . `` How Deshaun Watson became a superstar '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam . `` Alabama Crimson Tide , Clemson Tigers top preseason Amway Coaches Top 25 poll '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CFB Preview 2016 Clemson Tigers '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Brian . `` Could Clemson and Florida State both make the playoff ? '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville Cardinals vs. Clemson Tigers -- October 1 , 2016 Gametracker '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Morgan . `` Clemson beats Virginia Tech to win the ACC and punch its ticket to the Playoff '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson fans unhappy that head ref for Pitt game is a USC grad '' . thestate . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Turnovers , officiating doom No. 2 Clemson in loss to Pittsburgh '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 FBS ( I-A ) College Football Team Statistics Leaders for Total -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com .",
"51": "Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Fiesta Bowl Preview and Prediction : Clemson vs. Ohio State '' . AthlonSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina vs. Clemson -- Game Recap -- November 26 , 2016 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Clemson Pounds Ohio State to Set Up a Rematch With Alabama '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Clemson Football Coaches '' . Clemson University Athletics . Jump up ^ `` Clemson hires 10th assistant coach '' . 247 Sports . Jump up ^ Clemson Alumni Association , `` Clemson Alumni : Today 2008 , '' Harris Connect , Inc. , Chesapeake , Virginia , 2007 , no ISBN , page 1904 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Frank , with Bradley , Bob , and Parker , Virgil , `` Howard , '' Howard , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 934904 - 22 - 7 , page 132 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Bob , `` Death Valley Days , '' Longstreet Press , Inc. , Atlanta , Georgia , 1991 , Library of Congress card number 91 - 061931 , ISBN 1 - 56352 - 006 - 0 , page 17 . Jump up ^ Clemson Athletic Department , `` 2001 Clemson Football , '' Keys Printing , Greenville , South Carolina , 2001 , no ISBN , page 340 . Jump up ^ `` TigerNet -- Football -- Traditions -- Running Down the Hill '' . thetigernet.com . Jump up ^ Herald - Journal https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19921121&id=yTEfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Dc8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3200,1466481 -- via Google News Archive Search .",
"52": "Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Herald - Journal -- Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson arrests , charges man in connection to Howard 's Rock vandalism '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Traditions About Clemson University , South Carolina '' . www.clemson.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson video gives a great look at what its unique pregame experience is like '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson Wins The South 's Best Tailgate '' . southernliving.com . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Papanek , John ( January 11 , 1982 ) . `` Year of the Tigers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( Division I FBS ) National Champions '' . NCAA . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson Yearly Totals '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Clemson Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Clemson University . 2014 . p. 66 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Champions '' ( PDF ) . 2007 Atlantic Coast Conference Media Guide ( PDF ) . Atlantic Coast Conference : Page 93 . 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Alex Riley ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` USC football 's lost title team of 1965 '' .",
"53": "The State . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` NCAA places Georgia Tech on probation '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson in the Polls '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , Zach . `` Clemson Routs OU in Russell Athletic Bowl '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Clemson '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ rewBoardwine ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Clemson Football : Tavien Feaster gets C.J. Spiller 's number '' . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Consensus All Americans '' . winsipedia.com . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ACC 50th Anniversary Football Team Announced '' . theacc.com . July 23 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson Tigers Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com 2018 recruiting team rankings '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bob Bradley ; Sam Blackman ; Chuck Kriese ( 1999 ) . Clemson : Where the Tigers Play -- The History of Clemson University Athletics . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 369 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Official website Clemson Tigers football Venues Bowman Field ( 1900 -- 1914 ) Riggs Field (",
"54": "1915 -- 1941 ) Memorial Stadium ( 1942 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn Boston College ( O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy ) Florida State Georgia Georgia Tech North Carolina State ( Textile Bowl ) South Carolina Culture & lore The Tiger `` Tiger Rag '' Marching band Clemson -- South Carolina football brawl People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966",
"55": "1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Links to related articles Clemson Tigers Teams Baseball seasons Men 's basketball seasons Women 's basketball seasons Football seasons Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Women 's tennis Rivalries South Carolina Culture & lore The Tiger `` Tiger Rag '' Clemson University Tiger Band Coaches and players Brad Brownell ( Men 's basketball ) Audra Smith ( Women 's basketball ) Monte Lee ( Baseball ) Mike Noonan ( Men 's soccer ) Ed Radwanski ( Women 's soccer ) Dabo Swinney ( Football ) Baseball head coaches Basketball head coaches Football head coaches MLB players NBA players NFL draftees Venues Doug Kingsmore Stadium",
"56": "( Baseball ) Jervey Gymnasium ( Volleyball ) Littlejohn Coliseum ( Basketball ) Hoke Sloan Tennis Center ( Tennis ) Lake Hartwell ( Rowing ) McHugh Natatorium ( Diving ) Memorial Stadium ( Football ) Riggs Field ( Soccer ) Rock Norman Track & Field Complex ( Track & Field ) Walker Golf Course ( Golf ) Conference affiliations Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( 1896 -- 1922 ) Southern Conference ( 1922 -- 1953 ) Atlantic Coast Conference ( 1953 -- present ) National championships 1981 Football 1984 Men 's Soccer 1987 Men 's Soccer 2003 Men 's Golf 2016 Football Clemson University Located in : Clemson , South Carolina Academics Schools and Institutes Clemson University Graduate School Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research Calhoun Honors College Athletics ACC `` Tiger Rag '' Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Rugby Clemson -- South Carolina rivalry Football brawl Clemson Tigers Sports Network Doug Kingsmore Stadium Jervey Athletic Center Littlejohn Coliseum Memorial Stadium O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy Riggs Field The Bowden Bowl Textile Bowl Campus Clemson College Sheep Barn Fort Hill Fike Recreation Center City of Clemson Hanover House Images Johnstone Hall Lee and Lowry Hall South Carolina Botanical Garden Old Stone Church and Cemetery Historic District I Historic District II President 's House Walker Golf Course Student life Spittoono The Tiger newspaper Clemson Area Transit WSBF - FM ESSO Club Crescent Amtrak Lake Hartwell People Alumni Thomas Green Clemson John C. Calhoun Benjamin Tillman Presidents Founded : 1889 Students : 23,406 Endowment : 621.",
"57": "3 million Atlantic Coast Conference football Atlantic Division Boston College Eagles Clemson Tigers Florida State Seminoles Louisville Cardinals NC State Wolfpack Syracuse Orange Wake Forest Demon Deacons Coastal Division Duke Blue Devils Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Miami Hurricanes North Carolina Tar Heels Pittsburgh Panthers Virginia Cavaliers Virginia Tech Hokies Championships and awards ACC football champions ACC yearly football standings ACC Championship Game ACC football honors Seasons 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"58": "php?title=Clemson_Tigers_football&oldid=821890543 '' Categories : Clemson Tigers football Sports clubs established in 1896 1896 establishments in South Carolina Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2015 Vague or ambiguous time from October 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many seasons of the glades were made
|
[
"four",
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"four"
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{
"0": "List of the Glades episodes - wikipedia List of the Glades episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Glades is a one - hour drama that ran on A&E from July 11 , 2010 to August 26 , 2013 . The premiere was the highest rated episode of an original series to be shown on A&E . The show 's premise involves a Chicago detective taking a South Florida job with the Florida Department of Law Enforcement , which he believes will afford a more relaxing lifestyle , but he finds things are more complicated than he imagined . A total of 49 episodes of The Glades were produced and aired over four seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2012 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2013 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 July 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 11 ) October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 13 June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 10 June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) August 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 12 ) 13 May 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S.",
"1": "viewers ( million ) `` Pilot '' Peter O'Fallon Clifton Campbell July 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 11 ) BDF179 3.55 After being exiled to Palm Glade , Florida , for supposedly sleeping with his captain 's wife , ex-Chicago cop Jim Longworth handles his first case with the state police . He investigates the case of a headless woman who was found in a lake , even going as far as to pester his golf partner Carlos , the medical examiner on the case , while also developing a relationship with his nurse , Callie . `` Bird in the Hand '' Peter O'Fallon Matt Witten July 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 18 ) BDF101 3.35 While Longworth spends more time with Callie 's son , he finds an abandoned airplane with a dead body inside . `` A Perfect Storm '' Timothy Busfield Alfonso H. Moreno July 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 25 ) BDF104 2.92 Longworth gets caught up in a murder investigation that appears to be a spree killing just as a hurricane hits Palm Glade . `` Mucked Up '' Randall Zisk Elle Johnson August 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 01 ) BDF102 3.29 The corpse of a businessman emerges from the muck in a sugar cane field days before the big football game . 5 5 `` The Girlfriend Experience '' Tim Hunter Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin August 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 08 ) BDF103 3.10 Longworth gets a nightmarish call that Carlos has been found dead lying on a bed of fishes , but it turns out that it was n't Carlos , just a man who had stolen his identity . Meanwhile , Callie deals with some tax problems .",
"2": "6 6 `` Doppelganger '' Guy Ferland Story by : Matt Witten Teleplay by : David J. Burke August 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 15 ) BDF105 2.80 A man suffering from head trauma claims to have witnessed a murder before being attacked and believes the murderer looks exactly like him . 7 7 `` Cassadaga '' Bill Eagles Alfonso H. Moreno August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) BDF106 3.32 Longworth and Carlos investigate the murder of a psychic adviser in the town of Cassadaga , where a former psychic predicts that a close friend of Longworth 's will die . 8 8 `` Marriage Is Murder '' Jonathan Frakes Tom Garrigus August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) BDF107 3.08 A ruthless divorce attorney is murdered . Meanwhile Callie 's son , Jeff claims to have seen a man standing at his window , but Callie believes he 's imagining it . Believing Jeff is telling the truth , Jim has the boy look at mugshots on the computer , through which Jeff finds out the truth about his father 's criminal past and confronts his mom . 9 9 `` Honey '' Colin Bucksey Elle Johnson September 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 05 ) BDF108 3.21 Jim Longworth 's latest case sends him to the famed Native American - owned Blues Rock Casino , a high - end gambling establishment filled with millions of dollars of rock ' n ' roll memorabilia . When the head of the casino , a tribal elder , crashes through a skylight and lands on a roulette table , Longworth must figure out who is behind her mysterious death . Was it suicide or foul play ? Jim 's first hurdle is getting the smart and sexy Josie Tigertail , a tribal police officer , to allow the Florida Department of Law Enforcement to run point on the investigation .",
"3": "Meanwhile , Callie convinces herself she just wants to be friends with Longworth , but then is surprised when feelings of jealousy overtake her upon seeing Longworth interact with Josie . 10 10 `` Second Chance '' Tricia Brock Tom Garrigus September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) BDF109 3.08 A dead man in a swimming pool leads Longworth and Carlos to a Pompano Beach mansion , and then into the world of high - end horse breeding . Callie , who was once an aspiring jockey , becomes Longworth 's secret weapon in the case as she shows him the ins and outs of this competitive and cut - throat world . Callie shows Jim a side of her he 's never seen and the two grow closer than ever before . 11 11 `` Booty '' Elodie Keene Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) BDF110 2.93 A famed treasure - hunter is murdered , and the attention is immediately turned to the victim 's famous uncle Big Jack Hasker , a legendary treasure hunter and adventurer . Longworth dives into this world of treasure hunting and discovers the victim was hot on the trail to uncovering the mythic Spanish ship , the Magdalena , which is believed to contain billions of dollars of booty . If Longworth can figure out whether or not the victim was actually close to uncovering the prize , maybe he will be able to find the real killer . While working the case , Longworth discovers Callie 's passion for treasure hunting lore and guided by her passion and expertise , the two embark on an adventure that could change their lives forever . 12 12 `` Exposed '' Gary A. Randall Alfonso H. Moreno September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) BDF111 2.73 The death of a young woman puts Jim at odds with a powerful political family when it appears she was having an affair with a Florida State Senator . Complicating matters is the senator 's wife , who will do whatever it takes to protect her husband 's political career and her family 's name .",
"4": "13 13 `` Breaking 80 '' Dennie Gordon Matt Witten & Alfonso H. Moreno October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) BDF112 2.69 A man who was recently released from prison is found dead along the fairway . The man was the caddy and life - long friend of professional golfer Scott Winters . Longworth discovers the victim may have served time for a crime he did n't commit . Season 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 14 `` Family Matters '' Gary A. Randall Tom Garrigus June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) BDF201 3.01 The daughter of a Cuban mobster is murdered , and Jim must solve the case while preventing a war between rival mob families . Callie prepares for Ray 's release from jail , and tells Jim she wants to be with him , yet promises Ray to hold off on a divorce for three months . Manus warns Jim a complaint has been filed regarding his relationship with Callie , and advises Jim to allow the family to solve their problems . 15 `` Old Ghosts '' Lee Rose Clifton Campbell & Alfonso H. Moreno June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) BDF202 2.61 Jim hunts a serial killer from Chicago with the help of detective Samantha Harper , who Callie learns is his former lover . Manus offers Callie a job with the FDLE as a forensic nurse . 16 `` Lost and Found '' Kelly Makin Clifton Campbell & Kim Newton June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) BDF204 2.39 An incident at a slumber party and a missing baby are the concerns of the day . Callie joins the FDLE as a forensic nurse .",
"5": "17 `` Moonlighting '' Jonathan Frakes Elle Johnson June 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) BDF203 2.53 The body of a mechanic leads to an investigation involving NASCAR ; when Ray is attacked in front of Jeff , Callie considers witness protection . 18 5 `` Dirty Little Secrets '' Timothy Busfield Story by : John Mankiewicz Teleplay by : Clifton Campbell & Elle Johnson & John Mankiewicz July 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) BDF205 2.80 A dead man in a bathroom stall leads to a posh rehab facility . Carlos balances work , play and family . Callie and Jeff carry on with Ray gone . 19 6 `` Gibtown '' Jeff Bleckner Alfonso H. Moreno July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) BDF206 2.57 A town of circus sideshow performers becomes a town of suspects in a murder . Callie and Jim come to terms on what their relationship means . Sam considers taking a job with the FDLE . 20 7 `` Addicted To Love '' Jeremiah Chechik Tom Garrigus & Clifton Campbell July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) BDF207 2.40 A dead Haitian doctor leads to black market prescription meds . 21 8 `` Second Skin '' Tricia Brock Lois Johnson July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) BDF208 2.59 A man is found poisoned by snakes in a church . 22 9 `` Iron Pipeline '' Eric Laneuville Alfonso H. Moreno & Clifton Campbell August 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) BDF209 2.26 Jeff 's mentor , the high school soccer coach , is found shot dead on campus .",
"6": "23 10 `` Swamp Thing '' Timothy Busfield Tom Garrigus August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) BDF210 2.89 Clues to a murder are found because of a poached animal . Jim and Callie restart their relationship . 24 11 `` Beached '' Artie Mandelberg Karen Hall August 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) BDF211 2.64 A love triangle leads to murder . Callie has some big news for Jim . 25 12 `` Shine '' Jon Terlesky Story by : Shaz Bennett Teleplay by : Elle Johnson August 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 28 ) BDF212 2.71 Bootleggers may have murdered a man on a themed booze cruise . Someone from Callie 's past comes back with big news and it could threaten her relationship with Jim , the hospital , and the FDLE . 26 13 `` Breakout '' Kelly Makin Elle Johnson & Tom Garrigus & Alfonso H. Moreno September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) BDF213 2.38 Two brothers , former inmates , take Callie 's hospital hostage . Season 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 27 `` Close Encounters '' Jeff Bleckner Tom Garrigus June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) BDF301 3.11 A young couple discover an older man 's dead body , after they see what they perceive to be a UFO .",
"7": "28 `` Poseidon Adventure '' Lee Rose Elle Johnson June 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 10 ) BDF302 2.90 A lifeguard clears the beach when he thinks he has seen a shark fin in the water , until after closer inspection it is revealed the fin actually belongs to a dead woman in a mermaid costume . Jim encourages Callie to take a head nurse job in Atlanta . Even though they will be apart , he assures her things will work out . 29 `` Longworth 's Anatomy '' Randy Zisk Wendy Battles June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) BDF303 2.53 Carlos performs an autopsy for Daniel 's classmates , then dismisses them when he discovers that the victim did not die as reported . Jim helps Callie set up her residence in Atlanta where she reveals how much she misses him . She later falls asleep with his shirt under her head . 30 `` The Naked Truth '' Eric Laneuville Lisa Henthorn June 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 24 ) BDF304 3.11 A nude woman 's body is found under an overturned boat on a riverbank , leading the team to the nearby Swan Lake nudist colony . Jennifer flirts with Jim , telling him that she has to keep her eyes on him . 31 5 `` Food Fight '' Ron Underwood Dailyn Rodriguez July 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) BDF305 2.50 Carlos , Jennifer , and Jim go to lunch and find the owner of a food truck dead . Jim visits Callie to boost her mood . She then pours her heart out to him . 32 6 `` Old Times '' Kelly Makin Lee Goldberg & William Rabkin July 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) BDF306 3.19 Joggers find a woman 's dead body . She had been stabbed eight times and her body moved to the site . Although the episode begins with Jim and Callie in bed together , it ends with him having dinner with Jennifer .",
"8": "33 7 `` Public Enemy '' Lee Rose Elle Johnson July 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) BDF307 3.37 Three boys playing football decide to check out a neighborhood house they have been curious about . They find the owner dead on the porch . Jim promises to help Callie in her tax case . 34 8 `` Fountain of Youth '' Gary A. Randall Tom Garrigus July 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) BDF308 3.18 A supermodel 's dead body is found in a pool at a spa . Jim and Callie profess their love for each other . 35 9 `` Islandia '' Emile Levisetti Dailyn Rodriguez August 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 05 ) BDF309 3.09 A $130 million lottery winner is found murdered . Autopsy shows trauma to the head and a poison in his system . Jim and Callie 's communication suffers as she must study for her exam . 36 10 `` Endless Summer '' Jeff Bleckner Story by : Shaz Bennett Teleplay by : Wendy Battles August 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 12 ) BDF310 3.10 The founder a new surf clothing line is discovered murdered just as she was to offer an endorsement to a young , local surfing champion . Jim proposes to Callie , even though she has passed her board exam and may move to Atlanta . Season 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 37 `` Yankee Dan '' Emile Levisetti Dailyn Rodriguez May 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) BDF401 3.26 Jim and Carlos investigate the murder of a woman at an old haunted plantation . Callie gives Jim an answer to his proposal .",
"9": "38 `` Shot Girls '' Jonathan Frakes John J. Sakmar & Kerry Lenhart June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) BDF402 2.74 The body of a spokesmodel washes up on the beach and Jim investigates the prominent rum brand that employed her . Callie and Jeff pack for her move back to Florida . 39 `` Killer Barbecue '' Paul Edwards Tom Garrigus June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) BDF403 2.31 An owner of a large BBQ business is found dead at a BBQ cook - off . Daniel teams up with his brother Drew to win the same BBQ cook - off . 40 `` Magic Longworth '' Donna Deitch Matthew J. Lieberman June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) BDF404 2.31 Jim and Carlos look into the death of a male entertainer . 41 5 `` Apocalypse Now '' Marc Roskin Elle Johnson June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) BDF405 2.56 Jim and the FDLE search for the body of a disappearing 10K Zombie run coordinator . 42 6 `` Glade - iators ! '' Martha Coolidge John J. Sakmar & Kerry Lenhart July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) BDF406 2.55 The body of a prestigious bank VP mysteriously appears in the bank 's vault . Jim discovers that the victim was not such a delicate dame after all . 43 7 `` Gypsies , Tramps and Thieves '' Ron Underwood Tom Garrigus July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) BDF407 2.51 A ritualistically decorated crime scene sends Jim and Carlos in search of Floridian gypsies . Jeff leaves Florida to see his dad while Michael Longworth , Jim 's dad , drops by for a visit .",
"10": "44 8 `` Three 's Company '' Eric Laneuville Matthew J. Liberman July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) BDF408 2.40 Mitch Buckner , a financial planner , is found dead in a house that he was looking to buy . Michael informs Jim that he and his mother are divorcing . 45 9 `` Fast Ball '' Ron Underwood Elle Johnson July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) BDF409 2.38 A towel boy finds professional jai alai player Lori Aest 's body in a laundry bin at an arena . 46 10 `` Gallerinas '' Eric Laneuville Dailyn Rodriguez August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) BDF410 2.32 Texas oil billionaire and art collector Richard Harris Crawford 's body falls out of a crate . 47 11 `` Civil War '' Kelly Makin John J. Sakmar & Kerry Lenhart August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) BDF411 2.31 Assistant state 's attorney Ethan Russell is found dead near a Civil War re-enactment . 48 12 `` Happy Trails '' Gary A. Randall Shaz Bennett August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) BDF412 2.69 A dead cowboy is found with a shotgun wound in his chest and a circle with a `` G '' in the middle branded into his chaps . 49 13 `` Tin Cup '' Randy Zisk Tom Garrigus August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) BDF413 3.41 A man 's body , dressed for play on a golf course , is found on a mini-golf course . Since Jim 's wedding day is two days away , Manus wants to give the case to someone else . He insists on taking it . Callie 's son Jeff surprises her by showing up for the wedding .",
"11": "The attendees are getting worried about Jim not showing up . He has been shot twice in the chest at their new home . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` A&E 's Series Premiere Of ' The Glades ' Is Most Watched Original Drama Series Telecast In Network History '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : True Blood , Leverage , Kate Plus 8 & Much More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : True Blood , Leverage , The Glades , Kourtney & Khloe & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : True Blood , Entourage , The Glades , Kourtney & Khloe & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Glades Rises ; ' ' True Blood ' Hits a 3.0 Adult 18 - 49 Rating & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Glades , ' ' True Blood ' Steady , ' Rubicon ' Goes Unnoticed & Much More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 17 , 2010 ) .",
"12": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , Kourtney & Khloe , Hasslehoff Roast ; ' + ' The Glades ' Slips & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , Rubicon , Mad Men , Kardashians ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Records for True Blood + The Glades , Rubicon , Mad Men & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Glades Down a Little ; Rubicon , Mad Men Moreso '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Big Sunday For Cable Ratings : True Blood , VMAs , Jersey Shore , Iron Chef , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Premieres ; ' Rubicon ' Still Struggling + The Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Falls ; ' Rubicon ' Stays Low + Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Mostly Stable ; ' Rubicon ' Still Tiny ; Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' NHL Stanley Cup Finals , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' True Blood ' & ' Falling Skies , ' + ' Kardashians , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Bounces Back , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Women 's World Cup , ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 19 , 2011 ) .",
"14": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Slips , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' The Glades ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Shark Week , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Kardashians , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable : ' True Blood , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' Entourage ' Lead + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Glee Project ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 30 , 2011 ) .",
"15": "`` Sunday Cable : ' Video Music Awards , ' ' True Blood , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 5 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : ' Pawn Stars ' Back On Top , ' Kardashians ' Finale , ' The Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' WWE RAW ' & More - Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Longmire ' , ' The Client List ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' + NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 3 , 2012 ) .",
"16": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' + ' True Blood ' , European Football , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Walking Dead Marathon ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Breaking Bad ' Premiere , + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Very Funny News ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne ' + ' Falling Skies ' , NASCAR , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) .",
"17": "`` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + NHL Stanley Cup , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Hit The Floor ' & More '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) .",
"18": "`` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Preseason Wins Night + ' RAW ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Marrying the Game ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"19": "Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) List of The Glades episodes on IMDb List of The Glades episodes at TV.com The Glades at epguides.com List of The Glades episodes at TheFutoncritic.com List of The Glades episodes at MSN.TV Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Glades_episodes&oldid=817314788 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 15 : 56 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Chlorofluorocarbon - wikipedia Chlorofluorocarbon Jump to : navigation , search Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon , chlorine , and fluorine , produced as volatile derivative of methane , ethane , and propane . They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon . The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane ( R - 12 or Freon - 12 ) . Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants , propellants ( in aerosol applications ) , and solvents . Because CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere , the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol , and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) ( e.g. , R - 410A ) and R - 134a . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure , properties and production 2 Reactions 3 Applications 4 Classes of compounds , nomenclature 4.1 Numbering system 5 History 5.1 Commercial development and use 5.2 Regulation 5.2. 1 Regulatory gap 5.2. 2 Regulation and DuPont 5.3 Phasing - out of CFCs 5.4 Development of alternatives for CFCs 6 Environmental impacts 7 Tracer of ocean circulation 7.1 CFC and SF tracer - derived age of ocean water 7.1. 1 Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques 8 Safety 9 References 10 External links Structure , properties and production ( edit ) Main article : Organofluorine chemistry As in simpler alkanes , carbon in the CFCs bonds with tetrahedral symmetry . Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other , the methane - derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry . The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number and identity of the halogen atoms . In general , they are volatile but less so than their parent alkanes .",
"1": "The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the halides , which induces intermolecular interactions . Thus , methane boils at − 161 ° C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between − 51.7 ( CF H ) and − 128 ° C ( CF ) . The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride . Because of their polarity , the CFCs are useful solvents , and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants . The CFCs are far less flammable than methane , in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because , in the case of the chlorides and bromides , the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames . The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes . In general , the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides . CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes . Illustrative is the synthesis of chlorodifluoromethane from chloroform : HCCl + 2 HF → HCF Cl + 2 HCl The brominated derivatives are generated by free - radical reactions of the chlorofluorocarbons , replacing C-H bonds with C - Br bonds . The production of the anesthetic 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1 , 1 , 1 - trifluoroethane ( `` halothane '' ) is illustrative : CF CH Cl + Br → CF CHBrCl + HBr Reactions ( edit ) The most important reaction of the CFCs is the photo - induced scission of a C - Cl bond : CCl F → CCl F + Cl The chlorine atom , written often as Cl , behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule ( Cl ) . The radical Cl is long - lived in the upper atmosphere , where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O. Ozone absorbs UV - B radiation , so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth 's surface . Bromine atoms are even more efficient catalysts ; hence brominated CFCs are also regulated .",
"2": "Applications ( edit ) CFCs and HCFCs are used in a variety of applications because of their low toxicity , reactivity and flammability . Every permutation of fluorine , chlorine and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized . Furthermore , many examples are known for higher numbers of carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine . Uses include refrigerants , blowing agents , propellants in medicinal applications and degreasing solvents . Billions of kilograms of chlorodifluoromethane are produced annually as precursor to tetrafluoroethylene , the monomer that is converted into Teflon . Classes of compounds , nomenclature ( edit ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) : when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CCl F and C Cl F , where m is nonzero . Hydro - chlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) : when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CCl F H and C Cl F H , where m , n , x , and y are nonzero . and bromofluorocarbons have formulae similar to the CFCs and HCFCs but also include bromine . Hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) : when derived from methane , ethane , propane , and butane , these compounds have the respective formulae CF H , C F H , C F H , and C F H , where m is nonzero . Numbering system ( edit ) Main article : refrigerant § Refrigerants by class A special numbering system is used for fluorinated alkanes , prefixed with Freon - , R - , CFC - and HCFC - , where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms , the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1 , and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms less one ( zeroes are not stated ) , and the remaining atoms are chlorine . Freon - 12 , for example , indicates a methane derivative ( only two numbers ) containing two fluorine atoms ( the second 2 ) and no hydrogen ( 1 - 1 = 0 ) . It is therefore CCl F .",
"3": "Another , easier equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC / R / Freon class compounds is this to take the numbering and add 90 to it . The resulting value will give the number of carbons as the first numeral , the second numeral gives the number of hydrogen atoms , and the third numeral gives the number of fluorine atoms . The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms . The value of this equation is always a three figure number . An easy example is that of CFC - 12 , which gives : 90 + 12 = 102 - > 1 carbon , 0 hydrogens , 2 fluorine atoms , and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl F. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule . Freons containing bromine are signified by four numbers . Isomers , which are common for ethane and propane derivatives , are indicated by letters following the numbers : ( hide ) Principal CFCs Systematic name Common / trivial name ( s ) , code Boiling point ( ° C ) Formula Trichlorofluoromethane Freon - 11 , R - 11 , CFC - 11 23.77 CCl F Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon - 12 , R - 12 , CFC - 12 − 29.8 CCl F Difluoromethane / pentafluoroethane R - 410A , Puron , AZ - 20 − 48.5 50 % CH F / 50 % CHF CF Chlorotrifluoromethane Freon - 13 , R - 13 , CFC - 13 − 81 CClF Chlorodifluoromethane R - 22 , HCFC - 22 − 40.8 CHClF Dichlorofluoromethane R - 21 , HCFC - 21 8.9 CHCl F Chlorofluoromethane Freon 31 , R - 31 ,",
"4": "HCFC - 31 − 9.1 CH ClF Bromochlorodifluoromethane BCF , Halon 1211 , H - 1211 , Freon 12B1 − 3.7 CBrClF 1 , 1 , 2 - Trichloro - 1 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethane Freon 113 , R - 113 , CFC - 113 , 1 , 1 , 2 - Trichlorotrifluoroethane 47.7 Cl FC - CClF 1 , 1 , 1 - Trichloro - 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethane Freon 113a , R - 113a , CFC - 113a 45.9 Cl C - CF 1 , 2 - Dichloro - 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 - tetrafluoroethane Freon 114 , R - 114 , CFC - 114 , Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.8 ClF C - CClF 1 - Chloro - 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 - pentafluoroethane Freon 115 , R - 115 , CFC - 115 , Chloropentafluoroethane − 38 ClF C - CF 2 - Chloro - 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 - tetrafluoroethane R - 124 , HCFC - 124 − 12 CHFClCF 1 , 1 - Dichloro - 1 - fluoroethane R - 141b , HCFC - 141b 32 Cl FC - CH 1 - Chloro - 1 , 1 - difluoroethane R - 142b , HCFC - 142b − 9.2 ClF C - CH Tetrachloro - 1 , 2 - difluoroethane Freon 112 , R - 112 , CFC - 112 91.",
"5": "5 CCl FCCl F Tetrachloro - 1 , 1 - difluoroethane Freon 112a , R - 112a , CFC - 112a 91.5 CClF CCl 1 , 1 , 2 - Trichlorotrifluoroethane Freon 113 , R - 113 , CFC - 113 48 CCl FCClF 1 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1 , 1 , 2 - trifluoroethane Halon 2311a 51.7 CHClFCBrF 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1 , 1 , 1 - trifluoroethane Halon 2311 50.2 CF CHBrCl 1 , 1 - Dichloro - 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentafluoropropane R - 225ca , HCFC - 225ca 51 CF CF CHCl 1 , 3 - Dichloro - 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 - pentafluoropropane R - 225cb , HCFC - 225cb 56 CClF CF CHClF History ( edit ) Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) was used in fire extinguishers and glass `` anti-fire grenades '' from the late nineteenth century until around the end of World War II . Experimentation with chloroalkanes for fire suppression on military aircraft began at least as early as the 1920s . Freon is a trade name for a group of CFCs which are used primarily as refrigerants , but also have uses in fire - fighting and as propellants in aerosol cans . Bromomethane is widely used as a fumigant . Dichloromethane is a versatile industrial solvent . The Belgian scientist Frédéric Swarts pioneered the synthesis of CFCs in the 1890s .",
"6": "He developed an effective exchange agent to replace chloride in carbon tetrachloride with fluoride to synthesize CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) and CFC - 12 ( CCl F ) . In the late 1920s , Thomas Midgley , Jr. improved the process of synthesis and led the effort to use CFC as refrigerant to replace ammonia ( NH ) , chloromethane ( CH Cl ) , and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , which are toxic but were in common use . In searching for a new refrigerant , requirements for the compound were : low boiling point , low toxicity , and to be generally non-reactive . In a demonstration for the American Chemical Society , Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle in 1930 . Commercial development and use ( edit ) During World War II , various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft , although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity . Nevertheless , after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well . In the 1960s , fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being highly effective fire - fighting materials . Much early research with Halon 1301 was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces , while Halon 1211 was , initially , mainly developed in the UK . By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry - powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property , including computer rooms , telecommunications switches , laboratories , museums and art collections . Beginning with warships , in the 1970s , bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel . By the early 1980s , bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft , ships , and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries . However , concern was beginning to be expressed about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the ozone layer .",
"7": "The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer did not cover bromofluoroalkanes as it was thought , at the time , that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was too small in volume to produce a significant impact , and too important to human safety for restriction . Regulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the late 1970s , the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer . After the development of his electron capture detector , James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air , finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC - 11 over Ireland . In a self - funded research expedition ending in 1973 , Lovelock went on to measure CFC - 11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic , finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected , and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment . The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere . The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina who , after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock 's work , embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974 . It turns out that one of CFCs ' most attractive features -- their low reactivity -- is key to their most destructive effects . CFCs ' lack of reactivity gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years , giving them time to diffuse into the upper stratosphere . Once in the stratosphere , the sun 's ultraviolet radiation is strong enough to cause the homolytic cleavage of the C - Cl bond . NASA projection of stratospheric ozone , in Dobson units , if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned . Animated version . By 1987 , in response to a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica , diplomats in Montreal forged a treaty , the Montreal Protocol , which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs .",
"8": "On 2 March 1989 , 12 European Community nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century . In 1990 , diplomats met in London and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by the year 2000 . By the year 2010 , CFCs should have been completely eliminated from developing countries as well . Ozone - depleting gas trends Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling , their prices have increased considerably . A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material . However , there are current CFC smuggling issues , as recognized by the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) in a 2006 report titled `` Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances '' . UNEP estimates that between 16,000 -- 38,000 tonnes of CFCs passed through the black market in the mid-1990s . The report estimated between 7,000 and 14,000 tonnes of CFCs are smuggled annually into developing countries . Asian countries are those with the most smuggling ; as of 2007 , China , India and South Korea were found to account for around 70 % of global CFC production , South Korea later to ban CFC production in 2010 . Possible reasons for continued CFC smuggling were also examined : the report noted that many banned CFC producing products have long lifespans and continue to operate . The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone - friendly appliance . Additionally , CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue , so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low . While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely , efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems . By the time of the Montreal Protocol , it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges , and consequently halons were brought into the treaty , albeit with many exceptions . Regulatory gap ( edit ) While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol , emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement .",
"9": "In 2002 , there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators , air conditioners , aerosol cans and others . Approximately one - third of these CFCs are projected to be emitted over the next decade if action is not taken , posing a threat to both the ozone layer and the climate . A proportion of these CFCs can be safely captured and destroyed . Regulation and DuPont ( edit ) In 1978 the United States banned the use of CFCs such as Freon in aerosol cans , the beginning of a long series of regulatory actions against their use . The critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon ( `` Process for Fluorinating Halohydrocarbons '' , U.S. Patent # 3258500 ) was set to expire in 1979 . In conjunction with other industrial peers DuPont formed a lobbying group , the `` Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy , '' to combat regulations of ozone - depleting compounds . In 1986 DuPont , with new patents in hand , reversed its previous stance and publicly condemned CFCs . DuPont representatives appeared before the Montreal Protocol urging that CFCs be banned worldwide and stated that their new HCFCs would meet the worldwide demand for refrigerants . Phasing - out of CFCs ( edit ) Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application , such as dry cleaning , have been phased out , for example , by the IPPC directive on greenhouse gases in 1994 and by the volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) directive of the EU in 1997 . Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only . Bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of equipment for their use is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium , from 1 January 2004 , based on the Montreal Protocol and guidelines of the European Union . Production of new stocks ceased in most ( probably all ) countries in 1994 . However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application . There are also a few other , highly specialized uses .",
"10": "These programs recycle halon through `` halon banks '' coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks . The interim replacements for CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) , which deplete stratospheric ozone , but to a much lesser extent than CFCs . Ultimately , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) will replace HCFCs . Unlike CFCs and HCFCs , HFCs have an ozone depletion potential ( ODP ) of 0 . DuPont began producing hydrofluorocarbons as alternatives to Freon in the 1980s . These included Suva refrigerants and Dymel propellants . Natural refrigerants are climate friendly solutions that are enjoying increasing support from large companies and governments interested in reducing global warming emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning . Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change . On 21 September 2007 , approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a United Nations - sponsored Montreal summit . Developing nations were given until 2030 . Many nations , such as the United States and China , who had previously resisted such efforts , agreed with the accelerated phase out schedule . Development of alternatives for CFCs ( edit ) Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published . The hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) are less stable in the lower atmosphere , enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer . Nevertheless , a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the stratosphere and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted . Later alternatives lacking the chlorine , the hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere . One of these compounds , HFC - 134a , is now used in place of CFC - 12 in automobile air conditioners .",
"11": "Hydrocarbon refrigerants ( a propane / isobutane blend ) are also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia , the USA and many other countries , as they have excellent thermodynamic properties and perform particularly well in high ambient temperatures . One of the natural refrigerants ( along with ammonia and carbon dioxide ) , hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications , and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners . Various other solvents and methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics . In Metered - dose inhalers ( MDI ) , a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant , known as `` hydrofluoroalkane . ''",
"12": "Applications and replacements for CFCs Application Previously used CFC Replacement Refrigeration & air - conditioning CFC - 12 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 13 ( CClF ) ; HCFC - 22 ( CHClF ) ; CFC - 113 ( Cl FCCClF ) ; CFC - 114 ( CClF CClF ) ; CFC - 115 ( CF CClF ) ; HFC - 23 ( CHF ) ; HFC - 134a ( CF CFH ) ; HFC - 507 ( a 1 : 1 azeotropic mixture of HFC 125 ( CF CHF2 ) and HFC - 143a ( CF CH ) ) ; HFC 410 ( a 1 : 1 azeotropic mixture of HFC - 32 ( CF H ) and HFC - 125 ( CF CF H ) ) Propellants in medicinal aerosols CFC - 114 ( CClF CClF ) HFC - 134a ( CF CFH ) ; HFC - 227ea ( CF CHFCF ) Blowing agents for foams CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC 113 ( Cl FCCClF ) ; HCFC - 141b ( CCl FCH ) HFC - 245fa ( CF CH CHF ) ; HFC - 365 mfc ( CF CH CF CH ) Solvents , degreasing agents , cleaning agents CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 113 ( CCl FCClF ) None Environmental impacts ( edit ) As previously discussed , CFCs were phased out via the Montreal Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion . However , the atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to its role as an active ozone reducer . This anthropogenic compound is also a greenhouse gas , with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO . Infrared absorption bands trap heat from escaping earth 's atmosphere . In the case of CFCs , the strongest of these bands are located in the spectral region 7.8 -- 15.3 μm -- referred to as an atmospheric window due to the relative transparency of the atmosphere within this region .",
"13": "The strength of CFC bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere , at which the compound absorbs and emits radiation , are two factors that contribute to CFCs ' `` super '' greenhouse effect . Another such factor is the low concentration of the compound . Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations , it takes more of the substance to enhance the greenhouse effect . Conversely , the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass . Tracer of ocean circulation ( edit ) Because the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known , they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation . CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior . Because CFCs are inert , their concentration in the ocean interior reflects simply the convolution of their atmospheric time evolution and ocean circulation and mixing . CFC and SF tracer - derived age of ocean water ( edit ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air - conditioning , refrigeration , blowing agents in foams , insulations and packing materials , propellants in aerosol cans , and as solvents . The entry of CFCs into the ocean makes them extremely useful as transient tracers to estimate rates and pathways of ocean circulation and mixing processes . However , due to production restrictions of CFCs in the 1980s , atmospheric concentrations of CFC - 11 and CFC - 12 has stopped increasing , and the CFC - 11 to CFC - 12 ratio in the atmosphere have been steadily decreasing , making water dating of water masses more problematic . Incidentally , production and release of sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) have rapidly increased in the atmosphere since the 1970s . Similar to CFCs , SF is also an inert gas and is not affected by oceanic chemical or biological activities . Thus , using CFCs in concert with SF as a tracer resolves the water dating issues due to decreased CFC concentrations . Using CFCs or SF as a tracer of ocean circulation allows for the derivation of rates for ocean processes due to the time - dependent source function . The elapsed time since a subsurface water mass was last in contact with the atmosphere is the tracer - derived age .",
"14": "Estimates of age can be derived based on the partial pressure of an individual compound and the ratio of the partial pressure of CFCs to each other ( or SF ) . Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques ( edit ) The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure ( pCFC ) age or SF partial pressure ( pSF ) age . The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as : p C F C = ( C F C ) F ( T , S ) ( \\ displaystyle pCFC = ( \\ frac ( ( CFC ) ) ( F ( T , S ) ) ) ) where ( CFC ) is the measured CFC concentration ( pmol kg ) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity . The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10 -- 12 atmospheres or parts - per - trillion ( ppt ) . The solubility measurements of CFC - 11 and CFC - 12 have been previously measured by Warner and Weiss Additionally , the solubility measurement of CFC - 113 was measured by Bu and Warner and SF by Wanninkhof et al. and Bullister et al.",
"15": "Theses authors mentioned above have expressed the solubility , F , at a total pressure of 1 atm as : ln F = a 1 + a 2 ( 100 T ) + a 3 ln ( T 100 ) + a 4 ( T 100 ) 2 + S ( b 1 + b 2 ( T 100 ) + b 3 ( T 100 ) ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ ln F = a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 100 ) ( T ) ) \\ right ) + a_ ( 3 ) \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) + a_ ( 4 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + S \\ left ( b_ ( 1 ) + b_ ( 2 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) + b_ ( 3 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) \\ right ) ) where F = solubility expressed in either mol l or mol kg atm , T = absolute temperature , S = salinity in parts per thousand ( ppt ) , a , a , a , b , b , and b are constants to be determined from the least squares fit to the solubility measurements . This equation is derived from the integrated Van ' t Hoff equation and the logarithmic Setchenow salinity dependence . It can be noted that the solubility of CFCs increase with decreasing temperature at approximately 1 % per degree Celsius . Once the partial pressure of the CFC ( or SF ) is derived , it is then compared to the atmospheric time histories for CFC - 11 , CFC - 12 , or SF in which the pCFC directly corresponds to the year with the same . The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel . The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or the ratio of the SF partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure .",
"16": "Safety ( edit ) According to their material safety data sheets , CFCs and HCFCs are colorless , volatile , toxic liquids and gases with a faintly sweet ethereal odor . Overexposure at concentrations of 11 % or more may cause dizziness , loss of concentration , central nervous system depression and / or cardiac arrhythmia . Vapors displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces . Although non-flammable , their combustion products include hydrofluoric acid , and related species . Normal occupational exposure is rated at 0.07 % and does not pose any serious health risks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Climate Change . '' The White House . 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mironov , O.G. ( 1968 ) . `` Hydrocarbon pollution of the sea and its influence on marine organisms '' . Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen. 17 : 335 -- 339 . Bibcode : 1968HWM ... 17 ... 335M . doi : 10.1007 / BF01611234 . Jump up ^ Ozone layer treaty could tackle super polluting HFCs Archived 2014 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... rtcc.org. 15 July 2014 Jump up ^ Siegemund , Günter et al. ( 2002 ) `` Fluorine Compounds , Organic '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a11_349 Jump up ^ Rossberg , M. et al. ( 2006 ) `` Chlorinated Hydrocarbons '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a06_233. pub2 Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary . Freon . inventors.about.com Jump up ^ Carlisle , Rodney ( 2004 ) . Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries , p. 351 . John Wiley & Songs , Inc. , New Jersey . ISBN 0 - 471 - 24410 - 4 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ McNeill , J.R. ( 2001 ) Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the Twentieth - Century World New York : Norton , xxvi , 421 pp. ( as reviewed in the Journal of Political Ecology Archived 2004 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lee , Bing - Sun ; Chiou , Chung - Biau ( October 2008 ) . `` The Relationship of Meteorological and Anthropogenic Factors to Time Series Measurements of CFC - 11 , CFC - 12 , and CH3CCl3 Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 33 ) : 7707 . Bibcode : 2008AtmEn ... 42.7706 L . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2008.05. 042 . Jump up ^ `` Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances '' Archived 2012 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... United Nations Environmental Programme. 2007 . Web . 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ S. Korea to ban import , production of freon , halon gases in 2010 Archived 2014 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Yonhap News Agency . 23 December 2009 Jump up ^ Campbell , Nick et al. `` HFCs and PFCs : Current and Future Supply , Demand and Emissions , plus Emissions of CFCs , HCFCs and Halons '' , Ch. 11 in IPCC / TEAP Special Report : Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System Jump up ^ Chlorofluorocarbons : An Overlooked Climate Threat , EESI Congressional Briefing Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Eesi.org . Retrieved on 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Desombre , E.R. , 2000 : Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy : Industry , Environmentalists , and U.S. Power . MIT Press . SBN : 9780262041799 . p. 93 .",
"18": "^ Jump up to : `` Ethics of Du Pont 's CFC Strategy 1975 -- 1995 '' , Smith B. Journal of Business Ethics , Volume 17 , Number 5 , April 1998 , pp. 557 -- 568 ( 12 ) Jump up ^ Welcome to the Halon Corporation Archived 2009 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Halon.org . Retrieved on 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Prinn , R.G. ; Weiss , R.F. ; Fraser , P.J. ; Simmonds , P.G. ; Cunnold , D.M. ; Alyea , F.N. ; O'Doherty , S. ; Salameh , P. ; Miller , B.R. ; Huang , J. ; Wang , R.H.J. ; Hartley , D.E. ; Harth , C. ; Steele , L.P. ; Sturrock , G. ; Midgley , P.M. ; McCulloch , A. ( 27 July 2000 ) . `` A History of Chemically and Radiatively Important Gases in Air Deduced from ALE / GAGE / AGAGE '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres. 105 ( D14 ) : 17751 -- 17792 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 10517751P . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JD900141 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ `` Ozone Layer Depletion '' , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Archived 2008 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . accessed 25 June 2008 Jump up ^ Freon ® : 1930 . In Depth Archived 2011 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... dupont.com ( 30 January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Broder , John M. ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` A Novel Tactic in Climate Fight Gains Some Traction '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 .",
"19": "Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Velders , G.J.M. ; Andersen , S.O. ; Daniel , J.S. ; Fahey , D.W. ; McFarland , M. ( 2007 ) . `` The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 ( 12 ) : 4814 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 104.4814 V . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0610328104 . PMC 1817831 . PMID 17360370 . Jump up ^ HCFC Phaseout Schedule Archived 2009 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Epa.gov ( 28 June 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Greenpeace , Cool Technologies '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories . TemaNord 516 / 2003 Archived February 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Norden.org ( 1 January 2003 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rothman , L ; Gordon , I.E. ; Barbe , A. ; Benner , D. Chris ; Bernath , P.F. ; Birk , M. ; Boudon , V. ; Brown , L.R. ; Campargue , A. ; Champion , J. - P. ; Chance , K. ; Coudert , L.H. ; Dana , V. ; Devi , V.M. ; Fally , S. ; Flaud , J. - M. ; Gamache , R.R.",
"20": "; Goldman , A. ; Jacquemart , D. ; Kleiner , I. ; Lacome , N. ; Lafferty , W.J. ; Mandin , J. - Y. ; Massie , S.T. ; Mikhailenko , S.N. ; Miller , C.E. ; Moazzen - Ahmadi , N. ; Naumenko , O.V. ; Nikitin , A.V. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 100 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 533 -- 572 . Bibcode : 2009JQSRT. 110 ... 533R . doi : 10.1016 / j. jqsrt. 2009.02. 013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ramanathan , V ( 1975 ) . `` Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons : Climatic Implications '' . Science , New Series . 190 ( 4209 ) : 50 -- 52 . Bibcode : 1975Sci ... 190 ... 50R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 190.4209. 50 . JSTOR 1740877 . ^ Jump up to : Ramanathan , V ; Y . Feng ( 2009 ) . `` Air pollution , greenhouse gases and climate change : Global and regional perspectives '' . Atmospheric Environment. 43 : 37 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2009AtmEn ... 43 ... 37R . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2008.09. 063 . Jump up ^ Plummer LN and Busenberg E. ( 2006 ) . `` Chlorofluorocarbons in aquatic environments '' , Ch. 1 , pp. 1 -- 8 . In IAEA ( ed . )",
"21": ", Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology -- A guidebook Archived 2016 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. : Vienna , International Atomic Energy Agency . ^ Jump up to : Bullister , J.L. ; Wisegarver , D.P. ( 2008 ) . `` The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride , chlorofluorocarbon - 11 and chlorofluorocarbon - 12 in seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 ( 8 ) : 1063 -- 1074 . Bibcode : 2008DSRI ... 55.1063 B . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2008.03. 014 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Y.W. ; Shimamoto , A. ; Ono , T. ( 2003 ) . `` Comparison of Time - Dependent Tracer Ages in the Western North Pacific : Oceanic Background Levels of SF , CFC - 11 , CFC - 12 and CFC - 113 '' . Journal of Oceanography. 59 ( 5 ) : 719 -- 729 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JOCE. 0000009600.12070. 1a . ^ Jump up to : Fine , R.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Observations of CFCs and SF as ocean tracers '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Marine Science . 3 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2011ARMS ... 3 ... 173F . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. marine. 010908.163933 . PMID 21329203 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Warner , M.J. ; Weiss , R.F. ( 1985 ) . `` Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part A : Oceanographic Research Papers.",
"22": "32 ( 12 ) : 1485 -- 1497 . Bibcode : 1985DSRA ... 32.1485 W . doi : 10.1016 / 0198 - 0149 ( 85 ) 90099 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Min , D.H. ; Warner , M.J. ; Bullister , J.L. ( 2010 ) . `` Estimated rates of carbon tetrachloride removal in the thermocline and deep waters of the East Sea ( Sea of Japan ) '' . Marine Chemistry . 121 : 100 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marchem. 2010.03. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Bu , X. ; Warner , M.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 42 ( 7 ) : 1151 -- 1161 . Bibcode : 1995DSRI ... 42.1151 B . doi : 10.1016 / 0967 - 0637 ( 95 ) 00052 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wanninkhof , R. ; Ledwell , J.R. ; Watson , A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Analysis of sulfur hexafluoride in seawater '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 96 : 8733 . Bibcode : 1991JGR ... 96.8733 W . doi : 10.1029 / 91JC00104 . Jump up ^ Bullister , J.L. ; Wisegarver , D.P. ; Menzia , F.A. ( 2002 ) . `` The solubility of sulfur hexafluoride in water and seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 49 : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 2002DSRI ... 49 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 01 ) 00051 - 6 .",
"23": "Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2011 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... National Refrigerants Jump up ^ WHO . `` Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons '' . International Programme on Chemical Safety . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Gas conversion table Nomenclature FAQ Numbering scheme for Ozone - Depleting Substances and their substitutes Class I Ozone - Depleting Substances Class II Ozone - Depleting Substances ( HCFCs ) CFC illegal trade History of halon - use by the US Navy Ozone Loss : The Chemical Culprits Process using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature plasma arc , for the elimination of CFCs ( 1 ) Environmental Investigation Agency : Reports etc. on illegal trade and solutions ( 2 ) Environmental Investigation Agency in the USA : Reports etc.",
"24": "on illegal trade and solutions Freon in car A / C ( 3 ) Phasing out halons in extinguishers Halomethanes Monosubstituted CH F CH Cl CH Br CH I Disubstituted CH F CH ClF CH BrF CH FI CH Cl CH BrCl CH ClI CH Br CH BrI CH I Trisubstituted CHF CHClF CHBrF CHF I CHCl F C * HBrClF C * HClFI CHBr F C * HBrFI CHFI CHCl CHBrCl CHCl I CHBr Cl C * HBrClI CHClI CHBr CHBr I CHBrI CHI Tetrasubstituted CF CClF CBrF CF I CCl F CBrClF CClF I CBr F CBrF I CF I CCl F CBrCl F CCl FI CBr ClF C * BrClFI CClFI CBr F CBr FI CBrFI CFI CCl CBrCl CCl I CBr Cl CBrCl I CCl I CBr Cl CBr ClI CBrClI CClI CBr CBr I CBr I CBrI CI CAt * Chiral compound . Functional groups Only carbon , hydrogen and oxygen Hydrocarbons Allene Alkene ( Allyl , Vinyl ) Alkyl ( Methyl , Ethyl , Propyl , Butyl ,",
"25": "Pentyl ) Alkyne Benzyl Carbene Cumulene Methylene bridge Methylene group Methine Phenyl Other Acetoxy Acetyl Acryloyl Acyl Aldehyde Alkoxy ( Methoxy ) Benzoyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Dioxirane Epoxide Ester Ether Ethylenedioxy Hydroxy Ketone Methylenedioxy Peroxide ( Organic ) Ynone Only one element apart from C , H , O Nitrogen Amine Azo compound Cyanate Hydrazone Imide Imine Isocyanate Isonitrile Nitrene Nitrile Nitro compound Nitroso compound Organic amide Oxime Phosphorus Phosphonate Phosphonous Sulfur Disulfide Sulfone Sulfonic acid Sulfoxide Thial Thioester Thioether Thioketone Thiol Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Tellurium Tellurol Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramide Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate See also chemical classification , chemical nomenclature ( inorganic ,",
"26": "organic ) Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S.",
"27": "EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorofluorocarbon&oldid=830639065 '' Categories : Chlorofluorocarbons Aerosol propellants DuPont Firefighting Greenhouse gases Halogenated solvents Halomethanes Heating , ventilating , and air conditioning Ozone depletion Refrigerants Belgian inventions Environmental controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"28": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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27,
5,
8,
13,
11,
24,
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12,
7,
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1,
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25,
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3,
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16,
0
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[
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-662642218540876570
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what is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave
|
[
"from 7023239999999999999♠2.4×1023 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium (~1 kHz)",
"ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz"
] |
{
"0": "Electromagnetic spectrum - wikipedia Electromagnetic spectrum Jump to : navigation , search Class Freq - uency Wave - length Energy Ionizing radiation γ Gamma rays 300 EHz 1 pm 1.24 M eV 30 EHz 10 pm 124 k eV HX Hard X-rays 3 EHz 100 pm 12.4 keV SX Soft X-rays 300 PHz 1 nm 1.24 keV 30 PHz 10 nm 124 eV EUV Extreme ultraviolet 3 PHz 100 nm 12.4 eV NUV Near ultraviolet Visible 300 THz 1 μm 1.24 eV NIR Near infrared 30 THz 10 μm 124 m eV MIR Mid infrared 3 THz 100 μm 12.4 meV FIR Far infrared 300 GHz 1 mm 1.24 meV Micro - waves and radio waves EHF Extremely high frequency 30 GHz 1 cm 124 μ eV SHF Super high frequency 3 GHz 1 dm 12.4 μeV UHF Ultra high frequency 300 MHz 1 m 1.24 μeV VHF Very high frequency 30 MHz 10 m 124 n eV HF High frequency 3 MHz 100 m 12.4 neV MF Medium frequency 300 kHz 1 km 1.24 neV LF Low frequency 30 kHz 10 km 124 p eV VLF Very low frequency 3 kHz 100 km 12.4 peV ULF Ultra low frequency 300 Hz 1 Mm 1.24 peV SLF Super low frequency 30 Hz 10 Mm 124 f eV ELF Extremely low frequency 3 Hz 100 Mm 12.4 feV Sources : File : Light spectrum.",
