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who played booster in jingle all the way
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"Curtis Armstrong",
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"0": "Jingle All the Way - wikipedia Jingle All the Way Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Jingle All the Way ( disambiguation ) . Jingle All the Way Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Levant Produced by Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Mark Radcliffe Written by Randy Kornfield Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger Sinbad Phil Hartman Rita Wilson Jake Lloyd Curtis Armstrong Robert Conrad Jim Belushi Music by David Newman Cinematography Victor J. Kemper Edited by Kent Beyda Wilton Henderson Adam Weiss Production company 1492 Pictures Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date November 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 16 ) ( Mall of America ) November 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $129.9 million Jingle All the Way is a 1996 American Christmas comedy film directed by Brian Levant and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sinbad , with Phil Hartman , Rita Wilson , Jake Lloyd , James Belushi and Robert Conrad . The plot focuses on two rival fathers , workaholic Howard Langston ( Schwarzenegger ) and stressed out postal worker Myron Larabee ( Sinbad ) , both desperately trying to get a Turbo - Man action figure for their respective sons on a last minute shopping spree on Christmas Eve . Inspired by real - life Christmas toy sell - outs for products such as the Cabbage Patch Kids and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the film was written by Randy Kornfield . Producer Chris Columbus rewrote the script , adding in elements of satire about the commercialization of Christmas , and the project was picked up by 20th Century Fox . Delays on Fox 's reboot of Planet of the Apes allowed Schwarzenegger to come on board the film , while Columbus opted to cast Sinbad ahead of Joe Pesci as Myron . Jingle All the Way was set and filmed in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul at a variety of locations , including the Mall of America .",
"1": "After five weeks filming , production moved to California where scenes such as the end parade were shot . The film 's swift production meant merchandising was limited to a replica of the Turbo - Man action figure used in the film . Although some critics felt the film was good family entertainment , it was met with a broadly negative response . Much criticism was attached to the film 's script , its focus on the commercialism of Christmas , Levant 's direction and Schwarzenegger 's performance . Nevertheless , it proved a success at the box office , generating $129 million worldwide , and it receives regular broadcasts on television during the Christmas season . In 2001 , Fox was ordered to pay $19 million to Murray Hill Publishing for stealing the idea for the film ; the verdict was overturned three years later . Jingle All the Way is also Sinbad and Hartman 's third collaboration after Coneheads ( 1993 ) and Houseguest ( 1995 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 7 Lawsuit 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Part of the film was set and shot in the Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota Howard Langston is a workaholic mattress salesman with no time for his wife , Liz , and his 9 - year - old son , Jamie -- especially when compared to next door `` superdad '' divorcee , Ted Maltin , who continually puts Howard in a bad light . After missing Jamie 's karate class graduation , Howard resolves to redeem himself by fulfilling Jamie 's ultimate Christmas wish : getting an action figure toy of Turbo - Man , a wildly popular TV superhero . On Christmas Eve , Howard sets out to buy a Turbo - Man doll at a store , telling Liz that he already has one at work that he must retrieve . Along the way , Howard meets Myron Larabee , a postal worker dad with a rival ambition , and the two soon become bitter competitors in their race for the action figure . During his search , Howard runs his car into the parked police motorcycle of Officer Hummel , who earlier pulled him over and gave him a ticket .",
"2": "After several failed attempts to find the toy in a store , Howard attempts to buy a Turbo - Man from a Mall of America Santa , who is actually the leader of a band of counterfeit toy makers . When he accuses the Santa of undermining the values of Christmas ( having been ripped off and sold a defective toy that falls apart the moment he opened the package ) , Howard ends up in a brawl with the gang . He narrowly escapes when the police raid their warehouse and gets out by posing as an undercover detective using a toy badge . Later , Howard arrives at Mickey 's Diner and uses their phone to call home . As he tried to get a hold of Liz , he unintentionally scolds Jamie on the phone over Turbo - Man . Jamie , in turn , rebukes his father about how he never keeps his promises , and hangs up . Liz overhears the argument and becomes disappointed in her husband . Howard then encounters Myron at the diner . As they sat down and talk , Myron tells Howard about the time when his father was unable to get him a Johnny Seven OMA toy on Christmas . They hear on the KQRS radio station that there is a trivia competition in which the winner will receive a Turbo - Man doll . They rush to the studio , with Howard breaking the door to the recording booth , under the impression that the DJ has a Turbo - Man doll in the studio . After Myron threatens to blow up the studio with a package he claims is a mail bomb , he and Howard find out that whoever wins the competition will get a doll `` eventually . '' The package is revealed to be a music box . The police , led by Officer Hummell , arrive in the studio , and Myron bluffs the police into backing off by threatening them with another `` mail bomb , '' allowing him and Howard to escape . Hummell confidently rips open the package and it explodes , leaving his face covered in soot . After his car is stripped by thieves , Howard is ultimately forced to return home empty - handed . Outside his home , he sees Ted in his house placing the star on his tree . In anger , Howard breaks into Ted 's house and steals the Turbo - Man doll from under his tree . He realizes that he is stealing from a child and changes his mind .",
"3": "He is attacked by Ted 's pet reindeer , accidentally setting one of Ted 's decorations on fire , and kicking it out the window trying to stamp it out , drawing the attention of Ted and Liz . Liz , having had enough , leaves with Jamie , Ted , and his son Johnny to the local Christmas parade ; Howard follows , aiming to make amends . At the parade , Ted makes a pass at Liz and she hits him with a thermos of eggnog . Howard witnesses Ted 's actions from a distance , and on his way to confront him , he runs into Officer Hummel , spilling his hot coffee all over him . Howard runs and Hummell chases him , and Howard enters a room where he is mistaken as the replacement actor for Turbo - Man . As the `` real '' Turbo - Man , he presents the coveted limited - edition Turbo - Man doll to his son . Before he recognizes his father , Jamie is chased by Myron , who has dressed as Turbo - Man 's arch enemy Dementor ( having caught , tied up and gagged the real actor ) . As the crowd assumes this is all part of the show , Howard attempts to rescue his son by utilizing the Turbo - Man suit 's equipment . Howard catches Jamie as he falls from a roof and reveals himself to his son . Officer Hummell gives the doll to Jamie , then asks Howard ( as Turbo - Man ) to join the police force , saluting him . Howard turns and reveals himself and Hummell is dumbfounded , as Howard apologizes for all the trouble . Myron is arrested while ranting about having to explain his failure to get the Turbo - Man toy for his son . Jamie decides to give the doll to him , telling Howard that he has `` the real Turbo - Man at home . '' During the after - credits scene , It is snowing outside . Howard puts the star on the top of his tree and celebrates Christmas with Jamie and Liz . Liz commends Howard for everything he 's done just to make Jamie happy , and then asks Howard what he got her for Christmas . Howard stares in shock at the camera before the fadeout .",
"4": "Cast ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger -- Howard Langston Sinbad -- Myron Larabee Phil Hartman -- Ted Maltin Rita Wilson -- Liz Langston Jake Lloyd -- Jamie Langston Robert Conrad -- Officer Alexander Hummell Martin Mull -- a KQRS D.J. ( Mr. Ponytail Man ) Jim Belushi -- Mall of America Santa E.J. De La Pena -- Johnny Maltin Laraine Newman -- First Lady Justin Chapman -- Billy Harvey Korman -- President Richard Moll -- Dementor Daniel Riordan -- Turbo Man Jeff L. Deist -- TV Booster / Puppeteer Paul Wight -- Giant Santa Chris Parnell -- Toy Store Clerk Curtis Armstrong -- Booster Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( left ) and Sinbad ( right ) starred in the film as the lead characters . The film draws inspiration from the high demand for Christmas toys such as the Cabbage Patch Kids and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in the late 1980s and early 1990s , which often led to intense searching and occasional violence amongst shoppers . Randy Kornfield wrote the film 's original screenplay after witnessing his in - laws go to a Santa Monica toy store at dawn in order to get his son a Power Ranger . While admitting to missing the clamor for the Cabbage Patch Kids and Power Rangers , producer Chris Columbus experienced a similar situation in 1995 when he attempted to obtain a Buzz Lightyear action figure from the film Toy Story , released that year . As a result , he rewrote Kornfield 's script , which was accepted by 20th Century Fox . Columbus was always `` attracted to the dark side of the happiest holiday of the year '' , so wrote elements of the film as a satire of the commercialization of Christmas . Brian Levant was hired to direct the film . Columbus said Levant `` underst ( ood ) the humor in the material '' and `` was very animated and excited , and he had a vision of what he wanted to do '' . Levant said `` The story that was important to me was between the father and son ... it 's a story about love , and a father 's journey to deliver it in the form of a Turbo Man doll .",
"5": "The fact that I got to design a toy line and do the commercials and make pajamas and comic books was fun for me as a filmmaker . But at its root , the movie 's about something really sweet . It 's about love and building a better family . I think that 's consistent with everything I 've done . '' Arnold Schwarzenegger was quickly cast . He became available in February 1996 after Fox 's remake of Planet of the Apes was held up again ; Columbus also exited that project to work on Jingle All the Way . The film marks Schwarzenegger 's fourth appearance as the lead in a comedy film , following Twins ( 1988 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) and Junior ( 1994 ) . Schwarzenegger was paid a reported $20 million for the role . He enjoyed the film , having experienced last - minute Christmas shopping himself , and was attracted to playing an `` ordinary '' character in a family film . Columbus initially wanted Joe Pesci to play Myron . Comedian Sinbad was chosen instead , partly due to his similar height and size to Schwarzenegger . Sinbad was suggested for the part by Schwarzenegger 's agent , but the producers felt he was unsuited to the role of a villain as it could harm his clean , family - oriented comedy act and reputation , although Sinbad felt the character would generate the audience 's sympathy rather than hate . Furthermore , he missed the audition due to his appearance with First Lady Hillary Clinton and musician Sheryl Crow on the USO tour of Bosnia and Herzegovina , but Columbus waited for him to return to allow him to audition and , although Sinbad felt he had `` messed '' it up , he was given the part . He improvised the majority of his lines in the film ; Schwarzenegger also improvised many of his responses in his conversations with Sinbad 's character . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in Minnesota for five weeks from April 15 , 1996 ; at the time , it was the largest film production to ever take place in the state .",