"1": "svg Legend γ = Gamma rays MIR = Mid infrared HF = High freq . HX = Hard X-rays FIR = Far infrared MF = Medium freq . SX = Soft X-rays Radio waves LF = Low freq . EUV = Extreme ultraviolet EHF = Extremely high freq . VLF = Very low freq . NUV = Near ultraviolet SHF = Super high freq . VF / ULF = Voice freq . Visible light UHF = Ultra high freq . SLF = Super low freq . NIR = Near Infrared VHF = Very high freq . ELF = Extremely low freq . Freq = Frequency The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies ( the spectrum ) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies . The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 10 hertz , corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus . This frequency range is divided into separate bands , and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are called by different names ; beginning at the low frequency ( long wavelength ) end of the spectrum these are : radio waves , microwaves , terahertz waves , infrared , visible light , ultraviolet , X-rays , and gamma rays at the high - frequency ( short wavelength ) end . The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics , such as how they are produced , how they interact with matter , and their practical applications . The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself , while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length . Gamma rays , X-rays , and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms , causing chemical reactions . Exposure to these rays can be a health hazard , causing radiation sickness , DNA damage and cancer . Radiation of visible light wavelengths and lower are called nonionizing radiation as they can not cause these effects . In most of the frequency bands above , a technique called spectroscopy can be used to physically separate waves of different frequencies , producing a spectrum showing the constituent frequencies . Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter . Other technological uses are described under electromagnetic radiation .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery 2 Range of the spectrum 3 Rationale for spectrum regional names 4 Types of radiation 4.1 Boundaries 4.2 Regions of the spectrum 4.3 Radio frequency 4.4 Microwaves 4.5 Terahertz radiation 4.6 Infrared radiation 4.7 Visible radiation ( light ) 4.8 Ultraviolet radiation 4.9 X-rays 4.10 Gamma rays 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery See also : History of electromagnetism , History of radio , History of electrical engineering , and History of optics For most of history , visible light was the only known part of the electromagnetic spectrum . The ancient Greeks recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties , including reflection and refraction . The study of light continued , and during the 16th and 17th centuries conflicting theories regarded light as either a wave or a particle . The first discovery of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light came in 1800 , when William Herschel discovered infrared radiation . He was studying the temperature of different colors by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism . He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red . He theorized that this temperature change was due to `` calorific rays '' that were a type of light ray that could not be seen . The next year , Johann Ritter , working at the other end of the spectrum , noticed what he called `` chemical rays '' ( invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions ) . These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays , but were beyond them in the spectrum . They were later renamed ultraviolet radiation . Electromagnetic radiation was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845 , when Michael Faraday noticed that the polarization of light traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field ( see Faraday effect ) . During the 1860s James Maxwell developed four partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field . Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field . Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves , Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known speed of light .",
"3": "This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave . Maxwell 's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves , all traveling at the speed of light . This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum . Maxwell 's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared , which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary electrical circuit of a certain type . Attempting to prove Maxwell 's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation , in 1886 the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves . Hertz found the waves and was able to infer ( by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency ) that they traveled at the speed of light . Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various dielectric media , in the same manner as light . For example , Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree resin . In a later experiment , Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of microwaves . These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the wireless telegraph and the radio . In 1895 Wilhelm Röntgen noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an evacuated tube subjected to a high voltage . He called these radiations x-rays and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones . Before long , many uses were found for them in the field of medicine . The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of gamma rays . In 1900 Paul Villard was studying the radioactive emissions of radium when he identified a new type of radiation that he first thought consisted of particles similar to known alpha and beta particles , but with the power of being far more penetrating than either . However , in 1910 , British physicist William Henry Bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation , not particles , and in 1914 , Ernest Rutherford ( who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta particles ) and Edward Andrade measured their wavelengths , and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays , but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies .",
"4": "Range of the spectrum Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties : the frequency f , wavelength λ , or photon energy E. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 7023239999999999999 ♠ 2.4 × 10 Hz ( 1 GeV gamma rays ) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium ( ~ 1 kHz ) . Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency , so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of atoms , whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be as long as the universe . Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency , so gamma ray photons have the highest energy ( around a billion electron volts ) , while radio wave photons have very low energy ( around a femtoelectronvolt ) . These relations are illustrated by the following equations : f = c λ , or f = E h , or E = h c λ , ( \\ displaystyle f = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( \\ lambda ) ) , \\ quad ( \\ text ( or ) ) \\ quad f = ( \\ frac ( E ) ( h ) ) , \\ quad ( \\ text ( or ) ) \\ quad E = ( \\ frac ( hc ) ( \\ lambda ) ) , ) where : c = 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s is the speed of light in a vacuum h = 6966662606895999999 ♠ 6.626 068 96 ( 33 ) × 10 J s = 6985413566733000000 ♠ 4.135 667 33 ( 10 ) × 10 eV s is Planck 's constant . Whenever electromagnetic waves exist in a medium with matter , their wavelength is decreased . Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , no matter what medium they are traveling through , are usually quoted in terms of the vacuum wavelength , although this is not always explicitly stated . Generally , electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio wave , microwave , terahertz ( or sub-millimeter ) radiation , infrared , the visible region that is perceived as light , ultraviolet , X-rays and gamma rays . The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength .",
"5": "When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and molecules , its behavior also depends on the amount of energy per quantum ( photon ) it carries . Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm . A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm . Detailed information about the physical properties of objects , gases , or even stars can be obtained from this type of device . Spectroscopes are widely used in astrophysics . For example , many hydrogen atoms emit a radio wave photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm . Also , frequencies of 30 Hz and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae and frequencies as high as 7027290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 × 10 Hz have been detected from astrophysical sources . Rationale for spectrum regional names Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum . These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum , as though these were different types of radiation . Thus , although these `` different kinds '' of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths , the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons related to these qualitative interaction differences . Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter Region of the spectrum Main interactions with matter Radio Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material ( plasma oscillation ) . An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an antenna . Microwave through far infrared Plasma oscillation , molecular rotation Near infrared Molecular vibration , plasma oscillation ( in metals only ) Visible Molecular electron excitation ( including pigment molecules found in the human retina ) , plasma oscillations ( in metals only ) Ultraviolet Excitation of molecular and atomic valence electrons , including ejection of the electrons ( photoelectric effect ) X-rays Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons , Compton scattering ( for low atomic numbers ) Gamma rays Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements , Compton scattering ( for all atomic numbers ) , excitation of atomic nuclei , including dissociation of nuclei High - energy gamma rays Creation of particle - antiparticle pairs .",
"6": "At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high - energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter . Types of radiation The electromagnetic spectrum A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum , showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths Boundaries A discussion of the regions ( or bands or types ) of the electromagnetic spectrum is given below . Note that there are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum ; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a rainbow ( which is the sub-spectrum of visible light ) . Radiation of each frequency and wavelength ( or in each band ) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it . For example , red light resembles infrared radiation in that it can excite and add energy to some chemical bonds and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for photosynthesis and the working of the visual system . Regions of the spectrum The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes : Gamma radiation X-ray radiation Ultraviolet radiation Visible radiation Infrared radiation Terahertz radiation Microwave radiation Radio waves This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength , which is characteristic of the type of radiation . While , in general , the classification scheme is accurate , in reality there is often some overlap between neighboring types of electromagnetic energy . For example , SLF radio waves at 60 Hz may be received and studied by astronomers , or may be ducted along wires as electric power , although the latter is , in the strict sense , not electromagnetic radiation at all ( see near and far field ) . The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is partly based on sources : the photons generated from nuclear decay or other nuclear and subnuclear / particle process , are always termed gamma rays , whereas X-rays are generated by electronic transitions involving highly energetic inner atomic electrons . In general , nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions , so gamma - rays are more energetic than X-rays , but exceptions exist . By analogy to electronic transitions , muonic atom transitions are also said to produce X-rays , even though their energy may exceed 6 megaelectronvolts ( 0.96 pJ ) , whereas there are many ( 77 known to be less than 10 keV ( 1.6 fJ ) ) low - energy nuclear transitions ( e.g.",
"7": ", the 7.6 eV ( 1.22 aJ ) nuclear transition of thorium - 229 ) , and , despite being one million-fold less energetic than some muonic X-rays , the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear origin . The convention that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus , is always called `` gamma ray '' radiation is the only convention that is universally respected , however . Many astronomical gamma ray sources ( such as gamma ray bursts ) are known to be too energetic ( in both intensity and wavelength ) to be of nuclear origin . Quite often , in high energy physics and in medical radiotherapy , very high energy EMR ( in the > 10 MeV region ) -- which is of higher energy than any nuclear gamma ray -- is not called X-ray or gamma - ray , but instead by the generic term of `` high energy photons . '' The region of the spectrum where a particular observed electromagnetic radiation falls , is reference frame - dependent ( due to the Doppler shift for light ) , so EM radiation that one observer would say is in one region of the spectrum could appear to an observer moving at a substantial fraction of the speed of light with respect to the first to be in another part of the spectrum . For example , consider the cosmic microwave background . It was produced , when matter and radiation decoupled , by the de-excitation of hydrogen atoms to the ground state . These photons were from Lyman series transitions , putting them in the ultraviolet ( UV ) part of the electromagnetic spectrum . Now this radiation has undergone enough cosmological red shift to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers moving slowly ( compared to the speed of light ) with respect to the cosmos . Radio frequency Main articles : Radio frequency , Radio spectrum , and Radio waves Radio waves are emitted and received by antennas , which consist of conductors such as metal rod resonators . In artificial generation of radio waves , an electronic device called a transmitter generates an AC electric current which is applied to an antenna . The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves . In reception of radio waves , the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna , pushing them back and forth , creating oscillating currents which are applied to a radio receiver .",
"8": "Earth 's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves , except for layers of charged particles in the ionosphere which can reflect certain frequencies . Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in radio communication systems such as radio broadcasting , television , two way radios , mobile phones , communication satellites , and wireless networking . In a radio communication system , a radio frequency current is modulated with an information - bearing signal in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude , frequency or phase , and applied to an antenna . The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver , where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by demodulation in the receiver . Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and navigational beacons , and locating distant objects in radiolocation and radar . They are also used for remote control , and for industrial heating . The use of the radio spectrum is strictly regulated by governments , coordinated by a body called the International Telecommunications Union ( ITU ) which allocates frequencies to different users for different uses . Microwaves Main article : Microwaves Plot of Earth 's atmospheric transmittance ( or opacity ) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation . Microwaves are radio waves of short wavelength , from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter , in the SHF and EHF frequency bands . Microwave energy is produced with klystron and magnetron tubes , and with solid state devices such as Gunn and IMPATT diodes . Although they are emitted and absorbed by short antennas , they are also absorbed by polar molecules , coupling to vibrational and rotational modes , resulting in bulk heating . Unlike higher frequency waves such as infrared and light which are absorbed mainly at surfaces , microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface . This effect is used to heat food in microwave ovens , and for industrial heating and medical diathermy . Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in radar , and are used for satellite communication , and wireless networking technologies such as Wifi , although this is at intensity levels unable to cause thermal heating . The copper cables ( transmission lines ) which are used to carry lower frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies , and metal pipes called waveguides are used to carry them .",
"9": "Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent , at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gasses limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers . Terahertz radiation Main article : Terahertz radiation Terahertz radiation is a region of the spectrum between far infrared and microwaves . Until recently , the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy at the high end of the band ( sub-millimeter waves or so - called terahertz waves ) , but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing . Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces , where high - frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment . Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases , making this frequency range useless for long distance communication . Infrared radiation Main article : Infrared radiation The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz ( 1 mm - 750 nm ) . It can be divided into three parts : Far - infrared , from 300 GHz to 30 THz ( 1 mm -- 10 μm ) . The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves . This radiation is typically absorbed by so - called rotational modes in gas - phase molecules , by molecular motions in liquids , and by phonons in solids . The water in Earth 's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque . However , there are certain wavelength ranges ( `` windows '' ) within the opaque range that allow partial transmission , and can be used for astronomy . The wavelength range from approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as `` sub-millimeter '' in astronomy , reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm . Mid-infrared , from 30 to 120 THz ( 10 -- 2.5 μm ) . Hot objects ( black - body radiators ) can radiate strongly in this range , and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region . This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations , where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions .",
"10": "This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region , since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound . Near - infrared , from 120 to 400 THz ( 2,500 -- 750 nm ) . Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light . The highest frequences in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film , and by many types of solid state image sensors for infrared photography and videography . Visible radiation ( light ) Main article : Visible spectrum Above infrared in frequency comes visible light . The Sun emits its peak power in the visible region , although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light . By definition , visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the human eye is the most sensitive to . Visible light ( and near - infrared light ) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another . This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis . The light that excites the human visual system is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum . A rainbow shows the optical ( visible ) part of the electromagnetic spectrum ; infrared ( if it could be seen ) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end . Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm ( 400 -- 790 terahertz ) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light . Other wavelengths , especially near infrared ( longer than 760 nm ) and ultraviolet ( shorter than 380 nm ) are also sometimes referred to as light , especially when the visibility to humans is not relevant . White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum . Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colors of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm . If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object , say , a bowl of fruit , and then strikes the eyes , this results in visual perception of the scene . The brain 's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues , and through this insufficiently - understood psychophysical phenomenon , most people perceive a bowl of fruit .",
"11": "At most wavelengths , however , the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses . Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum , and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths . Optical fiber transmits light that , although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum ( it is usually infrared ) , can carry information . The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves . Ultraviolet radiation Main article : Ultraviolet The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth 's ozone Next in frequency comes ultraviolet ( UV ) . The wavelength of UV rays is shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than the X-ray . UV is the longest wavelength radiation whose photons are energetic enough to ionize atoms , separating electrons from them , and thus causing chemical reactions . Short wavelength UV and the shorter wavelength radiation above it ( X-rays and gamma rays ) are called ionizing radiation , and exposure to them can damage living tissue , making them a health hazard . UV can also cause many substances to glow with visible light ; this is called fluorescence . At the middle range of UV , UV rays can not ionize but can break chemical bonds , making molecules unusually reactive . Sunburn , for example , is caused by the disruptive effects of middle range UV radiation on skin cells , which is the main cause of skin cancer . UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex DNA molecules in the cells producing thymine dimers making it a very potent mutagen . The Sun emits significant UV radiation ( about 10 % of its total power ) , including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land ( ocean water would provide some protection for life there ) . However , most of the Sun 's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they reach the surface . The higher energy ( shortest wavelength ) ranges of UV ( called `` vacuum UV '' ) are absorbed by nitrogen and , at longer wavelengths , by simple diatomic oxygen in the air . Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer , which absorbs strongly in the important 200 -- 315 nm range , the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary dioxygen in air to absorb . This leaves less than 3 % of sunlight at sea level in UV , with all of this remainder at the lower energies .",
"12": "The remainder is UV - A , along with some UV - B . The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light ( called UV - A ) is not blocked well by the atmosphere , but does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage . However , it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals , mutations and skin damage . See ultraviolet for more information . X-rays Main article : X-rays After UV come X-rays , which , like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing . However , due to their higher energies , X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the Compton effect . Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption , they can be used to ' see through ' objects with ' thicknesses ' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water . One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine ( a process known as radiography ) . X-rays are useful as probes in high - energy physics . In astronomy , the accretion disks around neutron stars and black holes emit X-rays , enabling studies of these phenomena . X-rays are also emitted by the coronas of stars and are strongly emitted by some types of nebulae . However , X-ray telescopes must be placed outside the Earth 's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays , since the great depth of the atmosphere of Earth is opaque to X-rays ( with areal density of 1000 grams per cm ) , equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water . This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays ( and also astronomical gamma rays -- see below ) . Gamma rays Main article : Gamma rays After hard X-rays come gamma rays , which were discovered by Paul Ulrich Villard in 1900 . These are the most energetic photons , having no defined lower limit to their wavelength . In astronomy they are valuable for studying high - energy objects or regions , however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of radioisotopes . They are used for irradiation of foods and seeds for sterilization , and in medicine they are occasionally used in radiation cancer therapy .",
"13": "More commonly , gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in nuclear medicine , an example being PET scans . The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of Compton scattering . See also Electromagnetism portal Electronics portal Telecommunication portal Bandplan Cosmic ray Digital dividend after digital television transition Electroencephalography Infrared window Ionizing radiation List of international common standards Optical window Ozone layer Radiant energy Radiation Radio window Spectroscopy V band W band Notes and references ^ Jump up to : What is Light ? Archived December 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . -- UC Davis lecture slides ^ Jump up to : Elert , Glenn . `` The Electromagnetic Spectrum , The Physics Hypertextbook '' . Hypertextbook.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of frequency bands on '' . Vlf.it . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bakshi , U.A. ; Godse , A.P. ( 2009 ) . Basic Electronics Engineering . Technical Publications . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8431 - 580 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Mehta , Akul . `` Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy '' . Pharmaxchange.info . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Haitel , Gary ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) . Origins and Grand Finale : How the Bible and Science relate to the Origin of Everything , Abuses of Political Authority , and End Times Predictions . iUniverse . ISBN 9781491732571 . Jump up ^ `` Herschel Discovers Infrared Light '' . Cool Cosmos Classroom activities . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum ( ... ) and then measured the temperature of each colour .",
"14": "( ... ) He found that the temperatures of the colors increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum . ( ... ) Herschel decided to measure the temperature just beyond the red of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible . To his surprise , he found that this region had the highest temperature of all . Jump up ^ Davidson , Michael W. `` Johann Wilhelm Ritter ( 1776 -- 1810 ) '' . The Florida State University . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Ritter ( ... ) hypothesized that there must also be invisible radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum and commenced experiments to confirm his speculation . He began working with silver chloride , a substance decomposed by light , measuring the speed at which different colors of light broke it down . ( ... ) Ritter ( ... ) demonstrated that the fastest rate of decomposition occurred with radiation that could not be seen , but that existed in a region beyond the violet . Ritter initially referred to the new type of radiation as chemical rays , but the title of ultraviolet radiation eventually became the preferred term . Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Taylor , Barry N. ; Newell , David B. ( 2008 ) . `` CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants : 2006 '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 ( 2 ) : 633 -- 730 . arXiv : 0801.0028 . Bibcode : 2008RvMP ... 80 ... 633M . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 80.633 . Direct link to value . Jump up ^ Condon , J.J. ; Ransom , S.M. `` Essential Radio Astronomy : Pulsar Properties '' . National Radio Astronomy Observatory . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Abdo , A.A. ; Allen , B. ; Berley , D. ; Blaufuss , E. ; Casanova , S. ; Chen , C. ; Coyne , D.G. ; Delay , R.S. ; Dingus , B.L. ; Ellsworth , R.W. ; Fleysher , L. ; Fleysher , R. ; Gebauer , I. ; Gonzalez , M.M.",
"15": "; Goodman , J.A. ; Hays , E. ; Hoffman , C.M. ; Kolterman , B.E. ; Kelley , L.A. ; Lansdell , C.P. ; Linnemann , J.T. ; McEnery , J.E. ; Mincer , A.I. ; Moskalenko , I.V. ; Nemethy , P. ; Noyes , D. ; Ryan , J.M. ; Samuelson , F.W. ; Saz Parkinson , P.M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Discovery of TeV Gamma - Ray Emission from the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 658 : L33 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0611691 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 658L ... 33A . doi : 10.1086 / 513696 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard ; Leighton , Robert ; Sands , Matthew ( 1963 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics , Vol. 1 . USA : Addison - Wesley . pp. 2 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 02116 - 1 . Jump up ^ L'Annunziata , Michael ; Baradei , Mohammad ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis . Academic Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 436603 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grupen , Claus ; Cowan , G. ; Eidelman , S.D. ; Stroh , T. ( 2005 ) . Astroparticle Physics . Springer . p. 109 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 25312 - 2 . Jump up ^ Corrections to muonic X-rays and a possible proton halo slac - pub - 0335 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ `` Gamma - Rays '' . Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced weapon systems using lethal Short - pulse terahertz radiation from high - intensity - laser - produced plasmas '' .",
"16": "India Daily . March 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance : Air Mass 1.5 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Steve ( 26 June 2012 ) Designing Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose . NASA / MIT Workshop . See pages I - 7 ( atmosphere ) and I - 23 ( for water ) . Jump up ^ Uses of Electromagnetic Waves gcse - revision , physics , waves , uses - electromagnetic - waves Revision World External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electromagnetic spectrum . UnwantedEmissions.com ( U.S. radio spectrum allocations resource ) Australian Radiofrequency Spectrum Allocations Chart ( from Australian Communications and Media Authority ) Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations ( from Industry Canada ) U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart -- Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz ( from Department of Commerce ) UK frequency allocation table ( from Ofcom , which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency 's duties , pdf format ) Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool -- Very complete and customizable . How to render the color spectrum / Code -- Only approximately right . Poster `` Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum '' ( 992 kB ) Electromagnetic Spectrum presentation Electromagnetic Spectrum Strategy : A Call to Action U.S. Department of Defense Electromagnetic spectrum Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF",
"17": "HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors",
"18": "Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
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-784276907572519525
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who has sold more albums kelly or carrie
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[
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"Carrie Underwood",
"Carrie Underwood"
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{
"0": "List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states - wikipedia List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states Jump to : navigation , search This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career . It only lists main albums released in the alumni 's post-Idol career . American Idol compilations , individual artist 's pre-Idol recordings , EPs , and compilation albums are not listed here , however , the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases . For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist , please see their individual discography pages ( linked here in the total number in parentheses ) . Sales figure listed are for U.S. only . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artists with RIAA certified albums 2 Artists without RIAA certified albums 3 References 4 External links Artists with riaa certified albums ( edit ) This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. ( Gold , Platinum , and / or Multi-platinum ) . Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first . The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here . Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 2 .",
"1": "Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,150,000 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBD ( 2017 ) RCA 4 .",
"2": "Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 .",
"3": "Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,165,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 .",
"4": "David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,490,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 .",
"5": "David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 .",
"6": "Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A ^ Note 1 Aiken 's album , Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name , Steadfast , concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012 Artists without RIAA certified albums ( edit ) The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion , although the degree of success varies considerably . This list only includes contestants who have numbers available , and again does not include EPs , American Idol compilations , or pre-Idol recordings , numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases : Rank Former Contestant Total Sales Albums 19 . Mandisa ( season 5 , 9th place ) 928,000 True Beauty ( 2007 ) # 43 -- 226,000 It 's Christmas ( 2008 ) # 85 -- 64,000 Freedom ( 2009 ) # 83 -- 152,000 What If We Were Real ( 2011 ) # 66 -- 270,000 Overcomer ( 2013 ) # 29 - 140,000 20 .",
"7": "Katharine McPhee ( season 5 , runner - up ) 475,000 Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) # 2 -- 381,000 Unbroken ( 2010 ) # 27 -- 45,000 Christmas Is the Time ... To Say I Love You ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 23,000 Hysteria ( 2015 ) did not chart 21 . Lauren Alaina ( season 10 , runner - up ) 454,000 Wildflower ( 2011 ) # 5 -- 303,000 Road Less Traveled ( 2016 ) # 31 -- 29,100 22 . Bucky Covington ( season 5 , 8th place ) did not chart 436,000 Bucky Covington ( 2007 ) # 4 -- 433,000 Good Guys ( 2012 ) # 178 -- 3,000 23 . Blake Lewis ( season 6 , runner - up ) 413,000 A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( 2007 ) # 10 -- 350,000 Heartbreak on Vinyl ( 2009 ) # 135 -- 10,000 Portrait of a Chameleon ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 2,000 24 . Kris Allen ( season 8 , winner ) 401,600 Kris Allen ( 2009 ) # 11 -- 346,000 Thank You Camellia ( 2012 ) # 26 -- 35,000 Horizons ( 2014 ) # 80 -- 4,000 Letting You In ( 2016 ) 25 . William Hung ( Season 3 , Auditioner ) 242,000 Inspiration ( 2004 ) # 34 -- 200,000 Hung for the Holidays ( 2004 ) did not chart -- 35,000 Miracle : Happy Summer from William Hung ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 7,000 26 .",
"8": "Kimberley Locke ( season 2 , 3rd place ) 241,000 One Love ( 2004 ) # 16 -- 212,000 Based on a True Story ( 2007 ) # 160 -- 22,000 Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 3,000 27 . Crystal Bowersox ( season 9 , runner - up ) 230,000 Farmer 's Daughter ( 2010 ) # 28 -- 205,000 All That For This ( 2013 ) # 71 -- 8,000 28 . Danny Gokey ( season 8 , 3rd place ) 204,000 My Best Days ( 2010 ) # 4 -- 204,000 Hope in Front of Me ( 2014 ) # 40 29 . James Durbin ( season 10 , 4th place ) 192,000 Memories of a Beautiful Disaster ( 2011 ) # 36 -- 121,000 Celebrate ( 2014 ) # 83 30 . Lee DeWyze ( season 9 , winner ) 178,000 Live It Up ( 2010 ) # 19 -- 153,000 Frames ( 2013 ) # 116 -- 3,000 Oil & Water ( 2016 ) 31 . Diana DeGarmo ( Season 3 , Runner - Up ) 168,000 Blue Skies ( 2004 ) # 52 32 . Justin Guarini ( season 1 , runner - up ) 146,000 Justin Guarini ( 2003 ) # 20 -- 146,000 Stranger Things Have Happened ( 2005 ) did not chart 33 . Haley Reinhart ( season 10 , 3rd place ) 143,500 Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) # 17 -- 77,000 Better ( 2016 ) did not chart -- 7,500 34 .",
"9": "Colton Dixon ( season 11 , 7th place ) 128,000 A Messenger ( 2013 ) # 15 -- 100,000 Anchor ( 2014 ) # 23 -- 28,000 The Calm Before the Storm ( 2015 ) did not chart 35 . Tamyra Gray ( season 1 , 4th place ) 123,000 The Dreamer ( 2004 ) # 23 36 . Jason Castro ( Season 7 , 4th Place ) 105,000 Jason Castro ( 2010 ) # 18 -- 54,000 Who I Am ( 2010 ) # 198 -- 18,000 Only a Mountain ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 20,000 37 . Allison Iraheta ( Season 8 , 4th Place ) 103,000 Just Like You ( 2009 ) # 35 38 . Melinda Doolittle ( season 6 , 3rd place ) 091,000 Coming Back to You ( 2009 ) # 58 39 . Casey James ( season 9 , 3rd place ) 077,000 Casey James ( 2012 ) # 23 40 . Chris Sligh ( season 6 , 10th place ) 064,000 Running Back to You ( 2008 ) # 190 -- 54,000 The Anatomy of Broken ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 10,000 41 . LaToya London ( Season 3 , 4th Place ) 058,000 Love & Life ( 2005 ) # 82 42 . Phil Stacey ( season 6 , 6th place ) 058,000 Phil Stacey ( 2008 ) # 43 -- 40,000 Into the Light ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 18,000 43 . Mario Vazquez ( season 4 , Top 12 ) 056,000 Mario Vazquez ( 2006 ) # 80 44 .",
"10": "George Huff ( season 3 , 5th place ) 52,000 Miracles ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 29,000 George Huff ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 4,000 45 . Brooke White ( season 7 , 5th place ) 048,000 High Hopes & Heartbreak ( 2009 ) # 50 -- 29,000 Gemini ( 2011 ) did not chart -- 2,000 46 . Carly Smithson ( as a part of We Are the Fallen ) ( Season 7 , 6th Place ) 041,000 Tear the World Down ( 2010 ) # 33 47 . Jessica Sanchez ( Season 11 , Runnerup ) 38,000 Me , You & the Music ( 2013 ) # 26 -- 17,000 48 . Kristy Lee Cook ( season 7 , 7th place ) 032,000 Why Wait ( 2008 ) # 49 49 . Candice Glover ( Season 12 , Winner ) 027,000 Music Speaks ( 2014 ) # 14 50 . Casey Abrams ( season 10 , 6th place ) 27,000 Casey Abrams ( 2012 ) # 101 51 . Constantine Maroulis ( season 4 , 6th place ) 25,000 Constantine ( 2007 ) # 75 52 . Caleb Johnson ( season 13 , winner ) 024,000 Testify ( 2014 ) # 24 53 . Paris Bennett ( season 5 , 5th place ) 22,300 Princess P ( 2007 ) # 133 -- 22,000 A Royal Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 300 54 . R.J. Helton ( season 1 , 5th place ) 022,000 Real Life ( 2004 ) did not chart 55 . John Stevens ( Season 3 , 6th Place ) 021,000 Red ( 2005 ) did not chart 56 .",
"11": "Michael Johns ( season 7 , 8th place ) 020,000 Hold Back My Heart ( 2009 ) # 97 57 . Jasmine Trias ( season 3 , 3rd place ) 014,000 Jasmine Trias ( 2005 ) did not chart 58 . Ace Young ( season 5 , 7th place ) 010,000 Ace Young ( 2008 ) # 160 59 . LaKisha Jones ( season 6 , 4th place ) 00 7,000 So Glad I 'm Me ( 2009 ) did not chart 60 . Nick Fradiani ( season 14 , winner ) 00 5,000 Hurricane ( 2016 ) # 121 61 . Danny Noriega ( season 7 , semi ) 00 5,000 Till Death Do Us Party ( 2014 ) # 59 62 . Jim Verraros ( season 1 , 9th place ) 00 4,300 Rollercoaster ( 2005 ) did not chart Do Not Disturb ( 2011 ) did not chart 63 . Carmen Rasmusen ( season 2 , 6th place ) 00 3,100 Nothin ' Like the Summer ( 2007 ) did not chart 64 . Kimberly Caldwell ( season 2 , 7th place ) 00 3,000 Without Regret ( 2011 ) did not chart 65 . Ayla Brown ( season 5 , Top 16 ) 00 3,000 Forward ( 2006 ) did not chart 66 . Corey Clark ( season 2 , 9th place ) 00 2,600 Corey Clark ( 2005 ) did not chart 67 . Tim Halperin ( Season 10 , Semifinal ) 00 2,000 Rise and Fall ( 2011 ) did not chart 68 .",
"12": "Jon Peter Lewis ( Season 3 , 8th Place ) 00 1,600 Stories from Hollywood ( 2006 ) did not chart -- 1,100 Break the Silence ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 500 69 . Michael Sarver ( season 8 , 10th place ) 00 1,000 Michael Sarver ( 2010 ) did not chart 70 . Josiah Leming ( season 7 , Hollywood round ) 00 1,000 Come On Kid ( 2010 ) did not chart 71 . Kree Harrison ( season 12 , 2nd place ) 000 900 This Old Thing ( 2016 ) did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Some Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Chart Beat 's ' Piano Man ' Returns ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Carnival Ride '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Play On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart : April 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Blown Away '' .",
"13": "Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : April 24 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Storyteller '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Thankful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Breakaway '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- My December '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Stronger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Wrapped in Red '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Moniuszko , Sara M. `` Kelly Clarkson blows up a house with her voice in ' Love So Soft ' music video '' . USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idols Top 10 Selling Performers of All Time '' . Billboard . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Daughtry ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( Jan 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hotlist : Best - selling ' American Idol ' albums '' . Jump up ^ Norman Byrd ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Daughtry fans get ' Baptized ' just before the holidays '' . AXS .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Daughtry -- Break the Spell '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Clay Aiken Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12 - 29 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 01 - 12 - 2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Stronger ' hits the half - million mark '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7461832/dj-khaled-earns-his-first-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-album-chart-major-key ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard ^ Jump up to : Ruben Studdard Reconnects With ' Love Is ' Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalists : From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks , Where Are They Now ? '' . The Daily Beast. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Toni Braxton & Babyface 's Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Scotty 's new single , more '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Clear as Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of December 18 , 2013 : Garth Brooks , Duck Dynasty , Cassadee Pope , Parmalee , & Scotty McCreery '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Christmas with Scotty McCreery '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For April 15 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sales figure given here ^ Jump up to : Wade Jessen ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of January 22 , 2013 : Jennifer Nettles , Jon Pardi , Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures .",
"16": "Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/blujaylao/status/652834894867881984 Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- The World from the Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 ( Or Did They ? ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV singing shows fail to create stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post 05 - 23 - 2011 ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson is happy to be ' this real girl ' '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's All Time Top 24 ( 2012 ) '' . Billboard.com . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search -- Jordin Sparks Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling American Idols '' . Arizona Central . July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Lambert Will Tour as Solo Artist ' If People Like This Record ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double .",
"17": "HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUVjID_UYAEKt7B.png ^ Jump up to : Chart Watch 02 - 20 - 2011 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2011 Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( Aug 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' album sales : Underwood , Clarkson , McCreery '' . Idol Chatter . USA today . Retrieved Aug 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Colton Dixon 's sales soar after ' Idol ' performance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 12 - 08 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Josh Gracin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 03 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Daughtry 's 129,000 sales ' Spell ' a top - ten debut '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Taylor Hicks Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Idol sales : Cook returns to top 10 at year 's end '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 09 - 22 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1 - 16 - 2008 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 12 - 2009 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) .",
"18": "`` James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after ' Idol ' appearance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MANDISA 'S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY ® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE '' . Star Radio . January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 30 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson : One Million ' Stronger ' '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chatter 04 - 27 - 2011 '' Jump up ^ `` Mandisa : Overcomer '' . Capitol Music . Jump up ^ Timothy Yap ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with `` Get Up : The Remixes '' `` . Hallels . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Philips ' album sales rise '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : August 7 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' expansion '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic , Lands Microsoft Campaign '' . Billboard . February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Idol Chatter. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records , Teases New Tune '' . Reality Rocks . Feb 25 , 2013 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` ' Ask Billboard : KRIS ALLEN SALES ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Idol ' Hits New Low '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Will ' The Voice ' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood ? Chart '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Samantha ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol 's William Hung : Where Is He Now ? '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) . `` The Ultimate SoundScan Sales / Download Checklist '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7 - 30 - 2008 Jump up ^ American Idol : With Scotty McCreery 's Successful Debut , Did Universal Learn From Sony 's Mistakes ? Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 16 - 2011 Jump up ^ David Peisner ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Wind - up In Turnaround '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . American Idol . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lee DeWyze 's ' Frames ' : Exclusive Album Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 30 , 2013 ) .",
"20": "`` Chart Moves : The Beatles Beat Backstreet Boys ; Tedeschi Trucks Band 's Best Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chart Watch Extra : The American Idol Alumni Association Archived 2009 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ole Label Services Soars with Anthem '' . ole Majorly Indie. 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Seven singers in the Billboard 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11 - 09 - 2010 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Chris Brown , Jennifer Hudson debut in The Billboard 200 's two top spots '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance boosts Fantasia sales '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Idol ' albums in the Top 40 this week '' . USA Today . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 15 - 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10 - 14 - 2009 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02 - 23 - 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 20 Jan 2007 Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads , too Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN : First Episode Of ' Interrogation Video Blog ' - Sep.",
"21": "7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2009 Jump up ^ Andy Graham . `` SoundScanner : Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5 - 21 - 2008 Jump up ^ Max Willens ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' These Were The Biggest Flops ' American Idol ' Has Ever Produced '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 11 - 2008 archived post Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' American Idol ' Reaches New Low for Winner 's Debut Albumd '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Adore Delano Sets ' Drag Race ' Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 25 - 2008 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Billboard 200 : Where are the Idols ? '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Steady week for Idols on album chart '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock .",
"22": "External links ( edit ) Idol chatter ( hide ) American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Idol_alumni_album_sales_in_the_United_States&oldid=799943002 '' Categories : American Idol Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 18 : 58 .",
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who won the ncaa basketball championship in 1994
|
[
"Arkansas",
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{
"0": "1994 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 1994 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search See also : 1994 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game 1994 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 1993 -- 94 Teams 64 Finals site Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina Champions Arkansas Razorbacks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 5th Final Four ) Runner - up Duke Blue Devils ( 7th title game , 11th Final Four ) Semifinalists Arizona Wildcats ( 2nd Final Four ) Florida Gators ( 1st Final Four ) Winning coach Nolan Richardson ( 1st title ) MOP Corliss Williamson ( Arkansas ) Attendance 578,007 Top scorer Khalid Reeves Arizona ( 137 points ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 1993 1995 '' The 1994 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single - elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 17 , 1994 , and ended with the championship game on April 4 in Charlotte , North Carolina , played at Charlotte Coliseum . A total of 63 games were played . The Final Four consisted of Arkansas , making their fifth trip and first since 1990 , Arizona , making their second ever trip and first since 1988 , Florida , making their first ever trip , and Duke , making their sixth trip in the last seven tournaments . In the national championship game , Arkansas defeated Duke by a score of 76 -- 72 and won their first ever national championship . Corliss Williamson of Arkansas was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . Bill Clinton , former governor of Arkansas , was in attendance for the Final Four , as well as the regionals that were held in Dallas the previous week . ( Clinton was already scheduled to be in Dallas for the wedding of his brother Roger and added the basketball games to his plans . )",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 1.1 First & Second Rounds 1.2 Regional Sites and Final Four 2 Teams 3 Bracket 3.1 East Regional -- Miami 3.2 Southeast Regional -- Knoxville , Tennessee 3.3 Midwest Regional -- Dallas 3.4 West Regional -- Los Angeles 3.4. 1 West Region First Round 3.4. 2 West Region Second Round 3.5 Final Four @ Charlotte , North Carolina 4 Broadcast information 4.1 CBS announcers 4.2 CBS Radio Sports announcers 4.3 Local announcers 5 See also Locations ( edit ) Uniondale Landover Lexington St. Petersburg Oklahoma City Wichita Ogden Sacramento 1994 first and second rounds Los Angeles Dallas Knoxville Miami Charlotte 1994 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) First & Second Rounds ( edit ) Region Site Venue East Landover , Maryland USAir Arena Uniondale , New York Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Midwest Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Myriad Convention Center Wichita , Kansas Kansas Coliseum Southeast Lexington , Kentucky Rupp Arena St. Petersburg , Florida Thunderdome West Ogden , Utah Dee Events Center Sacramento , California ARCO Arena Regional sites and Final Four ( edit ) Region Site Venue East Miami , Florida Miami Arena Midwest Dallas , Texas Reunion Arena Southeast Knoxville , Tennessee Thompson -- Boling Arena West Los Angeles , California Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Final Four Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Coliseum The 1994 tournament included five new venues and four new cities . In Florida , Miami and St. Petersburg , were used for the first time . St. Petersburg would go on to host the Final Four in 1999 , while this would be the only games held at Miami Arena ; in 2009 , the only other year that the city has hosted the tournament , the games were played at American Airlines Arena . Landover , an eastern suburb of Washington , D.C. , was used for the only time ; games in Washington D.C.",
"2": "have since been at Capital One Arena , which replaced USAir Arena as home to the city 's sports teams . Sacramento became the sixth metropolitan area in California to host games . The Kansas Coliseum was used instead of Levitt Arena in Wichita for the only time . This also marked the last tournament for the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and the Dee Events Center . Games in the Los Angeles area have since been held at the Staples Center or the Honda Center in Anaheim . In all , of the thirteen venues used in the 1994 tournament , seven ( in Charlotte , Dallas , Landover , Los Angeles , Miami , Sacramento and Wichita ) have closed and been replaced , with all but the Kansas Coliseum ( which is being converted into an aerospace test facility ) and Sacramento 's Sleep Train Arena being demolished , its future still not determined since the opening of the Golden 1 Center downtown . Additionally , the Nassau Coliseum has been renovated into a smaller - capacity building , placing its future use as a tournament site in doubt . In 1994 Charlotte became the 24th city , and the Charlotte Coliseum the 29th venue , to host the Final Four . It is the last of four arenas - including Market Square Arena in 1980 , Reunion Arena in 1986 , and McNichols Sports Arena in 1990 - whose primary tenant was a NBA franchise . ( The Charlotte 49ers had also used the building from its opening to the previous season , but had moved back to reopened Independence Arena , which is seven miles closer to campus than the new Coliseum . ) The tournament was the only one between 1985 and 2018 to not include an NFL stadium ; the only domed stadium used for the tournament , the Thunderdome , was at the time an NHL arena and is now an MLB stadium . Amusingly , the site of the Southeast regional finals -- Knoxville , TN -- is farther north than any other of this year 's regional sites . Teams ( edit ) Region Seed Team Coach Finished Final opponent Score East East North Carolina Dean Smith Round of 32 9 Boston College L 75 -- 72 East Connecticut Jim Calhoun Sweet",
"3": "Sixteen 3 Florida L 69 -- 60 East Florida Lon Kruger National Semifinals 2 Duke L 70 -- 65 East Temple John Chaney Round of 32 5 Indiana L 67 -- 58 East 5 Indiana Bob Knight Sweet Sixteen 9 Boston College L 77 -- 68 East 6 Nebraska Danny Nee Round of 64 11 Penn L 90 -- 80 East 7 UAB Gene Bartow Round of 64 10 George Washington L 51 -- 46 East 8 Washington State Kelvin Sampson Round of 64 9 Boston College L 67 -- 64 East 9 Boston College Jim O'Brien Regional Runner - up 3 Florida L 74 -- 66 East 10 George Washington Mike Jarvis Round of 32 2 Connecticut L 75 -- 63 East 11 Penn Fran Dunphy Round of 32 3 Florida L 70 -- 58 East 12 Ohio Larry Hunter Round of 64 5 Indiana L 84 -- 72 East 13 Drexel Bill Herrion Round of 64 4 Temple L 61 -- 39 East 14 James Madison Lefty Driesell Round of 64 3 Florida L 64 -- 62 East 15 Rider Kevin Bannon Round of 64 2 Connecticut L 64 -- 46 East 16 Liberty",
"4": "Jeff Meyer Round of 64 1 North Carolina L 71 -- 51 Midwest Midwest Arkansas Nolan Richardson Champion 2 Duke W 76 -- 72 Midwest Massachusetts John Calipari Round of 32 10 Maryland L 95 -- 87 Midwest Michigan Steve Fisher Regional Runner - up 1 Arkansas L 76 -- 68 Midwest Oklahoma State Eddie Sutton Round of 32 12 Tulsa L 82 -- 80 Midwest 5 UCLA Jim Harrick Round of 64 12 Tulsa L 112 -- 102 Midwest 6 Texas Tom Penders Round of 32 3 Michigan L 84 -- 79 Midwest 7 Saint Louis Charlie Spoonhour Round of 64 10 Maryland L 74 -- 66 Midwest 8 Illinois Lou Henson Round of 64 9 Georgetown L 84 -- 77 Midwest 9 Georgetown John Thompson Round of 32 1 Arkansas L 85 -- 73 Midwest 10 Maryland Gary Williams Sweet Sixteen 3 Michigan L 78 -- 71 Midwest 11 Western Kentucky Ralph Willard Round of 64 6 Texas L 91 -- 77 Midwest 12 Tulsa Tubby Smith Sweet Sixteen 1 Arkansas L 103 -- 84 Midwest 13 New Mexico State Neil McCarthy Round of 64 4 Oklahoma State L 65 -- 55 Midwest 14 Pepperdine Tom",
"5": "Asbury Round of 64 3 Michigan L 78 -- 74 Midwest 15 Southwest Texas State Jim Wooldridge Round of 64 2 Massachusetts L 78 -- 60 Midwest 16 North Carolina A&T Jeff Capel II Round of 64 1 Arkansas L 94 -- 79 Southeast Southeast Purdue Gene Keady Regional Runner - up 2 Duke L 69 -- 60 Southeast Duke Mike Krzyzewski Runner Up 1 Arkansas L 76 -- 72 Southeast Kentucky Rick Pitino Round of 32 6 Marquette L 75 -- 63 Southeast Kansas Roy Williams Sweet Sixteen 1 Purdue L 83 -- 78 Southeast 5 Wake Forest Dave Odom Round of 32 4 Kansas L 69 -- 58 Southeast 6 Marquette Kevin O'Neill Sweet Sixteen 2 Duke L 59 -- 49 Southeast 7 Michigan State Jud Heathcote Round of 32 2 Duke L 85 -- 74 Southeast 8 Providence Rick Barnes Round of 64 9 Alabama L 76 -- 70 Southeast 9 Alabama David Hobbs Round of 32 1 Purdue L 83 -- 73 Southeast 10 Seton Hall P.J. Carlesimo Round of 64 7 Michigan State L 84 -- 73 Southeast 11 Southwestern Louisiana Marty Fletcher Round of 64 6 Marquette L",
"6": "81 -- 59 Southeast 12 College of Charleston John Kresse Round of 64 5 Wake Forest L 68 -- 58 Southeast 13 Chattanooga Mack McCarthy Round of 64 4 Kansas L 102 -- 73 Southeast 14 Tennessee State Frankie Allen Round of 64 3 Kentucky L 83 -- 70 Southeast 15 Texas Southern Robert Moreland Round of 64 2 Duke L 82 -- 70 Southeast 16 UCF Kirk Speraw Round of 64 1 Purdue L 98 -- 67 West West Missouri Norm Stewart Regional Runner - up 2 Arizona L 92 -- 72 West Arizona Lute Olson National Semifinals 1 Arkansas L 91 -- 82 West Louisville Denny Crum Sweet Sixteen 2 Arizona L 82 -- 70 West Syracuse Jim Boeheim Sweet Sixteen 1 Missouri L 98 -- 88 West 5 California Todd Bozeman Round of 64 12 UW -- Green Bay L 61 -- 57 West 6 Minnesota Clem Haskins Round of 32 3 Louisville L 60 -- 55 West 7 Virginia Jeff Jones Round of 32 2 Arizona L 71 -- 58 West 8 Cincinnati Bob Huggins Round of 64 9 Wisconsin L 80 -- 72 West 9 Wisconsin Stu Jackson Round of",
"7": "32 1 Missouri L 109 -- 96 West 10 New Mexico Dave Bliss Round of 64 7 Virginia L 57 -- 54 West 11 Southern Illinois Rich Herrin Round of 64 6 Minnesota L 74 -- 60 West 12 UW -- Green Bay Dick Bennett Round of 32 4 Syracuse L 64 -- 59 West 13 Hawaii Riley Wallace Round of 64 4 Syracuse L 92 -- 78 West 14 Boise State Bobby Dye Round of 64 3 Louisville L 67 -- 58 West 15 Loyola ( MD ) Skip Prosser Round of 64 2 Arizona L 81 -- 55 West 16 Navy Don DeVoe Round of 64 1 Missouri L 76 -- 53 Bracket ( edit ) East Regional -- Miami ( edit ) First round Second round Regional Semifinals Regional Finals North Carolina 71 16 Liberty 51 North Carolina 72 Landover 9 Boston College 75 8 Washington State 64 9 Boston College",
"8": "67 9 Boston College 77 5 Indiana 68 5 Indiana 84 12 Ohio 72 5 Indiana 67 Landover Temple 58 Temple 61 13 Drexel 39 9 Boston College 66 Florida 74 6 Nebraska 80 11 Penn 90 11 Penn 58 Uniondale Florida 70 Florida 64 14 James Madison 62 Florida 69 Connecticut 60 * 7 UAB 46 10 George Washington 51 10 George Washington 63 Uniondale Connecticut 75 Connecticut 64",
"9": "15 Rider 46 Southeast Regional -- Knoxville , Tennessee ( edit ) First round Second round Regional Semifinals Regional Finals Purdue 98 16 UCF 67 Purdue 83 Lexington 9 Alabama 73 8 Providence 70 9 Alabama 76 Purdue 83 Kansas 78 5 Wake Forest 68 12 College of Charleston 58 5 Wake Forest 58 Lexington Kansas 69 Kansas 102 13 Chattanooga 73 Purdue 60 Duke 69 6 Marquette 81 11 Southwest Louisiana 59 6 Marquette 75 St. Petersburg Kentucky 63 Kentucky 83 14 Tennessee State 70 6 Marquette 49 Duke 59 7 Michigan State 84 10 Seton Hall 73 7 Michigan State 74 St. Petersburg Duke 85 Duke 82 15 Texas Southern 70 Midwest Regional -- Dallas ( edit ) First round Second round Regional Semifinals Regional Finals Arkansas 94 16 North Carolina A&T 79 Arkansas 85 Oklahoma City",
"10": "9 Georgetown 73 8 Illinois 77 9 Georgetown 84 Arkansas 103 12 Tulsa 84 5 UCLA 102 12 Tulsa 112 12 Tulsa 82 Oklahoma City Oklahoma State 80 Oklahoma State 65 13 New Mexico State 55 Arkansas 76 Michigan 68 6 Texas 91 11 Western Kentucky 77 6 Texas 79 Wichita Michigan 84 Michigan 78 14 Pepperdine 74 * Michigan 78 10 Maryland 71 7 Saint Louis 66 10 Maryland 74 10 Maryland 95",
"11": "Wichita Massachusetts 87 Massachusetts 78 15 Southwest Texas State 60 West Regional -- Los Angeles ( edit ) First round Second round Regional Semifinals Regional Finals Missouri 76 16 Navy 53 Missouri 109 Ogden 9 Wisconsin 96 8 Cincinnati 72 9 Wisconsin 80 Missouri 98 Syracuse 88 * 5 California 57 12 UW -- Green Bay 61 12 UW -- Green Bay 59 Ogden Syracuse 64 Syracuse 92 13 Hawaii 78 Missouri 72 Arizona 92",
"12": "6 Minnesota 74 11 Southern Illinois 60 6 Minnesota 55 Sacramento Louisville 60 Louisville 67 14 Boise State 58 Louisville 70 Arizona 82 7 Virginia 57 10 New Mexico 54 7 Virginia 58 Sacramento Arizona 71 Arizona 81 15 Loyola ( MD ) 55 West Region First Round ( edit ) CBS Thursday , March 17 approx.",
"13": "3 : 15 pm MST box score # 12 UW -- Green Bay Phoenix 61 , # 5 California Golden Bears 57 Scoring by half : 32 -- 23 , 29 -- 34 Pts : J. Nordgaard -- 24 Rebs : J. Nordgaard -- 9 Asts : J. Martinez -- 7 Pts : L. Murray -- 18 Rebs : J. Kidd , L. Murray -- 11 Asts : J. Kidd -- 7 Dee Events Center -- Ogden Attendance : 12,126 Referees : Lenny Wirtz , Ed Corbett , Rick Hartzell West Region Second Round ( edit ) CBS Saturday , March 19 2 : 35 pm MST box score # 12 UW -- Green Bay Phoenix 59 , # 4 Syracuse Orangemen 64 Scoring by half : 26 -- 37 , 33 -- 27 Pts : J. Nordgaard -- 19 Rebs : J. Ludvigson -- 7 Asts : G. Grzesk -- 7 Pts : L. Moten -- 17 Rebs : L. Jackson , L. Moten , J. Wallace -- 8 Asts : A. Autry -- 5 Dee Events Center -- Ogden Attendance : 12,126 Referees : Lenny Wirtz , Andre Pattillo , Bob Barnett Final Four @ Charlotte , North Carolina ( edit ) National Semifinals National Championship Game E3 Florida 65 SE2 Duke 70 SE2 Duke 72 M1 Arkansas 76 M1 Arkansas 91 W2 Arizona 82 Broadcast information ( edit ) On television , CBS Sports covered all 63 games of the tournament , with regional splits until the Regional Finals followed by national telecasts . Exclusive national radio coverage was provided by CBS Radio Sports .",
"14": "CBS announcers ( edit ) James Brown / Jim Nantz and Billy Packer -- Brown / Packer , First & Second Round at Uniondale , New York ; Nantz / Packer , Midwest Regional at Dallas , Texas ; Final Four at Charlotte , North Carolina Dick Stockton and Al McGuire -- First & Second Round at Lexington , Kentucky ; West Regional at Los Angeles Greg Gumbel and Bill Raftery -- First & Second Round at Landover , Maryland ; Southeast Regional at Knoxville , Tennessee Verne Lundquist and Dan Bonner / Clark Kellogg -- Lundquist / Bonner , First & Second Round at St. Petersburg , Florida ; Lundquist / Kellogg , East Regional at Miami Sean McDonough and Derrek Dickey -- First & Second Round at Wichita , Kansas Ted Robinson and Greg Kelser -- First & Second Round at Oklahoma City Tim Ryan and Ann Meyers -- First & Second Round at Ogden , Utah Dave Sims and Larry Farmer -- First & Second Round at Sacramento , California CBS Radio Sports announcers ( edit ) -- First & Second Round at Ogden , Utah Local announcers ( edit ) Region Seed Team Flagship station Play - by - play Color commentator West West 12 UW -- Green Bay WDUZ -- AM 1400 See also ( edit ) 1994 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament 1994 National Invitation Tournament 1994 National Women 's Invitation Tournament 1994 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NAIA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NAIA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 1994 NAIA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939",
"15": "1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 1994 1995 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Arkansas",
"16": "Razorbacks men 's basketball 1993 -- 94 NCAA champions 3 Al Dillard 12 Clint McDaniel 14 Corey Beck 15 Dwight Stewart 22 Davor Rimac 30 Scotty Thurman 34 Corliss Williamson ( MOP ) 44 Darnell Robinson Head coach Nolan Richardson Assistant coaches Mike Anderson Nolan Richardson III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=836595631 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship 1993 -- 94 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season Basketball in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the term jack mormon come from
|
[
"Jackson County, Missouri"
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{
"0": "Jack Mormon - wikipedia Jack Mormon Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The term Jack Mormon is a slang term originating in nineteenth - century America . It was originally used to describe a person who was not a baptized member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints but who was friendly to Church members and Mormonism , sympathized with them , and / or took an active interest in their belief system . Sometime in the early - to mid-twentieth century , however , the term began to refer to an individual deemed by adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) to be an inactive or lapsed member of the LDS Church who , despite his personal religious viewpoint , maintained good relations with and positive feelings toward the LDS Church . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Political usage 3 Change in terminology 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) On April 18 , 1845 , the term `` Jack Mormon '' appeared in The Ottawa Free Trader to refer to J.B. Backenstos , the sheriff of Hancock County , who was `` friendly to the Mormons , though not one himself . '' This early published use of the term marks perhaps the earliest appearance of `` Jack Mormon '' in print , though it was followed soon by other instances in papers such as the New - York Daily Tribune and the Richmond Palladium . Thomas C. Sharp , editor of the Warsaw Signal , also coined the term `` Jack - Mason '' to refer to those who were sympathetic toward Freemasons in the Anti-Masonic political movement . These sympathetic non-Mormons included Nauvoo Justice of the Peace Daniel H. Wells , who later joined the church , and soldier and diplomat Thomas L. Kane . Kane was identified as a sympathetic Jack Mormon by US Army officials and the media , some of whom asserted that he had been secretly baptised into the LDS faith . However friendly toward the LDS people , Kane remained a Presbyterian all of his life .",
"1": "Several LDS historians believe that the term was used prior to Sharp 's mention , and has ties to sympathetic Democrats in Jackson County , Missouri . Their belief is that the term originated in Missouri , during the Kirtland period of Latter Day Saint history , circa 1834 . When Church members were expelled from Jackson County by a mob , many fled to Clay County , where local citizens , mostly Democrats , were sympathetic and friendly toward the Mormons . These citizens were pejoratively labeled `` Jack '' Mormons by the antagonistic citizens of Jackson County . During the early 1980s , it was also used as a description of the FLDS ( Fundamental Latter Day Saints ) who broke from the church , in part , over belief in plural marriage . Political usage ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) LDS Church membership was made up predominantly of liberal - leaning Democrats until the early 1900s , possibly due to anti-Mormon positions held by the Republican party during the latter half of the 19th Century . However , the church 's conservative positions on social issues such as sexuality , drug use , traditional family values , and the role of religion in government caused large numbers of previously Democratic Latter - day Saints to shift to the Republican Party by the late 1970s . In the late 1970s and early 1980s the LDS church took a stand against the Equal Rights Amendment , and again increased the population 's participation in the Republican party . At that time , many members who were registered Democrats were called `` Jack Mormons '' , not as a negative term , but to distinguish them as traditional liberal Democrats . Because of the negative connotation of the term 's modern context , this usage was short - lived . An alternative theory and contemporary usage holds that the term refers to a person who is a Mormon in `` name only '' ( as in having a common Mormon surname ) as though the `` Mormon '' label were nothing but a surname to this individual . The term was made popular by heavyweight champion William Harrison `` Jack '' Dempsey , born in Manassa , Colorado , on June 24 , 1895 .",
"2": "During the 1920s the greatest American sports hero of the day was undoubtedly Babe Ruth ; his closest rival was Dempsey , a tough heavyweight boxer from the mining West . Around 1880 an LDS Church missionary converted his parents and they moved to the Mormon village of Manassa , Colorado . While his father parted ways with the church , his mother remained a devoted member . Jack would write , `` I 'm proud to be a Mormon . And ashamed to be the Jack Mormon that I am . '' Change in terminology ( edit ) The term is now used to describe a baptized member of the LDS Church who rarely or never practices the religion , but is still friendly toward the church . Alternatively , it can be used for someone that is of Mormon descent but unbaptized or non-religious . Some Jack Mormons still support the goals and beliefs of the LDS Church , but for various reasons choose not to attend services or participate in church activities . They are also colloquially known as Cultural Mormons , the LDS equivalent of a lapsed Catholic , a `` Christmas and Easter Christian '' / `` Sunday Christian '' ( or based on an adage `` Once a Baptist , Always a Baptist '' ) and a `` Yom Kippur Jew '' ( or sometimes `` ethnic Jew '' ) . Some modern LDS youth today use the term to describe a baptized member who chooses not to follow the ethical , moral and cultural guidelines common to Mormons . These guidelines include refraining from profanity and pre-marital sex . Other common cultural limitations include following the Word of Wisdom by consuming a healthy diet , seeking exercise , and avoiding the use of drugs , tobacco , alcohol , and coffee and tea . Often such individuals are noticeable for public consumption of tobacco or alcohol . It is unclear how or why the meaning of the term changed to its current usage , which is almost the reverse of its original meaning . Preston Nibley , a mid-20th century LDS author who had a large impact on Mormon culture and folklore , mentioned the term in its modern context during the late 1940s and used it extensively in the 1950s . Today `` Jack Mormon '' is less commonly used , but using the term is not offensive when said in a self - joking or humorous sense .",