"6": "Jingle All the Way was set and filmed in the Twin Cities metropolitan area of Minnesota at locations such as Bloomington 's Mall of America , Mickey 's Diner , downtown Minneapolis , Linden Hills , residential areas of Edina and primarily downtown Saint Paul . Unused shops in the Seventh Place Mall area were redecorated to resemble Christmas decorated stores , while the Energy Park Studios were used for much of the filming and the Christmas lights stayed up at Rice Park for use in the film . The Mall of America and the state 's `` semi-wintry weather '' proved attractive for the studio . Although Schwarzenegger stated that the locals were `` well - behaved '' and `` cooperative '' , Levant often found filming `` impossible '' due to the scale and noise of the crowds who came to watch production , especially in the Mall of America , but overall found the locals to be `` respectful '' and `` lovely people . '' Levant spent several months in the area before filming in order to prepare . The film uses artistic license by treating Minneapolis and Saint Paul as one city , as this was logistically easier ; the police are labeled `` Twin Cities Police '' in the film . Additionally , the city 's Holidazzle Parade is renamed the Wintertainment Parade and takes place on 2nd Avenue during the day , rather than Nicollet Mall at night . Levant wanted to film the parade at night but was overruled for practical reasons . The parade was filmed at Universal Studios Hollywood in California on the New York Street set , due to safety concerns . The set was designed to resemble 2nd Avenue ; the parade was shot from above by helicopters and stitched into matte shots of the real - life street . It took three weeks to film , with 1,500 extras being used in the scene , along with three custom designed floats . Other parts of the film to be shot in Los Angeles , California included store interiors , and the warehouse fight scene between Howard and the criminal Santas , for which a Pasadena furniture warehouse was used . Turbo - Man was created and designed for the film . This meant the commercials and scenes from the Turbo - Man TV series were all shot by Levant , while all of the Turbo - Man merchandise , packaging and props shown in the film were custom made one - offs and designed to look `` authentic , as if they all sprang from the same well . ''",
"7": "Along with Columbus and Levant , production designer Leslie McDonald and character designer Tim Flattery crafted Turbo - Man , Booster and Dementor and helped make the full - size Turbo - Man suit for the film 's climax . Principal production finished in August ; Columbus `` fine - tun ( ed ) the picture until the last possible minute , '' using multiple test audiences `` to see where the big laughs actually lie . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Jingle All the Way Soundtrack album by Various Released Genre Various Length 36 : 51 Label TVT TVT Records released the film 's soundtrack album on Audio CD on November 26 , 1996 . It features only two of composer David Newman 's pieces from Jingle All the Way , but features many of the songs by other artists included in the film , as well as other Christmas songs and new tracks by the Brian Setzer Orchestra . Intrada Music Group released a Special Collection limited edition of Newman 's full 23 - track score on November 3 , 2008 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` Jingle Bells '' James Pierpont The Brian Setzer Orchestra 2 : 18 2 . `` So They Say It 's Christmas '' Brian Setzer Lou Rawls , The Brian Setzer Orchestra 4 : 05 3 . `` Sleigh Ride '' Leroy Anderson , Mitchell Parish Darlene Love , The Brian Setzer Orchestra 2 : 36 4 . `` Run Rudolph Run '' Marvin Brodie , Johnny Marks Chuck Berry 2 : 44 5 . `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' Edward Pola , George Wyle Johnny Mathis 2 : 47 6 . `` Merry Christmas Baby '' Lou Baxter , Johnny Moore Charles Brown 4 : 47 7 . `` Back Door Santa '' Clarence Carter , Marcus Daniel Clarence Carter 2 : 09 8 . `` The Christmas Song '' Mel Tormé , Robert Wells Nat King Cole 3 : 10 9 .",
"8": "`` Jingle Bell Rock '' Joe Beal , Joseph Carleton Beal , Jim Boothe , James Ross Boothe Bobby Helms 2 : 12 10 . `` Father and Son '' Calvin Massey , David Newman , Cat Stevens David Newman 3 : 00 11 . `` Finale '' Geoffrey Burgon , Alfred Newman , Stephen Schwartz David Newman 4 : 02 12 . `` Deep in the Heart of Xmas '' Sammy Hagar , Jesse Harms The Brian Setzer Orchestra and Darlene Love 2 : 52 Release ( edit ) As Schwarzenegger only signed on for the film in February and the film was shot so quickly , only six and a half months were available for merchandising , instead of the ideal year . As such , merchandising was limited to a 13.5 inch replica $25 Talking Turbo - Man action figure and the West Coast exclusive Turbo - Man Time Racer vehicle , while no tie - in promotions could be secured . Despite this , several critics wrote that the film was only being made in order to sell the toy . Columbus dismissed this notion , stating that with only roughly 200,000 Turbo - Man toys being made , the merchandising was far less than the year 's other releases , such as Space Jam and 101 Dalmatians . The film 's release coincided with the Tickle Me Elmo craze , in which high demand for the doll during the 1996 Christmas season lead to store mobbing similar to that depicted for Turbo - Man . The world premiere was held on November 16 , 1996 at the Mall of America in Bloomington where parts of the film were shot . A day of events was held to celebrate the film 's release and Schwarzenegger donated memorabilia from the film to the Mall 's Planet Hollywood . Opening on November 22 in 2,401 , Jingle All the Way made $12.1 million in its first weekend , opening at # 4 behind Star Trek : First Contact , Space Jam and Ransom ; it went on to gross $129 million worldwide , recouping its $75 million budget . The film was released on VHS in October 1997 , and in November 1998 it was released on DVD .",
"9": "It was rereleased on DVD in December 2004 , followed by an extended director 's cut in October 2007 , known as the `` Family Fun Edition '' . It contained several minutes of extra footage , as well as other DVD extras such as a behind the scenes featurette . In December of the following year , the Family Fun Edition was released on Blu - ray Disc . The film was released in the United Kingdom on December 6 , 1996 , and topped the country 's box office that weekend . Reception ( edit ) `` Despite its fairly entertaining buildup and somewhat serious commentary on materialism during the holidays , the end of the movie takes a realistic conceit and adds in comedy sci - fi elements . Not only does the movie take a turn for the cartoony , but the end is basically everybody laughing and learning their lesson , without any realistic resolution of the situation . It 's as if the screenwriters could n't figure an easy way out of Howard 's situation , so they added in slapstick comedy and the ending from an episode of Full House . '' -- Mike Drucker . The film received a 16 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , where it has 35 negative reviews out of 42 counted . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Emanuel Levy felt the film `` highly formulaic '' and criticized Levant 's direction as little more advanced than a television sitcom . Although he felt Hartman , Wilson and Conrad were not given much opportunity to shine due to the script , he opined that `` Schwarzenegger has developed a light comic delivery , punctuated occasionally by an ironic one - liner , '' while `` Sinbad has good moments '' . Neil Jeffries of Empire disagreed , feeling Schwarzenegger to be `` wooden '' and Sinbad to be `` trying desperately to be funnier than his hat '' but praised Lloyd as the `` saving grace '' of the film . The New York Times critic Janet Maslin felt the film lacked any real plot , failed in its attempt at satire , should have included Myron 's only mentioned son and `` mostly wasted '' Hartman , while Levant 's direction was `` listless '' .",
"10": "Similarly , the BBC 's Neil Smith criticized the film 's script , its focus on the commercialization of Christmas , as well as Schwarzenegger 's performance which shows `` the comic timing of a dead moose , '' but singled out Hartman for praise . Chicago Tribune critic Michael Wilmington panned the film , wondering why the characters ( primarily Howard ) acted so illogically : `` Howard Langston is supposed to be a successful mattress manufacturer , but the movie paints him as a hot - tempered buffoon without a sensible idea in his head . '' Jack Garner of USA Today condemned the film , finding it more `` cynical '' than satirical , stating `` this painfully bad movie has been inspired strictly by the potential jingle of cash registers . '' He wrote of Levant 's directorial failure as he `` offers no ... sense of comic timing , '' while `` pauses in the midst of much of the dialogue are downright painful . '' Trevor Johnston suggested that the film `` seems to mark a point of decline in the Schwarzenegger career arc '' and the anti-consumerism message largely failed , with `` Jim Belushi 's corrupt mall Santa with his stolen - goods warehouse ... provid ( ing ) the film 's sole flash of dark humour . '' IGN 's Mike Drucker praised its subject matter as `` one of the few holiday movies to directly deal with the commercialization of Christmas '' although felt the last twenty minutes of the film let it down , as the first hour or so had `` some family entertainment '' value if taken with a `` grain of salt '' . He concluded the film was `` a member of the so - corny - its - good genre , '' while `` Arnold delivers plenty of one - liners ripe for sound board crank callers . '' Jamie Malanowski of The New York Times praised the film 's satirical premise but felt it was `` full of unrealized potential '' because `` the filmmakers ( wrongly ) equate mayhem with humor . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half stars , writing that he `` liked a lot of the movie '' , which he thought had `` energy '' and humor which would have mass audience appeal . He was , though , disappointed by `` its relentlessly materialistic view of Christmas , and by the choice to go with action and ( mild ) violence over dialogue and plot . ''",
"11": "Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures concluded that while the film is not very good , as a form of family entertainment it is `` surprisingly fun . '' Brian Levant was nominated for the Razzie Award for Worst Director , but lost to Andrew Bergman for Striptease ; Sinbad , however , won the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor in a Family film . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 1998 , Murray Hill Publishing sued 20th Century Fox for $150,000 , claiming that the idea for the film was stolen from a screenplay they had purchased from high school teacher Brian Webster entitled Could This Be Christmas ? . They said the script had 36 similarities with Jingle All the Way , including the plot , dialogue and character names . Murray Hill President Bob Laurel bought the script from Webster in 1993 , and sent it to Fox and other studios in 1994 but received no response and claimed the idea was copied by Kornfield , who was Fox 's script reader . In 2001 , Fox were found guilty of stealing the idea and ordered to pay $19 million ( $15 million in damages and $4 million in legal costs ) to Murray Hill , with Webster to receive a portion . Laurel died a few months after the verdict , before receiving any of the money . On appeal , the damages figure was lowered to $1.5 million , before the verdict itself was quashed in 2004 after a judge decided the idea was not stolen , as Fox had bought Kornfield 's screenplay before he or anybody else at Fox had read Could This Be Christmas ? . Sequel ( edit ) A stand - alone sequel , Jingle All the Way 2 , was released straight - to - DVD in December 2014 . Directed by Alex Zamm and produced by WWE Studios and 20th Century Fox , the film has a similar plot to the original , but is otherwise not connected and none of the original cast or characters returned . The lead roles were instead played by Larry the Cable Guy and Santino Marella . See also ( edit ) Jingle All the Way ( disambiguation ) `` Jingle Bells '' , popular traditional winter holiday song References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( 1996 - 11 - 07 ) .",
"12": "`` Arnold Plans Visit With ' Jingle ' On Nov. 16 '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. 1D . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( 1996 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Toyless Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley , Beth ( 1996 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Toy - hunt madness Gotta - get - it - gifts send parents into seasonal frenzy '' . USA Today . p. 1D . ^ Jump up to : Seiler , Andy ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) . `` ' Jingle ' director inspired by his own great toy chase '' . USA Today . p. 1D . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Bob ( 1996 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Sales Pitch Or Satire ? - Schwarzenegger 's Turbo Man Quest Spotlights Commercialism In ' Jingle ' '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . p . L7 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( 1996 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Got a goofy movie idea ? Give Levant a jingle '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p . Showcase 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( 1996 - 05 - 17 ) . `` The Apes of Wrath '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Neil ( 2000 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Jingle All The Way ( 1996 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( 1996 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Laughing All The Way / / ' Jingle ' Stars Say Making Movies In The Twin Cities Was Good Sledding -- After They Made Their Own Snow '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . p. 1E . ^ Jump up to : `` Fall Movie Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1996 - 08 - 23 .",