"3": "In popular culture ( edit ) The term `` Jack Mormon '' was used by author Edward Abbey in his novel The Monkey Wrench Gang to describe a character , Seldom Seen Smith , who was a Mormon and had many wives , but was not active in the LDS Church nor its belief system : `` Born by chance into membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( Mormons ) , Smith was on lifetime sabbatical from his religion . He was a jack Mormon . A jack Mormon is to a decent Mormon what a jackrabbit is to a cottontail . '' In the play Angels In America by Tony Kushner , the character Harper Pitt identifies herself as a Jack Mormon , and postulates an alternate explanation for the origin of the term : `` Like jack rabbit ... I ran . '' In Episode 6 of Season 5 of the AMC television series Hell On Wheels , the character known as Eva identifies herself as a Jack Mormon to the Brigham Young character . The term is used in its modern meaning by Wallace Stegner in his 1979 novel Recapitulation , set in Salt Lake City . Jerry Joseph and the Jackmormons is a rock band from Portland , Oregon in the United States . Jack Mormon Coffee Company is a Salt Lake - based coffee roaster , located in the Historic Avenues district . American actor Jason Cloud premiered a self - produced play titled Jack Mormon in December 2017 in Vienna , Austria . See also ( edit ) Latter - day Saints portal Antinomianism Cafeteria Christianity Cultural Catholic Cultural Christian Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Humanistic Judaism Lapsed Catholic Moralistic therapeutic deism Sunday Christian Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bagley , Pat ( January 13 , 2008 ) , `` ' Jack Mormon ' once meant something else '' , The Salt Lake Tribune , p . B4 , retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 Jump up ^ Stack , Peggy Fletcher ( 23 September 2011 ) . `` Active , inactive -- do Mormon labels work or wound ? '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Notice to Quit '' . The Ottawa Free Trader. 1845 - 04 - 18 .",
"4": "Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Mr. B. is what is called a `` Jack Mormon , '' that is , friendly to the Mormons , though not one himself ; ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` The Mormon Troubles '' . The New - York Daily Tribune . 1845 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . One of Mr. Polk 's nominees ( as a lead - mining superintendent in Hancock County ) , a Jack - Mormon , by the name of Backenstos , who resides at Carthage , is in trouble . Jump up ^ `` The Palladium '' . The Richmond Palladium. 1845 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . We learn by the St. Louis papers of Friday week of the murder of Dr. Marshall , of Carthage , Hancock county , Ill. , by R. Deming , sheriff . ( ... ) Deming was called a `` Jack Mormon , '' elected by Mormon votes , and in the Mormon interest . Jump up ^ Nichols , Jeffrey D. ( March 1995 ) . `` Jack Dempsey Loved Fighting , Mining , and Cowboying '' . History Blazer . Utah State Historical Society , Utah.gov . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbey , Edward ( 1985 ) , The Monkey Wrench Gang Jump up ^ `` Jack Mormon - A Tragicomedy by Jason Cloud - Ateliertheater Wien '' . www.ateliertheater.net ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 .",
"5": "External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of Jack Mormon at Wiktionary `` Mormon - nomers '' Mormons Cultural Mormon Molly Mormon and Peter Priesthood Less - active Mormon Jack Mormon Ex-Mormon Anti-Mormon LDS Church Religious slurs Christians Orthodox Giaour Protestants Fundie Holy Roller Roman Catholics Creeping Jesus Mackerel Snapper Papist Redneck Taig General Jesus freak Other Mormon ( Latter - Day Saint ) Quaker ( Society of Friends ) Shakers ( United Society of Believers ) Hindus Malaun Jews Berliners ( Reform Jews ) Christ killer Falasha ( Ethiopian Jews ) Jewish - American princess ( JAP ) Kafir Kike Marrano ( conversos / crypto - Jews ) Misnagdim ( Opponents of Hasidism ) Self - hating Jew ( Reform Jews ) Shylock Yid Zhyd / Zhydovka Żydokomuna Muslims Ahmadis Mirzai Qadiani Isma'ilis Batiniyya Sufis Grave worshipper Shi'a Rafida Sunnis Nasibi Salafis Takfiri General Hajji , Haji or Hodgie Non-believers Gâvur ( non-Muslims ) Heathen Infidel Jack Mormon Kafir ( non-Muslims ) Majus ( insincere Muslims ) Mulhid ( atheist ) Pagan Shegetz ( non-Jewish or non-obervant boy or man ) ( pl .",
"6": "Shkutzim ) Shiksa ( non-Jewish or non-obervant women ) Zoroastrians Gabr Majoos / Majus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Mormon&oldid=837088350 '' Categories : Latter Day Saints Subcultures of religious movements Latter Day Saint terms Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 16 : 56 . About Wikipedia",
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most consecutive games with 20+ points - nba history
|
[
"126"
] |
{
"0": "NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Note : the post-season record is 17 by Stephen Curry Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs.",
"1": "Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R.",
"2": "Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs.",
"3": "Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Note : the post-season record is 30 by Bob Cousy Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs.",
"4": "Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Note : the post-season record is 19 by Bill Russell Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs.",
"5": "New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs.",
"6": "Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry ,",
"7": "2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 .",
"8": "Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 ; 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists , 2017 -- 18 . Only player to average a triple - double in consecutive seasons Russell Westbrook averaged 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists in 2016 -- 17 and 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists in 2017 -- 18 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 ,",
"9": "1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 873 by LeBron James from January 6 , 2007 -- present Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.",
"10": "4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.",
"11": "71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 .",
"12": "Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs.",
"13": "Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Markelle Fultz is the youngest , doing so on April 11 , 2018 for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 19 years , 317 days . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists .",
"14": "Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs.",
"15": "the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days .",
"16": "Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days .",
"17": "Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days .",
"18": "Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 .",
"19": "Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season .",
"20": "Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs.",
"21": "the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs.",
"22": "the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs.",
"23": "Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 94 -- The Houston Rockets ( 57 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 37 ) on March 27 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs.",
"24": "the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs.",
"25": "the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs.",
"26": "the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs.",
"27": "the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (.",
"28": "106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 ,",
"29": "2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 ,",
"30": "2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.",
"31": "54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 12 - 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2018 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (.",
"32": "229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.2 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,114 -- 1,282 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.7 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 925 -- 1,405 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 316 -- 94 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 ,",
"33": "2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 94 -- 29 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,132 games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 to 2016 -- 2017 ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks .",
"34": "Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ,",
"35": "1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Most Franchises Played For 12 by Chucky Brown ( Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 -- 1991 ; 2001 ) , ( Los Angeles Lakers 1991 -- 1992 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1992 -- 1993 ) ,",
"36": "( Dallas Mavericks 1993 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1995 -- 1996 ) , ( Phoenix Suns 1996 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 1996 -- 1997 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1999 ; 2000 -- 2001 ) , ( San Antonio Spurs 1999 -- 2000 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 2001 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2002 ) 12 by Jim Jackson ( Dallas Mavericks 1992 - 1997 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1997 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1997 - 1998 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1998 ) , ( Portland Trail Blazers 1999 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 1999 - 2000 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2001 ) , ( Miami Heat 2001 - 2002 ) , ( Sacramento Kings 2002 - 2003 ) , ( Houston Rockets 2003 - 2004 ) , Phoenix Suns ( 2005 - 2006 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2006 ) 12 by Tony Massenburg ( San Antonio Spurs 1990 - 1991 ; 2004 - 2005 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1991 - 1992 ) , ( Boston Celtics 1992 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1992 ) , ( Los Angeles Clippers 1994 - 1995 ) , ( Toronto Raptors 1995 - 1996 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1996 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1996 - 1997 ) , ( Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 1997 - 1999 ; 1999 - 2002 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1999 ) , ( Utah Jazz 2002 - 2003 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2003 - 2004 ) 12 by Joe Smith ( Golden State Warriors 1995 - 1998 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1998 ; 2006 - 2007 ) , ( Minnesota Timberwolves 1999 - 2000 ; 2001 - 2003 ) , ( Detroit Pistons 2000 - 2001 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 2003 - 2006 ) , ( Denver Nuggets 2006 ) , ( Chicago Bulls 2007 - 2008 ) ,",
"37": "( Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 ; 2009 ) , ( Oklahoma City Thunder 2008 - 2009 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 2009 - 2010 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 2010 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2010 - 2011 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 .",
"38": "^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg .",
"40": "`` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest",
"43": "paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks",
"44": "Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space",
"45": "Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=836068958 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Physiology - wikipedia Physiology Jump to : navigation , search Oil painting depicting Claude Bernard , the father of modern physiology , with his pupils Physiology ( / ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi / ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( physis ) , meaning ' nature , origin ' , and - λογία ( - logia ) , meaning ' study of ' ) is the scientific study of normal mechanisms , and their interactions , which works within a living system . A sub-discipline of biology , its focus is in how organisms , organ systems , organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system . Given the size of the field , it is divided into , among others , animal physiology ( including that of humans ) , plant physiology , cellular physiology , microbial physiology ( microbial metabolism ) , bacterial physiology , and viral physiology . Central to an understanding of physiological functioning is its integrated nature with other disciplines such as chemistry and physics , coordinated homeostatic control mechanisms , and continuous communication between cells . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In medicine , a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function , rather than pathologically , which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases , including humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Women in physiology 2 Subdisciplines 3 Human physiology 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 7 Bibliography History ( edit ) Physiological studies date back to the ancient civilizations of India and Egypt alongside anatomical studies , but did not utilize dissection or vivisection . The study of human physiology as a medical field dates back to at least 420 BC to the time of Hippocrates , also known as the `` father of medicine . '' Hippocrates incorporated his belief system called the theory of humours , which consisted of four basic substance : earth , water , air and fire . Each substance is known for having a corresponding humour : black bile , phlegm , blood and yellow bile , respectively . Hippocrates also noted some emotional connections to the four humours , which Claudis Galenus would later expand on .",
"1": "The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece . Like Hippocrates , Aristotle took to the humoral theory of disease , which also consisted of four primary qualities in life : hot , cold , wet and dry . Claudius Galenus ( c. ~ 130 -- 200 AD ) , known as Galen of Pergamum , was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body . Unlike Hippocrates though , Galen argued that humoral imbalances can be located in specific organs , including the entire body . His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses . Galen also played off of Hippocrates idea that emotions were also tied to the humours , and added the notion of temperaments : sanguine corresponds with blood ; phlegmatic is tied to phlegm ; yellow bile is connected to choleric ; and black bile corresponds with melancholy . Galen also saw the human body consisting of three connected systems : the brain and nerves , which are responsible for thoughts and sensations ; the heart and arteries , which give life ; and the liver and veins , which can be attributed to nutrition and growth . Galen was also the founder of experimental physiology . And for the next 1,400 years , Galenic physiology was a powerful and influential tool in medicine . Jean Fernel ( 1497 -- 1558 ) , a French physician , introduced the term `` physiology '' . In the 1820s , the French physiologist Henri Milne - Edwards introduced the notion of physiological division of labor , which allowed to `` compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man . '' Inspired in the work of Adam Smith , Milne - Edwards wrote that the `` body of all living beings , whether animal or plant , resembles a factory ... where the organs , comparable to workers , work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual . '' In more differentiated organisms , the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems ( called by him as appareils ) . In 1858 , Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds .",
"2": "He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room , and as a result decreases death rate from surgery by a substantial amount . The Physiological Society was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club . The American Physiological Society ( APS ) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887 . The Society is , `` devoted to fostering education , scientific research , and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences . '' In 1891 , Ivan Pavlov performed research on `` conditional reflexes '' that involved dogs ' saliva production in response to a plethora of sounds and visual stimuli . In the 19th century , physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate , in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells . Claude Bernard 's ( 1813 -- 1878 ) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur ( internal environment ) , which would later be taken up and championed as `` homeostasis '' by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929 . By homeostasis , Cannon meant `` the maintenance of steady states in the body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated . '' In other words , the body 's ability to regulate its internal environment . It should be noted that , William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology . Nineteenth century physiologists such as Michael Foster , Max Verworn , and Alfred Binet , based on Haeckel 's ideas , elaborated what came to be called `` general physiology '' , a unified science of life based on the cell actions , later renamed in the twentieth century as cell biology . In the 20th century , biologists became interested in how organisms other than human beings function , eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology . Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt - Nielsen and George Bartholomew . Most recently , evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline . In 1920 , August Krogh won the Nobel Prize for discovering how , in capillaries , blood flow is regulated .",
"3": "In 1954 , Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley , alongside their research team , discovered the sliding filaments in skeletal muscle , known today as the sliding filament theory . Women in physiology ( edit ) Initially , women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society . The American Physiological Society , for example , was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks . In 1902 , the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society . Hyde , a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education , attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine . Soon thereafter , in 1913 , J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society , which had been founded in 1876 . On 3 July 1915 , six women were officially admitted : Florence Buchanan , Winifred Cullis , Ruth C. Skelton , Sarah C.M. Sowton , Constance Leetham Terry , and Enid M. Tribe . The centenary of the election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of a book `` Women physiologists : centenary celebrations and beyond for The Physiological Society ISBN 978 - 0 - 9933410 - 0 - 7 . Prominent women physiologists include : Gerty Cori , along with husband Carl Cori , received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947 for their discovery of the phosphate - containing form of glucose known as glycogen , as well as its function within eukaryotic metabolic mechanisms for energy production . Moreover , they discovered the Cori cycle , also known as the Lactic acid cycle , which describes how muscle tissue converts glycogen into lactic acid via lactic acid fermentation . Barbara McClintock was rewarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of genetic transposition McClintock is the only female recipient who has won an unshared Nobel Prize . Gertrude Elion , along with George Hitchings and Sir James Black , received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs employed in the treatment of several major diseases , such as leukemia , some autoimmune disorders , gout , malaria , and viral herpes .",
"4": "Linda B. Buck , along with Richard Axel , received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for their discovery of odorant receptors and the complex organization of the olfactory system . Françoise Barré - Sinoussi , along with Luc Montagnier , received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for their work on the identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) . Elizabeth Blackburn , along with Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak , was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the genetic composition and function of telomeres and the enzyme called telomerase . Subdisciplines ( edit ) Part of a series on Forensic science Physiological ( hide ) Anthropology Biology Bloodstain pattern analysis Botany Dentistry DNA phenotyping DNA profiling Entomology Epidemiology Medicine Palynology Pathology Podiatry Toxicology Social ( show ) Psychiatry Psychology Psychotherapy Social work Criminalistics ( show ) Accounting Body identification Chemistry Facial reconstruction Fingerprint analysis Firearm examination Footwear evidence Forensic arts Profiling Gloveprint analysis Palmprint analysis Questioned document examination Vein matching Digital forensics ( show ) Computer exams Data analysis Database study Mobile devices Network analysis Photography Video analysis Audio analysis Related disciplines ( show ) Electrical engineering Engineering Fire investigation Fire accelerant detection Fractography Linguistics Materials engineering Polymer engineering Statistics Traffic collision reconstruction Related articles ( show ) Crime scene CSI effect Perry Mason syndrome Pollen calendar Skid mark Trace evidence Use of DNA in forensic entomology Outline There are many ways to categorize the subdiscplines of physiology : based on the taxa studied : human physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , microbial physiology , viral physiology based on the level of organization : cell physiology , molecular physiology , systems physiology , organismal physiology , ecological physiology , integrative physiology based on the process that causes physiological variation : developmental physiology , environmental physiology , evolutionary physiology based on the ultimate goals of the research : applied physiology ( e.g.",
"5": ", medical physiology ) , non-applied ( e.g. , comparative physiology ) Human physiology ( edit ) Main article : Human body § Physiology Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning , through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical , physical , and biochemical functions of humans , their organs , and the cells of which they are composed . The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems . The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals . that integrate function in animals . Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals . The biological basis of the study of physiology , integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body , as well as its accompanied form . It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways , both electrical and chemical . Changes in physiology can impact the mental functions of individuals . Examples of this would be the effects of certain medications or toxic levels of substances . Change in behavior as a result of these substances is often used to assess the health of individuals . Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation . Due to the frequent connection between form and function , physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Outline of physiology Applied physiology Cell physiology Cybernetics Cytoarchitecture Defense physiology Ecophysiology Exercise physiology Fish physiology Insect physiology Human body List of physiologists Metabolome Neurophysiology Physiome Plant physiology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` physiology '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Prosser , C. Ladd ( 1991 ) . Comparative Animal Physiology , Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology ( 4th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley - Liss . pp. 1 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 85767 - X . ^ Jump up to : Hall , John ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier .",
"6": "p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Jump up ^ Widmaier , Eric P. ; Raff , Hershel ; Strang , Kevin T. ( 2016 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 259 - 29409 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is physiology ? '' . Medical News Today . Jump up ^ D.P. Burma ; Maharani Chakravorty . From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry . Pearson Education . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Francis Zimmermann . The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats : An Ecological Theme in Hindu Medicine . Motilal Banarsidass publications . p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Across Cultures '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Physiology '' . Science Clarified . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Early Medicine and Physiology '' . ship.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Galen of Pergamum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Fell , C. ; Pearson , F. ( November 2007 ) . `` Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy '' . Thoracic Surgery Clinics . 17 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. thorsurg. 2006.12. 001 . Jump up ^ Wilbur Applebaum . Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution : From Copernicus to Newton . Routledge . p. 344 . ^ Jump up to : R.M. Brain . The Pulse of Modernism : Physiological Aesthetics in Fin - de-Siècle Europe . Seattle : University of Washington Press , 2015 . 384 pp. , ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Milestones in Physiology ( 1822 - 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . 1 October 2013 .",
"7": "Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Society 's history Physiological Society '' . www.physoc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` American Physiological Society > About '' . www.the-aps.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brown Theodore M. ; Fee Elizabeth ( October 2002 ) . `` Walter Bradford Cannon : Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions '' . American Journal of Public Health . 92 ( 10 ) : 1594 -- 1595 . PMC 1447286 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 92.10. 1594 . Jump up ^ Heilbron , J.L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science , Oxford University Press , p. 649 , link . Jump up ^ Feder , ME ; Bennett , AF ; WW , Burggren ; Huey , RB ( 1987 ) . New directions in ecological physiology . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34938 - 3 . Jump up ^ Garland , Jr , Theodore ; Carter , P.A. ( 1994 ) . `` Evolutionary physiology '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Physiology. 56 ( 1 ) : 579 -- 621 . PMID 8010752 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ph. 56.030194. 003051 . Jump up ^ `` American Physiological Society > Founders '' . www.the-aps.org . The American Physiological Society . Jump up ^ Tucker , GS ( December 1981 ) . `` Ida Henrietta Hyde : the first woman member of the society '' ( PDF ) . The Physiologist. 24 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 9 . PMID 7043502 . Jump up ^ `` Ida Henrietta Hyde '' . jwa.org . Jump up ^ `` Women in Physiology '' . physoc.org . Jump up ^ `` Carl Cori and Gerty Cori '' . Encyclopædia Britannica .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` Cori cycle '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Facts on the Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine '' . nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gertrude B. Elion '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 '' . nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` Francoise Barre - Sinoussi - biography - French virologist '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth H. Blackburn '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Carol W. Greider '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Moyes , C.D. , Schulte , P.M. Principles of Animal Physiology , second edition . Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . Boston , MA , 2008 . Jump up ^ van der Linden , S. ( 2013 ) . `` A Response to Dolan . In A. Oliver ( Ed . ) '' ( PDF ) . pp. 209 -- 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mental disorders '' . World Health Organization . WHO . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eszopiclone '' ( PDF ) . F.A. Davis . 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zolpidem '' ( PDF ) . F.A. Davis . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Esther M ; de Bruin , Anique BH ; Herrler , Andreas ; Verheijen , Inge WH ; Scherpbier , Albert JJA ; van der Vleuten , Cees PM ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Students ' perceptions of anatomy across the undergraduate problem - based learning medical curriculum : a phenomenographical study '' . US National Library of Medicine . National Institutes of Health . PMC 4225514 .",
"9": "doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6920 - 13 - 152 . Together with physiology and biochemistry , anatomy is one of the basic sciences that are to be taught in the medical curriculum . External links ( edit ) Look up physiology in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Physiology The Physiological Society physiologyINFO.org public information site sponsored by The American Physiological Society Bibliography ( edit ) Human physiology Widmaier , E.P. , Raff , H. , Strang , K.T. Vander 's Human Physiology . 11th Edition , McGraw - Hill , 2009 . Marieb , E.N. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology . 10th Edition , Benjamin Cummings , 2012 . Animal physiology Hill , R.W. , Wyse , G.A. , Anderson , M. Animal Physiology , 3rd ed . Sinauer Associates , Sunderland , 2012 . Moyes , C.D. , Schulte , P.M. Principles of Animal Physiology , second edition . Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . Boston , MA , 2008 . Randall , D. , Burggren , W. , and French , K. Eckert Animal Physiology : Mechanism and Adaptation , 5th Edition . W.H. Freeman and Company , 2002 . Schmidt - Nielsen , K. Animal Physiology : Adaptation and Environment . Cambridge & New York : Cambridge University Press , 1997 . Withers , P.C. Comparative animal physiology . Saunders College Publishing , New York , 1992 . Plant physiology Larcher , W. Physiological plant ecology ( 4th ed . ) . Springer , 2001 . Salisbury , F.B , Ross , C.W. Plant physiology . Brooks / Cole Pub Co. , 1992 Taiz , L. , Zieger , E. Plant Physiology ( 5th ed . ) , Sunderland , Massachusetts : Sinauer , 2010 . Fungal physiology Griffin , D.H. Fungal Physiology , Second Edition . Wiley - Liss , New York , 1994 .",
"10": "Protistan physiology Levandowsky , M. Physiological Adaptations of Protists . In : Cell physiology sourcebook : essentials of membrane biophysics . Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier / AP , 2012 . Levandowski , M. , Hutner , S.H. ( eds ) . Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa . Volumes 1 , 2 , and 3 . Academic Press : New York , NY , 1979 ; 2nd ed . Laybourn - Parry J. A Functional Biology of Free - Living Protozoa . Berkeley , California : University of California Press ; 1984 . Algal physiology Lobban , C.S. , Harrison , P.J. Seaweed ecology and physiology . Cambridge University Press , 1997 . Stewart , W.D.P. ( ed . ) . Algal Physiology and Biochemistry . Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford , 1974 . Bacterial physiology El - Sharoud , W. ( ed . ) . Bacterial Physiology : A Molecular Approach . Springer - Verlag , Berlin - Heidelberg , 2008 . Kim , B.H. , Gadd , M.G. Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism . Cambridge , 2008 . Moat , A.G. , Foster , J.W. , Spector , M.P. Microbial Physiology , 4th ed . Wiley - Liss , Inc . New York , NY , 2002 . Branches of life science and biology Anatomy Astrobiology Biochemistry Biogeography Biohistory Biomechanics Biophysics Bioinformatics Biostatistics Botany Cell biology Cellular microbiology Chemical biology Chronobiology Computational biology Conservation biology Cytogenetics Developmental biology Ecology Embryology Epidemiology Epigenetics Evolutionary biology Freshwater biology Geobiology Genetics Genomics Histology Human biology Immunology Marine biology Mathematical biology Microbiology",
"11": "Molecular biology Mycology Neontology Neuroscience Nutrition Origin of life Paleontology Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Phylogenetics Physiology Quantum biology Sociobiology Structural biology Systematics Systems biology Taxonomy Teratology Toxicology Virology Virophysics Zoology ( hide ) Physiology types Animals Fish physiology Human physiology Insect physiology Physiology of dinosaurs Plants Plant physiology Plant perception ( physiology ) Physiological plant disorders Cells Cell physiology Related topics Comparative physiology Electrophysiology Evolutionary physiology Molecular physiology Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 -- 1925 1901 Emil Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907 Alphonse Laveran 1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909 Emil Kocher 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet 1914 Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Jules Bordet 1920 August Krogh 1921 1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924 Willem Einthoven 1925 1926 -- 1950 1926 Johannes Fibiger",
"12": "1927 Julius Wagner - Jauregg 1928 Charles Nicolle 1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933 Thomas Morgan 1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935 Hans Spemann 1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937 Albert Szent - Györgyi 1938 Corneille Heymans 1939 Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946 Hermann Muller 1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948 Paul Müller 1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench 1951 -- 1975 1951 Max Theiler 1952 Selman Waksman 1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955 Hugo Theorell 1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957 Daniel Bovet 1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961 Georg von Békésy 1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968 Robert W.",
"13": "Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr . 1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin 1976 -- 2000 1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983 Barbara McClintock 1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi - Montalcini 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 Robert F.",
"14": "Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999 Günter Blobel 2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel 2001 -- present 2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré - Sinoussi 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010 Robert G. Edwards 2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman ( posthumously ) 2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014 John O'Keefe / May - Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash , Michael W. Young GND : 4045981 - 0 NDL : 00570362 NKC : ph114603 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physiology&oldid=803204756 '' Categories : Physiology Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing non-English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents",
"15": "About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄",
"16": "မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3113303114979865831
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who won season 5 of hell's kitchen
|
[
"Executive Chef Danny Veltri",
"Danny Veltri",
"Danny Veltri",
"Executive Chef Danny Veltri",
"Danny Veltri"
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{
"0": "Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 5 ) - wikipedia Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 5 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 Release Original network Fox Original release January 29 ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) -- May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Hell 's Kitchen episodes Season 5 of the American competitive reality television series Hell 's Kitchen began airing on the Fox Network starting on January 29 , 2009 . The season concluded on May 14 , 2009 . Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef , as well as sous chefs Scott Leibfried and Gloria Felix and maître d ' Jean - Philippe Susilovic . Executive Chef Danny Veltri won the series and was awarded a sous chef position under Stephen Kalt at Italian restaurant Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City , New Jersey . Danny also received $250,000 in prize money from the show . This season also featured a high amount of unusual eliminations ; with two chefs leaving due to medical issues , and two chefs eliminated during service . Also , this season marked the first time a chef was eliminated despite being on the winning team , which would become more prominent in later seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Staff 3 Opening sequence 4 Contestants 5 Contestant progress 6 Episodes 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. TV series ) § Format The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge , in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure activity , while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens , as well as some activity that is not so pleasant . Afterwards , the teams compete in executing a dinner service , during which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen . The losing team ( s ) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination .",
"1": "Ramsay can also nominate chefs , and ultimately sends a chef home . At six chefs left , the teams merge to one , and the chefs compete as individuals . Staff ( edit ) Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef , sous chefs Scott Leibfried of blue team and Gloria Félix of the red team , and Maître d ' Jean - Philippe Susilovic as well . Opening sequence ( edit ) The chefs are shown alongside an elaborate Rube Goldberg machine as it plays out in the kitchen . Contestants ( edit ) 16 chefs competed in Season 5 , and were initially separated by gender . The chefs were : Contestant Age ( at time of filming ) Occupation Hometown Coi Burruss 22 Cafe Chef Austin , Texas Ji - Hyun Cha 33 Private Caterer Palisades Park , New Jersey Colleen Cleek 41 Culinary Instructor Papillion , Nebraska Lacey D'Angelo 24 Corporate Buffet Cook Charlotte , North Carolina Paula DaSilva 28 Executive Sous Chef Coconut Creek , Florida Giovanni Filippone 37 Executive Chef Destin , Florida Andrea Heinly 30 Line Cook Reading , Pennsylvania Robert Hesse 29 Sous Chef Quogue , New York Wilson `` Wil '' Kocol 26 Quality Control Chef Elgin , Illinois Seth Levine 27 Private Party Chef New York , New York Alicia `` LA '' Limtiaco 22 Line Cook Las Vegas , Nevada Jason `` J '' Maxwell 32 Food Court Chef Clifton Park , New York Charles `` Charlie '' McKay 24 Prep Chef Las Vegas , Nevada Carol Scott 30 Sous Chef Knoxville , Tennessee Daniel `` Danny '' Veltri 23 Executive Chef Edgewater , Florida Benjamin `` Ben '' Walanka 26 Executive Sous Chef Chicago , Illinois Contestant progress ( edit ) Each week , the best member ( as determined by Ramsay ) from the losing team during the latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination ; one of these two is meant to be sent home by Ramsay .",
"2": "On some weeks , there is a variation in the nomination process , depending on the losing team 's ( or even winning team 's ) performance . Original teams First switch Second switch Individual Finals No . Chef 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 / 515 Danny LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE LOSE WIN LOSE WIN BoW IN IN IN NOM WINNER Paula WIN LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE LOSE WIN LOSE WIN BoW NOM IN IN RUNNER - UP Andrea WIN LOSE WIN LOSE NOM BoW WIN NOM WIN NOM NOM NOM OUT Ben LOSE WIN LOSE NOM LOSE WIN NOM WIN NOM IN NOM OUT 5 Robert LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE LOSE WIN NOM WIN NOM IN LEFT 6 Giovanni LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE BoW WIN WIN LOSE WIN OUT 7 Carol WIN LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE LOSE WIN NOM OUT 8 LA WIN LOSE WIN LOSE BoW NOM WIN OUT 9 Lacey WIN NOM WIN NOM LOSE WIN NOM OUT 10 LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE NOM WIN OUT 11 Coi WIN LOSE WIN LOSE LOSE OUT 12 Colleen WIN NOM WIN NOM OUT 13 Seth NOM WIN NOM OUT 14 Charlie LOSE WIN OUT 15 Ji WIN LEFT 16 Wil OUT Keywords WIN = Won the dinner service LOSE = Lost the dinner service BoB = Best of the Best ,",
"3": "usually exempt from nomination BoW = Best of the Worst , sometimes exempt from nomination IN = not nominated for elimination NOM = nominated for elimination OUT = eliminated LEFT = withdrew from competition Color key Chef was eliminated after nomination Chef was eliminated without nomination Chef was eliminated during service Chef withdrew from the competition Chef was retained after nomination The winner of Hell 's Kitchen The runner - up of Hell 's Kitchen Notes ^ Jump up to : Chef was nominated by Ramsay Jump up ^ Although nominated , chef was not called down by Ramsay Jump up ^ Chef was hospitalized and withdrew for health reasons Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated by Ramsay despite being on the winning team ^ Jump up to : Chef was eliminated by Ramsay during service Episodes ( edit ) Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward , a service , nominations for elimination , and an elimination . No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 49 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' January 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) Three hundred chefs from all over America are welcomed to the new season of Hell 's Kitchen , but only 16 chefs were called down and Ramsay tells them to cook him their signature dishes . The winner of this season will become head chef in Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City . Signature Dishes : For once , half of the chefs received positive to average reviews . Carol , Ji , Andrea , Coi , Paula and Ben all impressed Ramsay with their dishes , while Wil and Robert received good feedback for taste , but criticized for presentation and thin sauce respectively . LA 's fish and chips were called `` terrible '' and Ramsay spit out Colleen 's chicken enchiladas and Lacey 's chicken and blackberry dish . He also hated Danny 's grilled bananas , deemed Charlie 's dish a joke , graded J 's dish an `` F '' , and berated Giovanni for not being able to cook rice . Seth 's honey - flavored ratatouille received the worst review , and when Seth laughed , Ramsay threatened to eliminate him on the spot . Pre-Service : The teams were each told to give themselves a name .",
"4": "The men named themselves `` Blues Brothers '' , while the women originally named themselves `` Team Saffron '' , but changed it to `` Spice Racks '' after being called out by Ramsay . Minutes before service began Lacey and Coi got into an argument over the lackluster preparation of the desserts section due to Lacey deserting the team during prep due to her feeling overwhelmed and disrespected by the women as well as her poor organization and preparation of the desserts . Coi angrily revealed this to Chef Ramsay when asked what the matter was , saying `` this station is fucked up '' , however Ramsay successfully managed to defuse the situation . Service : Carol and Giovanni were chosen as waiters . In the blue kitchen , Giovanni struggled as a waiter , forgetting orders on numerous occasions . Ben and Robert served raw spaghetti ( the latter was also called out for screaming over Ramsay when a ticket was being announced ) , Danny overcooked scallops and then talked back to Ramsay , Seth served raw lamb , and Wil burnt gnocchi and fell behind on garnish , needing Robert and Charlie 's help . A power outage happened during service , causing the kitchens to come to a halt , Carol did very well as a waiter though she used this opportunity to give the customers alcohol . In the red kitchen , Lacey served raw scallops , Colleen put mascarpone into an order of lobster spaghetti , made another in a dirty pan , cooked too much spaghetti at one time , and accidentally put sugar into a risotto instead of salt , leading to Ramsay calling it the worst risotto he had ever tasted . After customers began walking out , Ramsay shut both kitchens down . Ramsay gathered the customer comment cards , and the women won after Carol received an 88 % above average customer rating , compared to 90 % below average for Giovanni , and Ramsay declared Giovanni `` the worst waiter in the history of Hell 's Kitchen '' . Elimination : Seth and Wil were nominated . Though all the men were sick of Seth 's ineptitude , immature behavior and lack of basic skills and wanted him gone , Ramsay eliminated Wil for nominating himself , lacking Seth 's passion , and poor performance on the garnish station . Ramsay 's comment : `` I found it quite strange that Wil did n't even have the will to succeed .",
"5": "He clearly did n't belong in Hell 's Kitchen . '' 50 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) Team challenge : The contestants were awakened early in the morning by a marching band , and were greeted outside by Chef Ramsay and two piles of garbage bags containing the discarded food from last night 's service . Unlike seasons 2 & 4 , where contestants had to sort through the trash , Ramsay ordered the contestants to fish scallops out of two large crates and carry them to the kitchen , leading to the day 's team challenge of cleanly shucking as many scallops as they could in fifteen minutes . Andrea was told by Ramsay to sit out in order to even out both teams . The women went first . Carol scored eight , Paula scored only one , Coi scored six and Colleen scored five . LA , Ji , and Lacey scored eight , four and three respectively , the latter of which caused Lacey to become agitated . The women successfully shuck a total of 35 scallops . For the men , Ben scored only three , Danny scored nine and Giovanni scored an impressive thirteen of his fifteen scallops . Robert scored five , Charlie scored only two and Seth scored three , tying the score at 35 - 35 . Last up was J. His first five scallops were rejected but his sixth - and last - passed , eking out a 36 - 35 victory for the men . Reward / punishment : The men flew in a helicopter to Catalina Island , but Robert was forced to take a ferry due to his weight . While on a submarine ride , Seth demonstrated a level of knowledge of Gordon 's personal life to the point that the guys jokingly believed that Seth was stalking him . When Robert finally arrived , with the long trip causing him to miss out on the day 's events , it was time for the group to head back . Meanwhile , the women spent the day prepping a raw bar for the night 's service . After the challenge , a dejected Lacey had retreated to her bunk in tears after being called out by Ramsay for her substandard performance ( even though Paula had performed the worst for the women ) . Ji attempted to talk Lacey out of her funk , but to no avail .",
"6": "Following an argument between Lacey and Carol over Lacey 's histrionics , Lacey claimed illness and remained in bed , not showing up in the kitchen until six hours into the punishment . Service : Only thirty minutes before the start of service , Ji suffered an ankle injury after slipping on some oil that left her participation in doubt , but after receiving treatment she announced to Chef Ramsay that she would be taking part in the service . Robert and Paula were assigned as raw bar servers ; Robert 's amiability impressed Jean - Philippe and the customers . Carol and Charlie both produced poor risottos , but Ben was able to bail Charlie out with his replacement . Charlie was soon in hot water again after he and Seth forgot to include lobster in the lobster spaghetti . Danny impressed Ramsay with his lamb , but Ramsay got angry at Giovanni for delivering an undercooked salmon to the pass . In the red kitchen , Colleen struggled on the fish station as she first burned three orders of scallops , forcing Lacey to jump in on Ramsay 's orders and show her how to cook them . Colleen then later burned the outside of a piece of salmon and simultaneously left the inside raw , while also forgetting a John Dory on the same ticket . This led Ramsay to furiously question her credentials as a culinary instructor , and when she burned yet two more orders of salmon , Ramsay threw her out of the kitchen , demoting her to the raw bar and bringing in Paula to take her place , after which things picked up . Ji 's injury hobbled her throughout service , though she still performed well . To make things interesting near the end , Ramsay gathered both teams and declared that whoever first completed service was the winner . Both sides were neck - and - neck until Carol stalled the women on a dish that everyone else was ready for , allowing the men to emerge victorious . Elimination : Colleen and Lacey were nominated . In a deleted scene included on the DVD release , the others attempted to persuade Carol to nominate herself in place of Colleen despite the latter 's dreadful performance , hoping to ensure Lacey 's elimination despite regarding Colleen as their worst cook , but Carol refused on the grounds that it could result in her being axed for costing her team the win .",
"7": "After Colleen and Lacey plead their cases for staying and before Ramsay could make a decision , Ji - who had admirably completed the dinner service in spite of her injury and was subsequently restricted to a wheelchair - announced to Ramsay that she wished to withdraw from the competition , fearing her physical state would be a hindrance to the women 's success . She had lamented this earlier to her teammates right after the end of service . Andrea declared to Ramsay that a hobbled Ji was still far more effective than Colleen or Lacey , but Ramsay honored Ji 's request and allowed her to leave , thus reluctantly sparing Colleen and Lacey from elimination . He then lauded Ji personally for her effort and her `` phenomenal '' performance , while allowing her to keep her jacket as a token of her bravery ( this was the first time Ramsay had let a contestant keep their jacket , it became much more common in later seasons ) . After she bid a tearful goodbye to her teammates , and as she was wheeled by Andrea out of Hell 's Kitchen , the men all rose and gave Ji a farewell standing ovation for her gritty performance . Ramsay then called on the remaining contestants to draw from Ji 's perseverance , which , he said , demonstrated `` courage at its best . '' Despite withdrawing from the competition due to injury , she got her picture burned instead of the traditional coat hook and burning sequence unlike Vanessa Gunnell from season 4 . Ramsay 's comment : `` Ji showed great courage . Unfortunately , her injury got in the way of her dream . She had a chance to win this , but sadly we will never , ever know . '' 51 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) Team challenge : Both teams were awakened at six the next morning by the ringing of cowbells from sous chefs Scott and Gloria , and were taken on a field trip to a meat processing plant , where Scott showed the contestants how the meat was butchered and what parts of the cattle produced specific cuts . Back in the kitchen , the team challenge was to correctly label several cuts of meat , then attach the signs identifying the cuts to the proper locations on color - coded cow statues .",
"8": "J and Colleen got their teams off to good starts with five correct cuts out of eight on their respective statues , but then Seth and Lacey caused two caused major setbacks for their sides , effectively forcing both teams to start over . Ben eventually labeled all of the cuts correctly , giving the men their second consecutive challenge victory . Paula had the distinction of successfully completing both parts of the challenge for the women , but had been beaten to the task by the men both times . Reward / punishment : The men flew to Sunstone Winery in Santa Ynez , California , where they enjoyed a wine tasting followed by a steak dinner . The women stayed behind to butcher two large sides of beef after hauling both into the kitchen . In addition , Scott presented them their lunch consisting entirely of offal , leading Lacey to vomit and therefore cause a chain reaction of LA and Andrea upchucking while the others plugged their ears . Andrea , clearly traumatized by the repulsive meal and her having vomited multiple times as a result , desperately made the women promise to bond together and try harder to avoid future punishments . Service : Hell 's Kitchen opened for its first - ever `` steakhouse '' service , split into two two - hour seatings with one team cooking and the other serving , and vice-verse . Robert was determined to have a good service , as it had coincided with what was to be his wedding day . During the first seating , Giovanni sent out numerous undercooked steaks and Ben , misinterpreting a command from Ramsay , prepared six orders of dessert before the appetizers . Charlie struggled to keep up on the fish station and was oblivious to his cooking cloth catching fire , which Scott had to put out . When Giovanni ran low on filets , Seth was ordered by Ramsay to cut more , but he then over butchered a tenderloin , wasting a great deal of meat in the process , and tried unsuccessfully to hide the scraps from Ramsay . During the second seating , the red team got off to a slow start with Colleen losing track of the appetizers , but entrees ran smoothly as Andrea , showing no ill effects from yesterday 's punishment , had all her steaks approved by Ramsay .",
"9": "Ben , Seth , and Giovanni nonetheless returned some of the steaks to the kitchen , but Ramsay confirmed that they were all cooked correctly to order and accused the men of deliberately writing incorrect tickets in an attempt to sabotage the women , which Seth admitted in a confessional . The men , in turn , had felt the women intentionally took far too long in submitting their orders during the first service . In the end , the red team 's problems on appetizers caught up with them despite Andrea 's strong performance , and they fell just three tables of completing service . In the post-service mortem , Charlie and Lacey were named the worst servers on customer comment cards . The red team were named the winners . Elimination : Seth and Charlie were nominated . Despite Seth 's horrendous butchering of the filet and annoying Ramsay and his teammates with an excessively long plea , Charlie was eliminated for his lack of progress over three services . Ramsay 's comment : `` Charlie is a prep chef , but I 'm looking for a head chef . He seemed like a nice guy , but you know where nice guys finish . '' 52 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' February 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) Team challenge : Both teams cooked a special breakfast service for a group of 100 young football players and cheerleaders . Colleen became distracted by the cheerleaders , forcing Ramsay to order her back on her station , while Coi burned several pancakes . The men had an early lead but squandered it after Seth stumbled on scrambled eggs that he claimed were inspired by one of Ramsay 's recipes . This gave the women their first challenge victory of the season . Ben and Danny later got into a heated argument in the dorms after Danny had boasted that he was the strongest cook on the men 's team . Reward / punishment : The women went camping for the day at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel . The guys faced the arduous task of cleaning up both the dining room and kitchens in addition to prepping both sides for tonight 's service . However , they failed to finish the red kitchen 's prep by the time the women returned , due to Danny and Robert plotting to get Ben out .",
"10": "Service : The women were missing their tomato butter sauce , which was supposed to have been made during the men 's prep ; Chef Ramsay suspected sabotage , and his suspicions were only furthered when the sauce that Ben gave them was far too salty , leading to Danny properly preparing a new batch . Giovanni lagged on boiling the water for spaghetti , and a Caesar salad prepared by J included the butt from a head of lettuce , infuriating Ramsay . Ben cut the lamb chops too thinly , and when Ramsay asked Danny how long on the mashed potatoes , Danny did not respond immediately , causing Ramsay to threaten to throw him out . Seth proved to be the worst performer of the night as he undercooked some scallops , did n't pay attention when Ramsay called out a ticket , then was caught by Ramsay wiping a pan with a soiled cloth that he had just previously used to wipe his face . In the red kitchen , Coi pre-made pasta instead of cooking it to order , prepared two underdone lobster spaghetti that were short on lobster , then dropped one of the pans containing the replacements . LA sent up poorly sliced wellingtons , Colleen conflicted with her on the meat station and cooked one order of beef Wellingtons too many . Ramsay finally had enough and declared both teams as losers , then sent the teams upstairs to decide which two members from each side should be up for elimination . Elimination : Before asking for the nominees , Ramsay brought up the butt of lettuce to J , saying `` that 's how reputations got destroyed within minutes - butthead ! '' . When Danny revealed the first nominee was Seth and the second nominee from the men was Ben , Ramsay 's response implied they should 've nominated J. When Lacey revealed the nominees were Colleen and herself , Ramsay was shocked that Coi was n't nominated but took Lacey anyways , as Coi had openly admitted her mistakes . After listening to the pleas , Ramsay sent Ben back in line and eliminated Seth for being a consistently terrible performer , much to the relief of the men . Team change : Lacey was transferred over to the men 's team , as the men were now three members down , and also because most of the women made it clear that they were not willing to continue working with her .",
"11": "Ramsay 's comment : `` Seth showed that he had all the passion in the world , but the bottom line is he 's a crap cook . '' 53 5 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' March 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) Team challenge : Both teams visited an Asian supermarket , where they purchased the ingredients needed for Asian - fusion dishes with limits of only 25 minutes to shop and $100 . The mandatory ingredients consisted of one type of seafood , poultry , and meat , and both teams had an hour to prepare the dishes . Each dish was judged by Chef Ramsay and Epicurious editor - in - chief Tanya Steel . The red team 's poultry dish , presented by Carol , was felt to be dry , whilst Robert 's for the blue team was praised and earned a point . For the seafood dish , the red team earned a point with their `` perfectly cooked '' dish compared to the blue team 's dish , which was oversalted . For the final dish , Andrea 's dish was overwhelmed by spice , but the beef was cooked perfectly , while the blue team 's dish had a good concept , but was ruined by the dish being undercooked . In a tough decision , Tanya gave the point to the red team , meaning the red team won the challenge 2 - 1 . Reward / punishment : The red team 's winning dishes were featured on the Epicurious website . The women also spent the day sumo wrestling in oversized sumo suits , which included Ramsay taking down Jean - Philippe to everyone 's amusement , and later imbibing on sake . The blue team made fortune cookies and folded origami for tonight 's service . Lacey , having drawn the ire of her new teammates almost immediately at the outset as she had previously done with the red team , got back in their good graces when she successfully assisted the men with the origami . Service : In addition to the regular customers , the night 's patrons included a group of sumo wrestlers , both of whom ordered one of everything on the menu ; Ramsay split it down the middle between the kitchens .",
"12": "The teams enjoyed a strong start on appetizers fueled by Giovanni and LA 's risottos , while Lacey surprisingly emerged as a leader on the blue team , but the meat station was a wreck on both sides : J undercooked his beef Wellingtons because the oven fan was on low , sent raw chicken to the pass and then forgot an order of lamb on a later ticket . In the red kitchen Ramsay discovered a stash of discarded burnt beef wellingtons hidden underneath Andrea 's station ; Andrea then became overwhelmed and stalled the red kitchen 's progress . Robert wasted a lot of food while prepping his dishes , and angered Ramsay further by not responding when Ramsay repeatedly addressed him as `` Bobby , '' for which Robert mooned the confessional room camera during an interview while telling Ramsay to `` kiss my ass . '' The final straw was when Colleen 's pear dessert was returned because both the pear and the pastry were raw . With service a lost cause and Ramsay refusing any more returned dishes from Jean - Philippe , the kitchen was closed , with Ramsay calling it the worst performance so far . In a private meeting after the service , Robert explained that he did not respond to `` Bobby '' because that was the name of his abusive father and that it brought back painful memories from his childhood . Ramsay apologized and replied that he would respect Robert 's wishes , adding that it would not have happened had he known about it beforehand . Giovanni and LA were selected as the best of the worst for their teams and were tasked with choosing a person for elimination , though Lacey was also singled out for praise for her leadership and strong performance . Elimination : Giovanni nominated J while LA chose Andrea . Ramsay appeared to disagree with Giovanni 's decision , heavily implying that he thought Robert should have been chosen instead , but he accepted the two nominees . However , he ordered them back in line , then told Robert to wake up . Instead , Colleen was axed on the grounds that , after five terrible dinner services , Ramsay could no longer tolerate her constant mistakes , but as she took off her jacket , he praised her tenacity and fight , and told the remaining contestants to follow that example . Ramsay 's comment : `` There was no place in the kitchen I could put Colleen where she was n't a disaster .",
"13": "It 's time for her to go back to where she belongs : teaching , because she certainly ca n't cook . '' 54 6 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) Team challenge : Hell 's Kitchen would be hosting a bar mitzvah for the first time , about which Ben , being of Jewish heritage , was particularly enthusiastic . For the team challenge , the chefs had to create gourmet versions of chicken soup , brisket , and burgers , the favorite foods of Max Reuben , the young guest of honor . Giovanni won the soup challenge over Andrea , while LA won with the brisket over Ben . Max liked both Robert 's and Carol 's burgers , but chose Robert 's only because he did n't like blue cheese ( which the team had warned Carol about earlier ) , giving a 2 - 1 win to the blue team . Reward / punishment : The blue team were treated to a day at Skin Haven spa while the red team had to set up the dining room that is complete with a basketball court and dance floor while the flamboyant emcee Francisco was brought back for a third go - round in Hell 's Kitchen , much to Jean - Philippe 's annoyance and disdain . Carol and Andrea sniped at each other throughout the punishment . During service , the red team received their second part of the punishment where they have to lift Max during the Hora . Service : Andrea started off roughly on appetizers when she did n't have enough mushrooms in her risotto , but soon got back on track . The women were then summoned to the dining room for the second part of their punishment , which was carrying Max on a chair during the celebration dance , before returning to the kitchen . Max 's entrees were to be served first before any other tables on Ramsay 's orders but Coi first forgot to bring the raw burgers into the kitchen , then struggled in cooking them , firstly bringing them up cold due to LA 's suggestion before bringing an acceptable serving . Coi 's problems on the meat station continued as her first brisket servings were also undersized .",
"14": "In the blue kitchen , Lacey had trouble heating up the briskets , J forgot to present a salad with no dressing , and Ramsay criticized Danny for serving food on dirty plates and telling him to clean up his workstation . In the dining room , Francisco was carrying a cake for Max but dropped it when he bumped into Jean - Philippe , angering the latter . At the end , both teams completed service and Ramsay presented Max with a special surprise : the Harlem Globetrotters . During cleanup , the hostilities between Carol and Andrea continued , as Carol said that she had wanted to punch Andrea in the throat ; she insisted she made the remark in jest when Andrea called her out on it during deliberation on the patio . The blue team won for their level of consistency during service . Elimination : Andrea was chosen as Best of the Worst , much to the disgust and confusion of her team . Ramsay became irritated that Andrea had n't made her decision so she quickly nominated LA and Coi . As according to plan , they along with Carol , declared Andrea as the worst , though Paula named Coi instead which led to Coi being the next chef eliminated due to her mistakes on the meat station , though she received praise for her attitude . Ramsay 's comment : `` When this competition began , I thought Coi was gon na be a really strong chef . But tonight she was exposed when she could n't even cook a bloody burger . '' 55 7 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) Team change : Before the start of the challenge , Chef Ramsay kept Lacey on the blue team , then transferred Giovanni to the red team . Team challenge : After tasting six different salmon tapas from one of Ramsay 's restaurants , the chefs had 20 minutes to make their own with leftovers from the previous service , with the teams going head - to - head . Paula and Danny went head - to - head with their red meat - based dishes , both of them earning a point for their teams . Lacey and LA 's dishes were unique , but neither sat well with Ramsay , resulting in neither of them earning a point for their team . Robert won the point over Carol when she mistook balsamic vinaigrette for soy sauce .",
"15": "Andrea , meanwhile , managed to even out the score for both teams for her ravioli dish over J 's overly simple dish . In the final round , the results were very close , with both Ben and Giovanni turning out excellent dishes , though Ramsay ultimately chose the latter 's . After the challenge , Giovanni urged his new teammates to put their differences aside and work together in the name of having a successful service . Reward / punishment : The red team visited Hollywood Park for a day of watching horse racing with Ramsay . The blue team prepped both kitchens for that night 's service , then unloaded and cleaned small tapas plates . During prep , Lacey complained about the amount of work and , feeling disrespected by the men , walked out of the kitchen and threatened to quit . She was eventually talked back inside by Ben . Service : Carol served overcooked risotto , then revealed that J overcooked both teams ' rice during the prep , rendering it inedible and forcing Ramsay to take the risotto off the menu for the night . J then sent raw and burned salmon entrees to the pass , and forgot to provide the sauce when he eventually did manage an acceptable serving , forcing Ramsay to pull him aside and issue him a warning behind closed doors . Ben once again struggled on the meat station , and Ramsay threatened Ben with ejection after catching him about to cook beef Wellingtons on a dirty pan , while Lacey had a trouble on garnish . After J overcooked scallops , an angered Ramsay eliminated J on the spot , making him the second contestant to be eliminated during service . In the red kitchen , Andrea and Carol were forced to eat an undercooked pasta appetizer that had been sent back ( though neither could agree on whose fault it was ) , while LA became unresponsive for part of the service and cooked too many John Dory at once , all while taking offense to Ramsay calling her a `` silly cow . '' Nevertheless , both teams completed service , with the red team finishing well in advance thanks to Giovanni 's leadership and Paula 's strong performance on meat , in particular earning high praise from Ramsay for a Wellington that he deemed the best - ever prepared in Hell 's Kitchen . Carol and Andrea continued their feud right after the service , with Paula and Giovanni quickly tiring of the bickering .",
"16": "Automatic elimination : After J overcooked the entire supply of rice for both teams during prep , struggled with salmon , and overcooked scallops , an angered Ramsay eliminated J on the spot , making him the second contestant to be eliminated during service . At the end of the episode , J still got the usual coat - hanging and picture - burning sequence . Elimination : Ramsay asked the blue team the one person they do not want on their team any longer . The men picked Lacey who picked Robert due to a heated exchange on the patio between them . Robert went into a lengthy dialogue about her walking out during prep and that he would not accept quitters in his restaurant , then Danny voiced his opinion of Lacey 's negative behavior . Ramsay then asked Ben to step forward , singling him out for picking Lacey when he felt he should have instead picked himself , after which Ben admitted that he had been the weakest performer of the night ( besides the already - eliminated J ) leading Ramsay to question him for not doing it . Despite expressing a desire to have their jackets , Ramsay gave Ben and Lacey one more chance since J 's blunders had buried the blue kitchen from the outset of service . Ramsay 's comment : `` I kept Ben and Lacey because J put the kitchen in such a hole that they never stood a chance . They 're very lucky that I sent J packing . '' 56 8 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) Team challenge : After tricking the chefs with beef and scallop tartares that were actually made with tuna and sea bass , Ramsay issued the team challenge of a blind taste test . LA surprised Ramsay and her teammates by promptly volunteering to sit out in order to even the sides . Ben topped Andrea 3 - 2 , Robert and Giovanni both had zero correct answers , then the red team rebounded with Carol topping Lacey 3 - 1 . Paula and Danny , again going head - to - head in a challenge , were ordered to identify ingredients in Ramsay 's minestrone soup recipe . Danny quickly got three ingredients compared to none from Paula , though she rebounded , and with the score tied 7 - 7 , Paula earned the red team a one - point victory .",
"17": "Reward / punishment : The red team was treated to a TV Guide photoshoot inside the restaurant while the blue team had to prep both kitchens for the night 's service in addition to preparing lunch and hors d'oeuvres for the red team . During the shoot , Ben accidentally spilled champagne after a flashbulb had startled him , amusing the red team . Automatic elimination : Lacey 's problems on the meat station continued , not helped by the fact that she continually complained she could n't cook meat . Lacey was sent to the storage room where Ramsay warned her she was on her final straw . The final straw was sending up poorly cut lamb and she was sent back to the storage room where Ramsay eliminated her , to which she agreed . She was told to say her farewells , though her team was largely unresponsive , feeling relieved Lacey had left . Service : Actors in attendance include Eric McCormack sitting in the blue dining table and Robert Patrick in the red table . Paula made a rare mistake by bringing a poor risotto to the pass , but redeemed herself with the replacement . Robert , with some help from Ben , energetically pumped out appetizers , during which he ended up splitting his pants . However , the blue team was affected by a hapless Lacey panicking on the meat section , which led to Ramsay pulling her aside to get her head back in the game . When the blue entrees for Eric McCormack 's table were stalled altogether afterward and Lacey then produced overly thin lamb chops , Ramsay immediately eliminated her just one week after having eliminated J mid-service for his terrible service . Despite being a member short for the second consecutive time , the blue team rallied and completed service with only three chefs . The red team , on the other hand , struggled throughout on the back of Carol 's poor performance on meat , along with Andrea overcooking her John Dory and LA serving cold , lumpy mashed potatoes , with Ramsay describing her as `` half - awake '' . With the blue team having finished their service and the red team nowhere near completing theirs , Ramsay lost his patience and shut the red kitchen down . The blue team won `` by a mile '' , and an impressed Ramsay said he has never seen such tremendous teamwork from a team in the five seasons thus far . Elimination : Carol and LA were nominated .",