"13": "Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Stephen ( 1996 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Sinbad leaps at the chance to go postal in ' Jingle All the Way ' '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mike ( 1996 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Response by G.I. 's Mixed As Hillary Clinton Visits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Strickler , Jeff ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Schwarzenegger loves the laughs best '' . Star - Tribune . p. 01E . ^ Jump up to : Covert , Colin ; Strickler , Jeff ( 1996 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Move along , Minnesotans , it 's only a movie superstar '' . Star Tribune . p. 01B . ^ Jump up to : Strickler , Jeff ( 1996 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Twin Cities gets two thumbs up from ' Jingle ' cast '' . Star Tribune . p. 01B . ^ Jump up to : Kahn , Aron ( 1996 - 04 - 04 ) . `` St. Paul Pumps Up For Schwarzenegger Arnold And Crew Set To Begin Filming ' Jingle All The Way ' In Twin Cities '' . Grand Forks Herald . p . D5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jingle All the Way : Production Notes '' . Twentieth Century Fox & Five Star Publishing . 1996 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( 1996 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Columbus Fine - Tuning ' All The Way ' to Deadline '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . p . L2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jingle All the Way ( TVT ) '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Jingle All The Way : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Haymes , Greg ( 1996 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Cranking Up Christmas Holiday Music A Sound Idea For Stocking Stuffers '' . The Times Union . p . P2 . Jump up ^ `` Jingle All the Way Soundtrack '' . SoundtrackNet . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jingle All the Way '' . Box Office Mojo. 22 November 1996 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Hill Publications , Inc. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation '' . Federal Reporter. 2004 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jingle All the Way '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New '' . St. Petersburg Times . 1997 - 09 - 05 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Bill ( 1998 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Paramount , Fox Entering DVD Market '' . The Virginian - Pilot . p . E3 . ^ Jump up to : Drucker , Mike ( 2004 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Jingle All the Way '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( 2007 - 10 - 18 ) . `` New DVDs offer a few gems '' . The Deseret News . p . C05 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Kevin . `` Jingle All The Way : Family Fun Edition '' . 7M Pictures . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Turner , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Digital Views '' . Decatur Daily Democrat . p. 2A .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Jingle All the Way '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Levy , Emmanuel ( 1996 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Jingle All the Way '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Neil . `` Jingle All The Way ( PG ) '' . Empire . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Santa , Take That ! Need That Toy '' . The New York Times . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1996 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Yule Be Sorry -- Only Scrooge Coulf Enjoy Arnold Schwarzenegger 's Frantic , Laughless ' Jingle All The Way ' '' . Chicago Tribune . p. C . Jump up ^ Garner , Jack ( 1996 - 12 - 04 ) . `` ' Jingle All the Way ' : no bells or whistles '' . USA Today . p. arc . Jump up ^ Johnston , Trevor ( January 1997 ) . `` Jingle all the way '' . Sight & Sound . 7 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Malanowski , Jamie ( 1999 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Holiday Films : The Ghosts of Hollywood Past Continue to Cast Their Spell ; Remember : Life Is Not Always So Wonderful '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Jingle All The Way '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jury : Fox stole idea for ' Jingle All the Way ' '' .",
"16": "Jefferson City News - Tribune . 2001 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1998 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Film idea stolen , suit says '' . Daily Breeze . p . B2 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Accused of Stealing Plot '' . San Jose Mercury News . 1998 - 03 - 17 . p. 2A . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Neil ( 2001 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Jingle all way to bank ? Not yet '' . The Detroit News . p. 02A . Jump up ^ `` Fox loses legal fight over script '' . BBC News . 2001 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Finley , Nolan ( 2001 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Farewell to Bobby Laurel , the Last of the Two - Handed Set Shooters '' . The Detroit News . p. 17A . Jump up ^ `` Movie script not stolen , court rules '' . Chicago Tribune . 2004 - 03 - 21 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Munoz , Lorenza ( 2004 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Fox Wins Appeal of Decision Over Script '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) . `` WWE Studios and Fox Tag Team on Sequels to ' Jingle All the Way ' and ' The Marine ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 .",
"17": "External links ( edit ) Jingle All the Way on IMDb Jingle All the Way at AllMovie Jingle All the Way at the TCM Movie Database Jingle All the Way at the American Film Institute Catalog Jingle All the Way at Rotten Tomatoes Jingle All the Way at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Brian Levant Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo !",
"18": "Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Max 2 : White House Hero ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jingle_All_the_Way&oldid=818691888 '' Categories : 1996 films English - language films 1990s buddy films 1990s comedy films American films American buddy films American children 's comedy films American Christmas films Films about toys Films set in Minnesota Films shot in Minnesota Films shot in California 1492 Pictures films 20th Century Fox films Films directed by Brian Levant Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films scored by David Newman Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the term dog and pony show come from
|
[
"in the United States in the late-19th and early-20th centuries"
] |
{
"0": "Dog and Pony Show - Wikipedia Dog and Pony Show Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dog and pony show ( disambiguation ) . Advertisement for Prof. Gentry 's Dog and Pony Show , 1900 `` Dog and pony show '' is a colloquial term which has come to mean a highly promoted , often over-staged performance , presentation , or event designed to sway or convince opinion for political , or less often , commercial ends . Typically , the term is used in a pejorative sense to connote disdain , jocular lack of appreciation , or distrust of the message being presented or the efforts undertaken to present it . Origins ( edit ) The term was originally used in the United States in the late - 19th and early - 20th centuries to refer to small traveling circuses that toured through small towns and rural areas . The name derives from the common use of performing dogs and ponies as the main attractions of the events . Performances were generally held in open - air arenas , such as race tracks or public spaces in localities that were too small or remote to attract larger , more elaborate performers or performances . The most notorious was `` Prof. Gentry 's Famous Dog & Pony Show , '' started when teenager Henry Gentry and his brothers started touring in 1886 with their act , originally entitled `` Gentry 's Equine and Canine Paradox . '' It started small , but evolved into a full circus show . Other early dog and pony shows included Morris ' Equine and Canine Paradoxes ( 1883 ) and Hurlburt 's Dog and Pony Show ( late 1880s ) . By the latter part of the 20th century , the original meaning of the term had been largely lost . See also ( edit ) Medicine show Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cabana , Paul ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` The Dog and Pony Show Must Go On ! '' . Fast Company . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Dog and Pony Show '' . Simply Circus / CircusNews.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Circus : Gentry Bros.",
"1": "Shows , 1887 - 1922 '' . The Circus In America 1793 - 1940 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25 . This United States -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_and_pony_show&oldid=818065541 '' Categories : Slang Entertainment in the United States United States stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 09 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is recognized as the founder of islam
|
[
"Muhammad",
"the Islamic prophet Muhammad",
"Muhammad"
] |
{
"0": "History of Islam - wikipedia History of Islam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the history of Islam as a culture and polity . For a history of the Islamic faith , see Islamic schools and branches . Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Tafsir Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( hide ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Social welfare Women Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The history of Islam concerns the political , economic , social , and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization . Despite concerns about the reliability of early sources , most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century . Muslims however believe that it did not start with Muhammad , but that it was the original faith of others whom they regard as Prophets , such as Jesus , David , Moses , Abraham , Noah and Adam . In 610 CE , Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations . Muhammad 's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from notables of Mecca . In 618 , after he lost protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib , Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib ( Medina ) . With Muhammad 's death in 632 , disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community which was eventually resurrected leading to the First Fitna .",
"1": "The dispute would intensify greatly after the Battle of Karbala , in which Muhammad 's grandson Hussein ibn Ali was killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I , and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community . By the 8th century , the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus river in the east . Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyads ( in the Middle East and later in Iberia ) , Abbasids , Fatimids , and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world . The Islamic civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable astronomers , mathematicians , doctors and philosophers during the Golden Age of Islam . In the early 13th century , the Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent . In the 13th and 14th centuries , destructive Mongol invasions from the East , along with the loss of population in the Black Death , greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Islamic world , stretching from Persia to Egypt , but in the Early Modern period , the Ottomans , the Safavids , and the Mughals were able to create new world powers again . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , most parts of the Muslim world fell under the influence or direct control of European `` Great Powers . '' Their efforts to win independence and build modern nation states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 2 Early sources 3 Islamic origins 4 Rashidun Caliphate 5 Umayyad Caliphate 6 Middle East during the Golden Age 6.1 Abbasid Caliphate 6.1. 1 Golden Baghdad Abbasids 6.1. 2 Rise of regional powers 6.1. 3 High Baghdad Abbasids 6.1. 4 Middle Baghdad Abbasids 6.1. 5 Late Baghdad Abbasids 6.1. 6 Cairo Abbasid Caliphs 6.2 Fatimid Caliphate 6.2.",