"18": "While everyone ( including Carol ) agreed that Carol was the worst on dinner service , they conflicted on the second nominee . LA and Carol picked Andrea , but the others decided on LA . Ramsay was upset that they were unable to reach a consensus , and ordered LA , Carol and Andrea to step forward for elimination . Carol and Andrea were told to get back in line . LA was eliminated , as Ramsay felt she had been a decent performer during the course of the season , but had never truly excelled nor shown any leadership qualities . As for Lacey , no official reason ( other than calling her `` Spacey Lacey '' after the service ended ) was given for her departure , but at the start of episode 14 , hers and LA 's pictures were both burned and their jackets hooked simultaneously . Ramsay 's comment : `` LA was a real workhorse in the kitchen . I kicked her out of Hell 's Kitchen because she lacked two crucial skills to be a great chef -- leadership and creativity . '' 57 9 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' April 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) Team challenge : The teams create individual dishes , featuring the main ingredient , red king crab ; one dish from each team will be presented as a specialty crab dish to Chef Ramsay . The blue team chose Ben 's dish ( much to Danny 's disdain ) whilst the red team were conflicted between Andrea 's and Paula 's , eventually choosing the former 's . Andrea 's dish failed to meet Chef Ramsay 's expectations ( partially due to her desire to keep the shell on the plate , which Carol had warned about ) , while Ben 's was better received but still failed to meet the mark , with Ramsay being annoyed at Ben 's long description of his dish . As a result , Paula and Danny were asked to bring up their dishes , yet again going head to head . Both their dishes were much better received than Ben and Andrea 's dishes and as a result , the blue team won in a very close finish . Reward / punishment : The blue team head to Santa Monica State Beach for a day of fun at the beach with Ramsay where they rode Segways before thy enjoyed a lobster lunch at a seafood restaurant .",
"19": "Robert , again , suffered because of his weight , being forced to ride a bike . The red team cleaned both of the team 's dorms and cooked all of the red king crabs . Service : For this service , the teams were asked to come up with their own menus for the night . Ben insisted on a dish that Danny and Robert had no idea of or interest in , though agreed with it anyway , whilst Carol insisted on potato dauphinoise , which she claimed never went wrong . Disaster struck through both teams during dinner service ; from Ben 's slaughtered Filet Mignon steaks , to Carol 's numerous undercooked potatoes and indecisiveness , which led to both teams crumbling under pressure . Ben also served overly salty sauce and admitted that he should have been tasting it and later got involved in an argument with Chef Ramsay over the pomme fondant , as Ben believed that the pomme fondant dish he added to the menu was supposed to be made from boiled potatoes , whereas Ramsay ( and Scott ) told him that the potatoes were meant to be sautéed in butter . One restaurant guest tried taking matters into her own hands by taking her second unseasoned carpaccio dish up to Chef Ramsay , where she whistled to get his attention , only for Chef Ramsay to insult her back to her seat . Tension between Robert and Ben escalated during entrees and desserts , as Ben saw that Robert could n't keep up with the speed of the kitchen . After a steak was returned for being undercooked by Carol , he ordered them to shut their kitchens down . Although the red vs blue menu ended in disaster , Chef Ramsay decides on the winner based on the total amount of services for each team . The red team was declared the winning team ; while their customer satisfaction rating was a relatively mediocre 54 % , this was still much better than the 36 % that the blue team managed . Elimination : Danny was named best of the worst on the blue team as he did n't make any mistakes that night and chose Ben for elimination . Ramsay instead asked Robert and Ben to come forward . However , Ramsay decided to send home the one person who gave up during service and sabotaged their team .",
"20": "That lead to him eliminating Carol , who had been feeling guilty about her poor performance , as she had insisted on putting a potato dish on the menu and was responsible for undercooking it multiple times . This marked the first time a chef was eliminated despite being on the winning team . Ramsay 's comment : `` Carol knew she was out of her depth in Hell 's Kitchen . I just put her out of her misery . '' 58 10 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) Ramsay told Danny and Paula to choose who they thought was the weakest on their team and they chose Andrea and Ben . Andrea and Ben were called and told to remove their jackets , thinking they were facing elimination , when in fact they were told that everyone would be competing as a single team . Team challenge : In the first individual challenge , each chef cooked a dish using 14 specific ingredients , including chicken , pasta , and wine . While Chef Ramsay considered all dishes to be delicious , he singled out Ben and Danny 's dishes , with Ben 's being the best . Ben then was told to pick a friend to enjoy the reward - he chose Robert , irking Danny , who had had the second best dish . Reward / punishment : Ben took a trip with Ramsay and Robert to San Francisco where they dined at the exclusive chef 's table at the One Market restaurant . The others spent the day taking deliveries . Giovanni ended up being fed up with the punishment , after breaking boxes of bottled water , and having to chase a seafood truck for being short two lobster , later to find out that the order was correct after all . He also got into an argument with Paula , who was trying to calm him down . Service : Several mishaps occurred during service , especially with Giovanni and Andrea . Giovanni was accused of purposely cooking Ben 's winning chicken dish poorly . Giovanni talked back to chef Ramsay when Ramsay called him `` dickface '' along with numerous other insults . Later , Giovanni placed a hot pan in the refrigerator , to cool it down , only to cause Robert to burn his hand picking it up . Robert left service for a great deal of time suffering from a second - degree burn .",
"21": "Andrea was also thrown out of Hell 's Kitchen for constantly not knowing what the orders are , but was brought back in after some encouragement from Jean - Philippe . Robert overcooked scallops and cooked bacon and John Dory in the same pan , causing Ramsay to become aggravated in case of allergies . Ramsay put Ben on the meat station with Giovanni but that did n't make the situation any better as Ramsay caught Ben slicing the chicken and putting it back in the oven for being undercooked . Service ended prematurely after Ramsay walked out of the kitchen . Elimination : Paula was the strongest player of the night for her appetizers , and got the right to choose two players for elimination which was Giovanni and Andrea . While Andrea had arguably been the worst performer of the night , including not being able to recite one of the orders correctly , Ramsay felt that Giovanni 's major verbal confrontation between the two of them during the service was unforgivable and eliminated him . Giovanni 's coat peg and burning photo closing was featured in the recap at the beginning of episode 14 . Shutdown : At 2 : 14 AM , Ramsay called the remaining chefs to the kitchen , announcing that due to that night 's service and his dissatisfaction with the final five , Hell 's Kitchen is shutting down . 59 11 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' April 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) Continued from the previous episode , Ramsay told the final five that did not permanently shut down Hell 's Kitchen . Instead , the contestants were flown to the Borgata Hotel and Casino for a multi-day trip to see their potential future place of employment . After touring the hotel , they sat down for dinner with the Borgata Hotel 's vice president of cuisine . Robert left the table after a few minutes , complaining of chest pains ; he was taken to the hospital for observation and tests . Withdrawal : After a few days of waiting , Robert returned to Hell 's Kitchen . He reported that he has pericarditis and announced his departure from Hell 's Kitchen because of his condition . Robert was asked to say his goodbyes to the final four , who were emotional at his departure , before Chef Ramsay remarked that Robert had the possibility to win .",
"22": "`` I just want to tell you , that you have been a fantastic competitor . You 've had the potential to win this competition . Do not ever , ever forget that . '' Unlike Ji in Episode 2 , Robert had to give back his jacket to Chef Ramsay but did get his picture burned at the end of the episode . Challenge : After visiting Borgata each of the final four presented the signature dish that he or she would serve in their restaurant , should he or she win Hell 's Kitchen . Danny 's dish received a lukewarm response , being praised for flavor but criticized for appearance . Andrea 's tuna dish was praised overall as was Paula 's , despite fears of overcooking . Ben 's dish , meanwhile , was praised for presentation , but criticized for having the tails left on the prawns . Ramsay told him he was definitely not safe before commending Danny , Andrea , and Paula , but proclaimed Andrea the winner . Reward / punishment : Andrea received one - time immunity from the next elimination . Additionally , unless there was a specific best of the best or best of the worst after the next service , she would get to decide on the nominees for elimination . No punishment was given . Ben , Danny , and Paula , however , were upset that Andrea , who presented a dish with virtually no cooking and who they constantly believe is outperformed , would last longer than one of them . Service : Before service , Ramsay reminded Andrea of her immunity , instructing her to use it to perform well . Despite this , Andrea continually struggled on the fish station , over and undercooking various dishes and refusing to cook on full heat . Ben , likewise , struggled , forgetting several orders before sending up a cold order . He was sent out temporarily before returning , bouncing back . Paula put in a very strong performance on the meat station , only being criticized for not sending an order up when Andrea delayed her . When Andrea still was unable to produce on fish resulting in an order being sent back , Danny was asked to jump in to help her , much to his chagrin . Ramsay asked the team to come up with two nominees between Ben , Danny , and Paula . Elimination : The team agreed that Andrea would be nominated if she was not safe , though ultimately , Ben and Paula were nominated .",
"23": "However , after hearing from Paula briefly , Ramsay immediately sent her back in line and called Andrea to step forward . Ramsay decided not to eliminate somebody tonight with him confirming Andrea 's immunity as a man of his word and kept Ben since she had performed so poorly that he never had a chance . He also noted that had Andrea not won and immunity , she would have been eliminated . Robert 's photo was burned at the end of the episode , although his jacket was not placed on the hook . 60 12 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) Challenge : To recreate one of Ramsay 's signature dishes based on taste alone . Danny was declared the winner with Paula as a close second . Rward / punishment : Danny went along with Ramsay to go fly in separate biplanes . Paula , Ben , and Andrea polished all the crystal and shampooed all the carpets in addition to preparing for that night 's service . Service : To motivate the chefs before service , Ramsay gave each chef a set of his brand of stainless steel cookware in the dorms . Service was smooth for the most part , but Ben had trouble recognizing that Ramsay wanted a `` plain '' salad , and kept putting croutons in . Danny lagged on the garnish station early into entrees . One customer pulled Jean - Philippe aside and requested a favor to him that he wanted to propose to his girlfriend . He gave the ring to Jean - Philippe , who then gave the ring to Chef Ramsay . The wedding ring was placed on a dessert with the words `` Will you marry me ? '' written on the plate . A dome was placed over the dessert , and as soon as the dessert was delivered , the man proposed to his girlfriend . The girl accepted , the restaurant broke out in applause and Ramsay presented the girl with a rose and congratulated the new couple personally . Service ran smoothly right until the end when Andrea ran out of wellingtons because she miscounted them . This required Danny and Paula to find more wellingtons in the store room and preparing them from scratch , taking an additional 15 minutes . This left Ramsay extremely disappointed at the final part of service , as it had been their strongest so far .",
"24": "He told the chefs to come up with one nominee for elimination . Elimination : When coming up with a nominee , Danny and Ben expressed their frustrations towards Andrea leading Paula to step in and defend her , nominating Ben for his continual struggles . Ramsay tells Ben to leave Hell 's Kitchen . Before he left , Ramsay gave him some encouraging words and told him that his energy , attitude and hard work in Hell 's Kitchen was outstanding , and also told him to keep all of those good qualities . Though no official reason was given for Ben 's departure , he also got his full elimination sequence during the recap episode . 61 13 `` 3 Chefs Compete '' April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) Previously , Chef Ramsay announced that he would give a surprise to the remaining three contestants . This surprise was a visit from their parents , family members , and significant others . Challenge : Each chef had 90 minutes to create dishes for each of the 100 diners -- all of them Los Angeles ' best chefs . Each of the diners would also determine which dish was the best and which was the worst . 76 % of the chefs polled determined Danny 's to be the worst , while 76 % thought Paula 's sturgeon dish was the best . Andrea was surprised at how beaten down Danny felt after the challenge . Reward / punishment : Paula gets a special makeover . The following morning , she and Ramsay appear live on KTTV 's Good Day L.A.. Andrea and Danny stay behind to thoroughly clean the dining area and do the laundry , as well as watch the Good Day L.A. segment , in which they were surprised by Paula 's appearance . Service : For this service , as with previous seasons , each chef takes turns at the pass , while Scott and Gloria purposely add errors to the dishes for them to spot . Paula struggled initially , fumbling an order before plating a dish with a mistake , though she rebounded and spotted the second mistake . Danny had a particularly poor start in his performance at the pass ; his voice broke when calling an order and he struggled to spot the first mistake .",
"25": "Andrea was rather strong during her time at the pass , including spotting various deficiencies and errors left , though soon aggravated her team with her continual shouts and nit - picking , returning a number of dishes to sous chef Scott , who became extremely annoyed with her ( even expressing a desire at one point to `` punch her in the face '' ) . Overall , there were no serious errors or returns , and the service was very successful . Chef Ramsay asked what was different about himself later that night , and after a couple of panicky responses , Ramsay pointed out that he was smiling for the first time that season . Not counting , of course , his involvement in the rewards following the challenges . Elimination : Each contestant chose who should leave Hell 's Kitchen . Danny and Paula chose Andrea . Andrea chose Danny . Paula was happy that she had not been selected by her teammates for elimination but also remarked that she therefore would have the deciding vote . Ramsay told Andrea to leave Hell 's Kitchen , leaving Paula and Danny to advance to the final service . As with Lacey , Giovanni , and Ben , Ramsay gave no reason for eliminating Andrea and praised her tenacity and skill as a chef calling her a `` determined fighter '' and told her that she would do well in her career . Andrea 's coat hook and burning picture can be seen in the recap episode even though she did not receive her full elimination sequence after being eliminated in episode 13 . 62 14 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) Remodeling : As with previous seasons , Hell 's Kitchen was split into two restaurants , with each contestant running their side and deciding the menu and decor . While Danny and Paula prepare to leave Hell 's Kitchen , their relatives oversaw construction -- Danny 's father and girlfriend for his restaurant ; Paula 's mother and sister for hers . Danny 's restaurant was named `` Velvet Hammer '' as his own nickname and featured a seafood menu and decor , which many of the returning chefs deemed tacky . One of Danny 's ideas , mounted fish , was n't well received by designer John Janavs and he feared the restaurant would be more like ' Bob 's Bait Shop . '",
"26": "Paula 's restaurant was called `` Sunergy '' , whose decor includes many shades of dark orange and yellow with candles on the wall . Despite her insisting on using real candles , the fire marshal said real candles that close to the wall would be a violation of safety code so `` electric '' candles were used instead . Challenge : Danny and Paula were flown back to the Borgata in Atlantic City , where they had 45 minutes to cook three dishes from the menus that they have created , with Borgata executives choosing the best dishes . All of this was done within view of the Borgata 's 500 employees , who will work under the winner . Danny won the challenge 2 - 1 . Reward : Upon returning to Los Angeles , Danny had the first selection of the six returning contestants , who were to be chefs under their command in their restaurants . Ramsay surprised the final two chefs on `` key ingredients '' at the table with domes on the top . When the domes are opened , the last six contestants to be eliminated arrived at the kitchen . Danny chose Ben , Giovanni , and Carol . Paula chose Andrea and LA , and was left with Lacey . 63 15 `` 2 Chefs Compete : Part 2 '' May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) Preparation : Following on from the previous episode , each of the cooks working under Danny or Paula were briefed on what they would be doing for their particular restaurant . Only Ben was particularly rooting for Danny to win on his team ; Giovanni was annoyed at being invited back , stating he `` did not care '' who won , whilst Carol was secretly rooting for Paula . The finishing touches were given on the restaurants ' decors and Chef Ramsay tasted each restaurant 's sample dishes , giving advice on what to do to make them better . Paula became increasingly annoyed with Lacey on desserts , who twice curdled her creme brulees ( including one serving to Chef Ramsay ) and continually needed Paula 's assistance . Service : Each restaurant served 50 diners , including Danny and Paula 's relatives . All customers gave scores on the various aspects of their dining experience , and these were combined with Chef Ramsay 's observations in determining the winner . Both Paula and Danny had nervous starts , and each team had significant weak spots .",
"27": "Andrea overcooked the halibut and scallops on Paula 's side ( which Chef Ramsay had warned her about ) , while Lacey constantly struggled and complained , even earning Chef Ramsay 's ire . Paula herself was criticized for jumping in to help her team as opposed to spending time on the pass , though things picked up when she switched the chef 's stations . On Danny 's side , Giovanni prepared the sauce for the monk fish which was too salty and Ben was slow on garnish . Both Danny and Paula were able to rally their teams together to complete service . Although Danny finished service first , Paula did not care , as she was more concerned about the quality of the food rather than the speed at which it was served . Winner : Immediately after the service , Ramsay announced to the cooks that `` The winner of Hell 's Kitchen ... lives in Florida '' , teasing Danny and Paula , as both came from Florida . Because he felt both services were completed with excellence and stated it was the best services they ever had in any final , he decided to utilize the customer comment cards to come to a decision . After everyone was dismissed , Ramsay summoned Danny and Paula to his office , where he praised both for their hard work , and said that they both will have a wonderful career ahead of them . Chef Ramsay showed Danny and Paula the doors ; the one that opened determined the winner . Danny 's door opened , signifying him to be the winner of the fifth season of Hell 's Kitchen . Paula took her defeat graciously , and was happy that Danny won in honor of his deceased mother . Danny was shown tearing up the confessional room as his mother could n't be with him to see him win . In addition to the money and the position , Ramsay asked Danny if he knew the previous four winners who all showed up that night and his picture was mounted on the wall as part of the show 's new feature , the `` Hell 's Kitchen Wall of Fame '' , which included pictures of past winners . Ramsay 's comment : `` Danny won Hell 's Kitchen because in a very short period of time , he grew more than any other chef I 've ever seen . He now has the talent , the maturity , to become a great head chef . Borgata Resort should consider themselves lucky . I know I would . ''",
"28": "Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chef returned to Hell 's Kitchen again on Season 17 . Jump up ^ Chef returned to Hell 's Kitchen again on Season 6 . ^ Jump up to : At age 23 , Danny is to date the youngest winner of Hell 's Kitchen . Jump up ^ Chef returned to Hell 's Kitchen again on Season 17 . Jump up ^ Robert would return as a contestant in the following season . He was eliminated in the 7th episode after being nominated by Dave , though he participated with his team in the final service . Jump up ^ Robert did not return because of his illness ; Lacey , as the last person to be eliminated prior to the final eight contestants , took his place . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( May 14 , 2009 ) . Hell 's Kitchen ' finale recap : Danny Veltri is the winner . The Star - Ledger . External links ( edit ) Hell 's Kitchen official Fox.com website by Fox Broadcasting Company ( hide ) Hell 's Kitchen United States Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 : All Stars Winners Rock Harper Christina Machamer United Kingdom Series Other versions Australia Brazil Finland Italy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell%27s_Kitchen_(U.S._season_5)&oldid=837306725 '' Categories : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. TV series ) 2009 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 00 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Emma Swan - wikipedia Emma Swan Jump to : navigation , search Emma Swan Once Upon a Time character Promotional photograph of Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan . First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` A Pirate 's Life '' Created by Adam Horowitz & Eddy Kitsis Portrayed by Jennifer Morrison Abby Ross ( teenager ) Mckenna Grace ( child ) Information Nickname ( s ) Swan Dark Swan ( briefly ) The Black Swan Aliases Princess Leia Princess Emma ( alternate reality ) Occupation Savior Sheriff Bail bond agent ( formerly ) Deputy ( formerly ) Princess ( alternate reality ) Title The Savior The Dark One ( formerly ) Family David Nolan / Prince Charming ( father ) Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard ( mother ) Neal Nolan ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Killian Jones ( husband ) Significant other ( s ) Neal Cassidy ( ex-boyfriend , deceased ) Graham Humbert ( brief love interest , deceased ) Walsh ( ex-boyfriend , deceased ) Children Henry Mills ( son , with Neal Cassidy ) Unborn child ( with Killian Jones ) Relatives Ruth ( paternal grandmother , deceased ) Robert ( paternal grandfather , deceased ) Albert Spencer ( paternal adoptive grandfather ) Prince James ( paternal uncle , deceased ) King Leopold ( maternal grandfather , deceased ) Queen Eva ( maternal grandmother , deceased ) Brennan Jones ( father - in - law , deceased ) Liam Jones ( brother - in - law , deceased ) Liam Jones II ( half - brother - in - law ) Lucy ( granddaughter ) Nationality American October 22 ,",
"1": "1983 ( age 29 ) The Enchanted Forest Abilities Light Magic Dark Magic ( Season 5 ) Lie detection ( self - proclaimed ) Status Alive Type Enchanted Forest character Centric episodes Season Two `` Tallahassee '' Season Three `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Going Home '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season Four `` Breaking Glass '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Lily '' Season Five `` The Dark Swan '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` Birth '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Firebird '' Season Six `` The Savior '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Emma Swan is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . She is portrayed by Jennifer Morrison , by Abby Ross as a teenager , and Mckenna Grace as a child . Emma first appeared in the series 's pilot as a bail bond agent in Boston , Massachusetts until she meets her biological son Henry , whom she gave up for adoption 10 years before , and learns she is the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming . Henry urges Emma to go to the fictional town of Storybrooke , Maine , to break a curse enacted by the Evil Queen and to restore the fairy tale characters ' happy endings . The daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming , an ex-bail bonds collector , and Henry Mills ' biological mother . Morrison described her character at the beginning of the first season as `` broken , damaged and worldly '' . During the fourth season finale , `` Operation Mongoose '' , Emma absorbs the power of the Dark One into herself to save Storybrooke . In order to successfully create a dark version of Emma , Morrison explained that `` In order to build Dark Emma , I 've been doing a bunch of research there with some of their mythology books and old fairy tale books and just looking back through the history of swans and the etymology of ' Swan ' '' and explained that Emma 's rate of evolution `` challenged ( her ) on a daily basis '' .",
"2": "Emma became the primary antagonist of the fifth season 's first half , until the end of the season 's eighth episode when her real plans are revealed . Morrison 's portrayal of Emma has received praise , with some reviewers noting a feminist twist in the depiction of fairy tales and a strong female lead . She is loosely based on the title character of the fairy tale `` The Ugly Duckling '' , a swan which was lost and raised by ducks , before finding its birth family and recognizing its true nature . It is revealed in the Season 6 episode `` Tougher Than the Rest '' that she chose the last name Swan when she was young after a friend mentioned that story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development and casting 2 Character Background 2.1 Season 1 & 2 2.2 Season 3 & 4 2.3 Season 5 2.4 Season 6 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character development and Casting Jennifer Morrison at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con . In early stages of the conception of the character , Emma 's name was Anna , and she was supposed to have three children , but she ended up having just Henry . In the original script of the Pilot , she is described as `` Late 20s . Beautiful , with great strength behind classic features . But also not quite at home in her skin . '' It was reported that actress Katee Sackhoff auditioned five times for the role of Emma , but according to her , the producers really wanted Morrison to play the part , and she accepted a role in the television series Longmire . In the end , Morrison was hired for the part of Emma . Morrison explained her character as someone who `` help ( s ) her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he 's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional '' , but noted that Emma does not start out believing in the fairytale universe . Morrison has described Emma as being like an overgrown teenager who does not know how to properly do certain things , like eating or taking care of herself ; this is due to Emma not growing up in a family unit .",
"3": "Morrison said that when she does not know what to do with Emma , she thinks , `` What a 14 - year - old boy would do ? '' Morrison has also stated that Emma is loosely based on `` The Ugly Duckling '' , and that Emma 's last name Swan is derived from this fairy tale . According to the creators of the series , the name Swan is `` very symbolic and fairy tale name and it just felt right for her and for the journey we are creating for Emma . '' After Emma became the `` Dark One '' in the fourth season of the series , Morrison began doing research with mythology books and old fairy tale books , and looking back through the history of swans and the etymology of ' Swan ' to prepare for this new trait of her character . For Morrison , it is a great opportunity to now play a villain and it is challenging for her to portray a character that is constantly evolving . Character background Emma is the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming , older sister to Prince Neal and mother to Henry Daniel Mills . Season 1 & 2 When Snow White becomes pregnant , Geppetto forms a magical wardrobe for her and Charming , after Rumplestiltskin informs them that their daughter is the key to breaking the Evil Queen 's curse in 28 years . Emma is born shortly after and placed in the wardrobe along with Pinocchio , successfully travelling to the new land . In the real world , Emma grows up in foster care , bouncing from various families , one including Ingrid , the Snow Queen . As a teenager , Emma becomes a petty criminal with Neal Cassidy . They plan to start a new life in Tallahassee , Florida , until Neal is persuaded by August Booth ( Pinocchio ) to turn Emma over to the police , to protect her destiny . Emma is jailed , later giving birth to Henry , whom she gives up for adoption to give him a better life ; he is then adopted by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) . After some time in prison , Emma becomes a bail bond agent . On her 28th birthday , a ten - year - old Henry Mills arrives in Boston , explaining Emma 's origins . Disbelieving him , she returns him home to Regina in Storybrooke , who becomes worried that Emma wants to be in Henry 's life .",
"4": "Regina 's repeated warnings to leave town and keep out of Henry 's life make Emma decide to stay . In Storybrooke , Emma initially wants Henry to let go of his theories of the curse , but later plays along . She moves in with Mary Margaret ( Snow White ) , unaware that they are related , and Sheriff Graham appoints Emma his deputy as the two form an attraction , until Regina crushes his heart , causing him to die in Emma 's arms . Emma is soon elected sheriff , assisting in the arrest of Mary Margaret for the alleged murder of Kathryn Nolan until she is found alive . When August Booth ( Pinocchio ) arrives in Storybrooke revealing her destiny of breaking the curse , a pressured Emma decides to leave the town , not wanting Henry to suffer from her and Regina 's feud . Regina , however , attempts to poison Emma , though Henry willingly consumes it to prove that magic exists . Emma finally believes , but Henry is pronounced dead . However , he is awoken with true love 's kiss from Emma , thus breaking the curse and allowing all residents to remember their true identities . Emma reunites with her parents , only to fall through a portal with her mother to the Enchanted Forest . They meet Princess Aurora and Mulan who help them return to Storybrooke . Emma then helps Mr. Gold travel to Manhattan to locate his son Baelfire , who she discovers is Henry 's father Neal . Returning to Storybrooke , Emma deals with Regina and her mother Cora who are trying to use Mr. Gold to kill them and take back Henry but they eventually stop them then end up dealing with newcomers Greg Mendell and Neal 's fiancé Tamara . Emma 's skeptical theories on the pair are proven correct when it is revealed they want to destroy magic . After Emma and Regina stop their trigger to destroy Storybrooke , Henry is taken to Neverland by Greg and Tamara ; Emma , her parents , Regina , Hook and Mr. Gold follow them . Season 3 & 4 The team eventually manages to rescue Henry from the sinister Peter Pan , and return to Storybrooke . However , Pan enacts the original curse once more , forcing Emma and Henry to leave Storybrooke after Regina reverses her curse , erasing the events following its enactment . Emma 's past is temporarily altered by Regina .",
"5": "After leaving Storybrooke , Emma lives with Henry in New York City . Sometime later , she meets Walsh and they begin dating . One year after the curse 's reversal , Hook restores Emma 's memories with a potion and the two return to Storybrooke with Henry to save her family by breaking the new curse caused by Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West . She finds an insane Neal trapped within Mr. Gold 's body . Losing his mind , Neal asks for Emma to free his father by killing him to defeat Zelena ; she reluctantly agrees . Regina later helps Emma to strengthen her magical powers , though they are removed when Zelena curses Hook but thanks to Regina they managed to defeat Zelena and close her time portal . After Emma and Hook are dragged into Zelena 's time portal , she accepts Storybrooke as her home , regaining her magic to re-open the portal to the present where she begins a relationship with Hook . However , unaware to her , she also brings a previously deceased Maid Marian to the future which ruins Regina 's happiness , having not heeded the warning of messing with the past . Elsa , who was trapped in an urn , was also brought to Storybrooke by the time portal . While working with Elsa , who helps Emma to finally embrace and control her powers , Emma helps her new friend find her sister and return home while balancing the threat of the Snow Queen against her friends and family . After a period of peace , Emma begins to help Regina on her quest to find the Author of Henry 's book . Cruella De Vil and Ursula soon come into town resurrecting Maleficent and working with Rumplestiltskin to find the Author of the magical tome Once Upon a Time . After Cruella De Vil threatens to kill Henry , Emma kills her , soon after learning of her parents ' actions of removing Emma 's potential for darkness by putting black magic within Maleficent 's daughter and Emma 's childhood friend Lily . After Emma returns to town , with the encouragement from Hook , she chooses to forgive her parents and let go of her anger . In moments before the finale , Emma is able to finally let her walls down and tells Hook she loves him .",
"6": "Emma then chooses to sacrifice herself for the town of Storybrooke , asking her parents and Hook to save her , she voluntarily plunges the dagger into the Darkness , transforming into the new Dark One . Season 5 Emma searches for Merlin and is helped by a manifestation of Rumplestiltskin , who wants to teach her to be the Dark One , while Emma attempts to resist becoming evil at the same time . Sometime later , she transformed Hook into a second Dark One to save his life . Hook then cast the Dark Curse to get back to Storybrooke to have his revenge on Mr. Gold . Emma then altered the curse , adding a dream - catcher in it to wipe out everyone 's memories of their time in Camelot . Six weeks later , the rest of her friends returned to Storybrooke , but with a horrifying and shocking twist , their memories were wiped out once again and wearing Arthurian attires . As it turned out Emma made an appearance as the Dark One , with her new attire . Henry asks what happened to her , and she told them that they all went to Camelot to remove the darkness from her and they all failed ( except Henry ) . Emma with her powers turned Sneezy into stone , proclaiming that there 's no savior in the town . Emma surprisingly gave the Dark One dagger to Regina with the intention that if she goes too dark Regina would be the only one that would willingly `` put her down . '' Shortly after this , Hook attempts true love 's kiss with Emma in the hopes that the Dark One 's curse would break , but ultimately failed , as Emma has fully embraced the darkness . Unbeknownst to the others , Emma currently has possession of the Excalibur in a locked room inside of her new house . She intends to make Excalibur and the Dark One 's dagger whole again , as with it she will be able to snuff out the light forever and become invulnerable . However , she must recruit a hero to do so , as she can not remove the sword ; the hero she chooses is her predecessor Rumplestiltskin , who she tells finally has a chance to become a hero . She planned to siphon the darkness out of both of them and put it Zelena , who she forced into an accelerated labor to avoid killing Robin 's child , and slay her .",
"7": "She regains her memories of what Hook plans , by resurrecting all the Dark Ones as part of his revenge . At first , Emma plans to absorb all the darkness inside her and kill herself . Things do not go according to plan when Hook steals it from her . Killian orders her to kill him , taking in all the darkness and Emma slays him with Excalibur while the darkness is removed from her , reverting to her old self . After blackmailing Mr. Gold for tricking her and Hook into making him the Dark One again , she and her friends and family descend into the Underworld to find Hook and plans to split her heart in half and share it with him like her parents . Arriving in the Underworld , Emma is contacted by Neal Cassidy , who warns to turn back , advice Emma chooses to ignore . She and the others later discover that the Underworld is for those with unfinished business , and they decide to help others move on , while they search for Hook . With the help of Hook 's ex-girlfriend Milah , Emma manages to retrieve Hook from Hades 's captivity . However , she is unable to split her heart , as Hades has decided that she , Regina , and Snow are to remain behind for freeing the souls of Prince Henry , Hercules , and Megara . It is discovered that the only way they would have a chance to return to the `` Overworld '' with Hook is by overthrowing Hades . In order to defeat Hades , Emma and Hook receive help from Hook 's brother Liam ; however , it is soon discovered that Liam betrayed them after being blackmailed by Hades . Fortunately , Henry agrees to help undo Liam 's work by using his powers as the Author . Later , when Emma and Hook try to perform the heartsplit , they are informed by Hades that Hook 's body has been dead for too long and is decaying , making him unable to come back to life . When Emma and Hook go into the depths of the Underworld to find ambrosia , something that would save Hook , they are faced with a True Love test , which they pass when Emma chooses Hook over her own heart , only to realize that Hades had tricked them and destroyed the ambrosia , and Hook tells Emma to leave him in the Underworld , as time is running out for her to go through the open portal .",
"8": "Emma objects , saying that she came to the Underworld to save Hook , and she was n't leaving without him . Hook eventually gets her to say her goodbyes and she does , only to find out that Hades had trapped her and her family in the library using magic . Emma and Regina work together to use their own magic to counteract it . They all go through the portal , and while Emma has second thoughts about leaving Hook , she is persuaded to go by her father . When they get back to Storybrooke , Zelena is informed by Regina and Robin that Hades tried to trap them in the Underworld , but she brushes off the information and is upset with her sister . She talks to Hades about having the life she wants , which is just a simple picket fence life . However , Hades wants a whole kingdom . Robin and Regina break into the mayor 's house , where Zelena and Hades are , trying to get Robin 's daughter back from Zelena . Emma , distraught and unable to grieve Hook 's death , tries to break down the protection spell surrounding the house , but Zelena uses her magic to stop her . Hades is about to use the Olympian Crystal to `` end '' Regina , but Robin steps in front of her , taking the blow , which kills him . Hades tries to pressure Zelena into killing Regina , but she stabs Hades instead . Before Robin 's funeral , Emma stands at Hook 's grave and cries , trying to cope with the fact that he is truly gone now . Suddenly , a wave of magic flies through the air , causing her to stumble . She hears her name called from behind her and turns around and is shocked to see Hook . She happily embraces Hook , who tells her Zeus sent him back as a reward for stopping Hades . After informing him that Robin is gone , Emma decides to break the news about Hook 's return to Regina as delicately as possible . However , when an earthquake occurs , Hook rushes to see if Emma is okay . It turns out the earthquake was caused by Mr. Gold tethering magic to the Olympian Crystal fragment . Emma works with Regina to find it , only to later have Gold explain that Henry used his Author power to steal the crystal to destroy magic ( again ) .",
"9": "Both follow Henry to New York , where it turns out Gold got the crystal back . At the same time , Hook , David , Snow and Zelena are accidentally sucked into another realm , which they could become trapped in without any magic in the Real World . Henry succeeds in destroying magic , only to be later convinced by the Dragon to get enough belief to recharge the crystal . It works and everyone is brought home . Once back in Storybrooke , Emma shares a passionate kiss with Hook . Season 6 In the past , Aladdin , a `` Savior '' , is taunted by Jafar over the inevitable downfall of all Saviors . In Storybrooke , refugees arrive from the Land of Untold Stories . Emma experiences tremors and visions ; an arrested Hyde helps her receive an oracle 's vision of a hooded figure killing her . Guided by Morpheus , Gold enters Belle 's dreams to lift the sleeping curse ; he tries to renew their love , but she rejects him . `` Morpheus '' reveals he is really their unborn son , and desired this outcome . Belle wakes and leaves Gold . Henry convinces Regina that Hades may have lied about Robin Hood 's soul having been destroyed . Zelena moves in with Regina but , after learning her sister blames her for Robin Hood 's death , moves out and is approached by the Evil Queen . Emma discovers the sword can kill the Evil Queen without hurting Regina . The Queen steals the lamp and wishes Emma to an alternate reality where she was never the Savior ; Regina follows her . In the `` wish realm '' , Emma lives as a princess until Regina traumatically restores her memory . Regina frees Rumplestiltskin in exchange for a magic bean , but the portal to Storybrooke closes while Regina is distracted by the appearance of Robin Hood . In 1990 Minnesota , a young Emma is told by a teenager that she has the power to change her fate . In present day , after they miss their way out of the Wish realm , Emma and Regina find another option for escape when they come across August , who agrees to help create a new portal . Emma discovers that August was the teenager she met back in Minnesota and inspires him to complete the portal .",
"10": "Emma , Regina , and Robin return to Storybrooke , where Gideon explains to Gold and Belle his intention to kill Emma so that he can acquire her savior powers and kill the Black Fairy , a move that has David furious and Belle concerned . Emma and Gideon finally meet for the battle , but Emma survives , choosing her own fate . Gideon retreats , proclaiming this far from over . Gold and Belle decide to work together for the good of the son . In past , Snow makes a wish that grants the entire Enchanted Forest to use the gift of Song to defeat Regina , which also spreads to Oz as well . When Regina also becomes affected by the wish she finds a way to end it before the first curse takes place , but the Blue Fairy , who granted Snow the wish , tells Snow and David that the wish will be part of Emma 's destiny . In Emma 's past , her chance to make use of her talent is held back by being told she 'll be alone . This would come back to taunt Emma in the present day , as Fiona returns to use that weakness to take Emma 's heart before she unleashes a new curse on her wedding , with unlikely help from Gold by freezing her family . When Henry discovers the page in the book that reveals Emma 's heart will make her stronger , not only does it embolden Emma , it stopped Fiona from crushing it , but Fiona still tells her the battle is still on . On wedding day , Emma and Hook finally marry just in time for the dark clouds to release a new curse that will set up the final battle . Reception `` ( Emma ) 's pursuit of a ' happy ending ' is not about finding a man or going to a ball all gussied up , but about detective work , about building a relationship with her son Henry , and about seeking the ' truth ' as to why time stands still in the corrupt Storybrooke world . '' -- Natalie Wilson from Ms. reviewing Emma Swan . Jennifer Morrison has received praise for her portrayal of Emma . In a review from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , TV critic Gail Pennington had high marks for Morrison .",
"11": "Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times gave excellent reviews for Morrison 's character : `` Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly -- fairy - tale princess , my Aunt Fanny -- but she 's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for ' just a few more pages ' before they go to bed . '' For TVLive , `` Morrison does a nice job of mirroring the viewer 's disbelief of this fantastical dilemma -- and Emma looks like she could become a worthy adversary for Regina . '' For Daniel Fienberg , `` Jennifer Morrison is very good in the lead '' . On less favorable reviews , Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe was not enthusiastic of Morrison 's portrayal and called her a `` wooden lead '' . Several feminist outlets were pleased with the show for its feminist twist on fairy tales and with Emma being a strong female protagonist . Genie Leslie at Feministing commented that Emma was a `` badass '' , that she liked how Emma was `` very adamant that women be able to make their own decisions about their lives and their children '' , and how Emma was a `` well - rounded '' character who was `` feminine , but not ' girly ' '' . Natalie Wilson from Ms. praised the show for a strong , `` kick - butt '' female lead , and for dealing with the idea of what makes a mother in a more nuanced fashion . References Jump up ^ http://ew.com/article/2015/03/13/hot-seat-once-upon-time-bosses-answer-your-burning-questions/ Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time timeline '' . ONCE - Once Upon a Time podcast . The page states , `` Emma 's birthday is October 22 . '' The show itself corroborates this date . In `` Pilot '' , Emma celebrates her twenty - eight birthday on this date . Jump up ^ Sparks , Lily ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Q&A : Jennifer Morrison Drops a Few Hints About Season 2 '' . TV.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Meet the cast of ABC 's new fantasy drama '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` ONCE UPON A TIME : `` OPERATION MONGOOSE '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time season 5 news : Jennifer Morrison is looking forward to playing Dark Emma ; Casting call out for Rumplestilskin 's mother '' . vinereport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Original Script of the Pilot . On page 7 she is called ' ANNA SWAN ' . Jump up ^ `` Adam Horowitz on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Original Script of the Pilot . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Katee Sackhoff Talks LONGMIRE , RIDDICK with Vin Diesel , Auditioning for ONCE UPON A TIME , and Reflects on the BATTLESTAR GALACTICA Series Finale '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set as the Lead in ABC Pilot ' Once Upon a Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : `` Once Upon a Time '' Co-Stars Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas & Lana Parrilla `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time - Behind the Magic - Page 32 . London : Titan Books , October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Morrison On Being The Skeptic In ' Once Upon A Time ' - FanBolt '' . FanBolt . Jump up ^ Monica ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Horowitz & Edward Kitsis Talk New Seasons of OUAT and OUATIW '' . Cabletv.com . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Is Reading Old Fairy Tales to Play ' Dark Emma ' on Once Upon a Time '' .",
"13": "People . ^ Jump up to : Orlando , Christine ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Review : Believe in Magic '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Locker , Stalk , and Two Smoking Hotties '' from Entertainment Weekly ( November 4 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Shaunna , Murphy ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : This Town Ai n't Big Enough '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlyle , Robert ; Dallas , Josh ; Goodwin , Ginnifer ; Horowitz , Adam ; Kitsis , Edward ; Morrison , Jennifer ; Parrilla , Lana ; Pearlman , Steve ; Sbarge , Raphael ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Paleyfest 2012 : A Conversation with the Cast and Creators of Once Upon a Time '' ( Panel ) . Interview with Matt Mitovich . Beverly Hills . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Woods Are Lovely , Dark , And Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : `` The Heart is a Lonely Hunter '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Mad Man '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Of Motherhood and Apple Turnovers '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 6 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' season finale recap : Now I 'm a Believer '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 13 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 30 , 2012 ) .",
"14": "`` ' Once Upon A Time ' Season Premiere Recap : Magic Returns And Brings New Danger In ' Broken ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Once Upon A Time ' Recap : Mother Knows Best And Charming Steps Up In ' We Are Both ' by Laura Prudom The Huffington Post ( October 7 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Oh Brother '' from Entertainment Weekly ( December 2 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Dark Shadows '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 28 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Doubt : A Parable by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( October 6 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Secrets , Secrets Are No Fun by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( November 3 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Freaky Sunday '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The End Is the Beginning Is the End '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillary , Busis ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Monkey Business '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Really , Most Sincerely Dead ? ''",
"15": "from Entertainment Weekly ( March 30 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Boat Show '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 13 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Sympathy for the De Vil ^ Jump up to : Natalie Wilson ( November 13 , 2011 ) . `` What a Difference a Strong Snow White Makes '' . Ms. Magazine blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` A sneak peek at the fall TV season '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grimm ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' reviews : Fairy tales all grown up '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV First Impression : ABC 's Once Upon a Time Is Fairy Ambitious '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Take Me To The Pilots ' 11 : ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Which new fall series make the grade ? '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Genie Leslie ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a ( Feminist ) Time '' . Feministing . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . External links Emma Swan on IMDb ( hide ) Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Mr.",
"16": "Gold Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Swan&oldid=806038335 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional bounty hunters Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities Fictional characters with precognition Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Fictional characters who use magic Fictional female detectives Fictional princesses Fictional sheriffs Fictional thieves Fictional telekinetics Fictional characters from Maine Fictional witches Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 07 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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star cast of ab tumhare hawale watan sathiyon
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[
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{
"0": "Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan saathiyo - wikipedia Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan saathiyo Jump to : navigation , search Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo Theatrical release poster Directed by Anil Sharma Produced by Anil Sharma Screenplay by Shaktimaan Talwar Story by Shaktimaan Talwar Starring Amitabh Bachchan Akshay Kumar Bobby Deol Divya Khosla Kumar Sandali Sinha Nagma Music by Anu Malik Cinematography Kabir Lal Edited by Ballu Saluja Distributed by Movie World Release date December 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 24 ) Running time 3 hr 13 minutes Country India Language Hindi Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo ( English : `` We entrust this nation in you , O countrymen '' ) is a 2004 Indian Hindi war film , directed by Anil Sharma and starring Amitabh Bachchan , Akshay Kumar , Bobby Deol , Divya Khosla Kumar , Sandali Sinha and Nagma Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Track listing 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Major Amarjeet Singh ( Amitabh Bachchan ) is a dedicated officer for the Indian Army . His son Lieutenant Commander Vikramjeet Singh ( Bobby Deol ) follows in his footsteps and joins the Navy . In 1971 during the Indo - Pak war and the formation of Bangladesh , Lt. Commander Vikramjeet Singh has a ship in his command and a regiment of soldiers of the Indian Army , commandeered by his dad , Major General Amarjeet Singh . The ship comes under attack by a submarine of the Pakistani Navy , undergoes damage , and sinks along with Vikramjeet , but not before he courageously rescues about a hundred trapped army soldiers . Years later , Vikramjeet 's son Kunaljeet joins the army as a Captain , but he lacks the values his dad and grandfather had in them about serving the country selflessly .",
"1": "He just wants to be employed with the army for a couple of years , then re-locate to the U.S. , run a business , and make lots of money . In order to accomplish this he always makes up excuses of not going to the front . He falls in love with Shweta Bhansali , and decides to stay in the army in order to be close to her . In order to achieve a medal , he fakes heroism ; then carelessly jeopardizes a planned attack on terrorists and as a result several terrorist escape to their hideouts . Disciplined and chastised , an injured and humbled Kunaljeet waits to meet his sweetheart - only to find out that she is in love and married to his senior officer Major Rajeev Singh , who was assumed to be dead but actually was a prisoner of war . The only thread binding him to the army is broken , and it is then Kunaljeet finds out that the terrorists in collusion with rebel Pakistani officers are planning to bomb the Bhagwan Shivji 's Amarnath Temple in Jammu & Kashmir in order to wipe foment communal strife . Kunaljeet saves everyone and wins his grandfather 's heart . Cast ( edit ) Amitabh Bachchan as Amarjeet Singh Akshay Kumar as Major Rajeev Singh Bobby Deol as Capt Kunaljeet Singh / Lt Cdr Vikramjeet Singh Divya Khosla Kumar as Shweta Rajeev Singh Sandali Sinha as Sakshi Nagma as Aarti Vikramjeet Singh Kapil Sharma as Captain Trilok Danny Denzongpa as Col. Ashfaque Khan Ashutosh Rana as Sikander Khan Govind Namdeo as Maqsood Butt Vivek Shauq Surendra Pal Aarti Chabria as Trilok 's wife Arif Zakaria Rajesh Vivek Vishwajeet Pradhan Soundtrack ( edit ) The music is composed by Anu Malik . Lyrics are penned by Sameer . The song ' Humein tumse hua hai pyaar ' became extremely popular . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 .",
"2": "`` Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo '' Alka Yagnik , Kailash Kher , Sonu Nigam , Udit Narayan 7 : 38 2 . `` Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo - II '' Sonu Nigam , Udit Narayan 6 : 51 3 . `` Chali Aa Chali Aa '' Alka Yagnik , Sonu Nigam 7 : 12 4 . `` Dil Rota Hai Baar Baar '' Sonu Nigam 4 : 38 5 . `` Humein Tumse Hua Hai Pyar '' Alka Yagnik , Udit Narayan 6 : 03 6 . `` Kurti Malmal Di '' Anuradha Paudwal , Kailash Kher , Sneha Pant , Sonu Nigam , Sudesh Bhosle 7 : 11 7 . `` Mere Sarpe Dupatta '' Alka Yagnik , Jaspinder Narula , Udit Narayan 5 : 30 8 . `` Mujhe Pyar Do '' Anuradha Paudwal , Karsan Sargathia , Sonu Nigam 6 : 04 9 . `` Shivji Satya Hai '' Sonu Nigam , Sukhwinder Singh 7 : 38 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2004.htm Jump up ^ `` Amitabh : I 'm trying to improve '' . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo Review - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama .",
"3": "External links ( edit ) Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo on IMDb Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo at AllMovie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ab_Tumhare_Hawale_Watan_Saathiyo&oldid=815812562 '' Categories : 2004 films Hindi - language films 2000s Hindi - language films Bollywood war films Indian war films Pakistan Navy in fiction India -- Pakistan relations in popular culture Films scored by Anu Malik Indian Army in films Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी नेपाल भाषा Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
who has won the cma entertainer of the year the most
|
[
"Garth Brooks",
"Garth Brooks"
] |
{
"0": "Country Music Association awards - wikipedia Country Music Association awards Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Academy of Country Music Awards . Country Music Association Awards 51st Annual Country Music Association Awards Awarded for Achievements in country music Country United States Presented by Country Music Association First awarded 1967 Website www.cmaawards.com Television / radio coverage Network NBC ( 1968 -- 1971 ) CBS ( 1972 -- 2005 ) ABC ( 2006 -- present ) The Country Music Association Awards , also known as the CMA Awards or CMAs , are presented to country music artists and broadcasters to recognize outstanding achievement in the country music industry . The televised annual presentation ceremony features performances and award presentations by popular country music artists , with occasional appearances from pop and rock artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility and voting 3 Awards 3.1 Major awards 4 CMA Awards hosts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first CMA awards were presented at an untelevised ceremony at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium in 1967 ; the Entertainer of the Year award that night went to Eddy Arnold . The second annual CMA awards were presented in October 1968 ; NBC taped the ceremony and televised it a few weeks later . Since then , the awards have been televised live , usually in October or November , by NBC from 1969 through 1971 , by CBS from 1972 through 2005 , and by ABC beginning in 2006 . Starting in 1968 they were held at Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry ( initially at Ryman Auditorium , and from 1974 through 2004 at the new Grand Ole Opry House ) . In 2005 , the awards show was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Since 2006 , they have been held at Nashville 's Bridgestone Arena . The awards are generally held on the first Wednesday in November , but the 2017 ceremony was held on November 8 ( the second Wednesday ) , rescheduled to avoid a potential conflict with game seven of the 2017 World Series , a game that turned out to be inevitable ( as it was with the previous Series ) .",
"1": "Eligibility and voting ( edit ) Albums and songs released between July 1 of the previous calendar year and June 30 of the award show 's year are eligible for consideration . More than 7,300 individuals from the Country Music Association trade group vote for the nominees and winners through three rounds of balloting . Awards ( edit ) Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist ( previously known as the Horizon Award until 2008 ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo ( introduced in 1970 ) , Single , Album , Song , Musical Event ( split off from the Vocal Duo award in 1988 as Vocal Event ) , Music Video ( introduced in 1985 ) , and Musician . The distinction between the Duo and Event awards is that the former is presented to two artists who normally perform together , while the latter was specifically created to honor one - off collaborations . Nine awards are also given to radio broadcasters for Station of the Year and Personality of the Year ( divided into four categories each , based on market size ) , as well as National Personality of the Year to the host of a nationally syndicated show . Since 2012 , the ceremony features a Lifetime Achievement Award . Major awards ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of Country Music Association Awards ceremonies § Categorical winners . Year Entertainer of the Year Male Vocalist of the Year Female Vocalist of the Year New Artist of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Horizon Award 2017 Garth Brooks Chris Stapleton Miranda Lambert Jon Pardi Taylor Swift -- `` Better Man '' From A Room : Volume 1 2016 Carrie Underwood Maren Morris Lori McKenna -- `` Humble and Kind '' Mr.",
"2": "Misunderstood 2015 Luke Bryan Miranda Lambert Chris Stapleton Liz Rose , Lori McKenna and Hillary Lindsey -- `` Girl Crush '' Traveller 2014 Blake Shelton Brett Eldredge Kacey Musgraves , Shane McAnally , Brandy Clark -- `` Follow Your Arrow '' Platinum 2013 George Strait Kacey Musgraves Jessi Alexander , Connie Harrington , Jimmy Yeary -- `` I Drive Your Truck '' Based on a True Story ... 2012 Blake Shelton Hunter Hayes Miranda Lambert , Blake Shelton -- `` Over You '' Chief 2011 Taylor Swift The Band Perry Kimberly Perry -- `` If I Die Young '' My Kinda Party Brad Paisley Zac Brown Band Tom Douglas , Allen Shamblin -- `` The House That Built Me '' Revolution 2009 Taylor Swift Brad Paisley Taylor Swift Darius Rucker Jamey Johnson , Lee Thomas Miller , James Otto -- `` In Color '' Fearless 2008 Kenny Chesney Carrie Underwood Lady Antebellum Jennifer Nettles -- `` Stay '' Troubadour 2007 Taylor Swift Bill Anderson , Jamey Johnson , Buddy Cannon -- `` Give It Away '' It Just Comes Natural 2006 Keith Urban Carrie Underwood Craig Wiseman , Ronnie Dunn -- `` Believe '' Time Well Wasted 2005 Keith Urban Gretchen Wilson Dierks Bentley Bill Anderson , Jon Randall -- `` Whiskey Lullaby '' There 's More Where That Came From Kenny Chesney Martina McBride Gretchen Wilson Craig Wiseman , Tim Nichols -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' When the Sun Goes Down 2003 Alan Jackson Alan Jackson Joe Nichols Doug Johnson , Kim Williams -- `` Three Wooden Crosses '' The Man Comes Around 2002 Rascal Flatts Alan Jackson -- `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' Drive Tim McGraw Toby Keith Lee Ann Womack Keith Urban Larry Cordle , Larry Shell -- `` Murder on Music Row '' O Brother , Where Art Thou ?",
"3": "2000 Dixie Chicks Tim McGraw Faith Hill Brad Paisley Mark D. Sanders , Tia Sillers -- `` I Hope You Dance '' Fly 1999 Shania Twain Martina McBride Jo Dee Messina Beth Neilsen Chapman , Annie Roboff , Rob Lerner -- `` This Kiss '' A Place in the Sun 1998 Garth Brooks George Strait Trisha Yearwood Dixie Chicks Steve Wariner , Billy Kirsch -- `` Holes in the Floor of Heaven '' Everywhere LeAnn Rimes Matraca Berg , Gary Harrison -- `` Strawberry Wine '' Carrying Your Love with Me Brooks & Dunn Patty Loveless Bryan White Vince Gill -- `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Blue Clear Sky 1995 Alan Jackson Vince Gill Alison Krauss Alison Krauss Gretchen Peters -- `` Independence Day '' When Fallen Angels Fly Vince Gill Pam Tillis John Michael Montgomery Alan Jackson , Jim McBride -- `` Chattahoochee '' Common Thread Mary Chapin Carpenter Mark Chesnutt John Barlow Jarvis , Vince Gill -- `` I Still Believe in You '' I Still Believe in You Garth Brooks Suzy Bogguss Max D. Barnes , Vince Gill -- `` Look at Us '' Ropin ' the Wind 1991 Tanya Tucker Travis Tritt Tim DuBois , Vince Gill -- `` When I Call Your Name '' No Fences George Strait Clint Black Kathy Mattea Garth Brooks Don Henry , Jon Vezner -- `` Where 've You Been '' Pickin ' on Nashville Ricky Van Shelton Clint Black Max D. Barnes , Vern Gosdin -- `` Chiseled in Stone '' Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume II Hank Williams , Jr . Randy Travis K.T. Oslin Ricky Van Shelton K.T.",
"4": "Oslin -- `` 80 's Ladies '' Born to Boogie Reba McEntire Holly Dunn Paul Overstreet , Don Schlitz -- `` Forever and Ever , Amen '' Always & Forever 1986 Reba McEntire George Strait Randy Travis Paul Overstreet , Don Schlitz -- `` On the Other Hand '' Lost in the Fifties Tonight 1985 Ricky Skaggs Sawyer Brown Lee Greenwood -- `` God Bless the USA '' Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind 1984 Alabama Lee Greenwood The Judds Larry Henley , Jeff Silbar -- `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' A Little Good News Janie Fricke John Anderson Wayne Carson Thompson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James -- `` Always on My Mind '' The Closer You Get ... 1982 Ricky Skaggs Ricky Skaggs Always on My Mind 1981 Barbara Mandrell George Jones Barbara Mandrell Terri Gibbs Bobby Braddock , Curly Putman -- `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' I Believe in You 1980 Emmylou Harris No award presented Coal Miner 's Daughter Soundtrack 1979 Willie Nelson Kenny Rogers Barbara Mandrell Don Schlitz -- `` The Gambler '' The Gambler 1978 Dolly Parton Don Williams Crystal Gayle Richard Leigh -- `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' It Was Almost Like a Song 1977 Ronnie Milsap Ronnie Milsap Roger Bowling , Hal Bynum -- `` Lucille '' Ronnie Milsap : Live 1976 Mel Tillis Dolly Parton Larry Weiss -- `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' Wanted !",
"5": "The Outlaws John Denver Waylon Jennings John Denver -- `` Back Home Again '' A Legend in My Time Charlie Rich Ronnie Milsap Olivia Newton - John Don Wayne -- `` Country Bumpkin '' A Very Special Love Song 1973 Roy Clark Charlie Rich Loretta Lynn Kenny O'Dell -- `` Behind Closed Doors '' Behind Closed Doors 1972 Loretta Lynn Charley Pride Freddie Hart -- `` Easy Loving '' Let Me Tell You About a Song 1971 Charley Pride Lynn Anderson I Wo n't Mention It Again 1970 Merle Haggard Merle Haggard Tammy Wynette Kris Kristofferson -- `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' Okie from Muskogee 1969 Johnny Cash Johnny Cash Bob Ferguson -- `` The Carroll County Accident '' Johnny Cash at San Quentin 1968 Glen Campbell Glen Campbell Bobby Russell -- `` Honey '' Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison 1967 Eddy Arnold Jack Greene Loretta Lynn Dallas Frazier -- `` There Goes My Everything '' There Goes My Everything CMA awards hosts ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of Country Music Association Awards ceremonies . Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood have co-hosted the ceremonies together since 2008 . Vince Gill has been the longest consecutive host from 1992 to 2003 , co-hosting with Reba McEntire in 1992 and Clint Black in 1993 . The first ceremony in 1967 was co-hosted by Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry , but that ceremony was not televised . See also ( edit ) Country music portal Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the Year Country Music Association Award for Male Vocalist of the Year Country Music Association Award for Female Vocalist of the Year Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year CMA Music Festival , a CMA - produced summer event which is part of the CMA broadcast contract with ABC References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Country dj . `` Country Music Association Awards '' . Retrieved 14 November 2013 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ CMA Awards . `` Country Music 's Biggest Night '' . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : CMA Awards : Archive : 2005 : Country Music Association '' . www.cmt.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Balloting Season at CMA ! '' . CMA World . Country Music Association . May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Presented With the Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award '' . CMA World . Country Music Association . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 .",
"7": "External links ( edit ) Official site Country Music Association Awards Awards ceremonies 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Hosts Brad Paisley Carrie Underwood Brooks & Dunn Clint Black Vince Gill Reba McEntire Randy Travis Dolly Parton Kris Kristofferson Willie Nelson Anne Murray Barbara Mandrell Mac Davis Kenny Rogers Roy Clark Charley Pride Johnny Cash Glen Campbell Ernie Ford Roy Rogers Dale Evans Bobbie Gentry Sonny James Categories Entertainer of the Year Male Vocalist of the Year Female Vocalist of the Year Album of the Year Lifetime Achievement Related articles List of ceremonies Country Music Association Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Music awards Worldwide International Dance Music Awards International Rock Awards World Music Awards Africa South African Music Awards ( RSA ) Channel O Music Video Awards ( RSA ) Nigeria Entertainment Awards ( NGR ) The Headies ( NGR ) Americas Dove Awards ( US ) Grammy Awards ( US ) Billboard Music Awards ( US ) Billboard Latin Music Awards ( US ) American Music Awards ( US ) iHeartRadio Music Awards ( US ) Heat Latin Music Awards ( US ) Latin Grammy Awards ( US ) Lo Nuestro Awards ( US ) Latin American Music Award ( US ) Premios tu mundo ( US ) Premios Juventud ( US ) MTV Video Music Awards ( US ) MTV Millennial Awards ( US ) BET Awards ( US ) Soul Train Music Awards ( US ) TEC Awards ( US ) iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards ( CAN ) Juno Awards ( CAN ) Asia and Oceania ABU Song Festivals ( AS ) ARIA Music Awards ( AUS ) Awit Awards ( PHL ) Eurovision Asia Song Contest ( AS ) Golden Disc Awards ( S.",
"8": "KOR ) Golden Melody Awards ( TW ) Japan Record Awards Japan Gold Disc Awards New Zealand Music Awards ( NZ ) Anugerah Juara Lagu ( MAS ) Anugerah Industri Muzik ( MAS ) Anugerah Musik Indonesia ( INA ) Dahsyatnya Awards ( INA ) SCTV Awards ( INA ) Anugerah Planet Muzik ( SIN , MAS , BRU , INA ) Europe Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Europe Music Awards ( EU ) Junior Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Brit Awards ( UK ) Mercury Prize ( UK ) MOBO Awards ( UK ) Kerrang !",