"2": "1 Fatimid caliphs 6.3 The Crusades 6.4 Ayyubid dynasty 6.4. 1 Sultans of Egypt 6.4. 2 Sultans and Amirs of Damascus 6.4. 3 Emirs of Aleppo 7 Mongol period 7.1 Mongol invasions 7.2 Islamic Mongol empires 7.3 Mamluk Sultanate 7.3. 1 Bahri Sultans 7.3. 2 Burji Sultans 8 Al - Andalus 8.1 Emirs of Al - Andalus 8.1. 1 Caliphs of Al - Andalus 8.1. 2 Almoravid Ifriqiyah and Iberia 8.1. 3 Almohad caliphs 9 Islam in Africa 9.1 Maghreb 9.2 Horn of Africa 9.3 Great Lakes 10 Islam in East and South Asia 10.1 Southeast Asia 10.2 Indian Subcontinent 10.3 China 11 Early Modern period 11.1 Ottoman Empire 11.2 Safavid Empire 11.3 Mughal Empire 12 Modern period 12.1 Ottoman Empire partition 12.2 Arab -- Israeli conflict 12.3 Other Islamic affairs 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Muslim history The following timeline can serve as a rough visual guide to the most important polities in the Islamic world prior to the First World War . It covers major historical centers of power and culture , including Arabia , Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ) , Persia ( modern Iran ) , Levant ( modern Syria , Lebanon , Jordan and Israel / Palestine ) , Egypt , Maghreb ( north - west Africa ) , al - Andalus ( Iberia ) , Transoxania ( Central Asia ) , Hindustan ( including modern Pakistan ) , and Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) .",
"3": "It is necessarily an approximation , since rule over some regions was sometimes divided among different centers of power , and authority in larger polities was often distributed among several dynasties . For example , during the later stages of the Abbasid Caliphate , even the capital city of Baghdad was effectively ruled by other dynasties such as the Buyyids and the Seljuks , while the Ottomans commonly delegated executive authority over outlying provinces to local potentates , such as the Deys of Algiers , the Beys of Tunis , and the Mamluks of Iraq . Dates are approximate , consult particular articles for details . Early sources ( edit ) Main article : Historiography of early Islam The study of the earliest periods in Islamic history is made difficult by a lack of sources . For example , the most important historiographical source for the origins of Islam is the work of al - Tabari . While al - Tabari was an excellent historian by the standards of his time and place , use of his work as a source is problematic for two reasons . For one , his style of historical writing permitted liberal use of mythical , legendary , stereotyped , distorted , and polemical presentations of its subject matter . Second , al - Tabari 's descriptions of the beginning of Islam post-date the events by a large amount of time , al - Tabari having died in 923 CE . Differing views about how to deal with the available sources has led to the development of four different approaches to the history of early Islam . All four methods have some level of support today . The descriptive method uses the outlines of Islamic traditions , while being adjusted for the stories of miracles and faith - centred claims within those sources . Edward Gibbon and Gustav Weil represent some of the first historians following the descriptive method . On the source critical method , a comparison of all the sources is sought in order to identify which informants to the sources are weak and thereby distinguish spurious material . The work of William Montgomery Watt and that of Wilferd Madelung are two source critical examples . On the tradition critical method , the sources are believed to be based on oral traditions with unclear origins and transmission history , and so are treated very cautiously . Ignaz Goldziher was the pioneer of the tradition critical method , and Uri Rubin gives a contemporary example .",
"4": "The skeptical method doubts nearly all of the material in the traditional sources , regarding any possible historical core as too difficult to decipher from distorted and fabricated material . An early example of the skeptical method was the work of John Wansbrough . Nowadays , the popularity of the different methods employed varies on the scope of the works under consideration . For overview treatments of the history of early Islam , the descriptive approach is more popular . For scholars who look at the beginnings of Islam in depth , the source critical and tradition critical methods are more often followed . After the 8th century CE , the quality of sources improves . Those sources which treated earlier times with a large temporal and cultural gap now begin to give accounts which are more contemporaneous , the quality of genre of available historical accounts improves , and new documentary sources -- such as official documents , correspondence and poetry -- appear . For the time prior to the beginning of Islam -- in the 6th century CE -- sources are superior as well , if still of mixed quality . In particular , the sources covering the Sasanian realm of influence in the 6th century CE are poor , while the sources for Byzantine areas at the time are of a respectable quality , and complemented by Syriac Christian sources for Syria and Iraq . Islamic origins ( edit ) Main articles : Pre-Islamic Arabia , Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia , Muhammad , and Quran See also : Early social changes under Islam Arabia united under Muhammad Islam arose within the context of Late Antiquity . The second half of the sixth century was a period of political disorder in Arabia and communication routes were no longer secure . Religious divisions were an important cause of the crisis . Judaism became the dominant religion of Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen while Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf . While much of Arabia remained polytheistic , in line with broader trends of the age there was yearning for a more spiritual form of religion . Many were reluctant to convert to a foreign faith , but those faiths provided intellectual and spiritual reference points , and the old pagan vocabulary of Arabic began to be replaced by Jewish and Christian loanwords from Aramaic throughout the peninsula . On the eve of the Islamic era , Quraysh was the chief tribe of Mecca and a dominant force in western Arabia .",
"5": "To counter the effects of anarchy , they upheld the institution of `` sacred months '' when all violence was forbidden and travel was safe . The polytheistic Kaaba shrine in Mecca and the surrounding area was a popular pilgrimage destination , which had significant economic consequences for the city . According to tradition , the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca around the year 570 . His family belonged to the Quraysh . When he was about forty years old , he began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations delivered through the angel Gabriel , which would later form the Quran , enjoining him to proclaim a strict monotheistic faith , warn his compatriots of the impending Judgement Day , and castigate social injustices of his city . Muhammad 's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from notables of Mecca . In 618 , after he lost protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib , Muhammad took flight to the city of Yathrib ( subsequently called Medina ) where he was joined by his followers . Later generations would count this event , known as the hijra , as the start of the Islamic era . In Yathrib , where he was accepted as an arbitrator among the different communities of the city under the terms of the Constitution of Medina , Muhammad began to lay the foundations of the new Islamic society , with the help of new Quranic verses which provided guidance on matters of law and religious observance . The surahs of this period emphasized his place among the long line of Biblical prophets , but also differentiated the message of the Quran from Christianity and Judaism . Armed conflict with Meccans and Jewish tribes of the Yathrib area soon broke out . After a series of military confrontations and political maneuvers , Muhammad was able to secure control of Mecca and allegiance of the Quraysh in 629 . In the time remaining until his death in 632 , tribal chiefs across the peninsula entered into various agreements with him , some under terms of alliance , others acknowledging his prophethood and agreeing to follow Islamic practices , including paying the alms levy to his government , which consisted of a number of deputies , an army of believers , and a public treasury . A few months before his death , Muhammad delivered a sermon regarding his succession .",
"6": "The final verse of the Qur'an ( Chapter 5 , Verse 3 ) was revealed after Muhammad finished his sermon . On the orders of Muhammad , many Muslims , including Abu Bakr , Umar , and Uthman pledged allegiance to Ali at this event . Rashidun Caliphate ( edit ) Main article : Rashidun Caliphate The Rashidun caliphate After Muhammad died , a series of four Caliphs governed the Islamic state : Abu Bakr ( 632 -- 634 ) , Umar ibn al - Khattab ( Umar І , 634 -- 644 ) , Uthman ibn Affan , ( 644 -- 656 ) , and Ali ibn Abi Talib ( 656 -- 661 ) . These leaders are known as the `` Rashidun '' or `` rightly guided '' Caliphs in Sunni Islam . They oversaw the initial phase of the Muslim conquests , advancing through Persia , Levant , Egypt , and North Africa . After Muhammad 's death , Abu Bakr , one of his closest associates , was chosen as the first caliph ( Arabic : خَليفة khalīfah , lit . successor ) . Although the office of caliph retained an aura of religious authority , it laid no claim to prophecy . A number of tribal leaders refused to extend agreements made with Muhammad to Abu Bakr , ceasing payments of the alms levy and in some cases claiming to be prophets in their own right . Abu Bakr asserted his authority in a successful military campaign known as the Ridda wars , whose momentum was carried into the lands of the Byzantine and Sasanian empires . By the end of the reign of the second caliph , Umar I , Arab armies , whose battle - hardened ranks were now swelled by the defeated rebels and former imperial auxiliary troops , conquered the Byzantine provinces of Syria and Egypt , while the Sassanids lost their western territories , with the rest to follow soon afterwards . Umar improved administration of the fledgling empire , ordering improvement of irrigation networks and playing a role in foundation of cities like Basra . To be close to the poor , he lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening .",
"7": "After consulting with the poor , Umar established the Bayt al - mal , a welfare institution for the Muslim and non-Muslim poor , needy , elderly , orphans , widows , and the disabled . The Bayt al - mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era . Umar also introduced child benefit for the children and pensions for the elderly . When he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth or did not meet the required administrative standards , he had him removed from his position . The expansion was partially halted between 638 -- 639 during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant , respectively , but by the end of Umar 's reign , Syria , Egypt , Mesopotamia , and much of Persia were incorporated into the Islamic State . The western parts of the Byzantine empire conquered by Arabs Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians , who lived as religious minorities and were taxed ( while Muslims paid `` Zakat '' ) to finance the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians , resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests . As new areas were conquered , they also benefited from free trade with other areas of the growing Islamic state , where , to encourage commerce , taxes were applied to wealth rather than trade . The Muslims paid Zakat on their wealth for the benefit of the poor . Since the Constitution of Medina , drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad , the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws and had their own judges . To assist in the quick expansion of the state , the Byzantine and the Persian tax collection systems were maintained and the people paid a poll tax lower than the one imposed under the Byzantines and the Persians . In 639 , Muawiyah I was appointed as the governor of Syria after the previous governor died in a plague along with 25,000 other people .",
"8": "To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab -- Byzantine wars , in 649 Muawiyah I set up a navy , manned by Monophysitise Christians , Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops , which defeated the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655 , opening up the Mediterranean to Muslim ships . Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they may get attracted to wealth and luxury , moving away from the worship of God , accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties . Staying in these encampments away from the cities also ensured that there was no stress on the local populations which could remain autonomous . Some of these encampments later grew into cities like Basra and Kufa in Iraq and Fustat in Egypt . When Umar was assassinated in 644 , Uthman ibn Affan became the next caliph . As the Arabic language is written without vowels , speakers of different Arabic dialects and other languages recited the Quran with phonetic variations that could alter the meaning of the text . When Uthman ibn Affan became aware of this , he ordered a standard copy of the Quran to be prepared . Begun during his reign , the compilation of the Quran was finished some time between 650 and 656 , and copies were sent out to the different centers of the expanding Islamic empire . The Quran and Muhammad discussed racial equality and justice ( notably in Muhammad 's Farewell Sermon ) , discouraging tribal and nationalistic differences . However , after Muhammad 's death , the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface . Following the Roman -- Persian Wars and the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars deep - rooted differences between Iraq ( formerly under the Persian Sassanid Empire ) and Syria ( formerly under the Byzantine Empire ) also existed . Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area . As Uthman ibn Affan became very old , Marwan I a relative of Muawiyah I slipped into the vacuum , becoming his secretary and slowly assuming more control . When Uthman was assassinated in 656 , Ali ibn Abi Talib , a cousin and son - in - law of Muhammad , assumed the position of caliph and moved the capital to Kufa in Iraq .",
"9": "Muawiyah I , the governor of Syria , and Marwan I demanded arrest of the culprits . Marwan I manipulated every one and created conflict , which resulted in the first civil war ( the `` First Fitna '' ) . Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661 . Six months later in 661 , in the interest of peace , Ali 's son Hasan , made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan -- Muawiya treaty , Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he would be just to the people and not establish a dynasty after his death . Muawiyah subsequently broke the conditions of the agreement and established the Umayyad dynasty , with a capital in Damascus . Husayn ibn Ali , by then Muhammad 's only living grandson , refused to swear allegiance to the Umayyads . He was killed in the Battle of Karbala the same year , in an event still mourned by Shia on the Day of Ashura . Unrest , called the Second Fitna continued , but Muslim rule was extended under Muawiyah to Rhodes , Crete , Kabul , Bukhara , and Samarkand , and expanded in North Africa . In 664 , Arab armies conquered Kabul , and in 665 pushed into the Maghreb . Umayyad Caliphate ( edit ) Main article : Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad caliphate The Umayyad dynasty ( or Ommiads ) , whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams , the great - grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph , ruled from 661 to 750 . Although the Umayyad family came from the city of Mecca , Damascus was the capital . After the death of Abdu'l - Rahman ibn Abu Bakr in 666 , Muawiyah I consolidated his power . Muawiyah I moved his capital to Damascus from Medina , which led to profound changes in the empire . In the same way , at a later date , the transfer of the Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad marked the accession of a new family to power . As the state grew , the state expenses increased .",
"10": "Additionally the Bayt al - mal and the Welfare State expenses to assist the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor , needy , elderly , orphans , widows , and the disabled , increased , the Umayyads asked the new converts ( mawali ) to continue paying the poll tax . The Umayyad rule , with its wealth and luxury also seemed at odds with the Islamic message preached by Muhammad . All this increased discontent . The descendants of Muhammad 's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al - Muttalib rallied discontented mawali , poor Arabs , and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of the general Abu Muslim , inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750 , which moved the capital to Baghdad . A branch of the Ummayad family fled across North Africa to Al - Andalus , where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba , which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al - Andalus . The Bayt al - mal , the Welfare State then continued under the Abbasids . At its largest extent , the Umayyad dynasty covered more than 5,000,000 square miles ( 13,000,000 km ) making it one of the largest empires the world had yet seen , and the fifth largest contiguous empire ever . Muawiyah beautified Damascus , and developed a court to rival that of Constantinople . He expanded the frontiers of the empire , reaching the edge of Constantinople at one point , though the Byzantines drove him back and he was unable to hold any territory in Anatolia . Sunni Muslims credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post-civil war anarchy . However , Shia Muslims accuse him of instigating the war , weakening the Muslim nation by dividing the Ummah , fabricating self - aggrandizing heresies slandering the Prophet 's family and even selling his Muslim critics into slavery in the Byzantine empire . One of Muawiyah 's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son Yazid as his successor . According to Shi'a doctrine , this was a clear violation of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali .",
"11": "The Mosque of Uqba ( Great Mosque of Kairouan ) , founded by the Umayyad general Uqba Ibn Nafi in 670 CE , is the oldest and most prestigious mosque in the Muslim West ; its present form dates from the 9th century , Kairouan , Tunisia . In 682 CE Yazid restored Uqba ibn Nafi as the governor of North Africa . Uqba won battles against the Berbers and Byzantines . From there Uqba marched thousands of miles westward towards Tangier , where he reached the Atlantic coast , and then marched eastwards through the Atlas Mountains . With about 300 cavalrymen , he proceeded towards Biskra where he was ambushed by a Berber force under Kaisala . Uqba and all his men died fighting . The Berbers attacked and drove Muslims from north Africa for a period . Weakened by the civil wars , the Umayyad lost supremacy at sea , and had to abandon the islands of Rhodes and Crete . Under the rule of Yazid I , some Muslims in Kufa began to think that if Husayn ibn Ali the descendent of Muhammad was their ruler , he would have been more just . He was invited to Kufa but was later betrayed and killed . Imam Husain 's son , Imam Ali ibn Husain , was imprisoned along with Husain 's sister and other ladies left in Karbala war . Due to opposition by public they were later released and allowed to go to their native place Medina . One Imam after another continued in the generation of Imam Husain but they were opposed by the Caliphs of the day as their rivals till Imam Abdullah al - Mahdi Billah came in power as first Caliph of Fatimid in North Africa when Caliphate and Imamate came to same person again after Imam Ali . These Imams were recognized by Shia Islam taking Imam Ali as first Caliph / Imam and the same is institutionalised by the Safavids and many similar institutions named now as Ismaili , Twelver etc . The period under Muawiya II was marked by civil wars ( Second Fitna ) . This would ease in the reign of Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan , a well - educated and capable ruler .",
"12": "Despite the many political problems that impeded his rule , all important records were translated into Arabic . In his reign , a currency for the Muslim world was minted . This led to war with the Byzantine Empire under Justinian II ( Battle of Sebastopolis ) in 692 in Asia Minor . The Byzantines were decisively defeated by the Caliph after the defection of a large contingent of Slavs . The Islamic currency was then made the exclusive currency in the Muslim world . He reformed agriculture and commerce . Abd al - Malik consolidated Muslim rule and extended it , made Arabic the state language , and organized a regular postal service . Umayyad army invades France after conquering the Iberian Peninsula Al - Walid I began the next stage of Islamic conquests . Under him the early Islamic empire reached its farthest extent . He reconquered parts of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire and moved on into Carthage and across to the west of North Africa . Muslim armies under Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and began to conquer the Iberian Peninsula using North African Berber armies . The Visigoths of the Iberian Peninsula were defeated when the Umayyad conquered Lisbon . The Iberian Peninsula was the farthest extent of Islamic control of Europe ( they were stopped at the Battle of Tours ) . In the east , Islamic armies under Muhammad bin Qasim made it as far as the Indus Valley . Under Al - Walid , the caliphate empire stretched from the Iberian Peninsula to India . Al - Hajjaj ibn Yusuf played a crucial role in the organization and selection of military commanders . Al - Walid paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military , building the strongest navy in the Umayyad era. , This tactic was crucial for the expansion to the Iberian Peninsula . His reign is considered to be the apex of Islamic power . Sulayman ibn Abd al - Malik was hailed as caliph the day al - Walid died . He appointed Yazid ibn al - Muhallab governor of Mesopotamia .",
"13": "Sulayman ordered the arrest and execution of the family of al - Hajjaj , one of two prominent leaders ( the other was Qutayba ibn Muslim ) who had supported the succession of al - Walid 's son Yazid , rather than Sulayman . Al - Hajjaj had predeceased al - Walid , so he posed no threat . Qutaibah renounced allegiance to Sulayman , though his troops rejected his appeal to revolt . They killed him and sent his head to Sulayman . Sulayman did not move to Damascus on becoming Caliph , remaining in Ramla . Sulayman sent Maslama ibn Abd al - Malik to attack the Byzantine capital ( siege of Constantinople ) . The intervention of Bulgaria on the Byzantine side proved decisive . The Muslims sustained heavy losses . Sulayman died suddenly in 717 . Yazid II came to power on the death of Umar II . Yazid fought the Kharijites , with whom Umar had been negotiating , and killed the Kharijite leader Shawdhab . In Yazid 's reign , civil wars began in different parts of the empire . Yazid expanded the Caliphate 's territory into the Caucasus , before dying in 724 . Inheriting the caliphate from his brother , Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik ruled an empire with many problems . He was effective in addressing these problems , and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity . His long rule was an effective one , and renewed reforms introduced by Umar II . Under Hisham 's rule , regular raids against the Byzantines continued . In North Africa , Kharijite teachings combined with local restlessness to produce the Berber Revolt . He was also faced with a revolt by Zayd ibn Ali . Hisham suppressed both revolts . The Abbasids continued to gain power in Khurasan and Iraq . However , they were not strong enough to make a move yet . Some were caught and punished or executed by eastern governors . The Battle of Akroinon , a decisive Byzantine victory , was during the final campaign of the Umayyad dynasty . Hisham died in 743 .",
"14": "Al - Walid II saw political intrigue during his reign . Yazid III spoke out against his cousin Walid 's `` immorality '' which included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab Muslims , and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya ( believers in human free will ) . Walid was shortly thereafter deposed in a coup . Yazid disbursed funds from the treasury and acceded to the Caliph . He explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna . Yazid reigned for only six months , while various groups refused allegiance and dissident movements arose , after which he died . Ibrahim ibn al - Walid , named heir apparent by his brother Yazid III , ruled for a short time in 744 , before he abdicated . Marwan II ruled from 744 until he was killed in 750 . He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus . Marwan named his two sons Ubaydallah and Abdallah heirs . He appointed governors and asserted his authority by force . Anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent , especially in Iran and Iraq . The Abbasids had gained much support . Marwan 's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together . His death signalled the end of Umayyad rule in the East , and was followed by the massacre of Umayyads by the Abbasids . Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed , except for the talented prince Abd al - Rahman who escaped to the Iberian Peninsula and founded a dynasty there . Middle East during the Golden age ( edit ) Main article : Islamic Golden Age Abbasid Caliphate ( edit ) Main article : Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid caliphate The Abbasid dynasty rose to power in 750 , consolidating the gains of the earlier Caliphates . Initially , they conquered Mediterranean islands including the Balearics and , after , in 827 the Sicily . The ruling party had come to power on the wave of dissatisfaction with the Umayyads , cultivated by the Abbasid revolutionary Abu Muslim . Under the Abbasids Islamic civilization flourished .",