"9": "Awards ( UK ) Classic Brit Awards ( UK ) Gramophone Award ( UK ) Echo Awards ( GER ) Victoires de la Musique ( FRA ) Grand Prix du Disque ( FRA ) NRJ Music Awards ( FRA ) Diapason d'Or ( FRA ) Sanremo Music Festival Awards ( ITA ) Wind Music Awards ( ITA ) MTV Italian Music Awards Edison Awards ( NLD ) Grammis Awards ( SWE ) Melodifestivalen ( SWE ) Premio Nacional de Música ( SPA ) LOS40 Music Awards ( SPA ) Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( DNK ) Melodi Grand Prix ( NOR ) Meteor Music Awards ( IRL ) Choice Music Prize ( IRL ) Russian Music Awards ( RUS ) ZAI Awards / Aurel Awards ( SK ) Anděl Awards ( CZ ) BBC Music Awards ( UK ) A Dal ( HU ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_Music_Association_Awards&oldid=812137162 '' Categories : American music awards American country music Country music awards Awards established in 1967 1967 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 05 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2937853297914087210
|
who played the jewish man in coming to america
|
[
"Eddie Murphy",
"Eddie Murphy",
"Eddie Murphy",
"Eddie Murphy"
] |
{
"0": "Coming to America - wikipedia Coming to America Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1988 film . For other uses , see Coming to America ( disambiguation ) . Coming to America Theatrical release poster illustrated by Drew Struzan Directed by John Landis Produced by George Folsey , Jr . Robert D. Wachs Screenplay by David Sheffield Barry W. Blaustein Story by Eddie Murphy Starring Eddie Murphy Arsenio Hall James Earl Jones John Amos Madge Sinclair Shari Headley Music by Nile Rodgers Cinematography Sol Negrin Woody Omens Edited by Malcolm Campbell George Folsey , Jr . Production company Eddie Murphy Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 29 , 1988 ( 1988 - 06 - 29 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $39 million Box office $288,752,301 Coming to America is a 1988 American romantic comedy film directed by John Landis and based on a story originally created by Eddie Murphy , who also starred in the lead role . The film also co-stars Arsenio Hall , James Earl Jones , Shari Headley , and John Amos . The film was released in the United States on June 29 , 1988 . Eddie Murphy plays Akeem Joffer , the crown prince of the fictional African nation of Zamunda , who comes to the United States in the hopes of finding a woman he can marry . In 1989 , a pilot for a planned spin - off TV show was made , although this was never picked up for a series .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Reception 4.3 Awards 4.4 Lawsuit 5 Soundtrack 6 Legacy 6.1 Television pilot 6.2 Movie remakes 6.3 Influences in music 7 Planned sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot In the fictional African nation of Zamunda , crown prince Akeem lives a pampered life , but he wishes to do more for himself . When his parents , King Jaffe and Queen Aeoleon , present him with an arranged bride - to - be , Akeem takes action . Seeking an independent woman who loves him for himself , not his social status , Akeem and his best friend / personal aide , Semmi , travel to the New York City borough of Queens and rent a squalid tenement in the neighborhood of Long Island City under the guise of poor foreign students . Beginning their search for Akeem 's bride , they end up invited by some locals to a rally that is raising money for the inner city . During the rally , Akeem encounters Lisa McDowell , who possesses all the qualities he is looking for , and upon his insistence he and Semmi get entry - level jobs working at the local fast food restaurant called McDowell 's -- an obvious ripoff of McDonald 's -- owned by widower Cleo McDowell , Lisa 's father . Akeem 's attempts to win Lisa 's love are complicated by Lisa 's lazy and obnoxious boyfriend , Darryl Jenks ( Eriq La Salle ) , whose father owns Soul Glo ( a Jheri curl -- like hairstyling aid ) . After Darryl announces their engagement -- without Lisa 's consent -- to their families , she starts dating Akeem , who claims that he comes from a family of poor goat herders . Meanwhile , although Akeem thrives on hard work and learning how commoners live , Semmi is not comfortable with living in such meager conditions . After a dinner date with Lisa is thwarted when Semmi furnishes their apartment with a jacuzzi and other luxuries , Akeem confiscates his money and donates it to two homeless men .",
"2": "Semmi wires a telegraph to King Jaffe for more money , prompting Akeem 's parents to travel to Queens and expose his identity as a prince . Mr. McDowell , initially disapproving of Akeem as he did not want to see his daughter with a poor man , is ecstatic that he is actually an extremely wealthy prince . Lisa , however , becomes angry and confused that Akeem lied to her about his identity . Akeem explains that he wanted her to love him for who , not what he is , even offering to renounce his throne ; but Lisa , still hurt and angry , refuses to marry him . Despondent , Akeem resigns himself to the arranged marriage , but as they leave , King Jaffe is reprimanded by Queen Aeoleon for clinging to out - dated traditions instead of thinking of his son 's happiness . At the wedding procession , a still - heartbroken Akeem waits at the altar as his veiled bride - to - be makes her way down the aisle , but when Akeem lifts the veil to kiss her , he finds Lisa in the wedding gown . Following the ceremony , they ride happily in a carriage to the cheers of Zamundans . Witnessing such splendor , Lisa is both surprised and touched by the fact that Akeem would have given it up just for her . Akeem offers again to abdicate if she does n't want this life , but Lisa playfully declines . Cast Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem Joffer , the prince of Zamunda ; Randy Watson , a soul singer with the fictional band Sexual Chocolate . Eddie Murphy also plays Saul , the Jewish barbershop customer , as well as Clarence , the owner of the barber shop . Arsenio Hall as Semmi , Akeem 's friend ; Reverend Brown ; Morris the barber ; and an unattractive clubgoer . James Earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer , Akeem 's father and King of Zamunda . John Amos as Cleo McDowell , Akeem 's employer and Lisa 's father . Madge Sinclair as Queen Aeoleon , Akeem 's mother and the Queen of Zamunda . Shari Headley as Lisa McDowell , Cleo 's oldest daughter and Akeem 's love interest .",
"3": "Paul Bates as Oha , a royal servant . Eriq La Salle as Darryl Jenks , Lisa 's boyfriend whom she eventually breaks up with . The cast also includes : Frankie Faison as Mr. Townsend , Akeem and Semmi 's landlord in Queens ; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi , Akeem 's arranged wife , and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi , her father ; Louie Anderson as Maurice , a McDowell 's employee ; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell , Cleo 's youngest daughter and Lisa 's sister ; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber ; Vondie Curtis - Hall as the Basketball game vendor ; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer ; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem 's Zamundan attendants , and Clint Smith as Sweets . Ruben Santiago - Hudson and Cuba Gooding Jr. made their film debuts as a street hustler and a barber shop customer respectively ( for the latter , he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut ) . Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as , respectively , Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis ' 1983 Murphy - starring comedy film Trading Places . A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene . The Dukes ' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi 's limo . Coming to America features Murphy and Hall in several different roles , which , following the success of this film , became a Murphy staple . Hall plays Reverend Brown , who introduces Randy Watson ( Murphy ) . Murphy and Hall play elderly barbers Clarence and Morris respectively , who engage in debate with Saul , the old Jewish man ( Murphy ) . Hall also plays a woman ( credited as Extremely Ugly Girl ) who flirts with Akeem and Semmi . Production Coming to America reunited star Eddie Murphy with director John Landis . The two had previously worked together on the comedy hit Trading Places ( 1983 ) ; however , Landis later recalled the differences in working with Murphy on the two movies : `` The guy on Trading Places was young and full of energy and curious and funny and fresh and great . The guy on Coming to America was the pig of the world ... But I still think he 's wonderful in the movie . ''",
"4": "`` We had a tussling confrontation ... We did n't come to blows . Personalities did n't mesh . I grabbed him , and he thought I was playing . So he tried to grab my balls and I pushed him away . But I was n't kidding . He was doing some silly shit that made me mad . He directed me in Trading Places when I was just starting out as a kid , but he was still treating me like a kid five years later during Coming to America . And I hired him to direct the movie ! I was gon na direct Coming to America myself , but I knew that Landis had just done three fucked - up pictures in a row and that his career was hanging by a thread after the Twilight Zone trial . I figured the guy was nice to me when I did Trading Places , so I 'd give him a shot ... I was going out of my way to help this guy , and he fucked me over . Now he 's got a hit picture on his resumé , a movie that made over $200 million , as opposed to him coming off a couple of fucked - up movies -- which is where I 'd rather see him be right now ( laughs ) . '' -- Eddie Murphy Despite the experience , Landis and Murphy collaborated again six years later on Beverly Hills Cop III . South African chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo sings Mbube during the opening sequence ( the song also known as The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) . The group has gone on to record several different versions of Mbube ; however , the version heard in Coming to America had not been released on its soundtrack or on CD as of 2006 . Landis ' calling card / easter egg , `` See You Next Wednesday '' , appears on a science - fiction movie poster in the subway station after Lisa storms off the train . A promotional song for the film , also titled `` Coming to America '' , was written and performed by The System . Release Paramount cancelled press screenings of the film , after initial negative reactions to a press screening in New York . Box Office Released on June 29 , 1988 , by Paramount Pictures in the United States , it was a commercial box - office success , both domestically and worldwide .",
"5": "The film debuted at number one with $21,404,420 from 2,064 screens , for a five - day total of $28,409,497 . The film made $128,152,301 in the United States and ended up with a worldwide total of $288,752,301 . It was the highest earning film that year for the studio and the third - highest - grossing film at the United States box office . It opened a month later in the UK and earned $7,712,622 during its seven - week run . It opened on September 2 in West Germany , where it debuted at number one with $3,715,791 from 297 screens . It ended its run after 13 weeks with $15,743,447 . Reception Coming To America received positive reviews upon release . Review - aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 68 % , based on reviews from 37 critics . Sheila Benson in the Los Angeles Times called it a `` hollow and wearying Eddie Murphy fairy tale '' and bemoans , `` That an Eddie Murphy movie would come to this . '' Vincent Canby in The New York Times was also critical of the writing , calling it a `` possibly funny idea '' but suggesting the screenplay had escaped before it was ready . Canby viewed the film as essentially a romantic comedy but said the romantic elements fell flat , and the film instead goes for broad slapstick . Siskel & Ebert had mixed opinions on the film . Siskel enjoyed the acting from Murphy and Hall but Ebert was disappointed that Murphy did not bring his usual more lively performance , and Ebert was also critical of the unoriginal script . Awards The film was nominated for two Oscars : Best Costume Design by Deborah Nadoolman Landis and Best Makeup by Rick Baker , who designed the makeup effects for both Murphy 's and Arsenio Hall 's multiple supporting characters . Lawsuit The film was the subject of the Buchwald v. Paramount civil suit , which the humorist Art Buchwald filed in 1990 against the film 's producers on the grounds that the film 's idea was stolen from his 1982 script treatment about a rich , despotic African potentate who comes to America for a state visit .",
"6": "Paramount had optioned the treatment from Buchwald , and John Landis was attached as director and Eddie Murphy as the lead , but after two years of development hell Paramount abandoned the project in March 1985 . In 1987 , Paramount began working on Coming to America based on a story by Eddie Murphy . Buchwald won the breach of contract action and the court ordered monetary damages . The parties later settled the case out - of - court prior to an appeal going to trial . Soundtrack Coming to America : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 1988 Genre Pop Length 40 : 16 Label Atco Records Singles from Coming to America `` Coming to America '' `` Come into My Life '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Better Late Than Never '' The soundtrack to the film was released on LP , cassette and CD . The songs `` Coming to America '' by The System , `` Better Late Than Never '' by The Cover Girls and `` Come into My Life '' by Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito were released as singles from the album . `` That 's The Way It Is '' by Mel & Kim had been released as a single in the UK , prior to the film 's release , in February 1988 , and became a top ten hit . It was released as a single in the USA at the time of the film 's release . Side A `` Coming to America '' -- The System ( 3 : 49 ) `` Better Late Than Never '' -- The Cover Girls ( 4 : 02 ) `` All Dressed Up ( Ready to Hit the Town ) '' -- Chico DeBarge ( 4 : 50 ) `` I Like It Like That '' -- Michael Rodgers ( 4 : 01 ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' -- Mel and Kim ( 3 : 25 ) Side B `` Addicted to You '' -- LeVert ( 3 : 54 ) `` Comin ' Correct '' -- J.J.",
"7": "Fad ( 3 : 56 ) `` Livin ' the Good Life '' -- Sister Sledge ( 3 : 46 ) `` Transparent '' -- Nona Hendryx ( 3 : 50 ) `` Come into My Life '' -- Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito ( 4 : 39 ) Legacy Television pilot A television pilot of a weekly sitcom version of the film was produced for CBS , following the film 's success , starring Tommy Davidson as Prince Tariq , and Paul Bates reprising his role as Oha . The pilot went unsold , but was televised on July 4 , 1989 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse pilot anthology series . Movie remakes A Tamil movie , My Dear Marthandan , was produced based on the plot of Coming to America . A Hong Kong movie , The Fun , the Luck & the Tycoon , also has the same plot . Influences in music The melody heard in the bathroom scene , where Prince Akeem is being washed by female servants , was sampled in Snoop Dogg 's 2006 song `` That 's That '' featuring R. Kelly ; a remix of the song featuring rapper Nas includes a woman 's voice saying `` the royal penis is clean your highness '' , a line taken from the same scene . Also , the music videos for Busta Rhymes ' 1997 single `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' and Action Bronson 's 2015 single `` Baby Blue '' are loosely based on the film . The song `` Coming 2 America '' by Ludacris from the album Word of Mouf features samples and lyrics referencing the film . Planned sequel In early 2017 , an announcement was publicized which addressed the impending production of a sequel to the film . Kevin Misher was named as producer , and Sheffield and Blaustein , the original screenwriters , were also attached to the project . However , a possible participation of lead actors Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall was left undefined . According to several public accounts , Murphy himself apparently posted an announcement regarding the film project a month prior on Facebook , but later claimed that his account had been hacked and completely deleted it . References Jump up ^ `` Coming to America ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo .",
"8": "^ Jump up to : `` Reminder : A terrible ' Coming to America ' TV pilot happened in 1989 '' . Splinter News . 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ Top10films.co.uk Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ Movieclips.com Archived 2014 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ Daniel Carlson ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` Is it Just Me , or Does Every Woman in New York Have a Severe Emotional Problem ? '' . pajiba.com . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutty Professor credits '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . `` Vampire in Brooklyn credits '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . `` Norbit credits '' . imbd.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Randy Watson is introduced as having played `` Joe the Policeman '' in the `` What 's Going Down '' episode of That 's My Mama . Jump up ^ `` The Collider Interview : John Landis , Part II '' . Collider . February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zehme , Bill ( August 24 , 1989 ) . `` Eddie Murphy : the Rolling Stone interview '' . Rolling Stone : 52 , 57 . Jump up ^ `` Indiewire Blog '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina ( 1988 - 07 - 26 ) . `` WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : ' Rabbit ' and ' America ' Battle for Dollars '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( 1989 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Roger Rabbit ' Hops to Box - Office Top ; ' Coming to America ' Hits 2nd '' . Los Angeles Times .",
"9": "Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to America '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to America '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 1988 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Spare Fare in Eddie Murphy 's ' America ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1988 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Review / Film ; African Prince in Queens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube '' . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards 1989 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Coming to America ( 1988 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures Corp. and the Future of Net Profit -- retrieved May 2015 Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum , The Myth of Moral Justice : Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What 's Right page 182 . Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum wrote , `` In 1995 , the syndicated columnist Art Buchwald prevailed after a seven - year legal battle against Paramount Pictures , claiming that he had submitted the idea , and the original script , for the Eddie Murphy film , Coming to America , without ever being properly compensated or acknowledged for his efforts . The trial court eventually agreed with Buchwald , although the damage award that he received was considerably less than what he had sought , and even less than what he eventually had to pay out in legal fees . '' -- The Myth of Moral Justice : Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What 's Right page 182 . Jump up ^ `` ` Outtakes ' - ` Coming To America ' The TV Series '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Ludacris 's ' Coming 2 America ' - Discover the Sample Source '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ludacris - Coming 2 America Lyrics MetroLyrics '' . www.metrolyrics.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Coming to America ' sequel makes headway as Paramount hires original writers to pen script '' . DailyMail. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A ' Coming to America ' Sequel Is in the Works With the Original Writers '' . US Magazine . 2017 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coming to America Coming to America on IMDb Coming to America at Box Office Mojo Coming to America at Rotten Tomatoes Filming Locations Films directed by John Landis Schlock ( 1973 ) The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Coming Soon ( 1982 ) Trading Places ( 1983 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) Into the Night ( 1985 ) Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) ¡ Three Amigos ! ( 1986 ) Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Oscar ( 1991 ) Innocent Blood ( 1992 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) The Stupids ( 1996 ) Blues Brothers 2000 ( 1998 ) Susan 's Plan ( 1998 ) Slasher ( 2004 ) Mr.",
"11": "Warmth : The Don Rickles Project ( 2007 ) Burke & Hare ( 2010 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Coming_to_America&oldid=837573310 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1988 soundtracks 1980s comedy films African - American films American buddy films American films American romantic comedy films Films about royalty Films directed by John Landis Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films set in a fictional African country Films set in New York City Films set in Queens , New York Monarchy in fiction Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the most followed user on instagram 2017
|
[
"Instagram's own account",
"Instagram's own account",
"Instagram's own account"
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{
"0": "List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 132 million followers . This list contains the top 10 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of December 2017 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 230 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 132 million followers . Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts ( edit ) All - time ( edit ) The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 230 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 132 Musician and actress 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 118 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 116 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 110 Musician and actress 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 106 Reality TV personality 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 105 Musician and actress 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 100 Reality TV personality 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 98 Actor and professional wrestler 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 95 Musician CAN 11 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 87 Model USA 12 . @ neymarjr Neymar 86 Footballer BRA 13 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 85 Musician TRI 14 .",
"1": "@ leomessi Lionel Messi 85 Footballer ARG 15 . @ natgeo National Geographic 84 Magazine USA 16 . @ nike Nike 75 Sportswear multinational corporation 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 73 Musician and actress 18 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 71 Musician and actress 19 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 71 Reality TV personality 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 68 Musician 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 64 Musician and actress 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 60 Reality TV personality 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 58 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 56 Comedian As of January 4 , 2018 By country ( edit ) Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 230 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 118 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 95 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 87 Footballer 5 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 6 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 85 Footballer 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 54 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 45 Musician 10 .",
"2": "Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform As of January 4 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Graph Search EdgeRank Platform Payments Facebook like button facebookcorewwwi. onion Facebook Live Facebook Zero Facebook Stories Facebook Watch ( List of original programs ) Other products Current Instagram liked pictures Messenger M ( virtual assistant ) MSQRD Oculus Rift tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications ,",
"3": "Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Open Compute Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=819533036 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the ncaa tournament became more important than the nit
|
[
"By the mid-1980s",
"By the mid-1980s"
] |
{
"0": "National Invitation tournament - Wikipedia National Invitation tournament Jump to : navigation , search Men 's National Invitation Tournament Current season , competition or edition : 2018 National Invitation Tournament National Invitation Tournament Sport College Basketball Founded 1938 Founder Metropolitan Basketball Writers Association No. of teams 32 Most recent champion ( s ) Penn State ( 2 ) Most titles St. John 's ( 5 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN Related competitions NIT Season Tip - Off NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament Vegas 16 Official website https://www.ncaa.com/championships/basketball-men/nit The National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) is a men 's college basketball tournament operated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Played at Madison Square Garden in New York City each March and April , it was founded in 1938 and was originally the most prestigious post-season showcase for college basketball . Over time it became eclipsed by the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament -- known today informally as `` March Madness '' . The NIT has since been regarded more as a `` consolation '' tournament for teams that did not receive a berth in the NCAA tournament . A second , much more recent `` NIT '' tournament is played in November and known as the NIT Season Tip - Off . Formerly the `` Preseason NIT '' , it was founded in 1985 . Like the postseason NIT , its final rounds are played at Madison Square Garden . Both tournaments were operated by the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association ( MIBA ) until 2005 , when they were purchased by the NCAA , and the MIBA disbanded . Unless otherwise qualified , the terms `` NIT '' or `` National Invitation Tournament '' refer to the post-season tournament in both common and official use .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Early advantages over the NCAA Tournament 1.3 Preeminence 1.4 Decline 1.5 NCAA takes control 1.6 Reputation 2 Selection process 3 Women 's tournaments 4 Men 's postseason NIT champions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) The post-season National Invitation Tournament was founded in 1938 by the Metropolitan Basketball Writers Association , one year after the NAIA Tournament was created by basketball 's inventor Dr. James Naismith , and one year before the NCAA Tournament . The first NIT was won by the Temple University Owls over the Colorado Buffaloes . Responsibility for the NIT 's administration was transferred in 1940 to the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Committee , a body of local New York colleges : Fordham University , Manhattan College , New York University , St. John 's University , and Wagner College . This became the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association ( MIBA ) in 1948 . Originally the tournament invited a field of 6 teams , with all games played at Madison Square Garden in downtown Manhattan . The field was expanded to 8 teams in 1941 , 12 in 1949 , 14 in 1965 , 16 in 1968 , 24 in 1979 , 32 in 1980 , and 40 from 2002 through 2006 . In 2007 , the tournament reverted to the current 32 - team format . Early advantages over the NCAA tournament ( edit ) In its early years , the NIT offered some advantages over the NCAA tournament : There was limited national media coverage of college basketball in the 1930s and ' 40s , and playing in New York City provided teams greater media exposure , both with the general public and among high school prospects in its rich recruiting territory . The NCAA tournament selection committee invited only one team each from eight national regions , potentially leaving better quality selections and natural rivals out of its field , which would opt for the NIT . Some conferences , such as the Southeastern Conference , were racially segregated , making hosting non-segregated early round games on their campuses problematic .",
"2": "Preeminence ( edit ) From its onset and at least into the mid-1950s , the NIT was regarded as the most prestigious showcase for college basketball . All - American at Princeton and later NBA champion with the New York Knicks and United States Senator Bill Bradley states : In the 1940 's , when the NCAA tournament was less than 10 years old , the National Invitation Tournament , a saturnalia held in New York at Madison Square Garden by the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association , was the most glamorous of the post-season tournaments and generally had the better teams . The winner of the National Invitation Tournament was regarded as more of a national champion than the actual , titular , national champion , or winner of the NCAA tournament . -- A Sense of Where You Are : Bill Bradley at Princeton Several teams played in both the NIT and NCAA tournaments in the same year , beginning with Colorado and Duquesne in 1940 . Colorado won the NIT in 1940 but subsequently finished fourth in the NCAA West Region . In 1944 , Utah lost its first game in the NIT but then proceeded to win not only the NCAA tournament , but also the subsequent Red Cross War Charities benefit game in which they defeated NIT champion St. Johns at Madison Square Garden . In 1949 , some Kentucky players were bribed by gamblers to lose their first round game in the NIT . This same Kentucky team went on to win the NCAA . In 1950 , City College of New York won both the NIT and the NCAA tournaments in the same season , coincidentally defeating Bradley University in the championship game of both tournaments , and remains the only school to accomplish that feat because of a rule change in the early 1950s prohibiting a team from competing in both tournaments . The champions of both the NCAA and NIT tournaments played each other for a few years during World War II . From 1943 to 1945 , the American Red Cross sponsored a postseason charity game between each year 's tournament champions to raise money for the war effort . The series was described by Ray Meyer as not just benefit games , but as `` really the games for the national championship '' . The NCAA champion prevailed in all three games .",
"3": "The Helms Athletic Foundation retroactively selected the NIT champion as its national champion for 1938 ( Temple ) , and chose the NIT champion over the NCAA champion once , in 1939 ( Long Island ) . More recently , the mathematically based Premo - Porretta Power Poll published in the ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia retroactively ranked teams for each season prior to 1949 , with the NIT champion finishing ahead of the NCAA champion in 1939 and 1941 . Premo - Porretta ranks four NCAA champions as the best for each season , the rest being non-championship winning teams . Between 1939 and 1970 , when teams could compete in either tournament , only DePaul ( 1945 ) , Utah ( 1947 ) , , San Francisco ( 1949 ) and Holy Cross ( 1954 ) claim or celebrate national championships for their teams based solely on an NIT championship , although Long Island recognizes its selection as the 1939 national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation , made in 1943 . In 1943 the NCAA tournament moved to share Madison Square Garden with the NIT in an effort to increase the credibility of the NCAA Tournament . In 1945 , The New York Times indicated that many teams could get bids to enter either tournament , which was not uncommon in that day . In any case , since the mid-1950s , the NCAA tournament has been popularly regarded by most individuals as the major post season tourney , with conference champions and the majority of the top - ranked teams participating in it . Nevertheless , as late as 1970 , Coach Al McGuire of Marquette , the 8th - ranked team in the final AP poll of the season , spurned an NCAA at - large invitation because the Warriors were going to be placed in the NCAA Midwest Regional ( Fort Worth , Texas ) instead of closer to home in the Mideast Regional ( Dayton , Ohio ) . The team played in the NIT instead , which it won . This led the NCAA to decree in 1971 that any school to which it offered a bid must accept it or be prohibited from participating in postseason competition , reducing the pool of teams that could accept an NIT invitation . Decline ( edit ) As the NCAA over time expanded its field to include more teams , the reputation of the NIT suffered .",
"4": "In 1973 , NBC moved televised coverage of the NCAA championship from Saturday afternoon to Monday evening , providing the NCAA Tournament with prime - time television exposure the NIT could not match . Even more crucially , when the NCAA eliminated the one - team - per - conference rule in 1975 , its requirement that teams accept its bids relegated the NIT to a collection of teams that did not make the NCAA grade . Compounding this , to cut costs the NIT moved its early rounds out of Madison Square Garden in 1977 , playing games at home sites until the later rounds . This further harmed the NIT 's prestige , both regionalizing interest in it and marginalizing it by reducing its association with Madison Square Garden . By the mid-1980s , its transition to a secondary tournament for lesser teams was complete . NCAA takes control ( edit ) In 2005 , the NCAA purchased 10 - year rights to the NIT from the MIBA for $56.5 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit , which had gone to trial and was being argued until very shortly before the settlement was announced . The MIBA alleged that compelling teams to accept invitations to the NCAA tournament even if they preferred to play in the NIT was an illegal use of the NCAA 's powers . In addition , it argued that the NCAA 's expansion of its tournament to 65 teams ( 68 since 2011 ) was designed specifically to bankrupt the NIT . Faced with the very real possibility of being found in violation of federal antitrust law for the third time in its history , the NCAA chose to settle . ( The first two violations were related to restrictions on televising college football and capping assistant coach salaries . ) As part of the purchase of the NIT by the NCAA , the MIBA disbanded . Reputation ( edit ) The status of the post-season National Invitation Tournament as a `` consolation '' fixture has led to somewhat of a stigma in the minds of many fans . When teams with tenuous hopes of an NCAA Tournament berth lose away from home late in the season , opposing fans may taunt the players in the closing seconds with chants of `` NIT ! NIT ! '' . This is done regardless of whether the home team is headed for the NCAA Tournament or not .",
"5": "Irv Moss , a journalist for the Denver Post , once wrote of such a taunt to a defeated team , `` The three - letter word ... was far more cutting than any four - letter word they could have hollered . '' Because the post-season NIT consists of teams that failed to receive a berth in the NCAA Tournament , the NIT has been nicknamed the `` Not Invited Tournament '' , `` Not Important Tournament '' , `` Never Important Tournament '' , `` Nobody 's Interested Tournament '' , `` Needs Improvement Tournament '' , `` No Important Team '' , `` National Insignificant Tournament , '' or simply `` Not In Tournament '' . It has also been called a tournament to see who the `` 69th best team '' in the country is ( since there are now 68 teams in the NCAA Tournament ) . David Thompson , an All - American player from North Carolina State , called the NIT `` a loser 's tournament '' in 1975 . NC State , which had been the previous year 's NCAA champion , refused to play in the tournament that year , following the precedent set by ACC rival Maryland the previous season after losing the Atlantic Coast Conference championship game to the top - ranked Wolfpack . In succeeding years , other teams such as Oklahoma State , Louisville , Georgia Tech , Georgetown , and LSU have declined to play in the NIT when they did not make the NCAA tournament . One such team was Maryland ; after being rejected by the NCAA selection committee in 2006 , head coach Gary Williams announced that 19 - 11 Maryland would not go to the NIT , only to be told that the university had previously agreed to use Comcast Center as a venue for the NIT . The Terrapins were eliminated in the first round by the Manhattan College Jaspers . In 2008 , however , Williams announced that if invited , the Terps would play , because it would serve as a chance to further develop six freshman players on his squad and to give senior forward James Gist more exposure . At UCLA 's Pauley Pavilion , there are individual championship banners for all 11 NCAA titles , various other banners touting many other NCAA and other tournament championships for other sports , but no mention of UCLA 's 1985 NIT championship .",
"6": "For other teams , however , the NIT is perceived as a step up in a program climbing from mediocrity or obscurity , and the response is more enthusiastic . For example , at the University of Tulsa , which won the NIT in 1981 and 2001 , the Golden Hurricane 's NIT `` championship tradition '' is viewed with pride and as a `` lure '' for players to join the program . The University of Connecticut also regards the NIT as the beginning of its success . The NIT is also held in generally higher regard than the three newer tournaments that have debuted since 2008 ( the Vegas 16 , College Basketball Invitational and CollegeInsider.com Tournament ) ; Saint Bonaventure , a school that has a policy of refusing to play in those three tournaments ( the school , tiny by Division I standards , is unwilling to spare the expense of participating in those tournaments ) , still accepts bids to the NIT if it is invited . The NIT Season Tip - Off carries none of the postseason tournament 's stigma , and is one of many popular season - opening tournaments held every year around the country ( alongside events such as the Maui Invitational and the Great Alaska Shootout ) . Selection process ( edit ) In the past , NIT teams were selected in consultation with ESPN , the television home of the NIT . The goal of the NIT was to sustain the MIBA financially . Therefore , schools selected to play in the NIT were often major conference teams with records near . 500 that had large television fan bases and would likely have a respectable attendance for tournament games on their home court . The latter is one reason why New Mexico was invited virtually every year -- the Lobos often had a winning season but failed to qualify for the NCAA tournament . Seeding considerations and home court advantage included the number of fans willing to show up to each game . In an effort to maintain some quality , a rule saying that a team must have a . 500 or better record to qualify for the NIT was imposed . The NCAA announced a revamped selection process starting with the 2006 tournament . The main highlights are : Teams are no longer required to have . 500 or greater records to receive bids .",
"7": "Similar to the automatic bids the NCAA Tournament grants for all conference tournament champions , all teams that won regular - season conference championships but failed to earn NCAA tournament bids are guaranteed places in the NIT . In addition , the selection process was changed . ESPN no longer had a hand in the selection of the teams . Instead , a committee of former NCAA head coaches , chaired by Newton , and including Gene Keady ( Purdue ) , Don DeVoe ( Tennessee ) , Rudy Davalos , Les Robinson ( NC State ) , Reggie Minton ( Air Force ) , John Powers , and Carroll Williams among others , prepared a list of potential teams in advance . Beginning with the 2016 NIT , the committee makeup was restructured ; committee members will serve a maximum four - year term , and the committee will feature a mix of current athletics administrators who are actively working at NCAA schools or conferences and former head college basketball coaches . Previously , the NIT Committee had eight members , all of whom had been former head college basketball coaches or athletics directors . The previous structure had no term limits or succession plan . ESPN continues to provide television coverage of the tournament . In 2011 the NCAA and ESPN agreed to a $500 million agreement through 2023 -- 24 for rights to cover championships in several sports , including the NIT ; this compares with the 11 - year , $6.2 billion TV contract with CBS for the NCAA tournament . These changes are intended to encourage participation by good college teams that would rather stay home than play in the NIT -- to make it the `` Little Dance '' instead of the `` loser 's tournament '' . Former NIT Committee chair and former Alabama and Vanderbilt head coach C.M. Newton stated , `` What we want to have is a true basketball event , a real tournament , one where there 's no preconceived ideas of who gets to New York . We 'd love to have great crowds , but this is not a financial consideration . We want good television coverage , but we 're not going to play this thing for television and move games around '' . Another consideration is that a number one - seeded team that goes to the semifinals will have three home games , which helps ticket sales .",
"8": "Since the 2007 tournament , the 32 - team field used from 1980 through 2001 is the same , eliminating the eight - game `` play - in '' opening round where teams played to qualify for second round games against the top eight seeds used 2002 -- 2006 . The tournament features four eight - team regions . The format wo n't affect the NIT 's automatic bid to any regular - season conference champion that do not make the NCAA 's field of 68 , since 2011 . Seven teams earned an NIT bid that way in 2006 . A new attendance record for an NIT game was set at Syracuse University 's Carrier Dome on March 19 , 2007 , at the Syracuse - San Diego State game . Syracuse won the game 80 -- 64 with an attendance total of 26,752 . The previous record of 23,522 was set by Kentucky in 1979 . Women 's tournaments ( edit ) From 1969 to 1996 , a National Women 's Invitational Tournament ( NWIT ) existed ; the tournament was resurrected under the same name in 1998 , and has been known as the Women 's National Invitation Tournament ( WNIT ) since 1999 . The original NWIT was an eight - team tournament held in Amarillo , Texas throughout its history . The revived tournament began with 16 teams , expanded to 32 in its second season , and has since expanded further to 40 , 48 , and ( since 2010 ) 64 teams . However , the WNIT is affiliated with the NIT in name only . Neither the NWIT nor WNIT was connected with MIBA , and the WNIT was not purchased by the NCAA .",
"9": "Men 's postseason NIT champions ( edit ) California 's 1999 NIT trophy Year Champion Runner - up MVP 2018 Penn State Utah Lamar Stevens , Penn State 2017 TCU Georgia Tech Kenrich Williams , TCU 2016 George Washington Valparaiso Tyler Cavanaugh , George Washington 2015 Stanford Miami ( FL ) Chasson Randle , Stanford 2014 Minnesota SMU Austin Hollins , Minnesota 2013 Baylor Iowa Pierre Jackson , Baylor 2012 Stanford Minnesota Aaron Bright , Stanford 2011 Wichita State Alabama Graham Hatch , Wichita State Dayton North Carolina Chris Johnson , Dayton 2009 Penn State Baylor Jamelle Cornley , Penn State 2008 Ohio State Massachusetts Kosta Koufos , Ohio State 2007 West Virginia Clemson Frank Young , West Virginia 2006 South Carolina Michigan Renaldo Balkman , South Carolina 2005 South Carolina Saint Joseph 's Carlos Powell , South Carolina Michigan Rutgers Daniel Horton , Michigan 2003 Vacated Georgetown Vacated 2002 Memphis South Carolina Dajuan Wagner , Memphis 2001 Tulsa Alabama Marcus Hill , Tulsa 2000 Wake Forest Notre Dame Robert O'Kelley , Wake Forest 1999 California Clemson Sean Lampley , California 1998 Vacated Penn State Vacated 1997 Vacated Florida State Vacated Nebraska Saint Joseph 's Erick Strickland , Nebraska 1995 Virginia Tech Marquette Shawn Smith , Virginia Tech 1994 Villanova Vanderbilt Doremus Bennerman , Siena 1993 Minnesota Georgetown Voshon Lenard , Minnesota 1992 Virginia Notre Dame Bryant Stith , Virginia 1991 Stanford Oklahoma Adam Keefe , Stanford 1990 Vanderbilt Saint Louis Scott Draud , Vanderbilt 1989 St. John 's Saint Louis Jayson Williams , St.",
"10": "John 's 1988 Connecticut Ohio State Phil Gamble , Connecticut Southern Miss La Salle Randolph Keys , Southern Miss 1986 Ohio State Wyoming Brad Sellers , Ohio State 1985 UCLA Indiana Reggie Miller , UCLA 1984 Michigan Notre Dame Tim McCormick , Michigan Fresno State DePaul Ron Anderson , Fresno State 1982 Bradley Purdue Mitchell Anderson , Bradley 1981 Tulsa Syracuse Greg Stewart , Tulsa 1980 Virginia Minnesota Ralph Sampson , Virginia 1979 Indiana Purdue Butch Carter and Ray Tolbert , Indiana 1978 Texas North Carolina State Jim Krivacs and Ron Baxter , Texas 1977 St. Bonaventure Houston Greg Sanders , St. Bonaventure 1976 Kentucky Charlotte Cedric Maxwell , Charlotte Princeton Providence Ron Lee , Oregon Purdue Utah Mike Sojourner , Utah 1973 Virginia Tech Notre Dame John Shumate , Notre Dame 1972 Maryland Niagara Tom McMillen , Maryland 1971 North Carolina Georgia Tech Bill Chamberlain , North Carolina 1970 Marquette St. John 's Dean Meminger , Marquette 1969 Temple Boston College Terry Driscoll , Boston College 1968 Dayton Kansas Don May , Dayton 1967 Southern Illinois Marquette Walt Frazier , Southern Illinois 1966 Brigham Young NYU Bill Melchionni , Villanova 1965 St. John 's Villanova Ken McIntyre , St. John 's 1964 Bradley New Mexico Levern Tart , Bradley 1963 Providence Canisius Ray Flynn , Providence 1962 Dayton St. John 's Bill Chmielewski , Dayton 1961 Providence Saint Louis Vin Ernst , Providence 1960 Bradley Providence Lenny Wilkens , Providence 1959 St. John 's Bradley Tony Jackson , St.",
"11": "John 's 1958 Xavier Dayton Hank Stein , Xavier 1957 Bradley Memphis State Win Wilfong , Memphis State 1956 Louisville Dayton Charlie Tyra , Louisville 1955 Duquesne Dayton Maurice Stokes , St. Francis ( Pa . ) 1954 Holy Cross Duquesne Togo Palazzi , Holy Cross 1953 Seton Hall St. John 's Walter Dukes , Seton Hall 1952 La Salle Dayton Tom Gola and Norm Grekin , La Salle 1951 Brigham Young Dayton Roland Minson , Brigham Young 1950 CCNY Bradley Ed Warner , CCNY 1949 San Francisco Loyola Don Lofgran , San Francisco 1948 Saint Louis NYU Ed Macauley , Saint Louis 1947 Utah Kentucky Vern Gardner , Utah 1946 Kentucky Rhode Island Ernie Calverley , Rhode Island 1945 DePaul Bowling Green George Mikan , DePaul 1944 St. John 's DePaul Bill Kotsores , St. John 's 1943 St. John 's Toledo Harry Boykoff , St. John 's 1942 West Virginia Western Kentucky Rudy Baric , West Virginia 1941 Long Island Ohio Frankie Baumholtz , Ohio 1940 Colorado Duquesne Bob Doll , Colorado 1939 Long Island Loyola Bill Lloyd , St. John 's 1938 Temple Colorado Don Shields , Temple Jump up ^ St. John 's won the 2003 NIT title , but later vacated the title due to an ineligible player . Jump up ^ Marcus Hatten of St. John 's was the MVP of the 2003 tournament , but vacated the award with St. John 's title . Jump up ^ Minnesota won the 1998 NIT title , but later vacated the title due to academic fraud .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Kevin Clark of Minnesota was the MVP of the 1998 tournament , but vacated the award with Minnesota 's title . Jump up ^ Michigan won the 1997 NIT title , but later vacated the title and forfeited its entire 1996 - 97 schedule due to ineligible players . Jump up ^ Robert Traylor of Michigan was the MVP of the 1997 tournament , but was later declared ineligible and his award vacated . See also ( edit ) NIT bids by school NIT championships and semifinal appearances NIT all - time team records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pascoe , Bruce ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Cats hold breath : Is it NIT or not ? '' . Arizona Daily Star . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA buys tournaments , ends NIT litigation '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - NIT 's postseason field cut to 32 teams '' . Jump up ^ `` NIT Tournament Home '' . NCAA.com . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Selection Group Named '' . The Spokesman - Review . Spokane , WA . Associated Press . February 24 , 1949 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fraley , Oscar ( March 5 , 1951 ) . `` Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , NC . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Don ( 2011 ) . Hoops in Connecticut : The Nutmeg State 's Passion for Basketball . The History Press , Charleston , SC . p. 54 . ISBN 1609490835 . `` ( John ) Egan was the Providence College Friars ' first `` name '' recruit , the player who arrived with the most acclaim . And he delivered as a sophomore ( in 1959 ) , averaging a team - high 20.9 points en route to propelling the Friars to a fourth - place finish in the then - prestigious National Invitation Tournament at Madison Square Garden . '' Jump up ^ Hurley , Bob ( 2013 ) .",
"13": "Chasing Perfect : The Will to Win in Basketball and Life . Crown Archetype , New York , NY . p. 26 . ISBN 030798687X . `` That ( 1968 ) St. Peter 's team was the best team the school ever had . That team would go on to beat Duke in the National Invitation Tournament , back when the NIT was a big - time tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` NCAA Tournament History '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . The tournament now determines the national champion , but that was n't always the case . Until the 1950 's , the NIT was just as big a tournament as the NCAA , and teams often chose to enter the NIT and bypass the NCAA tourney Jump up ^ Miller , Ralph ( 1990 ) . `` Ralph Miller : Spanning the Game . '' Sagamore Publishing LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 0915611384 . `` Had the Aggies lost one , we would have been forced to have a playoff , and that was the problem . We had already accepted a bid to play in the ( 1954 ) National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) . The tournament picture was much different then . There was no announcement of NIT teams following the selection of the NCAA field as exists today . The reason was that the NIT was still considered a premier tournament . '' Jump up ^ Davies , Richard O. ( 2007 ) . `` Sports in American Life : A History . '' Wiley , John & Sons , Incorporated . p. 155 . ISBN 9781405106474 . `` In 1938 , ( Ned ) Irish invited 16 ( sic ) teams to compete in a new tournament that he called the National Invitation Tournament ( Temple defeated Colorado 60 - 36 in the final ) , and it would be the premiere college basketball event for more than a decade . The following year , the NCAA responded by creating its own tournament , but it did not surpass the NIT as the premier postseason tournament until the 1950s . '' Jump up ^ Peeler , Timothy M. ( 2010 ) . `` NC State Basketball : 100 Years of Innovation . '' University of North Carolina Press , The . p.",
"14": "66 . ISBN 9780807899700 . `` Despite winning the crown , the Red Terrors did not have a chance to play in the 1947 NCAA Tournament . Before the league 's event began , NC State 's newly named athletic director Jon Von Glahn was offered the chance to play in the NCAA Tournament , contingent on ( Everett ) Case 's team winning the league tournament . Instead he chose a spot in the more prestigious National Invitation Tournament . So the NCAA District 3 selection committee gave the area 's bid to Carnevale 's team from Navy . '' Jump up ^ Chansky , Art ( 2006 ) . `` Blue Blood : Duke - Carolina : Inside the Most Storied Rivalry in College Hoops '' Macmillan . p. 113 . ISBN 0312327889 . `` The NCAA Tournament field had fluctuated between 22 and 25 teams since 1953 , during which time the National Invitation Tournament remained prominent and , in the Northeast , actually bigger ... The ACC , however , had an unwritten rule stemming from the point - shaving scandals of the last two decades that it would not send teams to the NIT . ( Coach Victor ) Bubas requested that the policy be changed in 1967 , and it was . Duke accepted the ACC 's first ever bid to the NIT , ... '' Jump up ^ Augustyn , Adam , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` The Britannica Guide to Basketball . '' Rosen Education Service . p. 17 . ISBN 1615305289 . `` New York City basketball writers organized the first National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in 1938 , but a year later the New York City colleges took control of the event . Until the early 1950s , the NIT was considered the most prestigious U.S. tournament ... '' Jump up ^ Roth , John ( 2006 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Duke Basketball . '' Duke University Press . p. 272 . `` During its early years the ( NCAA ) tourney was overshadowed by the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in New York . '' Jump up ^ Glickman , Marty ( 1999 ) . `` The Fastest Kid on the Block : The Marty Glickman Story . ''",
"15": "Syracuse University Press . p. 75 . ISBN 0815605749 . `` The first big tournament I covered was the 1946 National Invitation Tournament , the NIT , at Madison Square Garden . It , not the NCAA , was the big college basketball tournament in those days . Later the NCAA flexed its muscles to dominate college basketball , and the NIT became little more than an also - ran tourney . In its time , though , the NIT was enormous . '' Jump up ^ Pannell , Blaine ; Chilton , Kyle ( 2013 ) . `` Winning : A BYU Tradition '' . BYU Basketball Twenty Thirteen Twenty Fourteen Almanac ( PDF ) . Brigham Young University . p. 54 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 20 . `` BYU claim a national championship based on their 1951 NIT title . '' ^ Jump up to : McPhee , John ( 1999 ) . A Sense of Where You Are : Bill Bradley at Princeton . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , New York , NY . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 0374526893 . Jump up ^ Green , Andrew R. ( 2012 ) . 2012 - 13 Colorado Basketball Men 's Basketball Information Guide and Record Book ( PDF ) . University of Colorado Sports Information Office . p. 74 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Tournament History '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ ESPN Books , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 564 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Chad ( 2012 ) .",
"16": "`` A Tale of Two Tournaments : The Red Cross Games and the Early NCAA - NIT Relationship '' . Journal of Intercollegiate Sport. 5 : 270 -- 271 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NCAA Basketball Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 256 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Rauzulu 's Street : Helms Foundation NCAA Division I Champions '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . pp. 549 -- 586 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greenwell , Greg ( 2012 ) . 2012 - 13 DePaul Basketball . DePaul Athletics Communication Department . p. 99 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harris , Kyle ( 2012 ) . 2012 - 13 Utah Basketball Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Utah Athletic Communications Office . p. 87 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Championships '' . University of San Francisco . August 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Championship Teams '' . Holy Cross Athletics . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Swan , Joe ; Messerly , Bryan , eds. ( 2012 ) . 2012 - 13 WVU Men 's Basketball Guide . West Virginia University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fratto , Mark ( 2010 ) . 2010 - 11 St. John 's Men 's Basketball Media Guide ( PDF ) . St. John 's Athletic Communications .",
"17": "Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Janiece ; Combs , Alex ; Hayden , John ; Moore , Deb ( 2012 ) . 2012 - 13 Kentucky Basketball Fact Book ( PDF ) . University of Kentucky Athletics Department . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Saint Louis University Men 's Basketball History & Records Book ( PDF ) . Saint Louis University Athletics . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lobacz , Dan ( 2012 ) . LIU Brooklyn Basketball 2012 - 13 Records Book ( PDF ) . LIU Athletics Media Relations . p. 38 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jon ( Nov 9 , 2010 ) . `` The truth behind the Helms Committee '' . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Helms Athletic Foundation Collegiate Basketball Record ( preface ) '' . Helms Athletic Foundation . Feb 1 , 1943 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Becomes Third Quintet to Enter National Invitational Tournament at Garden '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` MARCH MADNESS : Growth of NCAA Tournament . Final Four Has n't Always Been What it is Today '' . The Official Website of the National Association of Basketball Coaches . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : John Feinstein ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Kryzyzewski , Knight coached at Army . It still lacks an NCAA tournament appearance '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ . `` Cowboys in shocker '' , Denver Post , March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Scott Polacek . `` LSU Basketball Elects Not to Participate in Postseason '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Elects Not to Participate in Postseason '' .",
"18": "LSUsports.net . Jump up ^ Prisbell , Eric . `` Terps Ca n't Help Themselves '' , Washington Post , March 14 , 2008 , page E01 . Jump up ^ Eric Bailey , `` Long and happy history : Two NIT titles precede Tulsa 's appearance '' , Tulsa World , March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Don Amore , `` Years ago , UConn , Jim Calhoun Sat On Top Of A Different World '' , Hartford Courant , March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler , J.P. ( March 16 , 2015 ) . No tournament for Bonnies . Olean Times Herald . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mark Alesia , Jack Carey ( August 17 , 2005 ) . `` Supporters of buyout expect improved NIT '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lobos put right foot in NIT with Utah win '' , Albuquerque Tribune , March 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters of buyout expect improved NIT '' , USA Today , August 17 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` College basketball : NIT announces committee restructure , new members '' . NCAA . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN extends deal through 2023 - 24 '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness Swells as NCAA Pumps Up NIT Tournament '' Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg.com , March 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Peter Chen . `` Stanford Exterminates Gophers to Win 2012 NIT , Ca n't Wait Till Next Year '' . Bleacher Report . External links ( edit ) Official website National Invitation Tournament Bids schools and conference Semifinal appearances Records 1938 1939 1940 1941",
"19": "1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship broadcasters NCAA men 's college basketball tournaments Division I Pre-season 2K Sports Classic Puerto Rico Tip - Off Charleston Classic The Islands of the Bahamas Showcase Paradise Jam Hall of Fame Tip Off Legends Classic CBE Hall of Fame Classic Maui Invitational MGM Resorts Main Event Cayman Islands Classic Gulf Coast Showcase Cancún Challenge Battle 4 Atlantis Savannah Invitational NIT Season Tip",
"20": "- Off Las Vegas Invitational AdvoCare Invitational Phil Knight Invitational Wooden Legacy Emerald Coast Classic Barclays Center Classic Jimmy V Classic Las Vegas Classic Diamond Head Classic Vancouver Showcase Conference postseason ACC America East The American American South American West Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA East Coast Great Midwest Great West Horizon Ivy League MAAC MEAC Metro Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament National Invitation Tournament Vegas 16 College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament National Commissioners Invitational Tournament 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament Division II Conference postseason CCAA CACC Carolinas East Coast GLIAC GLVC G - MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Heartland Lone Star Mountain East Northeast - 10 Northern Sun Pacific West Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament Division III Conference postseason Allegheny Mountain American Southwest Capital Centennial CCIW CSAC HCAC Landmark Little East Middle Atlantic NEWMAC NJAC Northwest OAC ODAC SAA SCIAC SCAC USA South WIAC Postseason NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament ECAC Tournaments Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"21": "php?title=National_Invitation_Tournament&oldid=835500402 '' Categories : Annual sporting events in the United States National Invitation Tournament Postseason college basketball competitions in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1938 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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dead poets society where does it take place
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"fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy",
"the fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy",
"elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy",
"fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy",
"the fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy"
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{
"0": "Dead Poets Society - wikipedia Dead Poets Society Jump to : navigation , search Dead Poets Society Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Weir Produced by Steven Haft Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas Written by Tom Schulman Starring Robin Williams Music by Maurice Jarre Cinematography John Seale Edited by William Anderson Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date June 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16.4 million Box office $235.9 million Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film directed by Peter Weir , written by Tom Schulman , and starring Robin Williams . Set in 1959 at the fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy , it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry . The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success . It won the BAFTA Award for Best Film , and César Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Film . Schulman received an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Legacy 5 Adaptations 5.1 Stage play 5.2 Parodies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the autumn of 1959 , shy Todd Anderson begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy , an all - male , elite prep school . He is assigned one of Welton 's most promising students , Neil Perry , as his roommate and is quickly accepted by Neil 's friends : Knox Overstreet , Richard Cameron , Steven Meeks , Gerard Pitts , and Charlie Dalton .",
"1": "On the first day of classes , they are surprised by the unorthodox teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating , a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to `` make your lives extraordinary '' , a sentiment he summarizes with the Latin expression carpe diem . Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different way , telling them to rip out the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry , and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to be individuals . His methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan . Upon learning that Keating was a member of the unsanctioned Dead Poets Society while he was at Welton , Neil restarts the club and he and his friends sneak off campus to a cave where they read poetry and verse , including their own compositions . As the school year progresses , Keating 's lessons and their involvement with the club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms . Knox pursues Chris Noel , a girl who is dating a football player from a public school and whose family is friends with his . Neil discovers his love of acting and gets the role as Puck in a local production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , despite the fact that his domineering father wants him in the Ivy League ( and ultimately medical school ) . Keating helps Todd come out of his shell and realize his potential when he takes him through an exercise in self - expression , resulting in his composing a poem spontaneously in front of the class . However , Charlie takes things too far when he publishes an article in the school newspaper in the club 's name demanding that girls be admitted to Welton . Nolan uses corporal punishment to coerce Charlie into revealing who else is in the Dead Poets Society , but he resists . Nolan also speaks with Keating , warning him that he should discourage his students from questioning authority . Neil 's father discovers Neil 's involvement in the play and forces him to quit on the eve of the opening performance . Devastated , Neil goes to Keating , who advises him to stand his ground and prove to his father that his love of acting is something he takes seriously . Neil 's father unexpectedly shows up at the performance .",
"2": "He takes Neil home and says he has been withdrawn from Welton , only to be enrolled in a military academy to prepare him for Harvard . Unable to find the courage to stand up to his father , a distraught Neil commits suicide . Nolan investigates Neil 's death at the request of the Perry family . Richard blames Neil 's death on Keating to escape punishment for his own participation in the Dead Poets Society , and names the other members . Confronted by Charlie , Richard urges the rest of them to let Keating take the fall . Charlie punches Richard and is expelled . Each of the boys is called to Nolan 's office to sign a letter attesting to the truth of Richard 's allegations , even though they know they are false . When Todd 's turn comes , he is reluctant to sign , but does so after seeing that the others have complied . Keating is fired and Nolan takes over teaching the class . Keating interrupts the class to collect personal articles ; before he leaves , Todd shouts that all of them were forced to sign the letter that resulted in his dismissal and that Neil 's death was not his fault . Todd stands on his desk and salutes Keating with the words `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' . Knox , Gerard , Steven , and over half of the class do the same , ignoring Nolan 's orders to sit down . Keating is deeply touched by their gesture . He thanks the boys and departs . Cast ( edit ) Robin Williams as John Keating Robert Sean Leonard as Neil Perry Ethan Hawke as Todd Anderson Josh Charles as Knox Overstreet Gale Hansen as Charlie Dalton Norman Lloyd as Headmaster Gale Nolan Kurtwood Smith as Mr. Perry Dylan Kussman as Richard Cameron James Waterston as Gerard Pitts Allelon Ruggiero as Steven Meeks Alexandra Powers as Chris Noel Leon Pownall as McAllister George Martin as Dr. Hager Production ( edit ) The script was written by Tom Schulman , based on his experiences at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville , Tennessee , particularly with his inspirational teacher Samuel Pickering . A scene in the original script showing Keating dying in a hospital was removed by film director Peter Weir . Filming took place at St.",
"3": "Andrew 's School in Middletown , Delaware , and at locations in New Castle , Delaware , and in nearby Wilmington , Delaware . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The worldwide box office was reported as $235,860,116 , which includes domestic grosses of $95,860,116 . The film 's global receipts were the fifth - highest for 1989 , and the highest for dramas . Critical response ( edit ) Dead Poets Society holds an 86 % approval rating and average rating of 7.3 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Affecting performances from the young cast and a genuinely inspirational turn from Robin Williams grant Peter Weir 's prep school drama top honors . '' The film also holds a score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The Washington Post reviewer called it `` solid , smart entertainment '' , and praised Robin Williams for giving a `` nicely restrained acting performance '' . Vincent Canby of The New York Times also praised Williams ' `` exceptionally fine performance '' , while noting that `` Dead Poets Society ... is far less about Keating than about a handful of impressionable boys '' . Pauline Kael was unconvinced by the film , and its `` middlebrow highmindedness '' , but praised Williams . `` Robin Williams ' performance is more graceful than anything he 's done before ( -- ) he 's totally , concentratedly there -- ( he ) reads his lines stunningly , and when he mimics various actors reciting Shakespeare there 's no undue clowning in it ; he 's a gifted teacher demonstrating his skills . '' Roger Ebert 's review was largely negative , only giving the film two out of four stars . He criticized Williams for spoiling an otherwise creditable dramatic performance by occasionally veering into his onstage comedian 's persona , and lamented that for a movie set in the 1950s there was no mention of the Beat Generation writers . Additionally , Ebert described the film as an often poorly constructed `` collection of pious platitudes ... The movie pays lip service to qualities and values that , on the evidence of the screenplay itself , it is cheerfully willing to abandon . ''",
"4": "On their Oscar Nomination edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Gene Siskel ( who also gave the film a mixed review ) and Ebert disagreed with Williams ' Oscar nomination , with Ebert saying that he would have swapped Williams with either Matt Dillon for Drugstore Cowboy or John Cusack for Say Anything . On their If We Picked the Winners special in March 1990 , moreover , Ebert chose the film 's Best Picture nomination as the worst nomination of the year , believing it took a slot that could have gone to Spike Lee 's Do the Right Thing . Accolades ( edit ) Dead Poets Society won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ( Tom Schulman ) . Peter Weir received a nomination for Best Director and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture of 1989 . Robin Williams received his second Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination and it has since been widely recognized as one of the actor / comedian 's best roles . The movie also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film .",
"5": "Academy Awards ( USA ) 1990 Won : Best Original Screenplay ( Tom Schulman ) Nominated : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Robin Williams ) Nominated : Director ( Peter Weir ) Nominated : Best Picture ( Steven Haft , Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas , Producers ) BAFTA Awards ( UK ) 1989 Won : Best Film Won : Best Original Film Score ( Maurice Jarre ) Nominated : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Robin Williams ) Nominated : Best Achievement in Direction ( Peter Weir ) Nominated : Best Editing ( William Anderson ) Nominated : Best Original Screenplay ( Tom Schulman ) César Awards ( France ) Won : Best Foreign Film David di Donatello Awards ( Italy ) Won : Best Foreign Film Directors Guild of America ( USA ) Nominated : Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( Peter Weir ) Golden Globe Awards ( USA ) Nominated : Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Robin Williams ) Nominated : Best Director -- Motion Picture ( Peter Weir ) Nominated : Best Motion Picture -- Drama Nominated : Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture ( Tom Schulman ) Writers Guild of America ( USA ) Nominated : Best Screenplay -- Original ( Tom Schulman ) The film was voted # 52 on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers list , a list of the top 100 most inspiring films of all time . The film 's line `` Carpe diem . Seize the day , boys . Make your lives extraordinary . '' was voted as the 95th greatest movie quote by the American Film Institute . Legacy ( edit ) After Robin Williams ' death in August 2014 , fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the film 's final `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' scene . Adaptations ( edit ) N.H. Kleinbaum 's novel , Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) , is based on the movie .",