"15": "Most notable was the development of Arabic prose and poetry , termed by The Cambridge History of Islam as its `` golden age '' . Commerce and industry ( considered a Muslim Agricultural Revolution ) and the arts and sciences ( considered a Muslim Scientific Revolution ) also prospered under Abbasid caliphs al - Mansur ( ruled 754 -- 775 ) , Harun al - Rashid ( ruled 786 -- 809 ) , al - Ma'mun ( ruled 809 -- 813 ) and their immediate successors . The capital was moved from Damascus to Baghdad , due to the importance placed by the Abbasids upon eastern affairs in Persia and Transoxania . At this time the caliphate showed signs of fracture amid the rise of regional dynasties . Although the Umayyad family had been killed by the revolting Abbasids , one family member , Abd ar - Rahman I , escaped to Spain and established an independent caliphate there in 756 . In the Maghreb , Harun al - Rashid appointed the Arab Aghlabids as virtually autonomous rulers , although they continued to recognise central authority . Aghlabid rule was short - lived , and they were deposed by the Shiite Fatimid dynasty in 909 . By around 960 , the Fatimids had conquered Abbasid Egypt , building a capital there in 973 called `` al - Qahirah '' ( meaning `` the planet of victory '' , known today as Cairo ) . In Persia the Turkic Ghaznavids snatched power from the Abbasids . Abbasid influence had been consumed by the Great Seljuq Empire ( a Muslim Turkish clan which had migrated into mainland Persia ) by 1055 . Expansion continued , sometimes by force , sometimes by peaceful proselytising . The first stage in the conquest of India began just before the year 1000 . By some 200 ( from 1193 -- 1209 ) years later , the area up to the Ganges river had fallen . In sub-Saharan West Africa , Islam was established just after the year 1000 . Muslim rulers were in Kanem starting from sometime between 1081 and 1097 , with reports of a Muslim prince at the head of Gao as early as 1009 . The Islamic kingdoms associated with Mali reached prominence in the 13th century .",
"16": "The Abbasids developed initiatives aimed at greater Islamic unity . Different sects of the Islamic faith and mosques , separated by doctrine , history , and practice , were pushed to cooperate . The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking the Umayyads ' moral character and administration . According to Ira Lapidus , `` The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs , mainly the aggrieved settlers of Marw with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali '' . The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims , known as mawali , who remained outside the kinship - based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire . Islamic ecumenism , promoted by the Abbasids , refers to the idea of unity of the Ummah in the literal meaning : that there was a single faith . Islamic philosophy developed as the Shariah was codified , and the four Madhabs were established . This era also saw the rise of classical Sufism . Religious achievements included completion of the canonical collections of Hadith of Sahih Bukhari and others . Islam recognized to a certain extent the validity of the Abrahamic religions , the Quran identifying Jews , Christians , Zoroastrians , and `` Sabi'un '' or `` baptists '' ( usually taken as a reference to the Mandeans and related Mesopotamian groups ) as `` people of the book '' . Toward the beginning of the high Middle Ages , the doctrines of the Sunni and Shia , two major denominations of Islam , solidified and the divisions of the world theologically would form . These trends would continue into the Fatimid and Ayyubid periods . Politically , the Abbasid Caliphate evolved into an Islamic monarchy ( unitary system of government . ) The regional Sultanate and Emirate governors ' existence , validity , or legality were acknowledged for unity of the state . In the early Islamic philosophy of the Iberian Umayyads , Averroes presented an argument in The Decisive Treatise , providing a justification for the emancipation of science and philosophy from official Ash'ari theology ; thus , Averroism has been considered a precursor to modern secularism .",
"17": "Golden Baghdad Abbasids ( edit ) Early Middle Ages According to Arab sources in the year 750 , Al - Saffah , the founder of the Abbasid Caliphate , launched a massive rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate from the province of Khurasan near Talas . After eliminating the entire Umayyad family and achieving victory at the Battle of the Zab , Al - Saffah and his forces marched into Damascus and founded a new dynasty . His forces confronted many regional powers and consolidated the realm of the Abbasid Caliphate . In Al - Mansur 's time , Persian scholarship emerged . Many non-Arabs converted to Islam . The Umayyads actively discouraged conversion in order to continue the collection of the jizya , or the tax on non-Muslims . Islam nearly doubled within its territory from 8 % of residents in 750 to 15 % by the end of Al - Mansur 's reign . Al - Mahdi , whose name means `` Rightly - guided '' or `` Redeemer '' , was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed . Baghdad blossomed during Al - Mahdi 's reign , becoming the world 's largest city . It attracted immigrants from Arabia , Iraq , Syria , Persia and as far away as India and Spain . Baghdad was home to Christians , Jews , Hindus , and Zoroastrians , in addition to the growing Muslim population . Like his father , Al - Hadi was open to his people and allowed citizens to address him in the palace at Baghdad . He was considered an `` enlightened ruler '' , and continued the policies of his Abbasid predecessors . His short rule was plagued by military conflicts and internal intrigue . An Arabic manuscript written under the second half of the Abbasid Era . The military conflicts subsided as Harun al - Rashid ruled . His reign was marked by scientific , cultural and religious prosperity . He established the library Bayt al - Hikma ( `` House of Wisdom '' ) , and the arts and music flourished during his reign . The Barmakid family played a decisive advisorial role in establishing the Caliphate , but declined during Rashid 's rule .",
"18": "Al - Amin received the Caliphate from his father Harun Al - Rashid , but failed to respect the arrangements made for his brothers , leading to the Fourth Fitna . Al - Ma'mun 's general Tahir ibn Husayn took Baghdad , executing Al - Amin . The war led to a loss of prestige for the dynasty . Rise of regional powers ( edit ) Regional powers born out of the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate The Abbasids soon became caught in a three - way rivalry among Coptic Arabs , Indo - Persians , and immigrant Turks . In addition , the cost of running a large empire became too great . The Turks , Egyptians , and Arabs adhered to the Sunnite sect ; the Persians , a great portion of the Turkic groups , and several of the princes in India were Shia . The political unity of Islam began to disintegrate . Under the influence of the Abbasid caliphs , independent dynasties appeared in the Muslim world and the caliphs recognized such dynasties as legitimately Muslim . The first was the Tahirid dynasty in Khorasan , which was founded during the caliph Al - Ma'mun 's reign . Similar dynasties included the Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids and Seljuqs . During this time , advancements were made in the areas of astronomy , poetry , philosophy , science , and mathematics . High Baghdad Abbasids ( edit ) Early Middle Ages Upon Al - Amin 's death , Al - Ma'mun became Caliph . Al - Ma'mun extended the Abbasid empire 's territory during his reign and dealt with rebellions . Al - Ma'mun had been named governor of Khurasan by Harun , and after his ascension to power , the caliph named Tahir as governor of his military services in order to assure his loyalty . Tahir and his family became entrenched in Iranian politics and became powerful , frustrating Al - Ma'mun's desire to centralize and strengthen Caliphal power . The rising power of the Tahirid dynasty became a threat as Al - Ma'mun's own policies alienated them and other opponents . Al - Ma'mun worked to centralize power and ensure a smooth succession .",
"19": "Al - Mahdi proclaimed that the caliph was the protector of Islam against heresy , and also claimed the ability to declare orthodoxy . Religious scholars averred that Al - Ma'mun was overstepping his bounds in the Mihna , the Abbasid inquisition which he introduced in 833 four months before he died . The Ulama emerged as a force in Islamic politics during Al - Ma'mun's reign for opposing the inquisitions . The Ulema and the major Islamic law schools took shape in the period of Al - Ma'mun . In parallel , Sunnism became defined as a religion of laws . Doctrinal differences between Sunni and Shi'a Islam became more pronounced . During the Al - Ma'mun regime , border wars increased . Al - Ma'mun made preparations for a major campaign , but died while leading an expedition in Sardis . Al - Ma'mun gathered scholars of many religions at Baghdad , whom he treated well and with tolerance . He sent an emissary to the Byzantine Empire to collect the most famous manuscripts there , and had them translated into Arabic . His scientists originated alchemy . Shortly before his death , during a visit to Egypt in 832 , the caliph ordered the breaching of the Great Pyramid of Giza to search for knowledge and treasure . Workers tunneled in near where tradition located the original entrance . Al - Ma'mun later died near Tarsus under questionable circumstances and was succeeded by his half - brother , Al - Mu'tasim , rather than his son , Al - Abbas ibn Al - Ma'mun . As Caliph , Al - Mu'tasim promptly ordered the dismantling of al - Ma'mun's military base at Tyana . He faced Khurramite revolts . One of the most difficult problems facing this Caliph was the ongoing uprising of Babak Khorramdin . Al - Mu'tasim overcame the rebels and secured a significant victory . Byzantine emperor Theophilus launched an attack against Abbasid fortresses . Al - Mu'tasim sent Al - Afshin , who met and defeated Theophilus ' forces at the Battle of Anzen .",
"20": "On his return he became aware of a serious military conspiracy which forced him and his successors to rely upon Turkish commanders and ghilman slave - soldiers ( foreshadowing the Mamluk system ) . The Khurramiyyah were never fully suppressed , although they slowly declined during the reigns of succeeding Caliphs . Near the end of al - Mu'tasim's life there was an uprising in Palestine , but he defeated the rebels . During Al - Mu'tasim's reign , the Tahirid dynasty continued to grow in power . The Tahirids were exempted from many tribute and oversight functions . Their independence contributed to Abbasid decline in the east . Ideologically , al - Mu'tasim followed his half - brother al - Ma'mun . He continued his predecessor 's support for the Islamic Mu'tazila sect , applying brutal torture against the opposition . Arab mathematician Al - Kindi was employed by Al - Mu'tasim and tutored the Caliph 's son . Al - Kindi had served at the House of Wisdom and continued his studies in Greek geometry and algebra under the caliph 's patronage . Al - Wathiq succeeded his father . Al - Wathiq dealt with opposition in Arabia , Syria , Palestine and in Baghdad . Using a famous sword he personally joined the execution of the Baghdad rebels . The revolts were the result of an increasingly large gap between Arab populations and the Turkish armies . The revolts were put down , but antagonism between the two groups grew , as Turkish forces gained power . He also secured a captive exchange with the Byzantines . Al - Wathiq was a patron of scholars , as well as artists . He personally had musical talent and is reputed to have composed over one hundred songs . Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra . When Al - Wathiq died of high fever , Al - Mutawakkil succeeded him . Al - Mutawakkil 's reign is remembered for many reforms and is viewed as a golden age . He was the last great Abbasid caliph ; after his death the dynasty fell into decline . Al - Mutawakkil ended the Mihna . Al - Mutawakkil built the Great Mosque of Samarra as part of an extension of Samarra eastwards .",
"21": "During his reign , Al - Mutawakkil met famous Byzantine theologian Constantine the Philosopher , who was sent to strengthen diplomatic relations between the Empire and the Caliphate by Emperor Michael III . Al - Mutawakkil involved himself in religious debates , as reflected in his actions against minorities . The Shīʻi faced repression embodied in the destruction of the shrine of Hussayn ibn ʻAlī , an action that was ostensibly carried out to stop pilgrimages . Al - Mutawakkil continued to rely on Turkish statesmen and slave soldiers to put down rebellions and lead battles against foreign empires , notably capturing Sicily from the Byzantines . Al - Mutawakkil was assassinated by a Turkish soldier . Al - Muntasir succeeded to the Caliphate on the same day with the support of the Turkish faction , though he was implicated in the murder . The Turkish party had al - Muntasir remove his brothers from the line of succession , fearing revenge for the murder of their father . Both brothers wrote statements of abdication . During his reign , Al - Muntasir removed the ban on pilgrimage to the tombs of Hassan and Hussayn and sent Wasif to raid the Byzantines . Al - Muntasir died of unknown causes . The Turkish chiefs held a council to select his successor , electing Al - Musta'in . The Arabs and western troops from Baghdad were displeased at the choice and attacked . However , the Caliphate no longer depended on Arabian choice , but depended on Turkish support . After the failed Muslim campaign against the Christians , people blamed the Turks for bringing disaster on the faith and murdering their Caliphs . After the Turks besieged Baghdad , Al - Musta'in planned to abdicate to Al - Mu'tazz but was put to death by his order . Al - Mu'tazz was enthroned by the Turks , becoming the youngest Abbasaid Caliph to assume power .",