"6": "Stage play ( edit ) A theatrical adaptation written by Tom Schulman and directed by John Doyle opened Off - Broadway on October 27 , 2016 , and running through December 11 , 2016 . Jason Sudeikis stars as John Keating with Thomas Mann as Neil Perry , David Garrison as Gale Nolan , Zane Pais as Todd Anderson , Francesca Carpanini as Chris , Stephen Barker Turner as Mr. Perry , William Hochman as Knox Overstreet , Cody Kostro as Charlie Dalton , Yaron Lotan as Richard Cameron and Bubba Weiler as Steven Meeks . The production received a mixed review from The New York Times , with critic Ben Brantley calling the play `` blunt and bland '' and criticizing Sudeikis 's performance , citing his lack of enthusiasm when delivering powerful lines . Parodies ( edit ) The ending of the film was parodied in the Saturday Night Live sketch , `` Farewell , Mr. Bunting '' , in which a student , upon climbing onto his desk , is decapitated by a ceiling fan . See also ( edit ) `` The Changing of the Guard '' , a June 1 , 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone starring Donald Pleasence as a retiring English teacher at a New England boys ' school , who questions whether he has made a difference in the boys ' lives . The Emperor 's Club ( 2002 ) , an American drama film set in a boys ' preparatory school in the northeast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DEAD POETS SOCIETY ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 27 , 1989 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) daily '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( June 2 , 1989 ) . `` Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) June 2 , 1989 Review / Film ; Shaking Up a Boys ' School With Poetry '' . The New York Times .",
"7": "Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Film Film BAFTA Awards '' . Awards.bafta.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life professor inspires ' Dead Poets ' character '' . TimesDaily . Florence , AL , USA : Tennessee Valley Printing Co. , Inc . Associated Press . July 10 , 1989 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Henderson ( January 12 , 1992 ) . `` Robin Williams and Then Some '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCurrie , Tom ( March 15 , 2004 ) . `` Dead Poets Society 's Tom Schulman on the Art of Surviving Hollywood '' . Writersupercenter.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cormier , Ryan ( August 12 , 2014 ) ( Originally published April 4 , 2014 ) . `` 25 ' Dead Poets Society ' in Delaware facts '' . The News Journal . Pulp Culture . Wilmington , Delaware , USA : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Poets Society Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Poets Society reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( June 9 , 1989 ) . `` ' Dead Poets Society ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael , Movie Love , pp. 153 - 157 , reprinted from review that appeared in The New Yorker , June 26 , 1989 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 9 , 1989 ) . `` Dead Poets Society '' .",
"8": "Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 62nd Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Bafta.org . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crazy Dave . `` Dead Poets Society '' . Peterweircave.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ente David di Donatello -- Accademia del Cinema Italiano Archived October 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Directors Guild of America '' . Dga.org . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HFPA -- Awards Search Archived October 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ; Easton , Nina J. ( February 9 , 1990 ) . `` Some Surprises in WGA Nominees , Shutouts : Film : ' Baker Boys , ' ' My Left Foot ' are dark - horse nominees for Writers Guild awards ; non-union ' Do the Right Thing , ' ' Drugstore Cowb ... '' Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ American Film Institute . `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 CHEERS '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute . `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 MOVIE QUOTES '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' # O Captain , My Captain ' : Robin Williams ' fans take over social media with tributes and memorials dedicated to the legendary comic '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Williams death : Jimmy Fallon fights tears , pays tribute with ' Oh Captain , My Captain ' '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Kleinbaum , N.H. ( 1989 ) . Dead Poets Society . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0877 - 3 . OCLC 71164757 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` CSC to Stage World Premiere of Dead Poets Society '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Sudeikis to Star in Stage Version of ' Dead Poets Society ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Dead Poets Society Finds Its Complete Cast '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` The World Premiere of Dead Poets Society Begins Tonight '' . Playbill . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Poets Society , ' Starring Jason Sudeikis as the Idealistic Teacher '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Nicole ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Behold , a New Classic ' SNL ' Sketch '' . GQ . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Munaretto , Stefan ( 2005 ) . Erläuterungen zu Nancy H. Kleinbaum / Peter Weir , ' Der Club der toten Dichter ' ( in German ) . Hollfeld : Bange . ISBN 3 - 8044 - 1817 - 1 .",
"10": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society on IMDb Dead Poets Society at Box Office Mojo Dead Poets Society at Rotten Tomatoes Dead Poets Society at Metacritic Awards and achievements Preceded by Dangerous Liaisons César Award for Best Foreign Film 1991 Succeeded by Toto the Hero ( Toto le héros ) Films directed by Peter Weir 3 to Go ( 1971 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Whatever Happened to Green Valley ? ( 1973 ) The Cars That Ate Paris ( 1974 ) Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 1975 ) The Last Wave ( 1977 ) The Plumber ( 1979 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) The Year of Living Dangerously ( 1982 ) Witness ( 1985 ) The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Fearless ( 1993 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) The Way Back ( 2010 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr.",
"11": "Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe ,",
"12": "Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing ,",
"13": "Missouri ( 2017 ) César Award for Best Foreign Film Scent of a Woman ( 1976 ) We All Loved Each Other So Much ( 1977 ) A Special Day ( 1978 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1981 ) The Elephant Man ( 1982 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1983 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1984 ) Amadeus ( 1985 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1986 ) The Name of the Rose ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Bagdad Café ( 1989 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1990 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1991 ) Toto the Hero ( 1992 ) High Heels ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1994 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Land and Freedom ( 1996 ) Breaking the Waves ( 1997 ) Brassed Off ( 1998 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1999 ) All About My Mother ( 2000 ) In the Mood for Love ( 2001 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2002 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2004 ) Lost in Translation ( 2005 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) The Lives of Others ( 2008 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2009 ) Gran Torino ( 2010 ) The Social Network ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Argo ( 2013 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2014 ) Mommy ( 2015 ) Birdman ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Loveless ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Poets_Society&oldid=838081885 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s teen drama films American",
"14": "coming - of - age films American high school films American teen drama films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Foreign Film César Award winners Coming - of - age drama films Films about educators Films about suicide Films set in 1959 Films set in Vermont Films shot in Delaware Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Touchstone Pictures films Films scored by Maurice Jarre Films directed by Peter Weir Boarding school films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Limburgs Magyar Македонски",
"15": "മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8109367537690343895
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who were the twins that played for kentucky
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[
"Andrew Michael Harrison",
"Aaron Harrison",
"Andrew Michael Harrison",
"Aaron Harrison",
"Andrew Michael Harrison",
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{
"0": "Andrew Harrison ( basketball ) - wikipedia Andrew Harrison ( basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search Andrew Harrison Harrison with the Iowa Energy in 2016 No. 5 -- Memphis Grizzlies Position Shooting guard League NBA ( 1994 - 10 - 28 ) October 28 , 1994 ( age 23 ) San Antonio , Texas Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 213 lb ( 97 kg ) Career information High school Travis ( Pecan Grove , Texas ) College Kentucky ( 2013 -- 2015 ) NBA draft 2015 / Round : 2 / Pick : 44th overall Selected by the Phoenix Suns Playing career 2015 -- present Career history 2015 -- 2016 Iowa Energy 2016 -- present Memphis Grizzlies Career highlights and awards McDonald 's All - American ( 2013 ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Andrew Michael Harrison ( born October 28 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was considered one of the top recruits for 2013 . He attended Travis High School in Fort Bend , Texas , and played college basketball for the University of Kentucky along with his twin brother , Aaron Harrison . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Iowa Energy ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3.2 Memphis Grizzlies ( 2016 -- present ) 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 References 6 External links High School career ( edit ) Harrison in the 2013 McDonald 's All - American Boys Game Harrison was widely regarded as a top five player in the class of 2013 with Andrew Wiggins , Jabari Parker , Julius Randle , and brother Aaron . On March 9 , 2013 , Harrison helped the Fort Bend Travis Tigers defeat South Grand Prairie 46 - 38 to win the Class 5A state title in Texas . The Tigers finished # 16 in the final ESPN 25 Power Rankings .",
"1": "Fort Bend Travis had lost in the Class 5A state title game the year before to Flower Mound Marcus . Harrison played in both the 2013 Jordan Brand Classic and the 2013 McDonald 's All - American Boys Game . College career ( edit ) In his two - year career at Kentucky , Harrison averaged 10.1 points , 2.7 rebounds and 3.8 assists in 79 games . Harrison and his brother , Aaron , helped lead Kentucky to successive Final Fours in 2014 and 2015 , but came up empty handed both times after losing in the 2014 title game to Connecticut and 2015 the semi-finals to Wisconsin . On April 9 , 2015 , Harrison declared for the NBA draft , forgoing his final two years of college eligibility . He was joined alongside his twin brother Aaron and fellow Kentucky teammates Karl - Anthony Towns , Willie Cauley - Stein , Trey Lyles , Devin Booker , and Dakari Johnson . Professional career ( edit ) Iowa Energy ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) On June 25 , 2015 , Harrison was selected with the 44th overall pick by the Phoenix Suns in the 2015 NBA draft . His rights were then traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Jon Leuer . He joined the Grizzlies for the 2015 NBA Summer League and averaged 5.4 points , 2.0 rebounds and 3.0 assists in five games . On October 31 , 2015 , he was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League , the affiliate team of the Grizzlies . He made his professional debut for the Energy on November 14 in a 98 -- 95 win over the Sioux Falls Skyforce , recording 11 points and seven assists in 29 minutes . On February 16 , 2016 , he scored a season - high 36 points in a 115 -- 105 loss to the Canton Charge . In 46 games for Iowa in 2015 -- 16 , he averaged 18.5 points , 4.3 rebounds , 4.9 assists and 1.5 steals per game .",
"2": "Memphis Grizzlies ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) After re-joining the Memphis Grizzlies for the 2016 NBA Summer League , Harrison signed a multi-year deal with the team on July 12 , 2016 . On November 30 , 2016 , he scored a career - high 21 points in a 120 -- 105 loss to the Toronto Raptors . Harrison made his debut in NBA playoffs on April 15 , 2017 , scoring 10 points in just under 20 minutes off the bench in a 111 -- 82 loss to the San Antonio Spurs . On February 7 , 2018 , Harrison scored a career - high 23 points in a 92 -- 88 loss to the Utah Jazz . A week later , he set a new career high with 28 points in a 121 -- 114 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harrison missed nine games in March 2018 due to a right wrist injury . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2016 -- 17 Memphis 72 18 20.5 . 325 . 276 . 763 1.9 2.8 . 7 . 3 5.9 Career 72 18 20.5 . 325 . 276 . 763 1.9 2.8 . 7 .",
"3": "3 5.9 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2017 Memphis 6 0 19.8 . 448 . 385 . 889 1.8 2.2 . 5 . 2 6.5 Career 6 0 19.8 . 448 . 385 . 889 1.8 2.2 . 5 . 2 6.5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Rivals150 : 2013 Prospect Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Harrison Player Profiles -- Scout.com '' . Scout.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison twins choose Kentucky '' . ESPN.com . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Raphielle ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` 2013 guards Aaron and Andrew Harrison verbally commit to attend Kentucky '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaught , Larry ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Vaught 's Views : Aaron Harrison shows he is a special player , like his twin brother '' . CentralKYNews.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas final hoops rankings : FM Marcus , Kimball repeat as champs '' . ESPN.com . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KEEP THE STATE TITLES COMING ! CONGRATS TO THE FORT BEND TRAVIS TIGERS '' . Krossover.com . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( April 4 , 2013 ) .",
"4": "`` Andrew Harrison recaps McDonald 's game '' . Courier-Journal.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald 's All - American game rosters '' . ChicagoTribune.com . March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Harrison Stats '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aaron and Andrew Harrison leaving Kentucky to enter NBA draft '' . Chron.com. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies acquire Draft Rights to Andrew Harrison from Suns '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Memphis Grizzlies Orlando Pro Summer League Roster '' . RealGM.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Energy Announce Returning , Affiliate , Tryout Players and Draft Rights Players for 2015 Training '' . OurSportsCentral.com . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skyforce Fall Against Energy 98 - 95 In Home Opener '' . NBA.com . November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Harrison Drops Season - High 36 Points for Iowa Energy ! '' . YouTube.com . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies announce NBA Summer League 2016 roster '' . NBA.com . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies sign Andrew Harrison to multi-year contract '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lowry , DeRozan lift Raptors over Grizzlies 120 - 105 '' . ESPN.com .",
"5": "November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Harrison 2016 - 17 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rubio , Hood lead Jazz over Grizzlies 92 - 88 for 7th straight '' . ESPN.com . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George , Westbrook 's triple - double lead OKC past Grizzlies '' . ESPN.com . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crabbe , LeVert lead Nets over Grizzlies 118 - 115 '' . ESPN.com . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew Harrison ( basketball ) . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com NBA D - League profile Kentucky Wildcats bio Memphis Grizzlies current roster 0 Green 1 Martin 2 Simmons ( TW ) 4 Henry ( TW ) 5 Harrison 6 Chalmers 7 Selden 8 M. Brooks 10 Rabb 11 Conley 12 Evans 14 Johnson 21 Davis 23 McLemore 24 D. Brooks 25 Parsons 33 Gasol Head coach : Bickerstaff Assistant coaches : Bender Mazarei Smart Van Exel 2015 NBA draft First round Karl - Anthony Towns D'Angelo Russell Jahlil Okafor Kristaps Porziņģis Mario Hezonja Willie Cauley - Stein Emmanuel Mudiay Stanley Johnson Frank Kaminsky Justise Winslow Myles Turner Trey Lyles Devin Booker Cameron Payne Kelly Oubre Jr . Terry Rozier Rashad Vaughn Sam Dekker Jerian Grant Delon Wright Justin Anderson Bobby Portis Rondae Hollis - Jefferson Tyus Jones Jarell Martin Nikola Milutinov Larry Nance Jr .",
"6": "R.J. Hunter Chris McCullough Kevon Looney Second round Cedi Osman Montrezl Harrell Jordan Mickey Anthony Brown Willy Hernangómez Rakeem Christmas Richaun Holmes Darrun Hilliard Juan Pablo Vaulet Josh Richardson Pat Connaughton Olivier Hanlan Joe Young Andrew Harrison Marcus Thornton Norman Powell Artūras Gudaitis Dakari Johnson Aaron White Marcus Eriksson Tyler Harvey Satnam Singh Bhamara Sir'Dominic Pointer Dani Díez Cady Lalanne Branden Dawson Nikola Radičević J.P. Tokoto Dimitrios Agravanis Luka Mitrović Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Harrison_(basketball)&oldid=833272953 '' Categories : 1994 births Living people African - American basketball players Basketball players at the 2014 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 2015 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players from Texas Iowa Energy players Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball players McDonald 's High School All - Americans Memphis Grizzlies players People from Fort Bend County , Texas Phoenix Suns draft picks Point guards Sportspeople from San Antonio Twin people from the United States Twin sportspeople Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 16 : 15 . About Wikipedia",
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6066757719405746509
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when did frank sinatra first sing new york new york
|
[
"1980",
"1979",
"1979",
"1979",
"1979"
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{
"0": "Theme from New York , New York - wikipedia Theme from New York , New York Jump to : navigation , search `` Theme from New York , New York '' Single by Liza Minnelli from the album New York , New York Released June 21 , 1977 Genre Traditional pop Length 3 : 16 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Fred Ebb , John Kander `` Theme from New York , New York '' Single by Frank Sinatra from the album Trilogy : Past Present Future B - side `` That 's What God Looks Like to Me '' Released April 1980 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1979 Genre Jazz Length 3 : 26 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Fred Ebb , John Kander Producer ( s ) Sonny Burke Frank Sinatra singles chronology `` Night and Day '' ( 1977 ) `` Theme from New York , New York '' ( 1980 ) `` You and Me ( We Wanted It All ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Night and Day '' ( 1977 ) `` Theme from New York , New York '' ( 1980 ) `` You and Me ( We Wanted It All ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from New York , New York '' ( or `` New York , New York '' ) is the theme song from the Martin Scorsese film New York , New York ( 1977 ) , composed by John Kander , with lyrics by Fred Ebb . It was written for and performed in the film by Liza Minnelli . It remains one of the best - known songs about New York City . In 2004 it finished # 31 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Certifications 3 In popular culture 4 Parodies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1979 , `` Theme from New York , New York '' was re-recorded by Frank Sinatra for his album Trilogy : Past Present Future ( 1980 ) , and has since become closely associated with him .",
"1": "He occasionally performed it live with Minnelli as a duet . Sinatra recorded it a second time for his 1993 album Duets , with Tony Bennett . The first line of the song is : Start spreadin ' the news , I 'm leaving today I want to be a part of it : New York , New York . The song concludes with the line : If I can make it there , I 'm gon na make it anywhere , It 's up to you , New York , New York . Minnelli 's original recording of the song ( also used in the Tony Bennett version in Duets ) uses the following closing line : If I can make it there , I 'll make it anywhere , Come on come through , New York , New York . It should not be confused with the song `` New York , New York '' , from Leonard Bernstein / Adolph Green / Betty Comden 's musical On the Town ( 1944 ) , which features the lyric `` New York , New York , it 's a helluva town / The Bronx is up and the Battery 's down ... '' Composers Kander and Ebb stated on the A&E Biography episode about Liza Minnelli , that they attribute the song 's success to actor Robert De Niro , who rejected their original theme for the film because he thought it was `` too weak '' . The song did not become a popular hit until it was picked up in concert by Frank Sinatra during his performances at Radio City Music Hall in October 1978 . ( It was not even nominated for the Academy Award for ' Best Song ' ) . Subsequently , Sinatra recorded it in 1979 for his 1980 Trilogy set ( Reprise Records ) , and it became one of his signature songs . The single peaked at # 32 in June 1980 , becoming his final Top Forty charting hit . It was also an Adult Contemporary hit , reaching # 10 in the US and # 2 in Canada . The song made a minor showing in the UK ( # 59 ) , however , recharted several years later and reached # 4 in 1986 . Sinatra made two more studio recordings of the song in 1981 ( for his NBC TV special The Man and His Music ) and 1993 ( for Capitol Records ) .",
"2": "From the latter , an electronic duet with Tony Bennett was produced for Sinatra 's Duets album . The lyrics of the Sinatra versions differ slightly from Ebb 's original lyrics . Notably , the phrase `` A-number - one '' , which does not appear at all in the original lyrics , is sung twice at the song 's rallentando climax . ( Ebb has said he `` did n't even like '' Sinatra 's use of `` A-number - one '' ) . The phrase is both the first and fourth on a list of three superlative titles the singer strives to achieve -- `` A-number - one , top of the list , king of the hill , A-number - one '' -- where Ebb 's original lyrics ( performed by Minnelli ) were `` king of the hill , head of the list , cream of the crop , at the top of the heap . '' Despite Sinatra 's version becoming more familiar , original singer Minnelli had two of the tune 's most memorable live performances -- during the July 4 , 1986 ceremony marking the rededication of the Statue of Liberty after extensive renovations , and in the middle of the seventh inning of a New York Mets game , that was the first pro sports event in the metro area after the September 11 , 2001 attacks . She also sang it in the Olympic stadium during the 1984 Summer Olympics , accompanied by 24 pianos and strobe lights . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) The song has been embraced as a celebration of New York City , and is often heard at New York - area social events , such as weddings and bar mitzvahs . Many sports teams in the New York area have played this song in their arenas / stadiums , but the New York Yankees are the most prominent example . It has been played over the loudspeakers at both the original and current Yankee Stadiums at the end of every Yankee home game since July 1980 . Originally , Sinatra 's version was played after a Yankees win , and the Minnelli version after a loss . However , due to a complaint from Minnelli , the Sinatra version is now heard regardless of the game 's outcome .",
"3": "As of the 2005 season , at the Richmond County Bank Ballpark following Staten Island Yankees games , the Sinatra version is heard regardless of the game 's outcome , and was formerly done at Shea Stadium at the end of New York Mets games after the September 11 , 2001 attack . Previously , Mets fans felt it was a `` Yankee song '' , and began booing it when it was played . It actually first had snippets of the song played after World Series home runs by Ray Knight and Darryl Strawberry during Game 7 of the 1986 World Series . The song is also sometimes played at New York Knicks games . The Sinatra version is played at the end of every New York Rangers game at Madison Square Garden . It was played at the opening faceoff of Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals at the Garden . The song has also been the post parade song for the Belmont Stakes from 1997 to 2009 , and again from 2011 to the present . Sinatra 's version of the song has been played at the end of all four Super Bowls that the New York Giants have won to date , as well as before kickoff of Super Bowl XLVIII , while Minnelli 's version was heard after the Giants ' Super Bowl XXXV loss . The song was the musical basis for Jimmy Picker 's 1983 three - minute animated short , Sundae in New York , which won the Academy Award for Best Short Film ( Animated ) that year , with a likeness of then - mayor Ed Koch somewhat stumbling through the song , with clay caricatures of New York - based celebrities ( including Alfred E. Neuman ) and finishing the song with `` Basically I think New York is very therapeutic . Hey , an apple a day is ... uh ... great for one 's constitution ! '' and burying his face in a big banana split with `` THE END '' written on his bald head . ( Koch used the same rallentando climax Sinatra used , albeit with one big difference : `` A-number one , top of the list , king of the hill ... '' followed by his impression of Groucho Marx completing , `` ... and incidentally a heckuva nice guy ! '' ) An instrumental version of the song is used as the main theme music for NBC 's broadcasts of the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade .",
"4": "It is also played during the annual Times Square New Year 's Day celebrations , immediately after `` Auld Lang Syne '' . Queen covered the song for the 1986 fantasy film Highlander . Unlike the other songs recorded for the film , it has never appeared on a Queen album . The song is performed by Brain Gremlin in the 1990 sequel Gremlins 2 : The New Batch . In DreamWorks ' Madagascar ( 2005 ) , the song is introduced in Central Park Zoo , and Marty later sings the song in the midst of Alex the Lion 's delirium . The song can be heard in the pilot episode of Blue Bloods which aired September 24 , 2010 . In the 2015 James Bond film Spectre , the instrumental introduction of the song was played inside the Aston Martin DB10 for a few seconds , when Bond presses one of the control buttons during a car chase scene in Rome . Parodies ( edit ) Swedish comedy group Galenskaparna och After Shave made a version of the song in 1985 , called `` Borås , Borås '' , about a town that is the mail order center of Sweden . Martin Short sang a parody named `` North Pole , North Pole '' during the 2006 theatrical feature film The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause . Stephen Colbert sang a parody of the song on the 10 June 2014 episode of The Colbert Report . His version talked about New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo 's role in the state 's success in a hockey tournament . Professional wrestling team The New Day sang a parody on an episode of WWE Raw the night after they won the Tag Team Championships at SummerSlam in 2015 . The episode was filmed at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn . See also ( edit ) New York City portal `` I Love L.A. '' by Randy Newman `` My Kind of Town '' , composed by Jimmy Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' , by Tony Bennett , who also covered New York , New York in a duet with Sinatra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 221 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1980 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ NPR : ' New York , New York ' , Present at the Creation Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Frank Sinatra -- New York New York '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Enter New York New York in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Knight , Graham ( 2005 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Yankee Stadium '' . Baseballpilgrimages.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Facts About Yankee Stadium '' . Mentalfloss.com. 2008 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hockey Night in Canada : Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals ( television ) . CBC. 1994 - 06 - 14 . And Bob ( Cole ) , they 're hollering out all the artillery just for you , Sinatra , before the opening faceoff . It ca n't get any better than that for an excitement standpoint . Dick Irvin , Jr. told Bob Cole just before the opening faceoff , when Sinatra 's song was played over the PA system . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's voice returns to Belmont Stakes '' . boston.com . Associated Press . June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sundae in New York video '' . Zappinternet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ball Drop 2011 on YouTube Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ( 2015 ) , `` Becoming - Animal Is A Trap For Humans '' , Deleuze and the Non-Human eds . Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe .",
"6": "External links ( edit ) Present at the Creation ( segment of NPR radio show Morning Edition about the song ) Liza Minnelli Discography Filmography Awards Albums Studio albums : Liza ! Liza !",
"7": "( 1964 ) It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) There Is a Time ( 1966 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1967 ) Come Saturday Morning ( 1968 ) New Feelin ' ( 1970 ) The Singer ( 1973 ) Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) Results ( 1989 ) Gently ( 1996 ) Confessions ( 2010 ) Live albums : `` Live '' at the London Palladium with Judy Garland ( 1965 ) Live at the Olympia in Paris ( 1972 ) Live at the Winter Garden ( 1974 ) Live at Carnegie Hall ( 1981 ) At Carnegie Hall ( 1987 ) Live from Radio City Music Hall ( 1992 ) Paris -- Palais des Congrès : Intégrale du spectacle ( 1995 ) Minnelli on Minnelli : Live at the Palace ( 1999 ) Liza 's Back ( 2002 ) Liza 's at the Palace ... ( 2008 ) Soundtracks : The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood ( 1965 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Liza with a `` Z '' ( 1972 ) Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) New York , New York ( 1977 ) Stepping Out ( 1991 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) Cast recordings : Best Foot Forward ( 1963 ) Flora the Red Menace ( 1965 ) The Act ( 1977 ) The Rink ( 1984 ) Music from The Life : A New Musical ( 1995 ) Video albums : Visible Results ( 1990 ) Live from Radio City Music Hall ( 1992 ) Other albums : Muscle of Love ( 1973 ) Remember : Michael Feinstein Sings Irving Berlin ( 1987 ) The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert ( 1992 ) Duets ( 1993 ) The Black Parade ( 2006 ) Singles `` Hello , Dolly ! ''",
"8": "( 1964 ) `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Wonder Where My ) Easy Rider 's Gone '' ( 1971 ) `` All That Jazz '' ( 1975 ) `` Theme from New York , New York '' ( 1977 ) `` Losing My Mind '' ( 1989 ) `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' ( 1989 ) `` So Sorry , I Said '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Pains '' ( 1990 ) Other songs : `` My Mammy '' ( 1968 ) `` God Bless the Child '' ( 1969 ) `` Bye Bye Blackbird '' ( 1972 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Use Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Where Is the Love ? ''",
"9": "( 1973 ) `` Dancing in the Moonlight '' ( 1973 ) `` Come Back to Me '' ( 1974 ) `` More Than You Know '' ( 1974 ) `` Remember '' / `` Always '' / `` What 'll I Do '' ( 1987 ) `` Twist in My Sobriety '' ( 1989 ) `` Rent '' ( 1989 ) `` We Are the Champions ( 1992 ) `` I 've Got the World on a String ( 1993 ) `` Chances Are '' ( 1996 ) `` You Stepped Out of a Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` Embraceable You '' ( 1996 ) `` I Got Lost in His Arms '' ( 1996 ) `` It Had to Be You '' ( 1996 ) `` Does He Love You '' ( 1996 ) `` In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning '' ( 1996 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Something Wonderful '' ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ( 2002 ) `` Teach Me Tonight '' ( 2009 ) `` Basin Street Blues '' ( 2009 ) `` Clap Yo ' Hands '' ( 2009 ) `` Liza ( All the Clouds 'll Roll Away ) '' ( 2009 ) `` Close Your Eyes '' ( 2010 ) Book Portal New York Yankees Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M.",
"10": "Steinbrenner Field Culture Monument Park Museum Old - Timers ' Day Bleacher Creatures Yankees Universe Eddie Layton Jim Hall Logos and uniforms Appearance policy `` Holy Cow ! '' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph",
"11": "Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Aaron Boone Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 17 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980",
"12": "1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Tarpons Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945",
"13": "1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873",
"14": "1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park",
"15": "1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_New_York,",
"16": "_New_York&oldid=817786673 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1980 singles Liza Minnelli songs Frank Sinatra songs Michael Bolton songs Songs about New York City Songs with music by John Kander Songs with lyrics by Fred Ebb Traditional pop soundtracks Songs written for films New York Yankees New York Mets New York Rangers New York Knicks Belmont Stakes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Esperanto Français Íslenska Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5388682165581915393
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who is the first wife on sister wives
|
[
"Meri",
"Meri",
"Meri",
"Meri",
"Meri"
] |
{
"0": "Sister Wives - wikipedia Sister Wives Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the reality television series . For the 2000 Israeli documentary , see Sister Wife . For the general concept , see Polygamy . Sister Wives Genre Reality Starring The Brown family Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 114 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Timothy Gibbons Bill Hayes Christopher Poole Kirk Streb Producer ( s ) Deanie Wilcher Location ( s ) Lehi , Utah ( 2010 -- 11 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2011 -- ) Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Figure 8 Films Puddle Monkey Productions Release Original network TLC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) -- present External links Website Sister Wives is an American reality television series broadcast on TLC that premiered on September 26 , 2010 . The show documents the life of a polygamist family , which includes patriarch Kody Brown , his four wives , and their 18 children . The family began the series living in Lehi , Utah , but has since moved to Las Vegas , Nevada in 2011 . Brown and his four wives have stated they participated in the show to make the public more aware of polygamist families and to combat societal prejudices . Brown believes his polygamist arrangement is legal because he is legally married only to one woman , and the other marriages are spiritual unions . The series led to the Brown family being investigated for possible prosecution .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Development 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Brown Family 5.1 Parents 5.2 Children 5.3 Children - In - Law 5.4 Grandchildren 6 Litigation 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Concept ( edit ) The show follows the lives of advertising salesman Kody Brown , his wives Meri , Janelle , Christine , and Robyn , and their 18 children . In the first season the show televised Brown 's courting and marriage of his fourth wife , Robyn Sullivan , in 2010 . Sullivan was the first new wife to enter the family in 16 years . The only legal marriage was between Kody and his first wife Meri , until their legal divorce in September 2014 . ( He legally married fourth wife Robyn in December 2014 in order to legally adopt her three children ) . The other marriages are considered spiritual unions . As of 2015 Kody has been married to Meri for 25 years , Janelle for 22 years , Christine for 21 years , and Robyn for 5 years . Kody and Meri have a daughter named Mariah , their only child . Kody and Janelle have six children : daughters Madison and Savanah and sons Logan , Hunter , Garrison , and Gabriel . Kody and Christine have six children : daughters Aspyn , Mykelti , Gwendlyn , Ysabel , and Truely and son Paedon . Robyn had three children from her first marriage , which was monogamous : Dayton , Aurora , and Breanna . Kody legally adopted them in June 2015 . Kody and Robyn have two children : son Solomon and daughter Ariella . The family has one grandchild , Axel , from Kody and Janelle 's daughter , Madison .",
"2": "Meri , Robyn , and Christine were all raised in polygamist families , but Janelle was not . Although Christine 's mother left the faith she still supports them . Months before the marriage of Janelle and Kody , however , Janelle 's mother entered into a polygamist marriage with Kody 's father . The Brown family belongs to the Apostolic United Brethren ( AUB . ) For years before the series , the family kept their polygamist lifestyle what they called a `` quasi-secret '' . Development ( edit ) In the autumn of 2009 , independent producers Timothy Gibbons and Christopher Poole approached Figure 8 Films , a North Carolinian company , with the concept of a reality series about the Brown family . Bill Hayes , the president of Figure 8 Films , said the company agreed to the idea after meeting with the Browns and deciding their lives would make a great story . Camera crews shot footage of the family in mid-2010 to be used in the first season , ending in May with the marriage of Kody Brown and Robyn Sullivan . The crews continued to film them afterward in case the series was picked up for a second season . Sister Wives was publicly introduced on August 6 , 2010 , at the Television Critics Association summer media tour in Beverly Hills , California . The series ' first episode , an hour long , was broadcast on TLC on September 26 , 2010 , and the first season continued with six half - hour chapters until October 17 , 2010 . The broadcast of Sister Wives came at a time that polygamy and multiple marriages were a prevalent topic in American pop culture . Big Love , the hit HBO series about fictional Utah polygamist Bill Henrickson , his three sister wives , and their struggle to gain acceptance in society , had already been on the air for several years . In early September 2010 , the drama series Lone Star , about a con man on the verge of entering into multiple marriages , premiered on Fox but was quickly canceled after two episodes , and when Sister Wives debuted , actress Katherine Heigl was in the process of developing a film about Carolyn Jessop , a woman who fled from a polygamist sect . In October 2010 , TLC announced it had commissioned a second season , which began in March 2011 .",
"3": "A TLC interview with the Brown family was broadcast on October 31 , 2010 , and a one - hour program featuring the honeymoon of Kody Brown and Robyn Sullivan aired on November 22 , 2010 . Episodes ( edit ) The Browns ' house in Lehi Main article : List of Sister Wives episodes Season Episodes Average Viewership ( in millions ) Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 9 2.14 September 26 , 2010 November 21 , 2010 23 1.95 March 13 , 2011 November 27 , 2011 21 2.01 May 13 , 2012 December 30 , 2012 20 2.07 July 21 , 2013 February 23 , 2014 5 20 TBD June 8 , 2014 March 1 , 2015 6 22 TBD September 13 , 2015 November 22 , 2015 7 TBA TBD November 27 , 2016 TBA Season 1 ( edit ) The nine - episode first season ran from September 26 to November 21 , 2010 . The season premiere introduced viewers to Kody Brown and his three wives , Meri , Janelle , and Christine , and their twelve children , all of whom lived in a ranch - style home with three interconnected apartments . It also chronicled Kody 's dating and engagement to Robyn Sullivan , who herself has three children , marking the first time in 16 years Kody had courted another wife . The new relationship creates insecurity and jealousy among the other three wives , but they ultimately accept her and welcome her into the family . During the fourth episode of the season , Christine gives birth to her sixth child , Truely , which brings the family to 16 children including Robyn 's three kids . Later , Kody and Meri go to Mexico to celebrate their twentieth wedding anniversary , where Meri discussed her sadness about her infertility problems and the jealousy that has arisen from Kody 's engagement to Robyn . Kody proposes in vitro fertilisation , but she turns down the idea as she is only interested in a naturally occurring conception .",
"4": "As Robyn 's wedding approaches , the three sister wives help Robyn prepare , and they begin to bond . However , Kody upsets his wives when he reveals he secretly chose Robyn 's wedding dress himself , which makes Christine feel so betrayed that she angrily walks away in mid-interview . Kody eventually apologizes , and the five reconcile . The first season finale ends with the wedding of Kody and Robyn , where Meri , Janelle , and Christine present her with a Claddagh ring to welcome her into the family . Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 ran 23 episodes from March 13 , 2011 to November 27 , 2011 , though many sources refer to the episodes airing from September 25 , 2011 to November 27 , 2011 as Season 3 . This is due to a short hiatus from June 5 , 2011 to September 25 , 2011 . Season 2 begins with the Browns heading to New York to appear on national television for the first time as open polygamists , while back home the kids head off to their first day of public school . Throughout the season , the Browns visit various friends and family members and reflect on how their relationships have changed with these people since they became open polygamists . These friends and family members include Kody 's parents ( also polygamists ) , Kody 's high school friends , and various monogamous couples that Kody and the sister wives know . Part 1 of Season 2 also follows the Browns through Kody and Janelle 's anniversary camping trip , preparing and participating in Halloween , and Christmas , which the Browns celebrate in a snowy mountain cabin . During Season 2 we also learn more about Meri 's personal struggle with her risk of cancer and the loss of her sister . In episode 5 , Kody , Christine , and their children take a trip to Las Vegas , which we later learn is the beginning of the Browns ' subsequent move to Las Vegas . The final episodes of Season 2 follow the Browns with their real estate agent Mona Riekki through their struggle to find a home in Las Vegas suitable for polygamists , telling the kids that they are moving , and the subsequent move to Las Vegas .",
"5": "Realtor , Mona Riekki finds rental homes for each of the wives and Kody . Once the Browns settle into their new homes they discuss the possibility of finding a home for all of them to live together or four homes in one cul - de-sac . In the last episode before the hiatus , Robyn announces that she is expecting her and Kody 's first child . The second part of Season 2 brings the announcement of the sex of Robyn and Kody 's baby and the Browns ' struggle to adjust to life in Las Vegas . The episodes following the Season 2 hiatus focus largely on Robyn 's pregnancy and the kids ' adjustment to their new lives . The abrupt move to Las Vegas brings about behavioral problems in some of the older kids , which is also discussed largely in the second half of Season 2 . During these episodes the Browns also explore possible businesses that the five of them ( Kody and the sister wives ) can run together . Several episodes after the hiatus discuss specific topics such as jealousy among the sister wives , especially regarding courting a new wife , how the parents combat the influence of Las Vegas on their children , and how the Browns are preparing the older children for college . Mona Riekki is back in this season and is working with the family on finding a permanent home in Vegas . In the finale , Robyn gives birth to baby Solomon on October 27 , 2011 and the possibility of Meri having more children once again resurfaces . Although the ongoing investigation of the Browns is brought up during Season 2 , it is not extensively discussed , and the progress of the investigation is unknown . Season 3 ( edit ) Season 3 premiered on May 13 , 2012 after vague details surfaced about the show 's spring return on the Twitter account of sister wife Robyn Sullivan Brown . The twenty one episode season mainly dealt with the family 's inability to be a cohesive unit while living in four separate homes . Meri explains more about the infertility problems she has experienced , while Christine discloses more on her jealousy of Robyn . The season returned from hiatus on November 18 , 2012 , to the Brown family still discussing their options into moving their family onto one property , and invest in a cul - de-sac where they can build four homes .",
"6": "It is more evident this season that living in separate homes is tearing the family apart . Towards the end of the season , the family plans a three - day trip to Nauvoo , Illinois , the birthplace of American polygamy . In the last episode on December 30 , 2012 , the family also deals with the upcoming departure to college of the eldest Brown child , Logan . Season 4 ( edit ) Season 4 premiered on July 21 , 2013 . It chronicles the family as they move into four adjacent houses within the same neighborhood . The wives are still working on starting their jewelry business . Meri comes to a decision following Robyn 's offer to be her surrogate . Season 5 ( edit ) Season 5 includes seven episodes , eight if you include the `` Tell All '' at the end , and eleven if you include the `` Sitting Down with the Browns '' , `` Meri - Behind the Scenes '' , and the `` Robyn - Behind the Scenes '' episodes . Season 5 begins with two daughters , Mykelti and Madison , graduating high school . The grown ups plan to lip sync a song to celebrate , but it brings out some negative feelings for Janelle , who is not comfortable being so outgoing and admits to being embarrassed in public by the others ' behavior . And a deeper issue of feeling like she 's not heard bubbles to the surface and she sees a therapist to discuss that along with her challenging relationship with first wife Meri . On a business level , the family discusses whether to turn down investors ' money and keep full ownership of Sisterwives ' Closet and whether to keep the products all their own creations or branch out and resale other artists ' designs and products . Christine 's mother moves in with her in Las Vegas , and in episode four , the Browns allow two anthropologists to live with them for two days to see the inner workings of polygamy , an arrangement that could either put their lifestyle in a positive or negative light . Finally , after five years of mental deliberation , Meri files for legal divorce from Kody so Kody can adopt Robyn 's three children from her previous marriage . By the end of the season , Meri and Kody maintained that they would continue their relationship .",
"7": "Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Considering its sensational subject matter , TLC 's `` Sister Wives '' has been refreshingly modest . The stars ( have ) a natural , honest presence in a genre fabled for the camera - hogging antics of Jersey Shore . Rather than merely emphasizing what 's different about the Brown family -- most obviously , their `` plural marriage '' -- Sister Wives shows us how normal they seem : loving and good - natured around their children , occasionally prone to envy and feelings of betrayal . `` '' Schuyler Velasco , Salon.com Sister Wives drew national media attention after its first season and garnered generally mixed reviews from critics . Washington Post staff writer Hank Stuever called it `` refreshingly frank '' and found most interesting the small details of the family 's everyday life , such as the food supply , division of labor , and minor arguments . Los Angeles Times television critic Mary McNamara said she was intrigued by the matriarchal nature of the polygamist family , a unit that is traditionally considered patriarchal . McNamara said the wives form the center of the family and that `` their bonds appear far stronger and more vital than the casual fondness with which they all treat Kody '' . Salon.com writer Schuyler Velasco praised Sister Wives for introducing viewers to unfamiliar subject matter and called it `` refreshingly modest '' considering its controversial subject matter . Velasco said it has `` a natural , honest presence in a genre fabled for the camera - hogging antics of Jersey Shore '' . Shelley Fralic of The Vancouver Sun called it fascinating and surprising and was impressed with the sensible and articulate way in which the family defended their lifestyle . When the Brown family made an October 2010 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show , talk show host Oprah Winfrey said she found particularly fascinating the relationship between the sister wives . Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald criticized Kody Brown for opening himself and his family up to potential criminal prosecution by appearing in the series , describing him as `` a lawbreaker who is risking himself and the family he claims is so precious just to star in his own TV show '' .",
"8": "Elizabeth Tenety of The Washington Post called the series `` one part domestic drudgery , another part sensationalism '' and claimed it relied on a `` familiar reality TV recipe '' shared by other TLC series such as 19 Kids and Counting and Kate Plus 8 . Religion Dispatches writer Joanna Brooks shared Tenety 's perspective , criticizing the show for presenting polygamy in a manner that `` is about as interesting to me as Kate Gosselin 's latest makeover . '' In this vein Brooks criticized the show for not engaging the theology of plural marriage and for letting Kody Brown 's superficial comments about the dissimilarity of Fundamentalist and mainstream Mormonism pass onto the viewers without any critical scrutiny or added nuance . Shari Puterman , television columnist with the Asbury Park Press , felt the sister wives had issues with jealousy and self - worth , and she compared Kody to a cult leader . Puterman added , `` I ca n't speak for everyone , but I believe in the sanctity of marriage . It 's sad to see that TLC 's capitalizing on people who do n't . '' Former prosecutor and television personality Nancy Grace criticized the show and said she believed Kody Brown should go to jail , but she expressed doubt he would based on Utah 's history of overlooking polygamy . Christine Seifert , an associate professor of communications at Westminster College in Salt Lake City , said the show could give viewers who are unfamiliar with the LDS church the incorrect assumption that polygamy is accepted by the mainstream church . Several commentators have taken notice of the fact that the family 's religious convictions are downplayed in Sister Wives . Ratings ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the September 26 , 2010 , one - hour premiere episode of Sister Wives drew 2.26 million viewers , a strong rating for the network . It marked the biggest series debut for TLC since Cake Boss launched in 2009 and was a stronger rating than any of the season premieres for HBO 's Big Love . The remaining episodes of the first season were each a half - hour long , with two broadcast together each Thursday . In the second week , the first episode drew 1.88 million viewers , while the second drew 2.13 million .",
"9": "The third week drew similar results , with 1.89 million viewers watching the first episode and 2.05 million watching the second . Sister Wives drew its strongest ratings during the fourth and final week of the first season , with 2.67 million viewers for the first episode and 2.74 million for the season finale . As a result of the 2.7 million average viewership for the two episodes , TLC ranked first among all ad - support cable channels in the 18 -- 49 and 25 -- 54 age groups . The series drew double - and triple - digit ratings gains in all key demographics and ranked second in ad - supported cable network shows during its time period . Brown family ( edit ) Parents ( edit ) Name Date of birth Wedding Date Kody Winn Brown ( 1968 - 01 - 19 ) January 19 , 1968 ( age 50 ) Meri Caroline Brown ( 1971 - 01 - 16 ) January 16 , 1971 ( age 47 ) April 21 , 1990 Janelle Brown ( 1969 - 05 - 05 ) May 5 , 1969 ( age 48 ) January 17 , 1993 Christine Ruth Brown ( 1972 - 04 - 18 ) April 18 , 1972 ( age 45 ) March 25 , 1994 Robyn Alice Brown ( 1978 - 10 - 09 ) October 9 , 1978 ( age 39 ) May 22 , 2010 Children ( edit ) Name Date of birth Parents Notes Logan Taylor ( 1994 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1994 ( age 23 ) Janelle & Kody Engaged to Michelle Petty Aspyn Kristine ( 1995 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1995 ( age 22 ) Christine & Kody Engaged to David Mitchell Thompson Mariah Lian ( 1995 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 1995 ( age 22 ) Meri & Kody Dating Audrey Kriss Madison Rose ( 1995 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 ,",
"10": "1995 ( age 22 ) Janelle & Kody Married to Caleb Brush with one child 5 Mykelti Ann ( 1996 - 06 - 09 ) June 9 , 1996 ( age 21 ) Christine & Kody Married to Antonio `` Tony '' Padron 6 Hunter Elias ( 1997 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Janelle & Kody 7 Paedon Rex ( 1998 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Christine & Kody 8 Robert Garrison ( 1998 - 10 - 31 ) October 31 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Janelle & Kody 9 David Dayton ( 2000 - 01 - 16 ) January 16 , 2000 ( age 18 ) Robyn Born David Preston , Changed name when adopted by Kody .",
"11": "10 Gabriel ( 2001 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 2001 ( age 17 ) Janelle & Kody 11 Gwendlyn ( 2001 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 2001 ( age 16 ) Christine & Kody 12 Aurora Alice ( 2002 - 06 - 04 ) June 4 , 2002 ( age 15 ) Robyn Adopted by Kody 13 Ysabel Paige ( 2003 - 03 - 07 ) March 7 , 2003 ( age 14 ) Christine & Kody 14 Savanah ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ) December 7 , 2004 ( age 13 ) Janelle & Kody 15 Breanna Rose ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) July 10 , 2005 ( age 12 ) Robyn Adopted by Kody 16 Truely Grace ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 2010 ( age 7 ) Christine & Kody 17 Solomon Kody ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 2011 ( age 6 ) Robyn & Kody 18 Ariella Mae ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 2016 ( age 2 ) Children - In - Law ( edit ) Name Date of birth Spouse Wedding Date Caleb James Brush 1987 ( age 30 -- 31 ) Madison Brown June 4 , 2016 Antonio `` Tony '' Padron 1994 ( age 23 -- 24 ) Mykelti Brown December 17 , 2016 Grandchildren ( edit ) Name Date of birth Parents Axel James ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) May 20 , 2017 ( age &&&&&&&&&&&&0250 8 months 5 days ) Madison & Caleb Litigation ( edit ) Main article : Brown v. Buhman This section is empty . You can help by adding to it .",
"12": "( January 2018 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Mormonism and polygamy Book : Latter Day Saints in popular culture My Five Wives , another reality TV series on TLC about a polygamist family References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tenety , Elizabeth ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Sister Wives ' : polygamy ' comes out ' on TLC '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Meet the Real Big Love Bunch '' . TV Guide . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Neil ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Sister Wives ( PICTURE ) : Could You Survive a Polygamous Marriage ? '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Houk , Kimberly ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` '' Sister Wives '' program could lead to legal trouble `` . KTVX . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fralic , Shelley ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sister Wives and the puzzle of polygamy '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( September 25 , 2010 ) . `` TLC 's ' Sister Wives ' : Frank , entertaining TV about polygamist Browns in Utah '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perigard , Mark A. ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` It 's all four one , one four all in TLC 's ' Sister Wives ' '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 6 , 2010 ) .",
"13": "`` Love is All in The Family on TLC 's New Series Sister Wives Premiering Sunday , September 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lamar , Michelle ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Sister Wives ' : Meet the Browns , TLC 's Polygamist Family '' . Babble . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Horiuchi , Vince ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Utah polygamists star in reality TV show '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bigamy investigation threatens TLC 's `` Sister Wives '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardashians Lead ; Mad Men Finale Up ; Rubicon Finale Down ; Broadway Empire , Sonny with a Chance & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Unfamiliar world of polygamy is opening up in TV shows , films '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott D. ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` TLC renews ' Sister Wives ' '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Spend Halloween with the `` Sister Wives '' `` . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` A ' Sister Wives ' honeymoon special '' . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 .",
"14": "^ Jump up to : Shellnutt , Kate ( October 3 , 2010 ) . `` Sister Wives : Growing pains '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shellnutt , Kate ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Sister Wives : Baby mama drama '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Sister Wives ' finale : Will Season 2 see Robyn move into the house ? '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Wives Episodes -- Sister Wives Full Episode Guides from Season 2 on TLC '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Wives ' Kody and Robyn Brown Expecting -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. April 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Solomon Brown First Photo Of Newest Sister Wives Baby '' . E ! Online . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sister Wives ' Returns for a Fourth Season on TLC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Velasco , Schuyler ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Secrets of the polygamists '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Scott D. ( October 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Sister Wives ' revives Utah 's cultural ties to polygamy '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 .",
"15": "^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( September 25 , 2010 ) . `` Television review : ' Sister Wives ' : TLC show examines a real - life polygamous family '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Oprah on ' Sister Wives ' : ' Most fascinated with the relationship the women have with each other ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Joanna ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` TLC Premieres Polygamy Reality Show Sister Wives '' . Religion Dispatches . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puterman , Shari ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` TLC capitalizing on ' Sister Wives ' '' . Asbury Park Press . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lane , Laura ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Grace on ' Sister Wives ' Investigation : `` Kody Should Go to Jail ! '' `` . OK ! . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ravitz , Jessica . `` '' Sister Wives '' explained : A fundamentalist Mormon polygamy primer `` . CNN . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Boardwalk Empire Falls ; Rubicon Stays Low + Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TLC 's ' Sister Wives ' gets love from viewers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Broadwalk Empire Mostly Stable ; Rubicon Still Tiny ; Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Boardwalk Empire Plunges ; Rubicon Up ; Mad Men , Kardashians , MLB Playoffs & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` TLC 's Sister Wives Scores Big Finale and Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Tenety , Elizabeth ( August 10 , 2011 ) , `` Warren Jeffs , ' Sister Wives , ' and American polygamy '' , Washington Post External links ( edit ) Official website Puddle Monkey , production company Sister Wives on IMDb Sister Wives at TV.com `` '' Brown v. Herbert `` '' ( pdf ) . Civil Rights Complaint . Utah : Jonathan Turley . July 2011 .",
"17": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sister_Wives&oldid=821701530 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2010 American television series debuts English - language television programs American reality television series American television personalities Participants in American reality television series TLC ( TV network ) programs Mormon fundamentalism People from Lehi , Utah Mormonism and polygamy Television shows set in Utah Television shows set in the Las Vegas Valley Latter Day Saints in popular culture Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7166047404475022331
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list of local government area in benue state
|
[
"Ado",
"Agatu",
"Apa",
"Buruku",
"Gboko",
"Guma",
"Gwer East",
"Gwer West",
"Katsina-Ala",
"Konshisha",
"Kwande",
"Logo",
"Makurdi",
"Obi",
"Ogbadibo",
"Ohimini",
"Oju",
"Okpokwu",
"Otukpo",
"Tarka",
"Ukum",
"Ushongo",
"Vandeikya"
] |
{
"0": "Benue State - wikipedia Benue State Jump to : navigation , search For the tributary of the Niger River , see Benue River . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Benue State State Nickname ( s ) : Food Basket of the Nation Location of Benue State in Nigeria Coordinates : 7 ° 20 ′ N 8 ° 45 ′ E / 7.333 ° N 8.750 ° E / 7.333 ; 8.750 Coordinates : 7 ° 20 ′ N 8 ° 45 ′ E / 7.333 ° N 8.750 ° E / 7.333 ; 8.750 Country Nigeria Date created 3 February 1976 Capital Makurdi Government Governor ( List ) Samuel Ortom ( APC ) Deputy Governor Benson Abounu Senators David Mark George Akume Barnabas Andyar Gemade Area Total 34,059 km ( 13,150 sq mi ) Area rank 11th of 36 Population ( 2006 Census ) Total 4,253,641 Rank 7th of 36 GDP ( PPP ) Year 2007 ( estimate ) Total $6.86 billion Per capita $1,592 Time zone WAT ( UTC + 01 ) ISO 3166 code NG - BE Benue State is a state in the mid-belt region of Nigeria with a population of about 4,253,641 in 2006 census . It is inhabited predominantly by the Tiv , Idoma and Igede peoples , who speak the Tiv language , Idoma , and Igede respectively . The Tivs comprise the Etulos while the Idomas comprise the Ufia 's ( Utonkon ) to Orokam at the west border of the state .",
"1": "There are other ethnic groups , including the Etulo , Abakwa , Jukun , Hausa , Igbo ,   Igala people ,  Akweya and Nyifon . With its capital at Makurdi , Benue is a rich agricultural region ; some of the crops grown there are potatoes , cassava , soya bean , guinea corn , flax , yams , sesame , rice , and groundnuts , Palm Tree . Benue State is named after the Benue River and was formed from the former Benue - Plateau State in 1976 , along with Igala and some part of Kwara State . In 1991 some areas of Benue state ( mostly Igala area ) , along with areas in Kwara State , were carved out to become part of the new Kogi State . Igbo people are found in the boundary areas of Ebonyi State and Enugu State in local government areas like the Obi , Oju etc . Samuel Ortom is the governor and Benson Abounu is the deputy governor . Both are All Progressives Congress ( APC ) members . Benue state has three universities : Federal University of Agriculture , Makurdi , Benue State University , Makurdi , and University of Mkar , Mkar , Gboko . It has two polytechnics : Benue State Polytechnic , Ugbokolo and Fidei polytechnic , Gboko as well as the Akperan Orshi college of Agriculture Yandev . There are about four colleges of education which are Federal College of Education Agasha , College of Education Oju , College of Education Kastina Ala . Benue State as it exists today is a surviving legacy of an administrative entity which was carved out of the protectorate of northern Nigeria at the beginning of the twentieth century . The territory was initially known as Munshi Province until 1918 when the name of its dominant geographical feature , the ' Benue River ' was adopted .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Benue State 1.1 Population Structure and Distribution 1.2 Settlement Pattern and Urbanization 2 Geology and Environment 2.1 Geology 2.2 Mineral Resources 2.3 Natural Resources 2.4 Relief and Drainage 3 People and culture 3.1 Traditional Rulers 3.2 Culture 4 The State Capital 5 Local Government Areas 6 Economy 6.1 Agricultural production 6.2 Commerce and industry 6.3 Infrastructure and Transportation 6.4 Power supply 6.5 Telecommunications 6.6 Tourism and Recreation 7 References 8 External links History of Benue State ( edit ) Population structure and distribution ( edit ) The State which is in the has a total population of 4,253,641 in 2006 census , with an average population density of 99 persons per km2 . This makes Benue the 9th most populous state in Nigeria . However , the distribution of the population according to Local government areas shows marked duality . There are areas of low population density . such as Guma , Gwer East , Ohimini , Katsina - Ala , Apa , Logo and Agatu , each with less than seventy persons per km2 , while Vandeikya , Okpokwu , Ogbadibo , Obi and Gboko have densities ranging from 140 persons to 200 persons per km2 . Makurdi LGA has over 380 person per km2 . The males are 49.8 percent of the total population while females constitute 50.2 per cent . Settlement pattern and urbanization ( edit ) Benue State region was depleted of its human population during the slave trade . It is largely rural , with scattered settlements mainly in tiny compounds or homesteads , whose population range from 630 people , most of whom are farmers . Urbanization in Benue State did not predate the colonial era . The few towns established during colonial rule remained very small ( less than 30,000 people ) up to the creation of Benue State in 1976 . Benue towns can be categorised into three groups .",
"3": "The first group consists of those with a population of 80,000 to 500,000 people . These include Makurdi , the State Capital , Gboko and Otukpo the `` headquarters '' of the two dominant ethnic groups ( 125,944 and 88,958 people respectively ) . The second group comprises towns with a population of between 20,000 and 50,000 people and includes Katsina - Ala , Zaki - Biam , Ukum   , and Adikpo , Kwande . These are all local government headquarters . The third category comprises towns with a population of 10,000 to 19,000 people and includes Vandeikya , Lessel , lhugh , Naka , Adoka , Aliade , Okpoga , lgumale , Oju , Utonkon , Ugbokolo , Wannune , Ugbokpo , Otukpa , Ugba and Korinya . Most of these towns are headquarters of recently created Local Government Areas and / or district headquarters or major market areas . Some of the headquarters of the newly created LGAs have populations of less than 10,000 people . Such places include Tse - Agberaba , Gbajimba , Buruku , Idekpa , Obagaji and Obarikeito . Apart from earth roads , schools , periodic markets and chemists ( local drug stores ) , the rural areas are largely used for farming , relying on the urban centres for most of their urban needs . Benue State has no problem of capital city primacy . Rather , three towns stand out very clearly as important urban centres which together account for more than 70 per cent of the social amenities provided in the state and almost all the industrial establishments . These centres are Makurdi , Gboko and Otukpo . They are amongst the oldest towns in the state and are growing at a much faster rate than the smaller younger towns . Makurdi doubles as the capital of the state and the headquarters of Makurdi LGA , while Gboko , Otukpo and Oju double as local government and ethnic headquarters ( i.e. for Tiv , Idoma , and Igede ) . All the roads in the state radiate from these three centres .",
"4": "As an administrative unit , Benue State was first created on 3 February 1976 . It was one of the seven states created by the military administration headed by General Murtala Mohammed , which increased the number of states in the country from 13 to 19 . In 1991 , its boundaries were re-adjusted with the creation of Kogi State . The new Benue State of today has twenty ( 23 ) local government areas , which are administered by local government councils . Geology and environment ( edit ) Benue State lies within the lower river Benue trough in the middle belt region of Nigeria . Its geographic coordinates are longitude 7 ° 47 ' and 10 ° 0 ' East . Latitude 6 ° 25 ' and 8 ° 8 ' North ; and shares boundaries with five other states namely : Nasarawa State to the north , Taraba State to the east , Cross-River State to the south , Enugu State to the south - west and Kogi State to the west . The state also shares a common boundary with the Republic of Cameroon on the south - east . Benue occupies a landmass of 34,059 square kilometres . Geology ( edit ) Based on Köppen climate classification , Benue State lies within the AW climate and experiences two distinct seasons , the Wet season and the Dry season . The rainy season lasts from April to October with annual rainfall in the range of 100 - 200mm . The dry season begins in November and ends in March . Temperatures fluctuate between 21 -- 37 degrees Celsius in the year . The south - eastern part of the state adjoining the Obudu - Cameroun mountain range , however , has a cooler climate similar to that of the Jos Plateau . Much of Benue State falls within the Benue Valley / trough which is believed to be structurally developed . During the Tertiary and possibly the Interglacial periods of the Quaternary glaciation , the Benue and Niger Valleys , otherwise known as the Niger / Benue trough , were transgressed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean . As a result , marine sediments form the dominant surface geology of much of Benue State . Mineral resources ( edit ) Benue State is blessed with abundant mineral resources .",
"5": "These resources are distributed in the Local Government Areas of the state . Of these mineral resources , only Limestone at Tse - Kucha near Gboko and Kaolinite at Otukpo are being commercially exploited . Other mineral deposits include Baryte , Gypsum , Feldspar , Wolframite , Kaolinite , mineral salts and Gemstone etc . Natural resources ( edit ) Benue State is the nation 's acclaimed food basket because of its rich agricultural produce which include Yam , Rice , Beans , Cassava , Sweet - potato , Maize , Soybean , Sorghum , Millet , Sesame , cocoyam etc . The state accounts for over 70 % of Nigeria 's Soybean production . Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy , engaging over 75 % of the state farming population . The State also boasts of one of the longest stretches of river systems in the country with great potential for a viable fishing industry , dry season farming through irrigation and for an inland water highway . The vegetation of the southern parts of the state is characterised by forests , which yield trees for timber and provide a suitable habitat for rare animals types and species . The state thus possesses potential for the development of viable forest and wildlife reserves . Relief and drainage ( edit ) The land is generally low lying ( averaging 100m - 250m ) and gently undulating with occasional inselbergs , Knoll , Laterite etc . It is only at the boundary area with Cameroon , also Kwande and Oju Local Government Areas that hilly terrain with appreciable local relief is encountered . Here , the terrain is characterised by steep slopes , deep incised valleys and generally rugged relief . Elsewhere , gradients average less than 4 ° . River Benue is the dominant geographical feature in the state . It is one of the few large rivers in Nigeria . The Katsina - Ala is the largest tributary , while the smaller rivers include Mkomon , Amile , Duru , Loko Konshisha , Kpa , Okpokwu , Mu , Be , Aya , Apa Ogede and Ombi . The flood plains which are characterised by extensive swamps and ponds are good for dry season irrigated farming . Though Benue State has high drainage density many of the streams are seasonal .",
"6": "Hence , there is an acute water shortage in the dry season in Local Government Areas such as Guma , Okpokwu , Ogbadibo , Gwer West ( Naka , Nigeria ) and Oju . People and culture ( edit ) The state is populated by several ethnic groups : Tiv , Idoma , Igede , Etulo , Abakpa , Jukun , Hausa , Igbo , Akweya and Nyifon . The Tiv are the dominant ethnic group , occupying 14 local government areas with the Etulo and Jukun , while the Idoma , Igede , Igbo , Akweya and Nyifon occupy the remaining nine local government areas . Most of the people are farmers while the inhabitants of the river areas engage in fishing as their primary or important secondary occupation . The people of the state are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as well as rich cultural heritage . Traditional rulers ( edit ) The Benue State Government accords high respect to traditional rulers in recognition of their role as custodians of culture and as agents of development . Also , their roles in enhancing peace and order at the grassroots level are also recognised . To enhance their contribution to the affairs of the state , government has established a three - tier traditional council system made up of Local Government Area Traditional Councils , Area Traditional Councils and the State Council of Chiefs with the Tor Tiv ( Tiv king ) as chairman . The two Area Councils are the Tiv Traditional Council and the Idoma Traditional Council . The former has the Tor Tiv ( Tiv King ) as chairman of all the traditional rulers from the Tiv dominant Local Government Areas , while the latter has the Och ' Idoma ( Idoma king ) as the chairman of all the traditional rulers from the Idoma dominant Local Government Areas . The State Council of Chiefs had the Tor Tiv , Orchivirigh Professor James Ortese Iorzua Ayatse ( Tor Tiv V ) ( ) , with Och'Idoma and all second class Chiefs / Chairmen of the Local Government Traditional Council as members . Culture ( edit ) Dancers in Benue state attire Benue State possesses a rich and diverse cultural heritage which finds expression in colourful cloths , exotic masquerades , supplicated music and dances .",
"7": "Traditional dances from Benue State have won acclaim at national and international cultural festivals . The most popular of these dances include Ingyough , Ange , Anchanakupa , Swange and Ogirinya among others . The socio - religious festivals of the people , colourful dances , dresses and songs are also of tourist value . The Alekwu ancestral festival of the Idoma people , for instance , is an occasion when the local people believe their ancestors re-established contact with the living in the form of masquerades . The lgede - Agba is a Yam Festival , marked every year in September by the lgede people of Oju and Obi local government areas . Among the Tiv , the Tiv Day , marriage ceremonies and dance competitions ( e.g. Swange dance ) are often very colourful . Kwagh - hir is a very entertaining Tiv puppet show . Social life in Benue State is also enriched by the availability of diverse recreational facilities . Apart from parks , beaches , dancing and masquerades mentioned above , the big hotels in Makurdi , Gboko and Otukpo are equipped with several indoor sporting facilities . There are golf clubs , the Makurdi Club , Railway Club , Police Club and Air Force Club , where , apart from the sale of drinks and snacks , various types of games are played . There is a standard Arts Theatre , a modern Sports Complex which includes the Aper Aku Stadium , which has provisions for such games as tennis , basketball , volleyball and handball , an indoor sports hall and Olympic size swimming pool in Makurdi . A Smaller stadia exist in Gboko ( J.S. Tarka Stadium ) , Katsina - Ala , Adikpo , Vandeikya and Otukpo . The BCC Lawn Tennis tournament attracts players from all over the country . Benue State has three teams in the professional soccer ranks , Lobi Stars F.C. in Division One , BCC Lions FC in Division Two , Mark mentors as the basketball premier league team . The State capital ( edit ) Makurdi , the state capital was established in the early twenties and gained prominence in 1927 when it became the headquarters of the then Benue Province . Being a river port , it attracted the establishment of trading depots by companies such as United Africa Company of Nigeria and John Holt plc .",
"8": "Its commercial status was further enhanced when the Railway Bridge was completed and opened in 1932 . In 1976 , the town became the capital of Benue State and today , doubles as the headquarters of Makurdi Local Government Area . The town is divided by the River Benue into the north and south banks , which are connected by two bridges : the railway bridge , which was built in 1932 , and the new dual carriage bridge commissioned in 1978 . The southern part of the town is made up of several wards , including Central Ward , Old GRA , Ankpa Ward , Wadata Ward , High Level , Wurukum ( Low Level ) , New GRA etc . Important establishments and offices located here include the Government House , The State Secretariat , The Federal Secretariat , The Central Bank of Nigeria Regional headquarters , Commercial Banks , Telecommunication companies , Police Headquarters , Nigeria Prisons Service , Aper Aku Stadium , Nigeria Air force Base , Makurdi , The Makurdi Modern Market , the Federal Medical Centre , Nigeria Railway Station , Benue Printing and Publishing Company Limited , Radio Benue , Nigerian Television Authority ( NTA ) , Nigerian Postal service , Benue Hotels Makurdi , Benue Plaza hotel , Benue State University , Benue State Breweries . The North bank area of the town houses among other establishments , the Federal University of Agriculture , the Nigerian Army School of Military Engineering , the headquarters of the 72 Airborne Battalion and the State Headquarters of the Department of Customs and Excise . Owing to its location in the valley of River Benue , Makurdi experiences warm temperatures most of the year . The period from November to January , when the harmattan weather is experienced is , however , relatively cool . Makurdi can be reached by air , rail , road and water . The major northern route is the Makurdi -- Lafia -- Jos road . The southern routes are Makurdi -- Otukpo -- Enugu and Makurdi -- Yandev -- Adikpo -- Calabar roads . Traffic from the west comes through Makurdi -- ( 3 ) Naka -- Adoka Ankpa ( 3 ) -- Okene ( 1 ) roads and from the east through Makurdi -- Yandev -- Katsina Ala -- Wukari roads .",
"9": "These Makurdi Rail Bridge provides the only rail link between the northern and eastern parts of Nigeria . Makurdi Airport has the Nigerian Airways and other private airlines provide air links between Makurdi and the rest of the country . The beautiful beaches of River Benue can be exploited to provide good sites for relaxation . The river itself provides tourist opportunities for boating angling and swimming . The Makurdi Moratorium that houses a variety of animals including some rare species also serves as another feature of tourist attraction . Local Government Areas ( edit ) Benué State consists of twenty - three ( 23 ) Local Government Areas . They are : Local Government Area Headquarters Ado Igumale Agatu Obagaji Apa Ugbokpo Buruku Buruku Gboko Gboko Guma Gbajimba Gwer East Aliade Gwer West Naka Katsina - Ala Katsina - Ala Konshisha Tse - Agberagba Kwande Adikpo Logo Ugba Makurdi Makurdi Obi Obarike - Ito Ogbadibo Otukpa Ohimini Idekpa Oju Anyuwogbu - ibilla Okpokwu Okpoga Otukpo Otukpo Tarka Wannune Ukum Sankera Ushongo Lessel Vandeikya Vandeikya Economy ( edit ) Agricultural production ( edit ) Agriculture forms the backbone of the Benue State economy , engaging more than 70 per cent of the working population . This has made Benue the major source of food production in the Nation . It can still be developed because most of the modern techniques are not yet popular to 98 % of Nigeria . Mechanization and plantation agriculture / agro-forestry are still at its infancy . Farm inputs such as fertilizers , improved seed , insecticides and other foreign methods are being increasingly used . However , cost and availability is still a challenge . Important cash crops include Soy - beans , Rice , Peanuts , mango varieties , Citrus etc .",
"10": "Other cash crops include Palm oil , Melon , African pear , Chili pepper , Tomatoes etc . Food crops indude Yam , Cassava , Sweet potato , Beans , Maize , Millet , Guinea corn , Vegetables etc . There is very little irrigation agriculture and techniques . Animal production include , Cattle , Pork , Poultry and Goat but no dairy and dairy products yet . Commerce and industry ( edit ) Banking services are available as all the banks in Nigeria have branches in the state with the Central Bank of Nigeria having its regional headquarters in Makurdi . Dangote Cement Company is a private company that operates within the state and provides a little employment to the people . This is a rough estimated employment percentage in the state : 75 % are farmers , 10 % traders , 6 % civil servants , 9 % private . Benue State has the capacity to support a wide range of industries using local agricultural and mineral resources although potentials are yet to be exploited . Private initiatives in commerce and industry , particularly by indigenes , is as also on a small scale and is limited to carpentry , shoe repairs and manufacturing , small scale rice mills , leather and plastic industries , weaving , printing , catering , block making , food processing etc . Industry and commerce have been greatly retarded by the absence of capital funds , basic infrastructure and the frequent political changes . Infrastructure and transportation ( edit ) The location of Benue State in the centre of the country plus the presence of bridges on two large rivers , the Benue River and Katsina - Ala River , make the state a major cross-roads centre . Two major highways connect the Eastern States to the North and North East . The present government has shown commitment to the construction of roads within the state capital Makurdi and other major roads leading in and out of the state . The roads are in an excellent condition . The Federal government is also remodelling and expanding the Makurdi Airport to become the largest agricultural cargo airport in the country . The rivers Benue and Katsina - Ala only needs to be dredged and a modern river port built at Makurdi , Turan , Buruku and Katsina - Ala to transport goods all over the nation since the state is at the middle of the country . Ships are sighted very occasionally offloading cargo for Benue company at the Abinsi jetty .",
"11": "The eastern rail line connects Makurdi , Otukpo , Taraku , Utonkon and lgumale with the rest of the country . Altogether , about 180 km of rail line traverses the state . Power supply ( edit ) Electricity is not yet stable but industrialists use private power plants . Telecommunications ( edit ) Benue has facilities for the GSM service companies operating in the Country The state also has 4 radio stations and 2 television stations . Tourism and recreation ( edit ) Benue State possesses immense tourism potentials which are yet to be exploited . Since some of the tourist attractions are best selected by the tourist , Benue State in her bid to develop tourism embarked on infrastructural development necessary for the overall well being of the tourist . The options are still opened to foreign investors . The programme of road development , hotels , postal , telephone and Email services , electricity , potable water , recreational facilities and the general hospitality of the people will eventually open up the state to tourists . An amusement park and Zoo have been developed at Makurdi . There is a wild life park at lkwe where a conference hall and chalets have been built to serve tourists . Tourist attractions in the state may be grouped into natural scenic , historical monuments and festivals . Natural Attractions in Benue State include hills and ranges such as Ikyogen , Abande , Ngokur , Mkar , Ushongo and Harga . There is a heavily wooded natural trench at Tse - Mker which is believed to be inhabited by dangerous creatures including Pythons . Gurgul is a waterfall on Katsina Ala River . The border stretch adjoining the Obudu / South Cameroon Plateau ranges features a beautiful scenery of forests , dissected hills , Dykes , dozens of fast flowing streams and incised valleys . In the Dry season , the water level in both the Benue River and Katsina - Ala River falls , giving rise to beautiful sandy river beaches and clean shallow waters . The waters are excellent for recreational boating and swimming .",
"12": "At Orokam in Ogbadibo Local government areas , occurs the Enumabia Warm Spring.At Epwa - Ibilla , Andi - Ibilla , Uchenyum - Ibilla , Okochi - Uwokwu , Irachi - Uwokwu , Ette - Uda - Uwokwu , Odepa - Uwokwu , Igbegi - Ipinu - Uwokwu , Edde - Ibilla - Uwokwu , and Ohuma - Uwokwu of Oju , are springs of clean water . There are masses of unusually tall trees in the deep valleys and on the pretty steep highlands , which are all however inhabited . Historical monuments in the state include the Royal Niger Company Trading Stores at Makurdi and Gbileve near Katsina - Ala ; the tombs of the first Dutch missionaries at Harga and Sai in Katsina - Ala Local Government Areas ; the tombs of the legendary politician , Mr. J.S. Tarka and past three Tor Tiv in Gboko town ; and the trench fortifications in Turan district of Kwande local government areas which were dug by the Tiv to ward off Chamba invasions in the 19th century . At Utonkon , is a thick forest with tall giant trees , the centre of which used to serve as a slave trade market , but is now the site of shrines and a periodic market . Swem is a shrine site at the foot of the Cameroon range in Kwande local government area from where the Tivs were said to have originated . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 PHC Priority Tables -- NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION '' . population.gov.ng . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - GIDD ( Canback Global Income Distribution Database ) '' . Canback Dangel . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Uwe . `` Languages of Benue State '' . Nigerian Languages . Department of Languages and Linguistics , University of Jos . Archived from the original on 9 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Ajaero , Chris ( 18 November 2007 ) .",
"13": "`` A Brand New Image For Benue '' . Newswatch magazine . Newswatch Communications . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New dawn , as Tiv land crowns Professor James Ortese Iorzua Ayatse King '' . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Benué State Website `` Benue State Executive Council '' . Library of Congress Africa Pamphlet Collection -- Flickr . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . `` Benue State Executive Council -- Members and Special Advisers '' . Library of Congress Africa Pamphlet Collection -- Flickr . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Governors of Benue State Abdullahi Shelleng Adebayo Lawal Aper Aku John Kpera Jonah David Jang Yohanna Madaki Ishaya Bakut Idris Garba Fidelis Makka Moses Adasu Joshua Obademi Aminu Isa Kontagora Dominic Oneya George Akume Gabriel Suswam States of Nigeria Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=Benue_State&oldid=816664193 '' Categories : States of Nigeria Benue State States and territories established in 1976 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Library of Congress Africa Collection related Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кырык мары Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 21 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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an influential religion to enter china along the silk route during the han dynasty was
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"Buddhism",
"Buddhism"
] |
{
"0": "Chinese Buddhism - wikipedia Chinese Buddhism Jump to : navigation , search `` Buddhism in China '' redirects here . For other branches of Buddhism in China other than Han Chinese Buddhism , see Tibetan Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism . 1 Buddhist monks at Jintai Temple in Zhuhai , Guangdong , mainland China . 2 Brahma Palace of the Buddhist Vatican ( 梵 宫 ) in Wuxi , Jiangsu , mainland China , has become a focus of Chinese Buddhist and other East Asian Buddhist schools . 3 A government - approved Buddhist house church ( 居士 林 jūshìlín ) , part of a wider movement of lay Buddhist gatherings , in Beijing . Various forms of Chinese Buddhism : 1 monastic institutions , 2 cultural centres for exchanges between the various schools , 3 lay movements . Part of a series on Chinese Buddhism 汉 传 佛教 / 漢 傳 佛教 History ( show ) Gandhara Kushan Empire Dharmaguptaka Silk Road transmission Major figures ( show ) Kumārajīva Xuanzang Huiyuan Zhiyi Bodhidharma Huineng Taixu Hsu Yun Hsuan Hua Nan Huai - Chin Traditions ( show ) Chan Tiantai Huayan Pure Land Weishi Sanlun Tangmi Texts ( show ) Chinese Buddhist canon Taishō Tripiṭaka Architecture ( show ) Buddhist architecture in China Bodhimaṇḍas ( show ) Wutai Emei Jiuhua Putuo Culture ( show ) Buddhist Association of China Cuisine Martial arts Diyu Chinese Buddhism has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including art , politics , literature , philosophy , medicine , and material culture . The translation of a large body of Indian Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations together with works composed in China into a printed canon had far - reaching implications for the dissemination of Buddhism throughout the Chinese cultural sphere , including Korea , Japan , Ryukyu Islands and Vietnam . Chinese Buddhism is also marked by the interaction between Indian religions , Chinese religion , and Taoism .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) 1.1. 1 Earliest historical arrivals 1.1. 2 Traditional accounts 1.1. 3 The first translations 1.1. 4 Early Buddhist schools 1.2 Six Dynasties ( 220 - 589 ) 1.2. 1 Early translation methods 1.2. 2 The arrival of Kumārajīva ( 334 -- 413 CE ) 1.2. 3 A completed Sūtra Piṭaka 1.2. 4 Early Chinese Buddhist traditions 1.3 Southern and Northern Dynasties ( 420 to 589 ) and Sui Dynasty ( 589 -- 618 CE ) 1.3. 1 Chán : pointing directly to the mind 1.4 Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) 1.4. 1 Xuanzang 's journey to the west 1.4. 2 Caves , art , and technology 1.4. 3 Arrival of Esoteric Buddhism 1.4. 4 Tang state repression of 845 1.5 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period ( 907 -- 960 / 979 ) 1.6 Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) 1.7 Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) 1.8 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 1.9 Qing dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 ) 1.10 Republic of China ( established 1912 ) 1.11 People 's Republic of China ( established 1949 ) 1.11. 1 Chinese Buddhist Association 1.11.",
"2": "2 Reform and opening up -- Second Buddhist Revival 1.12 Chinese Buddhism in Southeast Asia 1.13 Chinese Buddhism in the West 2 Sects 2.1 Esoteric Buddhism 2.2 Unrecognised sects 3 Teachings 3.1 Basic concepts 3.2 Incense burning 3.3 Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism 3.4 Festivals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 Further reading 7.1 History 7.2 First Buddhist revival 7.3 Contemporary Chinese Buddhism 8 External links History ( edit ) Map showing the spread and major divisions of Buddhism Various legends tell of the presence of Buddhism in Chinese soil in very ancient times . Nonetheless , the scholarly consensus is that Buddhism first came to China in the first century CE during the Han dynasty , through missionaries from India . Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) ( edit ) Further information : Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Earliest historical arrivals ( edit ) Jiangnan funerary jar , ca . 250 - 300 CE , Jin Dynasty , decorated with a row of Buddhas seated on lotus thrones . Generations of scholars have debated whether Buddhist missionaries first reached Han China via the maritime or overland routes of the Silk Road . The maritime route hypothesis , favored by Liang Qichao and Paul Pelliot , proposed that Buddhism was originally practiced in southern China , the Yangtze River and Huai River region , where prince Ying of Chu ( present day Jiangsu ) was jointly worshipping the Yellow Emperor , Laozi , and Buddha in 65 CE . The overland route hypothesis , favored by Tang Yongtong , proposed that Buddhism disseminated eastward through Yuezhi and was originally practiced in western China , at the Han capital Luoyang ( present day Henan ) , where Emperor Ming of Han established the White Horse Temple in 68 CE .",
"3": "Rong Xinjiang , a history professor at Peking University , reexamined the overland and maritime hypotheses through a multi-disciplinary review of recent discoveries and research , including the Gandhāran Buddhist Texts , and concluded : The view that Buddhism was transmitted to China by the sea route comparatively lacks convincing and supporting materials , and some arguments are not sufficiently rigorous . Based on the existing historical texts and the archaeological iconographic materials discovered since the 1980s , particularly the first - century Buddhist manuscripts recently found in Afghanistan , the commentator believes that the most plausible theory is that Buddhism reached China from the Greater Yuezhi of northwest India and took the land route to reach Han China . After entering into China , Buddhism blended with early Daoism and Chinese traditional esoteric arts and its iconography received blind worship . Traditional accounts ( edit ) White Horse Temple , traditionally held to be at the origin of Chinese Buddhism . A number of popular accounts in historical Chinese literature have led to the popularity of certain legends regarding the introduction of Buddhism into China . According to the most popular one , Emperor Ming of Han ( 28 -- 75 CE ) precipitated the introduction of Buddhist teachings into China . The ( early 3rd to early 5th century ) Mouzi Lihuolun first records this legend : In olden days Emperor Ming saw in a dream a god whose body had the brilliance of the sun and who flew before his palace ; and he rejoiced exceedingly at this . The next day he asked his officials : `` What god is this ? '' the scholar Fu Yi said : `` Your subject has heard it said that in India there is somebody who has attained the Dao and who is called Buddha ; he flies in the air , his body had the brilliance of the sun ; this must be that god . '' The emperor then sent an envoy to Tianzhu ( Southern India ) to inquire about the teachings of the Buddha . Buddhist scriptures were said to have been returned to China on the backs of white horses , after which White Horse Temple was named . Two Indian monks also returned with them , named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga . An 8th - century Chinese fresco at Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in Gansu portrays Emperor Wu of Han ( r .",
"4": "141 -- 87 BCE ) worshiping statues of a golden man ; `` golden men brought in 121 BCE by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads '' . However , neither the Shiji nor Book of Han histories of Emperor Wu mentions a golden Buddhist statue ( compare Emperor Ming above ) . The first translations ( edit ) Mogao Caves 8th - century mural depicting the legend of Emperor Wu of Han worshipping buddha statues The first documented translation of Buddhist scriptures from various Indian languages into Chinese occurs in 148 CE with the arrival of the Parthian prince - turned - monk An Shigao ( Ch . 安 世 高 ) . He worked to establish Buddhist temples in Luoyang and organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese , testifying to the beginning of a wave of Central Asian Buddhist proselytism that was to last several centuries . An Shigao translated Buddhist texts on basic doctrines , meditation , and abhidharma . An Xuan ( Ch . 安 玄 ) , a Parthian layman who worked alongside An Shigao , also translated an early Mahāyāna Buddhist text on the bodhisattva path . Mahāyāna Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the Kushan monk Lokakṣema ( Ch . 支 婁 迦 讖 , active c. 164 -- 186 CE ) , who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhāra . Lokakṣema translated important Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , as well as rare , early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as samādhi , and meditation on the buddha Akṣobhya . These translations from Lokakṣema continue to give insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism .",
"5": "This corpus of texts often includes emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling , and absorption in states of meditative concentration : Paul Harrison has worked on some of the texts that are arguably the earliest versions we have of the Mahāyāna sūtras , those translated into Chinese in the last half of the second century CE by the Indo - Scythian translator Lokakṣema . Harrison points to the enthusiasm in the Lokakṣema sūtra corpus for the extra ascetic practices , for dwelling in the forest , and above all for states of meditative absorption ( samādhi ) . Meditation and meditative states seem to have occupied a central place in early Mahāyāna , certainly because of their spiritual efficacy but also because they may have given access to fresh revelations and inspiration . Early Buddhist schools ( edit ) During the early period of Chinese Buddhism , the Indian early Buddhist schools recognized as important , and whose texts were studied , were the Dharmaguptakas , Mahīśāsakas , Kāśyapīyas , Sarvāstivādins , and the Mahāsāṃghikas . The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India , to areas such as Afghanistan , Central Asia , and China , and they had great success in doing so . Therefore , most countries which adopted Buddhism from China , also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination lineage for bhikṣus and bhikṣuṇīs . According to A.K. Warder , in some ways in those East Asian countries , the Dharmaguptaka sect can be considered to have survived to the present . Warder further writes that the Dharmaguptakas can be credited with effectively establishing Chinese Buddhism during the early period : It was the Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia . They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from Aparānta north - west into Iran and at the same time into Oḍḍiyāna ( the Suvastu valley , north of Gandhāra , which became one of their main centres ) .",
"6": "After establishing themselves as far west as Parthia they followed the `` silk route '' , the east - west axis of Asia , eastwards across Central Asia and on into China , where they effectively established Buddhism in the second and third centuries A.D. The Mahīśāsakas and Kāśyapīyas appear to have followed them across Asia into China . ( ... ) For the earlier period of Chinese Buddhism it was the Dharmaguptakas who constituted the main and most influential school , and even later their Vinaya remained the basis of the discipline there . Six Dynasties ( 220 - 589 ) ( edit ) See also : Six Dynasties Early translation methods ( edit ) Statue of Kumārajīva in front of the Kizil Caves in Kuqa , Xinjiang province , China The Tripiṭaka Koreana , an edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks Initially , Buddhism in China faced a number of difficulties in becoming established . The concept of monasticism and the aversion to social affairs seemed to contradict the long - established norms and standards established in Chinese society . Some even declared that Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the state , that Buddhist monasteries contributed nothing to the economic prosperity of China , that Buddhism was barbaric and undeserving of Chinese cultural traditions . However , Buddhism was often associated with Daoism in its ascetic meditative tradition , and for this reason a concept - matching system was used by some early Indian translators , to adapt native Buddhist ideas onto Daoist ideas and terminology . Buddhism appealed to Chinese intellectuals and elites and the development of gentry Buddhism was sought as an alternative to Confucianism and Daoism , since Buddhism 's emphasis on morality and ritual appealed to Confucianists and the desire to cultivate inner wisdom appealed to Daoists . Gentry Buddhism was a medium of introduction for the beginning of Buddhism in China , it gained imperial and courtly support . By the early 5th century Buddhism was established in south China . During this time , Indian monks continued to travel along the Silk Road to teach Buddhism , and translation work was primarily done by foreign monks rather than Chinese .",
"7": "The arrival of Kumārajīva ( 334 -- 413 CE ) ( edit ) When the famous monk Kumārajīva was captured during the Chinese conquest of the Buddhist kingdom of Kucha , he was imprisoned for many years . When he was released in AD 401 , he immediately took a high place in Chinese Buddhism and was appraised as a great master from the West . He was especially valued by Emperor Yao Xing of the state of Later Qin , who gave him an honorific title and treated him like a god . Kumārajīva revolutionized Chinese Buddhism with his high quality translations ( from AD 402 - 413 ) , which are still praised for their flowing smoothness , clarity of meaning , subtlety , and literary skill . Due to the efforts of Kumārajīva , Buddhism in China became not only recognized for its practice methods , but also as high philosophy and religion . The arrival of Kumārajīva also set a standard for Chinese translations of Buddhist texts , effectively doing away with previous concept - matching systems . The translations of Kumārajīva have often remained more popular than those of other translators . Among the most well - known are his translations of the Diamond Sutra , the Amitabha Sutra , the Lotus Sutra , the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra , the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā , and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra . A completed Sūtra Piṭaka ( edit ) Around the time of Kumārajīva , the four major Sanskrit āgamas were also translated into Chinese . Each of the āgamas was translated independently by a different Indian monk . These āgamas comprise the only other complete surviving Sūtra Piṭaka , which is generally comparable to the Pali Sutta Pitaka of Theravada Buddhism . The teachings of the Sūtra Piṭaka are usually considered to be one of the earliest teachings on Buddhism and a core text of the Early Buddhist Schools in China .",
"8": "Early Chinese Buddhist traditions ( edit ) Due to the wide proliferation of Buddhist texts available in Chinese and the large number of foreign monks who came to teach Buddhism in China , much like new branches growing from a main tree trunk , various specific focus traditions emerged . Among the most influential of these was the practice of Pure Land Buddhism established by Hui Yuan , which focused on Amitābha Buddha and his western pure land of Sukhāvatī . Other early traditions were the Tiantai , Huayan and the Vinaya school . Such schools were based upon the primacy of the Lotus Sūtra , the Avataṃsaka Sūtra , and the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya , respectively , along with supplementary sūtras and commentaries . The Tiantai founder Zhiyi wrote several works that became important and widely read meditation manuals in China such as the `` Concise samatha - vipasyana '' , and the `` Great samatha - vipasyana . '' Southern and Northern Dynasties ( 420 to 589 ) and Sui Dynasty ( 589 -- 618 CE ) ( edit ) See also : Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui Dynasty Chán : pointing directly to the mind ( edit ) Main article : Chinese Chán A traditional Chinese Chán Buddhist master in Taiwan , sitting in meditation In the 5th century , the Chán ( Zen ) teachings began in China , traditionally attributed to the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma , a legendary figure . The school heavily utilized the principles found in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , a sūtra utilizing the teachings of Yogācāra and those of Tathāgatagarbha , and which teaches the One Vehicle ( Skt . Ekayāna ) to buddhahood . In the early years , the teachings of Chán were therefore referred to as the `` One Vehicle School . '' The earliest masters of the Chán school were called `` Laṅkāvatāra Masters '' , for their mastery of practice according to the principles of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra . The principal teachings of Chán were later often known for the use of so - called encounter stories and koans , and the teaching methods used in them .",
"9": "Nan Huai - Chin identifies the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra ( Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ) as the principle texts of the Chán school , and summarizes the principles succinctly : The Zen teaching was a separate transmission outside the scriptural teachings that did not posit any written texts as sacred . Zen pointed directly to the human mind to enable people to see their real nature and become buddhas . Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) ( edit ) See also : Buddhism in Khotan Xuanzang 's journey to the west ( edit ) The ruins of Nalanda University in India where Xuanzang studied . Statue of Xuanzang at the Great Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an . During the early Tang dynasty , between 629 and 645 , the monk Xuanzang journeyed to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms , and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings , which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period . During his travels he visited holy sites , learned the lore of his faith , and studied with many famous Buddhist masters , especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nālanda University . When he returned , he brought with him some 657 Sanskrit texts . Xuanzang also returned with relics , statues , and Buddhist paraphernalia loaded onto twenty - two horses . With the emperor 's support , he set up a large translation bureau in Chang'an ( present - day Xi'an ) , drawing students and collaborators from all over East Asia . He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese . His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of Yogācāra , or `` Consciousness - only '' . The force of his own study , translation and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the Faxiang school in East Asia . Although the school itself did not thrive for a long time , its theories regarding perception , consciousness , karma , rebirth , etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools . Xuanzang 's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school .",
"10": "Xuanzang 's logic , as described by Kuiji , was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lack the necessary background in Indian logic . Another important disciple was the Korean monk Woncheuk . Xuanzang 's translations were especially important for the transmission of Indian texts related to the Yogācāra school . He translated central Yogācāra texts such as the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra and the Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra , as well as important texts such as the Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra and the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaidūryaprabharāja Sūtra ( Medicine Buddha Sūtra ) . He is credited with writing or compiling the Cheng Weishi Lun ( Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi Śāstra ) as a commentary on these texts . His translation of the Heart Sūtra became and remains the standard in all East Asian Buddhist sects . The proliferation of these sūtras expanded the Chinese Buddhist canon significantly with high quality translations of some of the most important Indian Buddhist texts . Caves , art , and technology ( edit ) Massive Tang Dynasty statues of a bodhisattva Guanyin , an arhat Kshitigarbha , and Vairocana Buddha . Longmen Grottoes , Henan province , China The popularization of Buddhism in this period is evident in the many scripture - filled caves and structures surviving from this period . The Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in Gansu province , the Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang in Henan and the Yungang Grottoes near Datong in Shanxi are the most renowned examples from the Northern , Sui and Tang Dynasties . The Leshan Giant Buddha , carved out of a hillside in the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty and looking down on the confluence of three rivers , is still the largest stone Buddha statue in the world . Monks and pious laymen spread Buddhist concepts through story - telling and preaching from sutra texts . These oral presentations were written down as bianwen ( transformation stories ) which influenced the writing of fiction by their new ways of telling stories combining prose and poetry .",
"11": "Popular legends in this style included Mulian Rescues His Mother , in which a monk descends into hell in a show of filial piety . Making duplications of Buddhist texts was considered to bring meritorious karma . Printing from individually carved wooden blocks and from clay or metal movable type proved much more efficient than hand copying and eventually eclipsed it . The Diamond Sūtra ( Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ) of 868 CE , a Buddhist scripture discovered in 1907 inside the Mogao Caves , is the first dated example of block printing . Arrival of Esoteric Buddhism ( edit ) Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Pratisara Mantra , from the Later Tang. 927 CE The Kaiyuan 's Three Great Enlightened Masters , Śubhakarasiṃha , Vajrabodhi , and Amoghavajra , established Esoteric Buddhism in China from AD 716 to 720 during the reign of emperor Xuanzong . They came to Daxing Shansi ( 大 行善 寺 , Great Propagating Goodness Temple ) , which was the predecessor of Temple of the Great Enlightener Mahavairocana . Daxing Shansi was established in the ancient capital Chang'an , today 's Xi'an , and became one of the four great centers of scripture translation supported by the imperial court . They had translated many Buddhist scriptures , sutra and tantra , from Sanskrit to Chinese . They had also assimilated the prevailing teachings of China : Daoism and Confucianism , with Buddhism , and had further evolved the practice of the Esoteric school . They brought to the Chinese a mysterious , dynamic , and magical teaching , which included mantra formula and detailed rituals to protect a person or an empire , to affect a person 's fate after death , and , particularly popular , to bring rain in times of drought . It is not surprising , then , that all three masters were well received by the emperor Tang Xuanzong , and their teachings were quickly taken up at the Tang court and among the elite . Mantrayana altars were installed in temples in the capital , and by the time of emperor Tang Daizong ( r .",
"12": "762 - 779 ) its influence among the upper classes outstripped that of Daoism . However , relations between Amoghavajra and Daizong were especially good . In life the emperor favored Amoghavajra with titles and gifts , and when the master died in 774 , he honored his memory with a stupa , or funeral monument . The Esoteric Buddhist lineage of China ( and almost all of Buddhism in China at the time ) was nearly wiped out by the Emperor Tang Wuzong , leading to the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution . Historically , the Hanmi Chinese Esoteric School of Buddhism was also thought to have been lost when Emperor Tang Wuzong banned the teaching . Huiguo , the last known disciple of Amoghavajra , left China with Kukai traveling to Japan to establish the Japanese Esoteric school of Buddhism , later known as Shingon . A disciple of Amoghavajra , Huisu , secretly continued the lineage in China and has been passed on through one master per generation . In 1989 the 48th Maha - Acharya Master Huiling of the Chinese Esoteric School passed the teaching to the 49th Lineage Bearer Master Yu Tian Jian who revived the school . The Esoteric Buddhist lineages transmitted to Japan under the auspices of the monks Kūkai and Saicho , later formulated the teachings transmitted to them to create the Shingon sect and the Tendai sect . Tang state repression of 845 ( edit ) Blue - eyed Central Asian monk teaching East - Asian monk , Bezeklik , Turfan , eastern Tarim Basin , China , 9th century ; the monk on the right is possibly Tocharian , although more likely Sogdian . There were several components that led to opposition of Buddhism . One factor is the foreign origins of Buddhism , unlike Daoism and Confucianism . Han Yu wrote , `` Buddha was a man of the barbarians who did not speak the language of China and wore clothes of a different fashion . His sayings did not concern the ways of our ancient kings , nor did his manner of dress conform to their laws . He understood neither the duties that bind sovereign and subject , nor the affections of father and son . ''",
"13": "Other components included the Buddhists ' withdrawal from society , since the Chinese believed that Chinese people should be involved with family life . Wealth , tax - exemption status and power of the Buddhist temples and monasteries also annoyed many critics . As mentioned earlier , persecution came during the reign of Emperor Wuzong in the Tang Dynasty . Wuzong was said to hate the sight of Buddhist monks , who he thought were tax - evaders . In 845 , he ordered the destruction of 4,600 Buddhist monasteries and 40,000 temples . More than 400,000 Buddhist monks and nuns then became peasants liable to the Two Taxes ( grain and cloth ) . Wuzong cited that Buddhism was an alien religion , which is the reason he also persecuted the Christians in China . David Graeber argues that Buddhist institutions had accumulated so much precious metals which the government needed to secure the money supply . Ancient Chinese Buddhism never fully recovered from the persecution . Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ( 907 -- 960 / 979 ) ( edit ) Vaishravana riding across the waters , Dunhuang , Mogao Caves , Cave 17 , 10th century , Five Dyasties era , British Museum The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ( simplified Chinese : 五代 十 国 ; traditional Chinese : 五代 十 國 ; pinyin : Wǔdài Shíguó ) was an era of political upheaval in China , between the fall of the Tang Dynasty and the founding of the Song Dynasty . During this period , five dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the north , and more than 12 independent states were established , mainly in the south . However , only ten are traditionally listed , hence the era 's name , `` Ten Kingdoms '' . Some historians , such as Bo Yang , count eleven , including Yan and Qi , but not Northern Han , viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han . This era also led to the founding of the Liao Dynasty . After the fall of the Tang Dynasty , China was without effective central control during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . China was divided into several autonomous regions . Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas .",
"14": "The Hua - yen and T'ien - t'ai schools suffered from the changing circumstances , since they had depended on imperial support . The collapse of T'ang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence , which meant a further drawback for Buddhism . Shenxiu 's Northern Chán School and Henshui 's Southern Chán School did n't survive the changing circumstances . Nevertheless , Chán emerged as the dominant stream within Chinese Buddhism , but with various schools developing various emphasises in their teachings , due to the regional orientation of the period . The Fayan school , named after Fa - yen Wen - i ( 885 - 958 ) became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nan - T'ang ( Jiangxi , Chiang - hsi ) and Wuyue ( Che - chiang ) . Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) ( edit ) Seated Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara ( Guanyin ) , wood and pigment , 11th century , Chinese Northern Song dynasty , St. Louis Art Museum The Song Dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : the Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 , 960 -- 1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of inner China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 , 1127 -- 1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin dynasty . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River and established their capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song Dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was not in ruins , as the Southern Song Empire contained 60 percent of China 's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land . During the Song Dynasty , Chán ( 禪 ) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country , and Chán grew to become the largest sect in Chinese Buddhism . An ideal picture of the Chán of the Tang period was produced , which served the legacy of this newly acquired status . In the early Song Dynasty `` Chán - Pure Land syncretism became a dominant movement . ''",
"15": "Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism and Daoism , due in part to the use of existing Chinese philosophical terms in the translation of Buddhist scriptures . Various Confucian scholars of the Song dynasty , including Zhu Xi ( wg : Chu Hsi ) , sought to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism . During the Song Dynasty , in 1021 CE , it is recorded that there were 458,855 Buddhist monks and nuns actively living in monasteries . The total number of monks was 397,615 , while the total number of nuns was recorded as 61,240 . Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) ( edit ) During the Yuan Dynasty , the Mongol emperors made Esoteric Buddhism an official religion of China , and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court . A common perception was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread . When the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was overthrown and the Ming Dynasty was established , the Tibetan lamas were expelled from the court , and this form of Buddhism was denounced as not being an orthodox path . Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Hanshan Deqing , a leading Buddhist monk of the Ming Dynasty According to Weinstein , by the Ming Dynasty , the Chan school was so firmly established that all monks were affiliated with either the Linji school or the Caodong school . During the Ming Dynasty , Hanshan Deqing was one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism . Like many of his contemporaries , he advocated the dual practice of the Chán and Pure Land methods , and advocated the use of the nianfo ( `` Mindfulness of the Buddha '' ) technique to purify the mind for the attainment of self - realization . He also directed practitioners in the use of mantras as well as scripture reading . He was also renowned as a lecturer and commentator , and admired for his strict adherence to the precepts . According to Jiang Wu , for Chan masters in this period such as Hanshan Deqing , training through self - cultivation was encouraged , and clichéd or formulaic instructions were despised . Eminent monks who practiced meditation and asceticism without proper Dharma transmission were acclaimed for having acquiring `` wisdom without a teacher . ''",
"16": "Qing Dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 ) ( edit ) Chinese Buddhist monks of the Qing Dynasty The Qing court endorsed the Gelukpa School of Tibetan Buddhism . Early in the Taiping rebellion , the Taiping rebels targeted Buddhism . In the Battle of Nanjing ( 1853 ) , the Taiping army butchered thousands of monks in Nanjing . But from the middle of the Taiping rebellion , Taiping leaders took a more moderate approach , demanding that monks should have licences . Around 1900 , Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism . Anagarika Dharmapala visited Shanghai in 1893 , intending `` to make a tour of China , to arouse the Chinese Buddhists to send missionaries to India to restore Buddhism there , and then to start a propaganda throughout the whole world '' , but eventually limiting his stay to Shanghai . Japanese Buddhist missionaries were active in China in the beginning of the 20th century . Republic of China ( established 1912 ) ( edit ) See also : Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) and History of Taiwan since 1945 Main article : Buddhism in Taiwan Venerable Chin Kung , a Buddhist monk and teacher from Taiwan Venerable Hsuan Hua , the first to widely teach Chinese Buddhism in the West The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire , and the installation of the Republic of China , which lasted on the mainland until the Communist Revolution and the installation of the People 's Republic of China on the in 1949 which saw the ROC government went on an exodus to Taiwan . Under influence of the western culture , attempts were being made to revitalize Chinese Buddhism . Most notable were the Humanistic Buddhism of Taixu , and the revival of Chinese Chán by Hsu Yun . Hsu Yun is generally regarded as one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the 19th and 20th centuries . Other influential teachers in the early 20th century included Pure land Buddhist Yin Guang ( 印 光 ) and artist Hong Yi . Layman Zhao Puchu worked much on the revival . Until 1949 , monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries , for example by monks of Guanghua Monastery , to spread Chinese Buddhism .",
"17": "Presently , Guanghua Monastery has seven branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia . Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left mainland China during the Communist Revolution , and settled in Hong Kong and Taiwan . Master Hsing Yun ( 1927 -- present ) is the founder of Fo Guang Shan monastery and lay organization the Buddha 's Light International Association . Born in Jiangsu Province in mainland China , he entered the Sangha at the age of 12 , and came to Taiwan in 1949 . He founded Fo Guang Shan monastery in 1967 , and the Buddha 's Light International Association in 1992 . These are among the largest monastic and lay Buddhist organizations in Taiwan from the late 20th to early 21st centuries . He advocates Humanistic Buddhism , which the broad modern Chinese Buddhist progressive attitude towards the religion . Master Sheng Yen ( 1930 - 2009 ) was the founder of the Dharma Drum Mountain , a Buddhist organization based in Taiwan . During his time in Taiwan , Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western - influenced world . Master Wei Chueh was born in 1928 in Sichuan , mainland China , and ordained in Taiwan . In 1982 , he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on Ch'an practices by offering many lectures and seven - day Ch'an retreats . People 's Republic of China ( established 1949 ) ( edit ) Buddhist statues destroyed during the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 - 1976 ) Thousand - armed Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva . Guanyin Nunnery , Anhui province , China Chinese Buddhist Association ( edit ) Main article : Chinese Buddhist Association Unlike Catholicism and other branches of Christianity , there was no organization in China that embraced all monastics in China , nor even all monastics within the same sect . Traditionally each monastery was autonomous , with authority resting on each respective abbot . In 1953 , the Chinese Buddhist Association was established at a meeting with 121 delegates in Beijing . The meeting also elected a chairman , 4 honorary chairmen , 7 vice-chairmen , a secretary general , 3 deputy secretaries - general , 18 members of a standing committee , and 93 directors .",
"18": "The 4 elected honorary chairmen were the Dalai Lama , the Panchen Lama , the Grand Lama of Inner Mongolia , and Venerable Master Hsu Yun . Reform and opening up -- second Buddhist revival ( edit ) Since the reform and opening up period in the 1970s , a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been taking place . Ancient Buddhist temples are being restored and new Buddhist temples are being built . Chinese Buddhist temples , administrated by local governments , have become increasingly commercialized by sales of tickets , incense , or other religious items ; soliciting donations ; and even the listing of temples on the stock market and local governments obtain large incomes . In October 2012 , the State Administration for Religious Affairs announced a crackdown on religious profiteering . Many sites have done enough repairs and have already cancelled ticket fares and are receiving voluntary donation instead . The 108 - metre - high Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya statue was enshrined on April 24 , 2005 with the participation of 108 eminent monks from various Buddhist groups from Mainland China , Hong Kong , Macao and Taiwan , and tens of thousands of pilgrims . The delegation also included monks from the Theravada and Tibetan Buddhist traditions . China is one of the countries with the most of the world 's highest statues , many of which are Buddhist statues . In April 2006 China organized the World Buddhist Forum , an event now held every two years , and in March 2007 the government banned mining on Buddhist sacred mountains . In May of the same year , in Changzhou , the world 's tallest pagoda was built and opened . In March 2008 the Taiwan - based organizations Tzu Chi Foundation and Fo Guang Shan were approved to open a branch in mainland China . Currently , there are about 1.3 billion Chinese living in the People 's Republic . Surveys have found that around 18.2 % to 20 % of this population adheres to Buddhism . Furthermore , PEW found that another 21 % of the Chinese population followed Chinese folk religions that incorporated elements of Buddhism . Chinese Buddhism in Southeast Asia ( edit ) Main articles : Buddhism in Malaysia , Buddhism in Singapore , Buddhism in Indonesia , Buddhism in the Philippines , and Buddhism in Thailand Chinese Buddhism is mainly practiced by ethnic Han - Chinese in Southeast Asia .",
"19": "Chinese Buddhism in the west ( edit ) See also : Buddhism in the West The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was Hsuan Hua , who taught Chán and other traditions of Chinese Buddhism in San Francisco during the early 1960s . He went on to found the City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas , a monastery and retreat center located on a 237 - acre ( 959,000 m2 ) property near Ukiah , California . Chuang Yen Monastery and Hsi Lai Temple are also large centers . Sheng Yen also founded dharma centers in the USA . Sects ( edit ) Esoteric Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Tangmi In China and countries with large Chinese populations such as Taiwan , Malaysia , and Singapore , Esoteric Buddhism is most commonly referred to as the Chinese term Mìzōng ( 密宗 ) , or `` Esoteric School . '' Traditions of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism are most commonly referred to as referred as Tángmì ( 唐 密 ) , `` Tang Dynasty Esoterica , '' or Hànchuán Mìzōng ( 漢 傳 密宗 ) , `` Han Transmission Esoteric School '' ( Hànmì 漢 密 for short ) , or Dōngmì ( 東 密 ) , `` Eastern Esoterica , '' separating itself from Tibetan and Newar traditions . These schools more or less share the same doctrines as Shingon , and in some cases , Chinese monks have traveled to Japan to train and to be given esoteric transmission at Mount Koya and Mount Hiei . Unrecognised sects ( edit ) There are many sects and organisations proclaiming a Buddhist identity and pursuit ( fo or fu : `` awakening '' , `` enlightenment '' ) that are not recognised as legitimate Buddhism by the Chinese Buddhist Association and the government of the People 's Republic of China .",
"20": "This group includes : Dajiang Foguo ( 大江 佛 国 `` Land of Awakening of the Great River '' ) Fo Dang / Fo Guo ( 佛 党 `` Party of Awakening '' / 佛 国 `` Nation of Awakening '' ) Fo Shengmen ( 佛 圣 门 `` Holy Gate of Awakening '' ) Guanyin Famen ( 观音 法门 `` Guanyin Gateway '' ) Guanyin Buddhism ( Awakening Teaching ) ( 观音 佛教 Guānyīn Fójiào ) or Guanyin Church ( 观音 会 Guānyīn Huì ) Buddhism ( Awakening Teaching ) of the Lord of Heaven of Infinite Thriving of the Mountain of Longevity ( 寿山 万 隆 天主 佛教 Shòushān Wànlóng Tiānzhǔ Fójiào ) Church of the Heaven and the Earth of the Immortal Awakened Ones ( 天地 佛 仙 会 Tiāndì Fúxiān Huì ) Wulian Jingang Dadao ( `` Great Way of the Innumerable Attendants of Awakening '' ) Gate of Awakening of the Numinous Mountain of the Western Heaven ( 西天 灵山 佛门 Xītiān Língshān Fómén ) Yuandun Famen ( 圆 顿 法门 `` Gateway of the Cycle End '' ) Yuan Nong Foheguo ( 元 农 佛 和 国 `` Yuan Peasants ' Nation of Awakening '' ) Vajrayana movements : Gateway of the Hidden Flower ( 华 藏 宗 门 Huácáng Zōngmén , popularised as `` Huazang '' ) True Awakening Tradition ( 真 佛 宗 Zhēnfó Zōng ) Teachings ( edit ) Basic concepts ( edit ) Chinese Buddhism incorporates elements of traditional Buddhism and Taoism .",
"21": "Common practices include praying with incense paying respect to dead ancestors during Qingming and Hungry Ghost festival praying to multitude of deities such as Guanyin , Deva who resides in the heavenly realm recognition of existence of ghosts and hell realm reincarnation ( 超生 ) retribution ( 報應 ) people affinity ( 緣 份 ) perform religious ceremonies to help the soul find peace ( 超 渡 ) vegetarianism and compassion towards all living beings Incense burning ( edit ) During the Zhou dynasty , Chinese believed that smoke resulting from burning wood act as a bridge between the human world and the spirits . When Buddhism reached China , this wood evolved into sandalwood incense which were originally burned by Indian Buddhists so they could concentrate better . It can be seen that incense burning as it is known today is a merger between Chinese culture and Buddhist culture . Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism ( edit ) Nan Huai - Chin ( 南怀瑾 ) , an influential lay Buddhist teacher in modern China Lay Buddhists at the recitation hall ( 诵 经 堂 sòngjīngtáng ) of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in Guangzhou , Guangdong . In Chinese Buddhism , lay practitioners have traditionally played an important role , and lay practice of Buddhism has had similar tendencies to those of monastic Buddhism in China . Many historical biographies of lay Buddhists are available , which give a clear picture of their practices and role in Chinese Buddhism . In addition to these numerous biographies , there are accounts from Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci which provide extensive and revealing accounts to the degree Buddhism penetrated elite and popular culture in China . Traditional practices such as meditation , mantra recitation , mindfulness of Amitābha Buddha , asceticism , and vegetarianism were all integrated into the belief systems of ordinary people . It is known from accounts in the Ming Dynasty that lay practitioners often engaged in practices from both the Pure Land and Chán traditions , as well as the study of the Buddhist sūtras . The Heart Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra were the most popular , followed by the Lotus Sūtra and the Avataṃsaka Sūtra .",
"22": "Laypeople were also commonly devoted to the practice of mantras , and the Mahā Karuṇā Dhāraṇī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī were very popular . Robert Gimello has also observed that in Chinese Buddhist communities , the esoteric practices of Cundī enjoyed popularity among both the populace and the elite . Mahāyāna figures such as Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva , Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva , Amitābha Buddha , and the Medicine Buddha , were all widely known and revered . Beliefs in karma and rebirth were held at all levels of Chinese society , and pilgrimages to well - known monasteries and the four holy mountains of China were undertaken by monastics and lay practitioners alike . Festivals ( edit ) Traditional Buddhist ceremony in Hangzhou , Zhejiang These are the holy days that Chinese Buddhists celebrate by visiting temples to make offerings of prayers , incense , fruits , flowers and donations . On such days they observe the moral precepts very strictly as well as a full day 's vegetarian diet , a practice originally from China . The dates given are based on the Chinese calendar system so that 8.4 means the Eighth day of the fourth month in Chinese calendar and so on .",
"23": "8.12 -- Enlightenment Day of Śākyamuni Buddha 1.1 -- Birthday of Maitreya Buddha 9.1 -- Birthday of Śakra , Lord of the Devas 8.2 -- Renunciation Day of Śākyamuni Buddha 15.2 -- Mahāparinirvāṇa Day of Śākyamuni Buddha 19.2 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara ( Guan Yin ) 21.2 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra 4.4 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī 8.4 -- Birthday of Śākyamuni Buddha 15.4 -- Vesak Day 13.5 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Sangharama ( Qie Lan ) 3.6 -- Birthday of Skanda ( Wei Tuo ) 19.6 -- Enlightenment Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara 13.7 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Mahāsthāmaprāpta 15.7 -- Ullambana Festival Ghost Festival 24.7 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Nagarjuna 30.7 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha 22.8 -- Birthday of Dīpaṃkara Buddha ( an ancient buddha ) 19.9 -- Renunciation Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara 30.9 -- Birthday of Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha ( Medicine Buddha ) 5.10 -- Anniversary of the death of Bodhidharma 17.11 -- Birthday of Amitābha Buddha See also ( edit ) Budai Buddhist Association of China Chinese Buddhist canon Chinese Buddhist cuisine Chinese philosophy Dharma Drum Retreat Center History of Buddhism List of Buddhist Architecture in China Neo-Confucianism Religion in China Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Three Disasters of Wu Timeline of Buddhism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant , and subsequent accounts became layered with legend .",
"24": "There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma 's biography : Yáng Xuànzhī 's ( Yang Hsüan - chih ) The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang ( 547 ) , Tánlín 's preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts ( 6th century CE ) , which is also preserved in Ching - chüeh 's Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters ( 713 - 716 ) , and Dàoxuān 's ( Tao - hsuan ) Further Biographies of Eminent Monks ( 7th century CE ). These sources , given in various translations , vary on their account of Bodhidharma being either : `` ( A ) monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma , a Persian Central Asian '' c.q. `` from Persia '' ( Buddhist monasteries , 547 ) ; `` ( A ) South Indian of the Western Region . He was the third son of a great Indian king . '' ( Tanlin , 6th century CE ) ; `` ( W ) ho came from South India in the Western Regions , the third son of a great Brahman king '' c.q. `` the third son of a Brahman king of South India '' ( Lankavatara Masters , 713 - 716 / ca . 715 ) ; `` ( O ) f South Indian Brahman stock '' c.q. `` a Brahman monk from South India '' ( Further Biographies , 645 ) . Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a Tamil Pallava king from Kanchipuram , while the Japanese tradition regards Bodhidharma to be from Persia . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Label for item no . 1992.165. 21 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Jump up ^ Rong Xinjiang , 2004 , Land Route or Sea Route ? Commentary on the Study of the Paths of Transmission and Areas in which Buddhism Was Disseminated during the Han Period , tr. by Xiuqin Zhou , Sino - Platonic Papers 144 , pp. 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tr. by Henri Maspero , 1981 , Taoism and Chinese Religion , tr.",
"25": "by Frank A. Kierman Jr. , University of Massachusetts Press , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul . Mahāyāna Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations. 2008 . p. 30 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 281 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 278 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 489 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . pp. 280 - 281 Jump up ^ Bentley , Jerry . Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times 1993 . p. 82 Jump up ^ Oh , Kang - nam ( 2000 ) . The Taoist Influence on Hua - yen Buddhism : A Case of the Sinicization of Buddhism in China . Chung - Hwa Buddhist Journal , No. 13 , ( 2000 ) . Source : ( 1 ) ( accessed : January 28 , 2008 ) p. 286 Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Further discussion of can be found in T'ang , Yung - t'ung , `` On ' Ko - I ' , '' in Inge et al. ( eds . ) : Radhakrishnan : Comparative Studies in Philosophy Presented in Honour of His Sixtieth Birthday ( London : Allen and Unwin , 1951 ) pp. 276 -- 286 ( cited in K. Ch'en , pp. 68 f . ) Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley `` Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 78 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ McRae 2003 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005 , p.",
"26": "85 - 90 . ^ Jump up to : Dumoulin 2005 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Broughton 1999 , p. 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : McRae 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Broughton 1999 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Kambe & ( year unknown ) . Jump up ^ Zvelebil 1987 , p. 125 - 126 . Jump up ^ Masato Tojo , Zen Buddhism and Persian Culture Jump up ^ The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch , translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolsky , 1967 , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 08361 - 0 , page 29 , note 87 Jump up ^ Basic Buddhism : exploring Buddhism and Zen , Nan Huai - Chin , 1997 , Samuel Weiser , page 92 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , `` Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 81 . Jump up ^ See Eli Franco , `` Xuanzang 's proof of idealism . '' Horin 11 ( 2004 ) : 199 - 212 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Sutra '' . Landmarks in Printing . The British Library . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ von Le Coq , Albert . ( 1913 ) . Chotscho : Facsimile - Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost - Turkistan . Berlin : Dietrich Reimer ( Ernst Vohsen ) , im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler - Institutes , Tafel 19 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 ) .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Ethnic Sogdians have been identified as the Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple ( No. 9 ) . See the following source : Gasparini , Mariachiara . `` A Mathematic Expression of Art : Sino - Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin , '' in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja ( eds ) , Transcultural Studies , Ruprecht - Karls Universität Heidelberg , No 1 ( 2014 ) , pp 134 - 163 . ISSN 2191 - 6411 . See also endnote # 32 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 . ) Jump up ^ For information on the Sogdians , an Eastern Iranian people , and their inhabitation of Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese ( 7th - 8th century ) and Uyghur rule ( 9th - 13th century ) , see Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 ) , The Silk Road : A New History , Oxford University Press , p. 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993921 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gernet , Jacques . Verellen , Franciscus . Buddhism in Chinese Society . 1998 . pp. 318 - 319 Jump up ^ Graeber , David ( 2011 ) . Debt : The First 5000 Years . Brooklyn , NY : Melville House . pp. 265 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933633 - 86 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wm . Theodore de Bary ( editor ) ( 2008 ) . Sources of East Asian Tradition , Vol. 1 : Premodern Asia . Columbia University Press . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14305 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ History of Spreading Archived May 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Welter 2000 , p. 86 - 87 . Jump up ^ Ebrey 2006 , p. 167 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ McRae 1993 , p. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Heng - Ching Shih ( 1987 ) . Yung - Ming 's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan , The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 ( 1 ) , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Nan Huai - Chin . Basic Buddhism : Exploring Buddhism and Zen . York Beach : Samuel Weiser. 1997 . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Stanley Weinstein , `` The Schools of Chinese Buddhism , '' in Kitagawa & Cummings ( eds . ) , Buddhism and Asian History ( New York : Macmillan 1987 ) pp. 257 -- 265 , 264 . ^ Jump up to : Keown , Damien . A Dictionary of Buddhism. 2003 . p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Jiang Wu . Enlightenment in Dispute. 2008 . p. 41 Jump up ^ Mullin 2001 , p. 358 ^ Jump up to : Lewis Hodus ( 1923 ) , Buddhism and Buddhists in China . Chapter IX : Present - Day Buddhism ^ Jump up to : Huai - Chin 1999 . Jump up ^ 重 現 一代 高僧 的 盛 德 言教 Jump up ^ Voice of Longquan , Guanghua Monastery Archived December 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmes , Welch ( 1961 ) . `` Buddhism Under the Communists '' , China Quarterly , No. 6 , Apr - June 1961 , pp. 1 - 14 . Jump up ^ Laliberte 2011 . Jump up ^ Lai 2003 . Jump up ^ Mitch Moxley ( 2010 ) , Buddhism Enjoys A Revival Jump up ^ Erica B. Mitchell ( 201 ) , A Revival of Buddhism ? Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commercialization of temples in China prompts ban on stock listings , crackdown on profiteering '' . Beijing : Washington Post . Associated Press . 2012 - 10 - 26 .",
"29": "Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ 湖南 29 家 寺院 取消 门票 免费 开放 - 中 新 网 - 中国 新闻 网 Jump up ^ 净 慧 法师 呼吁 全国 佛教 名山 大寺 一律 免费 开放 _ 佛教 频道 _ 凤凰 网 Jump up ^ Giant Buddhist Statue Enshrined in Hainan Jump up ^ Holy statue of Guanyin Buddha unveiled Jump up ^ `` China bans mining on sacred Buddhist mountains '' . Reuters. 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` China temple opens tallest pagoda '' . BBC News . 2007 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Photo in the News : Tallest Pagoda Opens in China Jump up ^ China inaugurates ' world 's tallest pagoda ' - INQUIRER.net , Philippine News for Filipinos Jump up ^ Tzu Chi Foundation Approved To Open Branch In Mainland China - ChinaCSR.com - Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) News and Information for China Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-buddhist.aspx Jump up ^ http://time.com/4260593/china-buddhism-religion-religious-freedom/ ^ Jump up to : Munro ( 1994 ) , p. 269 - 271 . ^ Jump up to : Dui Hua , issue 52 , 29 August 2013 : The `` Cult '' of Buddha . Jump up ^ http://www.chinavegan.com/2013/09/2013090919203340.htm ^ Jump up to : https://www.sinica.edu.tw/tit/festivals/0497_Incense.html ^ Jump up to : Twitchett , Denis , and Fairbank , John . The Cambridge History of China , Volume 8 , Part 2 . 1998 . p.",