"22": "High Abbasids Jurisprudence Four constructions of Islamite law Abu Hanifa ( Iraq teacher ) Malik bin Anas ( Medina Imam ) Muhammad ibn Idris ash - Shafi ` i ( Egyptian Iman ) Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( Baghdad teacher ) Early Abbasids Literature and Science Hunayn ibn Ishaq , physician , Greek translator ; Ibn Fadlan , explorer ; Al Battani , astronomer ; Tabari , historian and theologian ; Al - Razi , philosopher , medic , chemist ; Al - Farabi , chemist and philosopher ; Abu Nasr Mansur , mathematician ; Alhazen , mathematician ; Al - Biruni , mathematician , astronomer , physicist ; Omar Khayyám , poet , mathematician , and astronomer ; Mansur Al - Hallaj , Sufism mystic , writer and teacher Al - Mu'tazz proved too apt a pupil of his Turkish masters , but was surrounded by parties jealous of each other . At Samarra , the Turks were having problems with the `` Westerns '' ( Berbers and Moors ) , while the Arabs and Persians at Baghdad , who had supported al - Musta'in , regarded both with equal hatred . Al - Mu'tazz put his brothers Al - Mu'eiyyad and Abu Ahmed to death . The ruler spent recklessly , causing a revolt of Turks , Africans , and Persians for their pay . Al - Mu'tazz was brutally deposed shortly thereafter . Al - Muhtadi became the next Caliph . He was firm and virtuous compared to the earlier Caliphs , though the Turks held the power . The Turks killed him soon after his ascension . Al - Mu'tamid followed , holding on for 23 years , though he was largely a ruler in name only . After the Zanj Rebellion , Al - Mu'tamid summoned al - Muwaffak to help him . Thereafter , Al - Muwaffaq ruled in all but name . The Hamdanid dynasty was founded by Hamdan ibn Hamdun when he was appointed governor of Mardin in Anatolia by the Caliphs in 890 . Al - Mu'tamid later transferred authority to his son , al - Mu'tadid , and never regained power .",
"23": "The Tulunids became the first independent state in Islamic Egypt , when they broke away during this time . Al - Mu'tadid ably administered the Caliphate . Egypt returned to allegiance and Mesopotamia was restored to order . He was tolerant towards Shi'i , but toward the Umayyad community he was not so just . Al - Mu'tadid was cruel in his punishments , some of which are not surpassed by those of his predecessors . For example , the Kharijite leader at Mosul was paraded about Baghdad clothed in a robe of silk , of which Kharijites denounced as sinful , and then crucified . Upon Al - Mu'tadid's death , his son by a Turkish slave - girl , Al - Muktafi , succeeded to the throne . Al - Muktafi became a favorite of the people for his generosity , and for abolishing his father 's secret prisons , the terror of Baghdad . During his reign , the Caliphate overcame threats such as the Carmathians . Upon Al - Muktafi 's death , the vazir next chose Al - Muqtadir . Al - Muqtadir 's reign was a constant succession of thirteen Vazirs , one rising on the fall or assassination of another . His long reign brought the Empire to its lowest ebb . Africa was lost , and Egypt nearly . Mosul threw off its dependence , and the Greeks raided across the undefended border . The East continued to formally recognise the Caliphate , including those who virtually claimed independence . At the end of the Early Baghdad Abbasids period , Empress Zoe Karbonopsina pressed for an armistice with Al - Muqtadir and arranged for the ransom of the Muslim prisoner while the Byzantine frontier was threatened by Bulgarians . This only added to Baghdad 's disorder . Though despised by the people , Al - Muqtadir was again placed in power after upheavals . Al - Muqtadir was eventually slain outside the city gates , whereupon courtiers chose his brother al - Qahir . He was even worse . Refusing to abdicate , he was blinded and cast into prison . His son Ar - Radi took over only to experience a cascade of misfortune .",
"24": "Praised for his piety , he became the tool of the de facto ruling Minister , Ibn Raik ( amir al - umara ; ' Amir of the Amirs ' ) . Ibn Raik held the reins of government and his name was joined with the Caliph 's in public prayers . Around this period , the Hanbalis , supported by popular sentiment , set up in fact a kind of ' Sunni inquisition ' . Ar - Radi is commonly regarded as the last of the real Caliphs : the last to deliver orations at the Friday service , to hold assemblies , to commune with philosophers , to discuss the questions of the day , to take counsel on the affairs of State ; to distribute alms , or to temper the severity of cruel officers . Thus ended the Early Baghdad Abbasids . In the late mid-930s , the Ikhshidids of Egypt carried the Arabic title `` Wali '' reflecting their position as governors on behalf of the Abbasids , The first governor ( Muhammad bin Tughj Al - Ikhshid ) was installed by the Abbasid Caliph . They gave him and his descendants the Wilayah for 30 years . The last name Ikhshid is Soghdian for `` prince '' . Also in the 930s , ' Alī ibn Būyah and his two younger brothers , al - Hassan and Aḥmad founded the Būyid confederation . Originally a soldier in the service of the Ziyārīds of Ṭabaristān , ' Alī was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yāqūt in 934 . Over the next nine years the three brothers gained control of the remainder of the caliphate , while accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad . The Būyids made large territorial gains . Fars and Jibal were conquered . Central Iraq submitted in 945 , before the Būyids took Kermān ( 967 ) , Oman ( 967 ) , the Jazīra ( 979 ) , Ṭabaristān ( 980 ) , and Gorgan ( 981 ) .",
"25": "After this the Būyids went into slow decline , with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent . Middle Baghdad Abbasids ( edit ) Early High Middle Ages Dirham of Al - Muttaqi At the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids , the Caliphate had become of little importance . The amir al - umara Bajkam contented himself with dispatching his secretary to Baghdad to assemble local dignitaries to elect a successor . The choice fell on Al - Muttaqi . Bajkam was killed on a hunting party by marauding Kurds . In the ensuing anarchy in Baghdad , Ibn Raik persuaded the Caliph to flee to Mosul where he was welcomed by the Hamdanids . They assassinated Ibn Raik . Hamdanid Nasir al - Dawla advanced on Baghdad , where mercenaries and well - organised Turks repelled them . Turkish general Tuzun became amir al - umara . The Turks were staunch Sunnis . A fresh conspiracy placed the Caliph in danger . Hamdanid troops helped ad - Daula escape to Mosul and then to Nasibin . Tuzun and the Hamdanid were stalemated . Al - Muttaqi was at Raqqa , moving to Tuzun where he was deposed . Tuzun installed the blinded Caliph 's cousin as successor , with the title of Al - Mustakfi . With the new Caliph , Tuzun attacked the Buwayhid dynasty and the Hamdanids . Soon after , Tuzun died , and was succeeded by one of his generals , Abu Ja'far . The Buwayhids then attacked Baghdad , and Abu Ja'far fled into hiding with the Caliph . Buwayhid Sultan Muiz ud - Daula assumed command forcing the Caliph into abject submission to the Amir . Eventually , Al - Mustakfi was blinded and deposed . The city fell into chaos , and the Caliph 's palace was looted .",
"26": "Significant Middle Abbasid Muslims Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) , philosopher ; al - Farabi , Persian ( Soghdian ) philosopher ; Al - Mutanebbi , Arabic poet ; Abu Ali Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) , physician , philosopher , and scientist Once the Buwayhids controlled Baghdad , Al - Muti became caliph . The office was shorn of real power and Shi'a observances were established . The Buwayhids held on Baghdad for over a century . Throughout the Buwayhid reign the Caliphate was at its lowest ebb , but was recognized religiously , except in Iberia . Buwayhid Sultan Mu'izz al - Dawla was prevented from raising a Shi'a Caliph to the throne by fear for his own safety , and fear of rebellion , in the capital and beyond . The next Caliph , Al - Ta'i , reigned over factional strife in Syria among the Fatimids , Turks , and Carmathians . The Hideaway dynasyty also fractured . The Abbasid borders were the defended only by small border states . Baha ' al - Dawla , the Buyid amir of Iraq , deposed al - Ta'i in 991 and proclaimed al - Qadir the new caliph . During al - Qadir 's Caliphate , Mahmud of Ghazni looked after the empire . Mahmud of Ghazni , of Eastern fame , was friendly towards the Caliphs , and his victories in the Indian Empire were accordingly announced from the pulpits of Baghdad in grateful and glowing terms . Al - Qadir fostered the Sunni struggle against Shiʿism and outlawed heresies such as the Baghdad Manifesto and the doctrine that the Quran was created . He outlawed the Muʿtazila , bringing an end to the development of rationalist Muslim philosophy . During this and the next period , Islamic literature , especially Persian literature , flourished under the patronage of the Buwayhids . By 1000 , the global Muslim population had climbed to about 4 percent of the world , compared to the Christian population of 10 percent . During Al - Qa'im 's reign , the Buwayhid ruler often fled the capital and the Seljuq dynasty gained power .",
"27": "Toghrül overran Syria and Armenia . He then made his way into the Capital , where he was well - received both by chiefs and people . In Bahrain , the Qarmatian state collapsed in Al - Hasa . Arabia recovered from the Fatimids and again acknowledged the spiritual jurisdiction of the Abbasids . Al - Muqtadi was honored by the Seljuq Sultan Malik - Shah I , during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuq conquest . The Sultan was critical of the Caliph 's interference in affairs of state , but died before deposing the last of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids . Late Baghdad Abbasids ( edit ) Late High Middle Ages Al - Aqsa Mosque Plan of Al - Aqsa Mosque , year 985 Dome of Al Aqsa Mousque The Late Baghdad Abbasids reigned from the beginning of the Crusades to the Seventh Crusade . The first Caliph was Al - Mustazhir . He was politically irrelevant , despite civil strife at home and the First Crusade in Syria . Raymond IV of Toulouse attempted to attack Baghdad , losing at the Battle of Manzikert . The global Muslim population climbed to about 5 per cent as against the Christian population of 11 per cent by 1100 . Jerusalem was captured by crusaders who massacred its inhabitants . Preachers travelled throughout the caliphate proclaiming the tragedy and rousing men to recover the Al - Aqsa Mosque from the Franks ( European Crusaders ) . Crowds of exiles rallied for war against the infidel . Neither the Sultan nor the Caliph sent an army west . Al - Mustarshid achieved more independence while the sultan Mahmud II of Great Seljuq was engaged in war in the East . The Banu Mazyad ( Mazyadid State ) general , Dubays ibn Sadaqa ( emir of Al - Hilla ) , plundered Bosra and attacked Baghdad together with a young brother of the sultan , Ghiyath ad - Din Mas'ud . Dubays was crushed by a Seljuq army under Zengi , founder of the Zengid dynasty .",
"28": "Mahmud 's death was followed by a civil war between his son Dawud , his nephew Mas'ud and the atabeg Toghrul II . Zengi was recalled to the East , stimulated by the Caliph and Dubays , where he was beaten . The Caliph then laid siege to Mosul for three months without success , resisted by Mas'ud and Zengi . It was nonetheless a milestone in the caliphate 's military revival . After the siege of Damascus ( 1134 ) , Zengi undertook operations in Syria . Al - Mustarshid attacked sultan Mas'ud of western Seljuq and was taken prisoner . He was later found murdered . His son , Al - Rashid failed to gain independence from Seljuq Turks . Zengi , because of the murder of Dubays , set up a rival Sultanate . Mas'ud attacked ; the Caliph and Zengi , hopeless of success , escaped to Mosul . The Sultan regained power , a council was held , the Caliph was deposed , and his uncle , son of Al - Muqtafi , appointed as the new Caliph . Ar - Rashid fled to Isfahan and was killed by Hashshashins . Continued disunion and contests between Seljuq Turks allowed al - Muqtafi to maintain control in Baghdad and to extend it throughout Iraq . In 1139 , al - Muqtafi granted protection to the Nestorian patriarch Abdisho III . While the Crusade raged , the Caliph successfully defended Baghdad against Muhammad II of Seljuq in the Siege of Baghdad ( 1157 ) . The Sultan and the Caliph dispatched men in response to Zengi 's appeal , but neither the Seljuqs , nor the Caliph , nor their Amirs , dared resist the Crusaders . The next caliph , Al - Mustanjid , saw Saladin extinguish the Fatimid dynasty after 260 years , and thus the Abbasids again prevailed . Al - Mustadi reigned when Saladin become the sultan of Egypt and declared allegiance to the Abbasids . An - Nasir , `` The Victor for the Religion of God '' , attempted to restore the Caliphate to its ancient dominant role . He consistently held Iraq from Tikrit to the Gulf without interruption .",