"30": "949 Jump up ^ Jiang , Wu ( 2008 ) . Enlightenment in Dispute : The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth - Century China : p. 146 Sources ( edit ) Broughton , Jeffrey L. ( 1999 ) , The Bodhidharma Anthology : The Earliest Records of Zen , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21972 - 4 Chen , Kenneth Kuan Sheng . Buddhism in China : A historical survey . Princeton , N.J. , Princeton University Press , 1964 . Dumoulin , Heinrich ( 2005 ) , Zen Buddhism : A History , 1 : India and China , Bloomington , IN : World Wisdom , ISBN 0 - 941532 - 89 - 5 Han Yu . `` Sources of Chinese Tradition . c. 800 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X ( paperback ) . Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd Centuries CE . John E. Hill . BookSurge , Charleston , South Carolina . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Hodus , Lewis ( 1923 ) , Buddhism and Buddhists in China Kambe , Tstuomu ( ( year unknown ) ) , Bodhidharma . A collection of stories from Chinese literature ( PDF ) Check date values in : date = ( help ) Lai , Hongyi Harry ( 2003 ) , The Religious Revival in China . In : Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18 Laliberte , Andre ( 2011 ) , Buddhist Revival under State Watch , in : Journal of Current Chinese Affairs , 40 , 2,107 - 134 Liebenthal , Walter . Chao Lun - The Treatises of Seng - Chao Hong Kong , China , Hong Kong University Press , 1968 Liebenthal , Walter .",
"31": "Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus Asiatische Studien : Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft , 1952 http://data.datacite.org/10.5169/seals-145467 McRae , John R. ( 2000 ) , `` The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism '' , in Heine , Steven ; Wright , Dale S. , The Kōan : Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism , Oxford University Press McRae , John ( 2003 ) , Seeing Through Zen , The University Press Group Ltd Mullin , Glenn H. The Fourteen Dalai Lamas : A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnations ( 2001 ) Clear Light Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57416 - 092 - 3 Saunders , Kenneth J. ( 1923 ) . `` Buddhism in China : A Historical Sketch '' , The Journal of Religion , Vol . 3.2 , pp. 157 -- 169 ; Vol . 3.3 , pp. 256 -- 275 . Welch , Holmes . The practice of Chinese Buddhism . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Welch , Holmes . The Buddhist revival in China . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1968 . Welch , Holmes . Buddhism under Mao . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1972 . Welter , Albert ( 2000 ) , Mahakasyapa 's smile . Silent Transmission and the Kung - an ( Koan ) Tradition . In : Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright ( eds ) ( 2000 ) : `` The Koan . Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism , Oxford : Oxford University Press Yang , Fenggang ; Wei , Dedong ( ( year unknown ) ) , THE BAILIN BUDDHIST TEMPLE : THRIVING UNDER COMMUNISM ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2010 Check date values in : date = ( help ) Zhu , Caifang ( 2003 ) , Buddhism in China Today : The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery . Perspectives , Volume 4 , No.",
"32": "2 , June 2003 ( PDF ) Zvelebil , Kamil V. ( 1987 ) , `` The Sound of the One Hand '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , 107 ( 1 ) : 125 -- 126 , doi : 10.2307 / 602960 , JSTOR 602960 Further reading ( edit ) History ( edit ) Nan Huai - Chin ( 1998 ) , Basic Buddhism : Exploring Buddhism and Zen , Translated by J.C. Cleary , Red Wheel Weiser Nan Huai - Chin ( 1995 ) , The Story of Chinese Zen , Translated by Thomas Cleary , Charles E. Tuttle Company Tansen Sen ( 2003 ) , Buddhism , Diplomacy , and Trade : The realignment of Sino - Indian Relations , 600 - 1400 , Association for Asian Studies & University of Hawai'i Press Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 1999 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter 1 : A General Survey . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 1 , 91 - 103 . Archived from the original Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 2001 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter 2 : The Earliest Period ; Chapter 3 : Hui - yuan of Mt.Lu ; and Chapter 4 : The Translation of Texts - Spurious Scriptures . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 3 , 241 - 275 . Archived from the original Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 2002 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter Five : The Early Pure Land Faith : Southern China , and Chapter Six : The Early Pure Land Faith : Northern China . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 4 , 259 - 279 . Archived from the original Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 2000 ) .",
"33": "Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter 7 : T'an - luan . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 2 , 149 - 165 . Archived from the original First Buddhist revival ( edit ) Pittman , Don Alvin ( 2001 ) , Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism : Taixu 's Reforms , University of Hawaii Press Daoru , Wei ( n.d. ) , Buddhism in China and Modern Society : An Introduction Centering Around the Teachings of Taixu and Yinshun ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2013 Lancashire , Douglas ( n.d. ) , Buddhism in Modern China ( PDF ) Contemporary Chinese Buddhism ( edit ) Chau , Adam Yuet ( 2010 ) , Religion in Contemporary China : Revitalization and Innovation , Taylor & Francis Miller , James ( 2006 ) , Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies , ABC - CLIO Baumer , Christoph ( 2011 ) , China 's Holy Mountain : An Illustrated Journey into the Heart of Buddhism , London : I.B. Tauris , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 700 - 1 Master Sheng Yen ( 2007 ) , Orthodox Chinese Buddhism , Translated by Douglas Gildow and Otto Chang , North Atlantic Books Munro , Robin ; Mickey Spiegel ( 1994 ) . Detained in China and Tibet : A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners . Human Rights Watch . ISBN 1564321053 . List first published in : `` Appendix : Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC '' . Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. 21 ( 4 ) : 103 -- 104 . 1989 . doi : 10.2753 / CSA0009 - 46252104102 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buddhism in China . China Buddhist Association Chinese Esoteric Buddhist School Timeline of China Buddhism About Buddhism in China : A Selected Bibliography Chinese Buddhism the Confucian Impact on Chan Buddhism Buddhist Studies net Wisdom embodied : Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries ( fully available online",
"34": "as PDF ) 如是 我 闻 佛教 网 - 佛教 百科 _ 佛教 电视台 _ 佛教 视频 _ 佛教 印 经 结缘 Religion in China Major religions in China Chinese folk religion Folk ritual ministries Chinese salvationist religions Confucianism Taoism Buddhism Chinese Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Christianity Protestant Roman Catholic Orthodox Islam Other religions Bahá'í Faith Benzhuism Bimoism Bon Dongbaism Hinduism Judaism Manchu shamanism Manichaeism Miao folk religion Mongolian folk religion Qiang folk religion Yao folk religion Zhuang folk religion By region Hong Kong Macau Northeast Inner Mongolia Tibet Related Freedom of religion in China Ghosts in Chinese culture Irreligion in China Regional Religious System Buddhism in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam",
"35": "Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Buddhism topics Glossary Index Outline Foundations Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Physical characteristics Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna ( father ) Māyā ( mother ) Mahapajapati Gotamī ( aunt , adoptive mother ) Yasodhara ( wife ) Rāhula ( son ) Ānanda ( cousin ) Devadatta ( cousin ) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Key concepts Avidyā ( Ignorance ) Bardo Bodhicitta Bodhisattva Buddha - nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mind Stream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā ( Craving ) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Impermanence Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms",
"36": "Deva ( Buddhism ) Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Hell Three planes of existence Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiseka Dāna Devotion Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā ( Vipassana movement ) Shikantaza Zazen Kōan Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Satipatthana Nekkhamma Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five Precepts Bodhisattva vow Prātimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of enlightenment Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhuni Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagarika Ajahn",
"37": "Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Mulian Ānanda Mahākassapa Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhuti Punna Upali Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Buddhaghoṣa Nagasena Angulimala Bodhidharma Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Atiśa Padmasambhava Nichiren Songtsen Gampo Emperor Wen of Sui Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Karmapa Shamarpa Naropa Xuanzang Zhiyi Texts Tripiṭaka Madhyamakālaṃkāra Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Branches Theravada Mahayana Chan Buddhism Zen Seon Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Navayana Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Dzogchen Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan",
"38": "Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Kalmykia Buryatia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil France United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco - Buddhism Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihara Wat Stupa Pagoda Candi Dzong architecture Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco - Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddharupa Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Magha Puja Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath",
"39": "Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Brahmā Dhammapada Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Maitreya Māra Ṛddhi Sacred languages Pali Sanskrit Siddhi Sutra Vinaya Comparison Bahá'í Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Books Buddhas named Buddhists Suttas Temples Portal Chinese Buddhist pantheon Buddhas Śākyamuni Amitābha ( Āmítuó Fó ) Bhaisajyaguru ( Yàoshī Fó ) Vairocana ( Pílú Zhēnǎ Fó ) Bodhisattvas Guānshì Yīn ( Avalokiteśvara ) Manjushri ( Wénshūshili ) Samantabhadra ( Pǔxián ) Ksitigarbha ( Dìzàng Wáng ) Mahāsthāmaprāpta ( Dàshìzhì ) Vajrapāṇi ( Jīngāng Shǒu ) Mílè Púsa (",
"40": "Maitreya ) Cundī ( Zhǔntí ) Deities Four Heavenly Kings ( Sì Tiānwáng ) Sangharama ( Qíelán ) Skanda ( Wéituó ) Yama ( Yán Wáng ) Jìgōng Sudhana ( Shàncái ) Nagakanya ( Lóngnǚ ) Marici ( Mólìzhītiān ) Sangha Mahākāśyapa Ānanda Moggallāna Bodhidharma ( Dámó ) An Shigao Xuánzàng Fǎxiǎn Yìjìng Shàn Dào Huìguǒ Emperor Ming Emperor Wu Eighteen Luohans Mahayana Pure Land Chinese Chán Tantrism Chinese mythology Religion in China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"41": "php?title=Chinese_Buddhism&oldid=819320738 '' Categories : Buddhism in China Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2015 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú བོད ་ ཡིག Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang the song one of these nights
|
[
"American rock band Eagles",
"Eagles",
"Eagles",
"the American rock band Eagles",
"Eagles"
] |
{
"0": "One of These Nights ( song ) - wikipedia One of These Nights ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see One of These Nights ( disambiguation ) . `` One of These Nights '' Netherlands picture sleeve , unusually crediting `` The Eagles '' Single by Eagles from the album One of These Nights B - side `` Visions '' Released May 19 , 1975 Format 7 '' Genre Soft rock , disco Length 4 : 55 ( album ) 3 : 28 ( single ) Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` One of These Nights '' is a song written by Don Henley and Glenn Frey and recorded by the American rock band Eagles . The title track from their One of These Nights album , the song became their second single to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart after `` Best of My Love '' and also helped propel the album to number one . The single version was shortened from the album version of the song , removing most of the song 's intro and most of its fade - out , as well . Henley is lead vocalist on the verses , while Randy Meisner sings high harmony ( not lead ) on the refrain . The song features a guitar solo by Don Felder that is `` composed of blues - based licks and sustained string bends using an unusually meaty distortion tone . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Background The song was a conscious attempt by the band to write something different from a country - rock and ballad - type song . Don Henley said : `` We like to be a nice little country - rock band from Los Angeles ... about half the time . ''",
"1": "He added : `` We wanted to get away from the ballad syndrome with `` One of These Nights . '' With Don Felder in the band now , we can really rock . '' Frey said that they `` wanted ' One of These Nights ' to have a lot of teeth , a lot of bite -- a nasty track with pretty vocals . '' The writing was influence by R&B music and disco ; according to Frey , he was listening to Spinners and Al Green records when he started writing the song . Frey started the writing process by composing the music , and Henley then started with the lyrics . Frey said : `` I just went over to the piano and I started playing this little minor descending progression , and he comes over and goes , ' One of these nights ' . '' After that , Frey said : `` What usually happens is when we get the thing fused together , he gets involved in the music and I get involved in the lyrics . '' While they were recording the album in Miami , the band also shared a studio with the Bee Gees , and according to Henley , the `` four - on - the - floor '' bass - drum pattern is a nod to disco . In the liner notes of The Very Best Of , Frey had this to say about the song : `` We had Don Henley 's voice , which allowed us to go in a more soulful direction , which made me exceedingly happy ... A lot of things came together on One Of These Nights -- our love of the studio , the dramatic improvement in Don 's and my songwriting . We made a quantum leap with `` One Of These Nights . '' It was a breakthrough song . It is my favorite Eagles record . If I ever had to pick one , it would n't be `` Hotel California '' ; it would n't be `` Take It Easy . '' For me , it would be `` One Of These Nights . '' '' Frey also said that the song is about putting things off . `` We 've all said , ' One of these nights I 'm gon na do something -- get that girl , make that money , find that house . ' We all have our dreams -- a vision we hope will come true someday . When that ' someday ' will come is up to each of us . ''",
"2": "On the recording , Frey said : `` We cut the basic track in Miami in December at Criteria Studios . We took it to L.A. , put all the drone guitars and Felder 's solo on in L.A. , and went back to Miami to put the vocals on in March . '' The B - side , `` Visions '' , features lead vocals by guitarist Don Felder , the only Eagles song to do so . Personnel Don Henley -- lead vocals , drums Glenn Frey -- piano , backing vocals Don Felder -- lead guitar , rhythm guitar Randy Meisner -- bass guitar , backing vocals Bernie Leadon -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia KMR 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 13 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 87 New Zealand 15 US Billboard Hot 100 9 References Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` 10 / 1 : 5 essential Eagles albums - ' Hotel to ' Border ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Gambaccini ( August 28 , 1975 ) . `` Eagles Fly High With Disco ' Night ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Prown , Pete ; Newquist , Harvey P. ( 1997 ) . Legends of Rock Guitar : The Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists . Milwaukee , WI : Leonard . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 6 . Jump up ^ Travis Smiley . `` Glenn Frey Tribute -- Part 1 '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) .",
"3": "`` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ The Very Best Of ( CD ) . Eagles . Warner Music Group . 2003 . R2 73971 . Jump up ^ `` '' One of These Nights '' - The Eagles `` . Super Seventies . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eagles -- One of These Nights '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4019a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4016 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eagles -- One of These Nights '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- One of These Nights '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ The Official New Zealand Music Chart -- NZ End Of Year Charts 1975 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The Hustle '' by Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony Billboard Hot 100 number - one single August 2 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Jive Talkin ' '' by The Bee Gees ( hide ) Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol.",
"4": "2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"5": "php?title=One_of_These_Nights_(song)&oldid=810483618 '' Categories : 1975 singles Disco songs Eagles ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Asylum Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk 1975 songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
5,
3,
4,
0,
1,
2
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[
5,
3,
4,
0,
1,
2
] |
2417630864456570353
|
who won season 16 on dancing with the stars
|
[
"Kellie Pickler",
"Derek Hough",
"Kellie Pickler",
"Derek Hough",
"Kellie Pickler",
"Derek Hough"
] |
{
"0": "Dancing With the Stars ( U.S. season 16 ) - wikipedia Dancing With the Stars ( U.S. season 16 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 16 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network ABC Original release March 18 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) -- May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Kellie Pickler Professional winner Derek Hough Season chronology ← Previous Season 15 Next → Season 17 Season sixteen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 18 , 2013 . Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts , while Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers also returned to provide the music throughout the season . Scoring returned to using traditional whole numbers , instead of continuing with the fractional scores introduced for the previous ( all - star ) season . This is the first season where all finalists did not learn a Latin and a ballroom dance ; no finalist learned Tango , Alexandra Raisman did not learn Paso doble , Jacoby Jones did not learn Samba , Kellie Pickler did not learn Salsa , and Zendaya did not learn Rumba . Each of the four finalists also did not dance one of the two new dance styles introduced this season . Raisman and Zendaya did not dance Jazz while Pickler and Jones did not dance Contemporary ( although Pickler danced a Contemporary freestyle in the finals and Raisman did an Afro - Jazz routine picked from Twitter ) . Pickler and her partner Derek Hough won the competition , marking his fourth of six wins and increasing his lead on the show as the professional dancer who has won the most mirror ball trophies .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Couples 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores and songs 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : Prom Night 3.4 Week 4 : `` Best Year of My Life '' Night 3.5 Week 5 : Len 's Side - by - Side Challenge 3.6 Week 6 : Stevie Wonder Night 3.7 Week 7 : Latin Night 3.8 Week 8 : Trio Challenge 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Guest performances 6 Ratings 6.1 U.S. television ratings 7 References 8 External links Couples ( edit ) The cast of eleven and their professional partners was announced on February 26 , 2013 on Good Morning America , with Jacoby Jones ' participation confirmed two days earlier on February 24 during a network promo for the series airing during the 85th Oscars as a tease for the GMA announcement . This season saw its youngest contestant to date -- 16 - year - old Zendaya ( previously being Shawn Johnson from season 8 at 17 ) . Although in Season 20 , the record was taken from Zendaya by Willow Shields who competed when she was 14 . The following professionals who did not return for season 16 include Chelsie Hightower , Louis van Amstel , Anna Trebunskaya , and Maksim Chmerkovskiy ( he eventually returned for season 18 and won ) . Lindsay Arnold , a contestant from season nine of So You Think You Can Dance was introduced as a new professional along with Troupe member Sharna Burgess . Gleb Savchenko , who recently participated as a professional on season twelve of the Australian version , was also announced as a new professional .",
"2": "Witney Carson , also a contestant from season nine of So You Think You Can Dance , and Julian Tocker joined Oksana Dmytrenko , Henry Byalikov , Emma Slater , and Sasha Farber as the fifth and sixth members of the Dance Troupe . Two weeks following the cast announcement , Sean Lowe as revealed on GMA as the 12th contestant this season partnering with Peta Murgatroyd . After only two dances , Dorothy Hamill withdrew from the competition due to a potential severe back injury . She is the third celebrity to withdraw due to injury , after Misty May - Treanor in season seven and Tom DeLay in season nine . Sara Evans in season three also quit , but that time it was due to her impending divorce . This also marks the second consecutive season where Tristan MacManus and his partner have gone home first in the competition , although last season he and his partner were actually eliminated the first week . This is the first time since season nine that a couple withdrew . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Result Dorothy Hamill Olympic figure skater Tristan MacManus Withdrew on March 26 , 2013 Wynonna Judd Country music singer Tony Dovolani Eliminated 1st on April 2 , 2013 Lisa Vanderpump Reality television star Gleb Savchenko Eliminated 2nd on April 9 , 2013 D.L. Hughley Comedian & sitcom actor Cheryl Burke Eliminated 3rd on April 16 , 2013 Victor Ortiz Professional boxer Lindsay Arnold Eliminated 4th on April 23 , 2013 Andy Dick Actor & comedian Sharna Burgess Eliminated 5th on April 30 , 2013 Sean Lowe Reality television star Peta Murgatroyd Eliminated 6th on May 7 , 2013 Ingo Rademacher Soap opera actor Kym Johnson Eliminated 7th on May 14 , 2013 Aly Raisman Olympic gymnast Mark Ballas Eliminated 8th on May 20 ,",
"3": "2013 Jacoby Jones NFL wide receiver Karina Smirnoff Third place on May 21 , 2013 Zendaya Disney Channel star Valentin Chmerkovskiy Runner - up on May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler Country music singer Derek Hough Winner on May 21 , 2013 Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place ( 1 + 2 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 Top 4 Top 3 Kellie & Derek 21 26 47 25 26 27 29 + 25 = 54 29 28 + 27 = 55 30 + 28 = 58 30 + 4 + 30 = 64 + 30 = 94 Zendaya & Val 24 26 50 24 + 2 = 26 26 29 29 + 22 = 51 27 + 3 = 30 28 + 30 = 58 25 + 30 = 55 30 + 5 + 30 = 65 + 30 = 95 Jacoby & Karina 20 23 43 24 + 2 = 26 24 26 23 + 22 = 45 27 27 + 25 = 52 30 + 29 = 59 27 + 2 + 27 = 56 + 30 = 86 Alexandra & Mark 21 24 45 23 27 25 27 + 25 = 52 29 + 3 = 32 29 + 27 =",
"4": "56 30 + 29 = 59 28 + 3 + 30 = 61 Ingo & Kym 5 20 20 40 21 23 21 24 + 22 = 46 22 + 3 = 25 24 + 24 = 48 24 + 27 = 51 Sean & Peta 6 19 20 39 21 20 24 21 + 25 = 46 24 21 + 21 = 42 Andy & Sharna 7 17 20 37 18 21 18 18 + 25 = 43 17 Victor & Lindsay 8 18 18 36 23 18 21 18 + 22 = 40 D.L.",
"5": "& Cheryl 9 12 16 28 16 21 18 Lisa & Gleb 10 18 18 36 21 18 Wynonna & Tony 11 18 18 36 15 Dorothy & Tristan 12 21 15 36 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple earned immunity and could not be eliminated the couple eliminated that week the couple withdrew from the competition the returning couple finishing in the bottom two ( or three ) the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table counts for all dances scored on the traditional 30 - points scale ( The extra two points for Zendaya and Jacoby in week 3 , The dance - off points from week 7 , and The cha - cha - cha relay points from week 10 are not included ) . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Kellie & Derek 411 15 27.4 Zendaya & Val 410 27.3 Alexandra & Mark 374 14 26.7 Jacoby & Karina 384 15 25.6 5 5 Ingo & Kym 272 12 22.6 6 6 Sean & Peta 216 10 21.6 7 8 Victor & Lindsay 138 7 19.7 8 7 Andy & Sharna 154 8 19.3 9 10 Lisa & Gleb 75 18.8 10 12 Dorothy & Tristan 36 18.0 11 11 Wynonna & Tony 51 17.0 12 9 D.L.",
"6": "& Cheryl 83 5 16.6 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Cha - cha - cha Zendaya 29 D.L. Hughley 12 Foxtrot Zendaya 28 Andy Dick 17 Contemporary Alexandra Raisman 27 Ingo Rademacher 20 Quickstep Kellie Pickler 30 D.L. Hughley 16 Jive Zendaya Kellie Pickler 30 Dorothy Hamill 15 Jazz Kellie Pickler 26 Andy Dick 20 Viennese Waltz Kellie Pickler 28 Sean Lowe 20 Samba Zendaya 30 Wynonna Judd 15 Paso doble Zendaya Kellie Pickler 27 Victor Ortiz Andy Dick 18 Rumba Alexandra Raisman 30 Andy Dick 17 Salsa Zendaya Jacoby Jones 30 D.L. Hughley 16 Argentine tango Kellie Pickler Jacoby Jones 30 Zendaya Alexandra Raisman 29 Tango Ingo Rademacher 24 D.L.",
"7": "Hughley 18 Twitter - picked dances Zendaya ( Hip - hop ) 30 Ingo Rademacher ( Charleston ) 27 Freestyle Zendaya Kellie Pickler Alexandra Raisman 30 Jacoby Jones 27 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) According to the traditional 30 - point scale ( team dances and the cha - cha - cha relay are not included ) : Couples Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Kellie & Derek Argentine tango , Quickstep , Freestyle & Jive ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 21 ) Zendaya & Val Salsa , Hip - Hop , Samba , Freestyle & Jive ( 30 ) Contemporary & Viennese Waltz ( 24 ) Jacoby & Karina Argentine tango & Salsa ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Alexandra & Mark Rumba & Freestyle ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 21 ) Ingo & Kym Charleston ( 27 ) Contemporary & Quickstep ( 20 ) Sean & Peta Quickstep & Rumba ( 24 ) Foxtrot ( 19 ) Andy & Sharna Viennese Waltz ( 21 ) Foxtrot & Rumba ( 17 ) Victor & Lindsay Contemporary ( 23 ) Foxtrot , Jive , Paso doble , & Rumba ( 18 ) D.L. & Cheryl Foxtrot ( 21 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 12 ) Lisa & Gleb Viennese Waltz ( 21 ) Cha - cha - cha , Foxtrot & Jive ( 18 ) Wynonna & Tony Cha - cha - cha & Quickstep ( 18 ) Samba ( 15 ) Dorothy & Tristan Contemporary ( 21 ) Jive ( 15 ) Weekly scores and songs ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"8": "( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Kellie & Derek 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Domino '' -- Jessie J Victor & Lindsay 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Daylight '' -- Maroon 5 Ingo & Kym 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Contemporary `` Yellow '' -- Coldplay Lisa & Gleb 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' -- Aretha Franklin D.L.",
"9": "& Cheryl 12 ( 4 , 4 , 4 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Low '' -- Flo Rida Zendaya & Val 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Contemporary `` Feel Again '' -- OneRepublic Sean & Peta 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` The Power of Love '' -- Huey Lewis and the News Alexandra & Mark 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Live While We 're Young '' -- One Direction Dorothy & Tristan 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Contemporary `` Tiny Dancer '' -- Elton John Wynonna & Tony 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' -- Kiki Dee Andy & Sharna 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Witchcraft '' -- Frank Sinatra Jacoby & Karina 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Good Feeling '' -- Flo Rida Week 2 ( edit ) At the results show of this week , it was announced that Dorothy Hamill would be withdrawing from the show by doctors orders due to an injury she had suffered from during training prior to this week . Either Lisa or Victor would have been eliminated this week , but they were `` saved '' from elimination due to Hamill 's withdrawal from the competition .",
"10": "Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Ingo & Kym 20 ( 6 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Billy - a-Dick '' -- Bette Midler Safe Dorothy & Tristan 15 ( 5 , 5 , 5 ) Jive `` Chantilly Lace '' -- The Big Bopper Withdrew Jacoby & Karina 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Jazz `` Five Guys Named Moe '' -- Louis Jordan Safe Victor & Lindsay 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Jive `` Runaway Baby '' -- Bruno Mars Bottom 2 Wynonna & Tony 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Neutron Dance '' -- The Pointer Sisters Safe Zendaya & Val 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Jive `` This Head I Hold '' -- Electric Guest Safe Andy & Sharna 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Jazz `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga Safe Sean & Peta 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Jive `` Into Action '' -- Tim Armstrong feat . Skye Sweetnam Safe Alexandra & Mark 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Jumpin ' Jack '' -- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Safe Lisa & Gleb 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Jive `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' -- One Direction Bottom 2 D.L. & Cheryl 16 ( 5 , 5 , 6 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' -- Duke Ellington Safe Kellie & Derek 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Jazz `` Lights '' -- Ellie Goulding Safe Week 3 : Prom night ( edit ) Jacoby & Karina and Zendaya & Val each received two bonus points in the Prom King and Queen voting , bringing both couples ' total scores to 26 each .",
"11": "Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Wynonna & Tony Victor & Lindsay D.L. & Cheryl Alexandra & Mark Zendaya & Val Ingo & Kym Sean & Peta Andy & Sharna Lisa & Gleb Kellie & Derek Jacoby & Karina N / A Prom Group Dance `` The Rockafeller Skank '' -- Fatboy Slim Alexandra & Mark 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Give Me Love '' -- Ed Sheeran Safe Andy & Sharna 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' -- Rod Stewart Bottom two Ingo & Kym 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Another One Bites the Dust '' -- Queen Safe Lisa & Gleb 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Safe Kellie & Derek 25 ( 8 , 9 , 8 ) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe Victor & Lindsay 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Contemporary `` Slow Dancing in a Burning Room '' -- John Mayer Safe D.L. & Cheryl 16 ( 6 , 5 , 5 ) Salsa `` Get Up ( I Feel Like Being a ) Sex Machine '' -- James Brown Safe Jacoby & Karina 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` Stay '' -- Rihanna feat .",
"12": "Mikky Ekko Safe Wynonna & Tony 15 ( 5 , 5 , 5 ) Samba `` Pour Some Sugar on Me '' -- Def Leppard Eliminated Sean & Peta 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` YMCA '' -- Village People Safe Zendaya & Val 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' -- Doris Day Safe Week 4 : `` best year of my life '' night ( edit ) Couples performed one unlearned dance celebrating the most memorable year of their lives . Each celebrity included a brief solo during their routines . Kyle Jacobs , Kellie Pickler 's husband , performed his own song , which he wrote for Kellie . During the results show , Karina Smirnoff and Valentin Chmerkovskiy were revealed to have received the most Twitter votes ( hashtag # ProName ) on Monday night 's performance show . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Sean & Peta 20 ( 6 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Wo n't Give Up '' -- Jason Mraz Safe Victor & Lindsay 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Paso doble `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen Bottom 2 Jacoby & Karina 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins Safe Alexandra & Mark 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Contemporary `` Titanium '' -- David Guetta feat .",
"13": "Sia Furler Safe Andy & Sharna 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Hallelujah '' -- Leonard Cohen Safe Zendaya & Val 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Samba `` Love On Top '' -- Beyoncé Safe Ingo & Kym 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` A Thousand Years '' -- Christina Perri Safe D.L. & Cheryl 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' -- Etta James Safe Kellie & Derek 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Rumba `` Say I Do '' -- Kyle Jacobs Safe Lisa & Gleb 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Celebration '' -- Kool & the Gang Eliminated Week 5 : Len 's side - by - side challenge ( edit ) Each couple had to select two other professionals that had either been eliminated , featured in previous seasons , or participated in the troupe . They then performed simultaneously with those professional dancers . Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Anna Trebunskaya , Chelsie Hightower , Tony Dovolani and Tristan MacManus were among the pros returning as well as Henry Byalikov , Emma Slater , Sasha Farber and Witney Carson from the troupe .",
"14": "Running order Couple ( Professionals ) Scores Dance Music Result Ingo & Kym ( Tony & Emma ) 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle Safe Jacoby & Karina ( Maks & Anna ) 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Jive `` Long Tall Sally '' -- Little Richard Safe Victor & Lindsay ( Tristan & Emma ) 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Never Tear Us Apart '' -- INXS Bottom 2 Alexandra & Mark ( Tony & Witney ) 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Samba `` Misery '' -- Maroon 5 Safe Sean & Peta ( Tristan & Chelsie ) 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Go Get It '' -- Sepalot feat . Ladi6 Safe Kellie & Derek ( Henry & Anna ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` It Had to Be You '' -- Harry Connick , Jr . Safe D.L & Cheryl ( Sasha & Chelsie ) 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Tango `` Love Letter '' -- Clairy Browne & the Bangin ' Rackettes Eliminated Zendaya & Val ( Maks & Anna ) 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Discombobulate '' -- Hans Zimmer Safe Andy & Sharna ( Sasha & Emma ) 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Paso doble `` The Plaza of Execution '' -- James Horner Safe Week 6 : Stevie Wonder night ( edit ) Each couple performed to a song by Stevie Wonder . Hunter Hayes performed a duet with Wonder for an opening performance . Each couple also performed a team dance picked by the highest scoring couples Zendaya and Val ( Team Paso doble ) and Kellie and Derek ( Team Samba ) .",
"15": "Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Zendaya & Val 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Do I Do '' Safe Andy & Sharna 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Samba `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Safe Sean & Peta 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` I Wish '' Bottom two Alexandra & Mark 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Is n't She Lovely '' Safe Ingo & Kym 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' Safe Kellie & Derek 29 ( 9 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Part - Time Lover '' Safe Victor & Lindsay 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Eliminated Jacoby & Karina 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Quickstep `` For Once in My Life '' Safe Zendaya & Val Jacoby & Karina Victor & Lindsay Ingo & Kym 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Team Paso doble `` Higher Ground '' Kellie & Derek Andy & Sharna Sean & Peta Alexandra & Mark 25 ( 8 , 9 , 8 ) Team Samba `` Superstition '' Week 7 : Latin night ( edit ) Each couple danced to a Latin hit . After having danced , the top scoring couple was saved from elimination that week . If there was a tie for first place , the couple with the highest cumulative score wins immunity . The remaining six couples then took part in the Dance - off , where they competed against another couple doing the cha - cha - cha , jive or rumba . For each Dance - off , the judges declared a winning couple who added three bonus points to their score .",
"16": "Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Jacoby & Karina 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Salsa `` Danza Kuduro '' -- Don Omar feat . Lucenzo Safe Ingo & Kym 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` Maria Maria '' -- Santana feat . The Product G&B Bottom 2 Kellie & Derek 29 ( 9 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' -- Ricky Martin Safe ( immunity ) Andy & Sharna 17 ( 5 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) '' -- Perez Prado Eliminated Alexandra & Mark 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Salsa `` Echa Pa'lla ( Manos Pa'rriba ) '' -- Pitbull feat . Papayo Safe Sean & Peta 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe Zendaya & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Buster Voodoo '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Safe Dance - offs Couple Judges ' votes Dance Music Result Alexandra & Mark Alexandra , Alexandra , Alexandra Cha - cha - cha `` Brokenhearted '' -- Karmin Winner ( 3 pts ) Andy & Sharna Loser Zendaya & Val Zendaya , Zendaya , Zendaya Jive `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' -- Little Richard Winner ( 3 pts ) Jacoby & Karina Loser Ingo & Kym Ingo , Ingo , Sean Rumba `` Apologize '' -- OneRepublic Winner ( 3 pts ) Sean & Peta Loser Week 8 : trio challenge ( edit ) Each couple performed one unlearned ballroom dance as well as a trio dance . Each couple chose one professional who was either previously eliminated or participates in the dance troupe to perform with them .",
"17": "Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Zendaya & Val ( Gleb Savchenko ) 28 ( 9 , 10 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Salsa `` Dança Molengo '' -- Bonde do Rolê feat . Rizzle Kicks Sean & Peta ( Sharna Burgess ) 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` Hot n Cold '' -- Katy Perry Eliminated 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jazz `` Magic '' -- B.o.B Jacoby & Karina ( Cheryl Burke ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` It 's a Man 's , Man 's , Man 's World '' -- James Brown Last to be called safe 25 ( 8 , 9 , 8 ) Paso doble `` La Virgen de la Macarena '' -- Canadian Brass Ingo & Kym ( Lindsay Arnold ) 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Dance With Me Tonight '' -- Olly Murs Kellie & Derek ( Tristan MacManus ) 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Fade Into You '' -- Mazzy Star Safe 27 ( 10 , 7 , 10 ) Paso doble `` Unstoppable '' -- E.S. Posthumus Alexandra & Mark ( Henry Byalikov ) 29 ( 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Reflejo de Luna '' -- Alacran Safe 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Hit the Road Jack '' -- Ray Charles Week 9 : semifinals ( edit ) Each couple performed two unlearned dances , one of which was chosen by the viewers through Twitter .",
"18": "Sean and Peta would have danced Disco had they not been eliminated . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Kellie & Derek 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Para Te '' -- A.P.P.A.R.T. Safe 28 ( 9 , 10 , 9 ) Flamenco `` The Pirate That Should Not Be '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Ingo & Kym 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` One More Night '' -- Maroon 5 Eliminated 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' -- Bugsy Malone Alexandra & Mark 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` When I Was Your Man '' -- Bruno Mars Safe 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Afro - Jazz `` Azumba '' -- Gregor Salto Jacoby & Karina 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Concierto Para Quinteto '' -- Astor Piazolla Safe 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Lindy Hop `` Ding Dong Daddy of the D - Car Line '' -- Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Zendaya & Val 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Do n't Give Up '' -- Noisettes Last to be called safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Hip - Hop `` Fine China '' -- Chris Brown Week 10 : finals ( edit ) The four finalists dance for the coveted mirror ball trophy . Each couple will dance a judges ' choice , cha - cha - cha relay , and a super sized freestyle on night one . On night two , one of the four couples will be eliminated within the first hour of the show and the remaining three couples will then dance an instant dance of a style they already know with music given to them minutes before .",
"19": "Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Jacoby & Karina 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Shake It '' -- Metro Station Alexandra & Mark 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Samba `` Hips Do n't Lie '' -- Shakira feat . Wyclef Jean Kellie & Derek 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Peppy and George '' -- Ludovic Bource Zendaya & Val 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Yerbatero '' -- Juanes Jacoby & Karina Alexandra & Mark Kellie & Derek Zendaya & Val 5 Cha - cha - cha relay `` Treasure '' -- Bruno Mars Jacoby & Karina 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle `` Ca n't Hold Us '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Alexandra & Mark 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Icarus '' -- Madeon Kellie & Derek 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' -- Labrinth feat . Emeli Sandé Zendaya & Val 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Beauty and a Beat '' -- Justin Bieber feat . Nicki Minaj Running order ( night 2 ) Alexandra & Mark were eliminated during the first hour of the show , thus bringing the total number of couples down to the traditional three .",
"20": "Couple Scores Dance Music Result Jacoby & Karina 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Instant Salsa `` Aguanile '' -- Héctor Lavoe Third place Kellie & Derek 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Instant Jive `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' -- Little Richard Winner Zendaya & Val 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Instant Jive `` Rockin ' Robin '' -- Bobby Day Runner - up Dance chart ( edit ) The couples danced one of these routines for each corresponding week ( this season also features two new dances : contemporary and jazz . This is the first time since season eight that new dances have been added to the show for more than one week ) : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , foxtrot or contemporary Week 2 : Jive , quickstep or jazz Week 3 : Prom group dance & one unlearned dance ( Prom Night ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( `` Best Year of My Life '' Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( `` Len 's Side - By - Side Challenge '' ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance & team dances ( Stevie Wonder Night ) Week 7 : One unlearned Latin dance & dance - offs ( Latin Night ) Week 8 : One unlearned ballroom dance & trio dance ( Trio Challenge ) Week 9 : One unlearned dance & Twitter - chosen dance ( Semifinals ) Week 10 : Night 1 -- Judges ' choice , cha - cha - cha relay , and super-sized freestyle ( Top 4 ) Night 2 -- Instant dance ( Top 3 ) Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Kellie & Derek Cha - cha - cha Jazz Jive Prom Rumba Foxtrot Quickstep Samba Samba Immunity",
"21": "Viennese Waltz Paso doble Argentine tango Flamenco Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Freestyle Jive Zendaya & Val Contemporary Jive Viennese Waltz Prom Samba Argentine tango Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Paso doble Jive Foxtrot Salsa Quickstep Hip - Hop Samba Cha - cha - cha Freestyle Jive Jacoby & Karina Cha - cha - cha Jazz Rumba Prom Foxtrot Jive Quickstep Paso doble Salsa Jive Viennese Waltz Paso doble Argentine tango Lindy Hop Jive Cha - cha - cha Freestyle Salsa Alexandra & Mark Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Viennese Waltz Prom Contemporary Samba Foxtrot Samba Salsa Cha - cha - cha Argentine tango Jive Rumba Afro - Jazz Samba Cha - cha - cha Freestyle Ingo & Kym Contemporary Quickstep Paso doble Prom Viennese Waltz Cha - cha - cha Tango Paso doble Rumba Rumba Foxtrot Jive Samba Charleston Sean & Peta Foxtrot Jive Cha - cha - cha Prom Viennese Waltz Quickstep Samba Samba Rumba Rumba Tango Jazz Freestyle Andy & Sharna Foxtrot Jazz Cha - cha - cha Prom Viennese Waltz Paso doble Samba Samba",
"22": "Rumba Cha - cha - cha Jazz&Freestyle Victor & Lindsay Foxtrot Jive Contemporary Prom Paso doble Viennese Waltz Rumba Paso doble Freestyle D.L. & Cheryl Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Salsa Prom Foxtrot Tango Lisa & Gleb Foxtrot Jive Viennese Waltz Prom Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Wynonna & Tony Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Samba Prom Dorothy & Tristan Contemporary Jive Viennese Waltz Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Won immunity for the week Gained bonus points for winning this dance Gained no bonus points for losing this dance Danced , but not scored Guest performances ( edit ) Date Dance style Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Dancers March 26 , 2013 Contemporary Josh Groban `` Brave '' Chelsie Hightower and Dmitry Chaplin Freestyle Icona Pop `` I Love It '' Icona Pop 's Dancers April 2 , 2013 Freestyle Demi Lovato `` Heart Attack '' The Troupe Rock n ' Roll Huey Lewis and the News `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' The Troupe April 9 , 2013 Contemporary Brad Paisley `` Southern Comfort Zone '' Peta Murgatroyd and Tony Dovolani Argentine tango Andrea Bocelli & Jennifer Lopez `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' Anna Trebunskaya and Val Chmerkovskiy April 16 , 2013 Freestyle Selena Gomez `` Come & Get It '' Gomez and her dancers Contemporary The Band Perry `` Better Dig Two '' Tristan MacManus and Witney Carson Contemporary Kerli `` Love me or Leave me '' Tyne Stecklein and Jeremy Hudson April 23 , 2013 Freestyle will.i.am `` # thatpower '' will.",
"23": "i. am 's Dancers Cha - cha - cha Olly Murs `` Troublemaker '' Gleb Savchenko , Lindsay Arnold and Troupe April 29 , 2013 Salsa Juanes `` La Camisa Negra '' , `` Cumbia Sexy '' Tony Dovolani , Cheryl Burke , Louis Van Amstel , Anna Trebunskaya , Gleb Savchenko and Troupe April 30 , 2013 Foxtrot Michael Bublé `` Come Dance with Me '' Tony Dovolani , Cheryl Burke , Tristan MacManus , Kym Johnson , Gleb Savchenko , Emma Slater , Julian Tocker and Oksana Dmytrenko Lyrical Hip - hop Lindsey Stirling `` Crystallize '' Allison Holker and Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss May 7 , 2013 Hip - hop Jason Derulo `` The Other Side '' Derulo and his dancers Rumba Emeli Sandé `` Next to Me '' , `` Heaven '' Cheryl Burke and Dmitry Chaplin May 14 , 2013 Contemporary The Wanted `` Fill A Heart '' Tyne Stecklein and Blake McGrath Hip - hop Avril Lavigne `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' Lindsay Arnold , Witney Carson , Henry Byalikov and Jaymz Tuaileva Contemporary Christina Grimmie `` Take Care '' Gleb Savchenko and Sharna Burgess May 21 , 2013 N / A Jessica Sanchez `` Feel This Moment '' N / A Freestyle Psy `` Gentleman '' Psy , his dancers , Andy Dick , Sharna Burgess , Victor Ortiz , Lindsay Arnold , Sean Lowe , and Peta Murgatroyd Rumba Wynonna Judd `` I Want To Know What Love Is '' Tony Dovolani and Peta Murgatroyd Freestyle Pitbull feat . Papayo `` Echa Pa'lla ( Manos Pa'rriba ) '' Pitbull 's Dancers and all the female pros and troupe members Ratings ( edit ) U.S.",
"24": "television ratings ( edit ) Show Episode Air date Viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( adults 18 -- 49 ) Rating / share ( household ) Note `` Performance Show : Week 1 '' March 18 , 2013 17.06 3.2 / 8 10.7 / 16 `` Exclusive First Look '' March 19 , 2013 9.76 2.1 / 6 6.2 / 10 `` Performance Show : Week 2 '' March 25 , 2013 14.47 2.4 / 6 9.0 / 14 `` Results Show : Week 2 '' March 26 , 2013 13.43 2.4 / 6 8.6 / 13 5 `` Performance Show : Week 3 '' April 1 , 2013 13.91 2.2 / 6 8.9 / 14 6 `` Results Show : Week 3 '' April 2 , 2013 13.98 2.3 / 6 8.8 / 13 7 `` Performance Show : Week 4 '' April 8 , 2013 13.15 2.1 / 6 8.7 / 13 8 `` Results Show : Week 4 '' April 9 , 2013 12.13 2.0 / 5 7.9 / 12 9 `` Performance Show : Week 5 '' April 15 , 2013 13.40 2.2 / 6 8.7 / 13 10 `` Results Show : Week 5 '' April 16 , 2013 12.73 2.2 / 6 8.2 / 12 11 `` Performance Show : Week 6 '' April 22 , 2013 13.77 2.1 / 6 8.8 / 14 12 `` Results Show : Week 6 '' April 23 , 2013 12.",
"25": "65 2.0 / 5 8.0 / 13 13 `` Performance Show : Week 7 '' April 29 , 2013 13.45 2.1 / 6 8.7 / 13 14 `` Results Show : Week 7 '' April 30 , 2013 10.89 1.5 / 4 7.0 / 11 15 `` Performance Show : Week 8 '' May 6 , 2013 13.12 2.0 / 5 8.4 / 13 16 `` Results Show : Week 8 '' May 7 , 2013 10.79 1.7 / 4 7.0 / 11 17 `` Performance Show : Week 9 '' May 13 , 2013 13.33 2.0 / 6 8.6 / 14 18 `` Results Show : Week 9 '' May 14 , 2013 11.87 1.8 / 5 7.6 / 12 19 `` Performance Show : Week 10 '' May 20 , 2013 14.97 2.6 / 7 9.5 / 10 20 `` Season Finale '' May 21 , 2013 15.20 2.7 / 7 9.7 / 11 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ABC.com ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Week 10 Preview : Season 16 Finale ! Dancing With The Stars - ABC.com '' . Beta.abc.go.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) .",
"26": "`` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premieres higher Monday , ' Biggest Loser ' finale up '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Splash ' has a decent start Tuesday , ' NCIS : LA ' spinoff strong '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , & ' Hawaii Five - O ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' returns strong , ' Revolution ' steady as NBC wins Monday '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , & ' Splash ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' .",
"27": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' gives ' Go On ' a big bump Tuesday while ' Splash ' dips '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' stays strong Monday but ' Revolution ' drops some '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' The New Normal ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' rises Tuesday , tops ' Dancing With the Stars ' in viewers '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down + Basketball Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Revolution ' and the NCAA championship game all rise Monday '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) .",
"28": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Ready for Love ' premiere struggles while ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS ' fall Tuesday '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' & ' Terror in Boston ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' rises again and leads NBC to Monday win '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' scores more gains while ' Ready for Love ' falls Tuesday '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' Bones ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( April 23 , 2013 ) .",
"29": "`` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' wins 18 - 49 demo , but ABC wins Monday night in viewers '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Body of Proof ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' NCIS ' returns big for CBS , ' The Voice ' wins 18 - 49 demo '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Following ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' 90210 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Following ' finale rises Monday while ' The Voice ' tumbles '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Grimm ' solid in Tuesday debut , ' NCIS ' rises and ' The Voice ' falls '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) .",
"30": "`` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' Rihanna 777 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : Live ' The Voice ' slips but ' Revolution ' rises Monday , FOX 's Rihanna special tanks '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Grimm ' stays strong Tuesday as ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS ' drop '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' 90210 ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' finale surges Monday , ' Castle ' finale up too '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' NCIS ' finale rises Tuesday , ' The Voice ' steady in later timeslot '' .",
"31": "Zap2it . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goodwin Games ' & ' Motive ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : Final ' Dancing With the Stars ' performances rise while ' The Voice ' dips Monday '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' finale down from fall , ' The Voice ' drops too '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website of U.S Dancing with the Stars ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R.",
"32": "Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_16)&oldid=829034853 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 06 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the term hail mary in football come from
|
[
"a December 28, 1975 NFL playoff game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings, when Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach (a Roman Catholic and fan of The Godfather Part II (1974), whose character Fredo had popularized the phrase) said about his game-winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson, \"I closed my eyes and said a Hail Mary.\""
] |
{
"0": "Hail Mary pass - wikipedia Hail Mary pass Jump to : navigation , search Roger Staubach , the thrower of the game - winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson during a December 28 , 1975 NFL playoff game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings . A Hail Mary pass , also known as a shot play , is a very long forward pass in American football , made in desperation , with only a small chance of success and time running out on the clock . The term became widespread after a December 28 , 1975 NFL playoff game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings , when Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach ( a Roman Catholic and fan of The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , whose character Fredo had popularized the phrase ) said about his game - winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson , `` I closed my eyes and said a Hail Mary . '' The expression goes back at least to the 1930s , in which decade it was widely used publicly by two former members of Notre Dame 's Four Horsemen , Elmer Layden and Jim Crowley . Originally meaning any sort of desperation play , a `` Hail Mary '' gradually came to denote a long , low - probability pass , typically of the `` alley - oop '' variety , attempted at the end of a half when a team is too far from the end zone to execute a more conventional play , implying that it would take divine intervention for the play to succeed . For more than 40 years , use of the term was largely confined to Notre Dame and other Catholic universities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Examples 3 In other fields 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) Crowley often told the story of an October 28 , 1922 , game between Notre Dame and Georgia Tech in which the Fighting Irish players said Hail Mary prayers together before scoring each of the touchdowns , before winning the game 13 - 3 . According to Crowley , it was one of the team 's linemen , Noble Kizer ( a Presbyterian ) , who suggested praying before the first touchdown , which occurred on a fourth and goal play at the Tech 6 - yard line during the second quarter .",
"1": "Quarterback Harry Stuhldreher , another of the Horsemen , threw a quick pass over the middle to Paul Castner for the score . The ritual was repeated before a third and goal play , again at Tech 's six , in the fourth quarter . This time Stuhldreher ran for a touchdown , which sealed the win for Notre Dame . After the game , Kizer exclaimed to Crowley , `` Say , that Hail Mary is the best play we 've got . '' Crowley related this story many times in public speeches beginning in the 1930s . On November 2 , 1935 , with 32 seconds left in the so - called `` Game of the Century '' between Ohio State and Notre Dame , Irish halfback Bill Shakespeare found receiver Wayne Millner for a 19 - yard , game - winning touchdown . Notre Dame head coach Elmer Layden ( who had played in the 1922 Georgia Tech game ) afterwards called it a `` Hail Mary '' play . An early appearance of the term was in an Associated Press story about the upcoming 1941 Orange Bowl between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the Georgetown Hoyas . The piece appeared in several newspapers including the December 31 , 1940 Daytona Beach Morning Journal under the headline , `` Orange Bowl : ( Georgetown ) Hoyas Put Faith in ' Hail Mary ' Pass '' ) . As the article explained , `` A ' hail Mary ' pass , in the talk of the Washington eleven , is one that is thrown with a prayer because the odds against completion are big . '' During an NBC broadcast in 1963 , Staubach , then a Navy quarterback , described a pass play during his team 's victory over Michigan that year as a `` Hail Mary play '' . He scrambled to escape a pass rush , nearly getting sacked 20 yards behind the line of scrimmage before completing a desperation pass for a one - yard gain . Examples ( edit ) See also : List of Hail Marys in American football Arguably the most memorable and replayed Hail Mary pass came on November 23 , 1984 in a game now known as `` Hail Flutie '' .",
"2": "Boston College was losing to Miami ( FL ) with six seconds left on the clock when their quarterback Doug Flutie threw a 52 - yard touchdown pass to Gerard Phelan , succeeding primarily because Miami 's secondary stood on the goal line to keep the receivers in front of them without covering a post route behind them . Miami 's defense was based on the assumption that Flutie could n't throw the ball as far as the end zone , but Flutie hit Phelan in stride against a flatfooted defense a yard deep in the end zone . To commemorate the play , a statue of Flutie in his Hail Mary passing pose was unveiled outside Alumni Stadium at Boston College on November 7 , 2008 . Other noteworthy examples include : December 19 , 1980 : Known as `` The Miracle Bowl '' , BYU quarterback Jim McMahon threw a 41 - yard touchdown pass to tight end Clay Brown to defeat SMU in the 1980 Holiday Bowl 46 -- 45 , which completed BYU 's comeback from a 45 -- 25 deficit which the Cougars faced with four minutes remaining . September 24 , 1994 : Known as the `` Miracle at Michigan '' , Colorado quarterback Kordell Stewart threw a 64 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Michael Westbrook to beat Michigan 27 -- 26 ( Stewart 's pass traveled 73 yards in the air from the Colorado 26 to the opposite 1 yard line , was tipped by Blake Anderson , then caught by Westbrook 4 yards deep in the end zone ) . October 31 , 1999 : The Cleveland Browns 's first win after returning as an expansion team came on a Hail Mary against the New Orleans Saints , when Browns quarterback Tim Couch avoided the Saints pass rush and launched a 56 yard pass that was tipped up in the air and caught by receiver Kevin Johnson near the pylon for a 21 - 16 Browns victory . November 9 , 2002 : Known as the `` Bluegrass Miracle '' , LSU quarterback Marcus Randall threw a 74 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Devery Henderson in the game to defeat Kentucky 33 -- 30 . December 8 , 2002 : Three years after his first Hail Mary , Tim Couch won another game with a game - ender against the Jacksonville Jaguars .",
"3": "Couch launched a 50 yard Hail Mary that was caught by Quincy Morgan , and the ensuing extra point gave the Browns a 21 - 20 win . Although he remains a hotly debated player due to being picked # 1 overall in the 1999 NFL Draft and his injury - plagued career , Tim Couch remains the only NFL player to win two games on a game - ending Hail Mary . October 22 , 2011 : Known as `` Rocket '' , Michigan State quarterback Kirk Cousins threw a 44 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keith Nichol to beat Wisconsin 37 -- 31 . November 16 , 2013 : Known as the `` Prayer at Jordan -- Hare '' , Auburn quarterback Nick Marshall threw a 73 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Ricardo Louis on fourth - and - 18 with 36 seconds left to beat Georgia 43 -- 38 . November 10 , 2013 : Sometimes a Hail Mary does n't give a team a win . With the Baltimore Ravens leading 17 - 10 on the last play of their game against the Cincinnati Bengals , Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton launched a 51 yard Hail Mary to the end zone , where a Ravens player tipped the ball in the air directly to A.J. Green for a touchdown . Despite the wild game - tying score , the Ravens would win the game in overtime , 20 - 17 . September 5 , 2015 : Known as the `` Miracle at Memorial '' , BYU quarterback Tanner Mangum threw a 42 - yard desperation pass to wide receiver Mitch Mathews as time expired to defeat Nebraska 33 - 28 . This play snapped a string of 29 consecutive home opener victories for the Cornhuskers . Mangum , a freshman just two months removed from a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , was the backup to senior Taysom Hill , who had left the game earlier with a season - ending Lisfranc injury . This game was Mangum 's first organized football game in nearly four years . December 3 , 2015 : Known as the `` Miracle in Motown '' , due to a defensive penalty on the Detroit Lions as the game clock ran out , the Green Bay Packers -- who had been trailing the entire game -- were given one additional play with no time left .",
"4": "Green Bay quarterback Aaron Rodgers threw a 61 - yard touchdown pass , which was caught in the end zone by tight end Richard Rodgers to win the game 27 -- 23 . The ball left Aaron Rodgers ' hand at Green Bay 's 35 - yard line and was caught a few yards into the end zone , making it the longest game - ending game - winning `` Hail Mary pass '' in NFL history . January 16 , 2016 : In the postseason after the Miracle in Motown , Aaron Rodgers completed a second Hail Mary pass . Faced with 4th and 20 on his own 4 - yard line and a 20 - 13 deficit against the Arizona Cardinals in the final minute of the game , Rodgers threw a 60 - yard completion to Jeff Janis . Then , on the final play of regulation , he completed a 41 - yard touchdown pass to Janis , making Green Bay the first postseason team ever to score a game - tying touchdown on the final play of the 4th quarter . Arizona , however , won the game in overtime . September 10 , 2016 : After Oklahoma State football QB Mason Rudolph threw the ball up into the air as the clock ran out , it was ruled intentional grounding . Under college football rules , the game should have ended and Oklahoma State should have won the game . However , the officials ( including Referee Tim O'Dey of the Mid-America Conference ) gave Central Michigan an untimed down . Losing 24 - 27 , Chippewas quarterback Cooper Rush threw a 49 - yard hail mary to receiver Jesse Kroll who lateraled to Malik Fountain to run it into end zone winning the game 30 - 24 . October 1 , 2016 : After a 47 - yard touchdown pass with 10 seconds remaining on the clock , a Georgia player took off his helmet , resulting in a 15 - yard celebration penalty . The kickoff was returned to the Georgia 43 - yard line , and on the final play , Tennessee QB Joshua Dobbs threw a game - winning touchdown as time expired , to win 34 - 31 .",
"5": "January 8 , 2017 : In a wildcard playoff game between the Green Bay Packers and the New York Giants , Aaron Rodgers completed a 42 - yard pass to Randall Cobb over the heads of a crowd of players from both teams on the last play before halftime . This gave Green Bay a 14 - 6 halftime lead and they went on to win 38 - 13 . September 16 , 2017 : In a key Southeastern Conference matchup between the Florida Gators and the Tennessee Volunteers , Florida quarterback Feleipe Franks completed a 63 - yard pass to Tyrie Cleveland to earn the University of Florida a victory at the end of the game as time expired . In other fields ( edit ) The term `` Hail Mary pass '' has become generalized to refer to any last - ditch effort with little chance of success . In basketball , a `` Hail Mary shot '' or `` Hail Mary throw '' is a shot thrown from a place far away from the basket ( e.g. , behind the half court line ) . It is typically attempted when there is not enough time left in the period to execute a more traditional play , and ( in a case where the team attempting the shot is in the final regulation period or overtime ) when they are either tied or behind by no more than three points . In basketball , successful shots at the basket will count as long as the ball is released prior to the expiration of time . A scoring shot that enters the basket after time expires is called a buzzer beater ( in reference to the `` buzzer '' that sounds to signal the end of the period ) . There are similar usages in other fields , such as a `` Hail Mary shot '' in photography where the photographer holds the view finder of an SLR camera far from his eye ( so unable to compose the picture ) , usually high above his head , and takes a shot . This is often used in crowded situations . In computer security , a `` Hail Mary attack '' will throw every exploit it has against a system to see whether any of them work . See also ( edit ) Hail Mary -- Wiktionary definition Hospital pass List of Hail Mary passes in American football National Football League lore NFL playoffs , 1975 -- 76 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History Release '' Chat transcript with Roger Staubach `` .",
"6": "Pro Football Hall of Fame . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ashwill , Gary ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Hail Mary '' . Agate Type . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` The 10 Best College Football Hail Mary passes of the past 30 years '' . Scott Brown 's Sportsbytes . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 17 november 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Flutie 's Miracle in Miami '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Heights 10 November 2008 -- Boston College '' . bc.edu . Jump up ^ `` It Was a Super Holiday Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . January 13 , 1986 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` Kordell 's Hail Mary a `` Miracle in Michigan '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kleinpeter , Jim ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering LSU 's Bluegrass Miracle on the 10th anniversary '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staples , Andy ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Miracle ' Rocket ' boosts Spartans to improbable victory over Badgers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prather , Carl ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Prayer at Jordan - Hare ! Auburn wins 43 -- 38 ! '' . WAFF . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Houk 's Hug ' adds to BYU 's legend of ' Miracle at Memorial ' -- KSL.com '' . ksl.com .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Floyd , Brian ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) . `` This is how the Lions handed the Packers a game - winning Hail Mary '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cardinals survive Packers ' Hail Mary in wild OT win Connor Orr nfl.com January 16 , 2016 , Retrieved on January 23 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Central Michigan stuns No. 17 Oklahoma State on controversial Hail Mary '' . USA TODAY. 2016 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee vs. Georgia -- Game Recap -- October 1 , 2016 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Florida beat Tennessee with the most ridiculous Hail Mary touchdown pass '' . For The Win. 2017 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Florida vs. Tennessee : Gators win on incredible last - second Hail Mary '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ 1 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Today Tonight : Fan 's dispute with the NBL '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Hail Mary -- and Other Divine Photo Tricks '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Metasploit for the Aspiring Hacker , Part 4 '' . Armitage . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . External links ( edit ) `` In 1975 , Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach popularized which football phrase ? '' . Trivia Today . Welter , Ben ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Dec. 29 , 1975 : Drew Pearson 's ' Hail Mary ' catch '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 .",
"8": "`` The Famous Hail Mary Pass '' . Viking Update . July 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . `` Inside nuggets from the Hail Mary game '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Call , Andy . `` Hesitation referee 's worst decision '' . The Canton Repository . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . `` Photo Gallery of Great Moments '' . Fantasy Football Bookmarks . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Blair , Sam ( December 29 , 1975 ) . `` Ironically , it happened to the Vikings '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Blair , Sam ( December 28 , 1995 ) . `` A pass ' presence '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Luska , Frank ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` 25 years later , answered prayer hails memories '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 .",
"9": "Gridiron football plays Play from scrimmage Play calling system Offense Rush Keeper Bootleg Sneak Dive Power Counter Off - tackle End Option Sweep Toss Trap Veer Zone Pass Incomplete Checkdown Screen Drop - back Hail Mary Alley - oop Defense Man - to - man Zone Blitz Zone blitz Special teams Touchback Kickoff Kickoff return Punt Punt return Drop kick Place kick Fair catch Fair catch kick Onside kick Squib kick Other Trick play Quick kick Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995",
"10": "1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship",
"11": "seasons in bold Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Miracle at the Met Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Minneapolis Miracle Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Division championships ( 20 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965",
"12": "1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship",
"13": "Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal `` The Wrong Way Run '' 0 - 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' `` Nipplegate '' `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly , Robin ,",
"14": "Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 ) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hail_Mary_pass&oldid=838116406 '' Categories : American football plays Minnesota Vikings postseason Dallas Cowboys postseason National Football League playoff games 1975 National Football League season Mary ( mother of Jesus ) Metaphors referring to sport Christianity and sports Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 01 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"15": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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