"29": "His forty - seven year reign was chiefly marked by ambitious and corrupt dealings with the Tartar chiefs , and by his hazardous invocation of the Mongols , which ended his dynasty . His son , Az - Zahir , was Caliph for a short period before his death and An - Nasir 's grandson , Al - Mustansir , was made caliph . Al - Mustansir founded the Mustansiriya Madrasah . In 1236 Ögedei Khan commanded to raise up Khorassan and populated Herat . The Mongol military governors mostly made their camp in Mughan plain , Azerbaijan . The rulers of Mosul and Cilician Armenia surrendered . Chormaqan divided the Transcaucasia region into three districts based on military hierarchy . In Georgia , the population were temporarily divided into eight tumens . By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia , excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds , and all of Afghanistan and Kashmir . Al - Musta'sim was the last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and is noted for his opposition to the rise of Shajar al - Durr to the Egyptian throne during the Seventh Crusade . To the east , Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan swept through the Transoxiana and Khorasan . Baghdad was sacked and the caliph deposed soon afterwards . The Mamluk sultans and Syria later appointed a powerless Abbasid Caliph in Cairo . Cairo Abbasid Caliphs ( edit ) Abbasid `` shadow '' caliph of Cairo Late Middle Ages The Abbasid `` shadow '' caliph of Cairo reigned under the tutelage of the Mamluk sultans and nominal rulers used to legitimize the actual rule of the Mamluk sultans . All the Cairene Abbasid caliphs who preceded or succeeded Al - Musta'in were spiritual heads lacking any temporal power . Al - Musta'in was the only Cairo - based Abbasid caliph to even briefly hold political power . Al - Mutawakkil III was the last `` shadow '' caliph . In 1517 , Ottoman sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluk Sultanate , and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire .",
"30": "Fatimid Caliphate ( edit ) Main article : Fatimid Caliphate Fatimid caliphate The Fatimids originated in Ifriqiya ( modern - day Tunisia and eastern Algeria ) . The dynasty was founded in 909 by ʻAbdullāh al - Mahdī Billah , who legitimised his claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fātima as - Zahra and her husband ʻAlī ibn - Abī - Tālib , the first Shīʻa Imām , hence the name al - Fātimiyyūn `` Fatimid '' . The Fatamids and the Zaydis at the time , used the Hanafi jurisprudence , as did most Sunnis . Abdullāh al - Mahdi 's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb , an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia and Libya , which he ruled from Mahdia , his capital in Tunisia . The Fatimids entered Egypt in the late 10th century , conquering the Ikhshidid dynasty and founding a capital at al - Qāhira ( Cairo ) in 969 . The name was a reference to the planet Mars , `` The Subduer '' , which was prominent in the sky at the moment that city construction started . Cairo was intended as a royal enclosure for the Fatimid caliph and his army , though the actual administrative and economic capital of Egypt was in cities such as Fustat until 1169 . After Egypt , the Fatimids continued to conquer surrounding areas until they ruled from Tunisia to Syria and even crossed the Mediterranean into Sicily and southern Italy . Under the Fatimids , Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa , Sicily , Palestine , Lebanon , Syria , the Red Sea coast of Africa , Yemen and the Hejaz . Egypt flourished , and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean . Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its Song dynasty , which determined the economic course of Egypt during the High Middle Ages . Unlike other governments in the area , Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than heredity .",
"31": "Members of other branches of Islam , including Sunnis , were just as likely to be appointed to government posts as Shiites . Tolerance covered non-Muslims such as Christians and Jews ; they took high levels in government based on ability . There were , however , exceptions to this general attitude of tolerance , notably Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah . The Fatimid palace was in two parts . It was in the Khan el - Khalili area at Bin El - Quasryn street . Fatimid Caliphs ( edit ) Early and High Middle Ages Also see : Cairo Abbasid Caliphs ( above ) During the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids , the Fatimid Caliphs claimed spiritual supremacy not only in Egypt , but also contested the religious leadership of Syria . At the beginning of the Abbasid realm in Baghdad , the Alids faced severe persecution by the ruling party as they were a direct threat to the Caliphate . Owing to the Abbasid inquisitions , the forefathers opted for concealment of the Dawa 's existence . Subsequently , they traveled towards the Iranian Plateau and distanced themselves from the epicenter of the political world . Al Mahdi 's father , Al Husain al Mastoor returned to control the Dawa 's affairs . He sent two Dai 's to Yemen and Western Africa . Al Husain died soon after the birth of his son , Al Mahdi . A system of government helped update Al Mahdi on the development which took place in North Africa . Al Mahdi Abdullah al - Mahdi Billah established the first Imam of the Fatimid dynasty . He claimed genealogic origins dating as far back as Fatimah through Husayn and Ismail . Al Mahdi established his headquarters at Salamiyah and moved towards north - western Africa , under Aghlabid rule . His success of laying claim to being the precursor to the Mahdi was instrumental among the Berber tribes of North Africa , specifically the Kutamah tribe . Al Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqadah , a suburb of Al - Qayrawan in Tunisia . In 920 , Al Mahdi took up residence at the newly established capital of the empire , Al - Mahdiyyah .",
"32": "After his death , Al Mahdi was succeeded by his son , Abu Al - Qasim Muhammad Al - Qaim , who continued his expansionist policy . At the time of his death he had extended his reign to Morocco of the Idrisids , as well as Egypt itself. The Fatimid Caliphate grew to include Sicily and to stretch across North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to Libya . Abdullāh al - Mahdi 's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb , an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , and Libya , which he ruled from Mahdia , in Tunisia . Newly built capital Al - Mansuriya , or Mansuriyya ( Arabic : المنصوريه ) , near Kairouan , Tunisia , was the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate during the rules of the Imams Al - Mansur Billah ( r . 946 -- 953 ) and Al - Mu'izz li - Din Allah ( r . 953 -- 975 ) . The Fatimid general Jawhar conquered Egypt in 969 , and he built a new palace city there , near Fusṭāt , which he also called al - Manṣūriyya . Under Al - Muizz Lideenillah , the Fatimids conquered the Ikhshidid Wilayah ( see Fatimid Egypt ) , founding a new capital at al - Qāhira ( Cairo ) in 969 . The name was a reference to the planet Mars , `` The Subduer '' , which was prominent in the sky at the moment that city construction started . Cairo was intended as a royal enclosure for the Fatimid caliph and his army , though the actual administrative and economic capital of Egypt was in cities such as Fustat until 1169 . After Egypt , the Fatimids continued to conquer the surrounding areas until they ruled from Tunisia to Syria , as well as Sicily . The Al - Hakim Mosque Cairo , Egypt ; south of Bab Al - Futuh `` Islamic Cairo '' building was named after Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah , built by Fatimid vizier Gawhar Al - Siqilli , and extended by Badr al - Jamali .",
"33": "Under the Fatimids , Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa , Sicily , Palestine , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria , the Red Sea coast of Africa , Tihamah , Hejaz , and Yemen . Egypt flourished , and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean . Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its Song Dynasty , which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the High Middle Ages . After the eighteenth Imam , al - Mustansir Billah , the Nizari sect believed that his son Nizar was his successor , while another Ismāʿīlī branch known as the Mustaali ( from whom the Dawoodi Bohra would eventually descend ) , supported his other son , al - Musta'li . The Fatimid dynasty continued with al - Musta'li as both Imam and Caliph , and that joint position held until the 20th Imam , al - Amir bi-Ahkami l - Lah ( 1132 CE ) . At the death of Imam Amir , one branch of the Mustaali faith claimed that he had transferred the imamate to his son at - Tayyib Abi l - Qasim , who was then two years old . After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s , the Zengid ruler Nūr ad - Dīn had his general , Shirkuh , seized Egypt from the vizier Shawar in 1169 . Shirkuh died two months after taking power , and the rule went to his nephew , Saladin . This began the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria .",
"34": "The Crusades ( edit ) Main article : The Crusades Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after the Battle of Hattin List of Crusades Early period First Crusade 1095 -- 1099 Second Crusade 1147 -- 1149 Third Crusade 1187 -- 1192 Low Period Fourth Crusade 1202 -- 1204 Fifth Crusade 1217 -- 1221 Sixth Crusade 1228 -- 1229 Late period Seventh Crusade 1248 -- 1254 Eighth Crusade 1270 Ninth Crusade 1271 -- 1272 Beginning in the 8th century , the Iberian Christian kingdoms had begun the Reconquista aimed at retaking Al - Andalus from the Moors . In 1095 , Pope Urban II , inspired by the conquests in Spain by Christian forces and implored by the eastern Roman emperor to help defend Christianity in the East , called for the First Crusade from Western Europe which captured Edessa , Antioch , County of Tripoli and Jerusalem . In the early period of the Crusades , the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem emerged and for a time controlled Jerusalem . The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other smaller Crusader kingdoms over the next 90 years formed part of the complicated politics of the Levant , but did not threaten the Islamic Caliphate nor other powers in the region . After Shirkuh ended Fatimid rule in 1169 , uniting it with Syria , the Crusader kingdoms were faced with a threat , and his nephew Saladin reconquered most of the area in 1187 , leaving the Crusaders holding a few ports . In the Third Crusade armies from Europe failed to recapture Jerusalem , though Crusader states lingered for several decades , and other crusades followed . The Christian Reconquista continued in Al - Andalus , and was eventually completed with the fall of Granada in 1492 . During the low period of the Crusades , the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Levant and instead took Constantinople , leaving the Eastern Roman Empire ( now the Byzantine Empire ) further weakened in their long struggle against the Turkish peoples to the east .",
"35": "However , the crusaders did manage to damage Islamic caliphates ; according to William of Malmesbury , preventing them from further expansion into Christendom and being targets of the Mamluks and the Mongols . See also : High Middle Ages , Frankokratia , and Crusader states Ayyubid dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Ayyubid dynasty Ayyubid empire The Ayyubid dynasty was founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt . In 1174 , Saladin proclaimed himself Sultan and conquered the Near East region . The Ayyubids ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries , controlling Egypt , Syria , northern Mesopotamia , Hejaz , Yemen , and the North African coast up to the borders of modern - day Tunisia . After Saladin , his sons contested control over the sultanate , but Saladin 's brother al - Adil eventually established himself in 1200 . In the 1230s , Syria 's Ayyubid rulers attempted to win independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as - Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria , excluding Aleppo , by 1247 . In 1250 , the dynasty in the Egyptian region was overthrown by slave regiments . A number of attempts to recover it failed , led by an - Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo . In 1260 , the Mongols sacked Aleppo and wrested control of what remained of the Ayyubid territories soon after . Sultans of Egypt ( edit ) Sultans and Amirs of Damascus ( edit ) Emirs of Aleppo ( edit ) Mongol period ( edit ) Mongol invasions ( edit ) Main article : Mongol invasions and conquests The Mongol ruler , Ghazan , studying the Quran . After the Crusades the Mongols invaded in the 13th century , marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age . Some historians assert that the eastern Islamic world never fully recovered . Under the leadership of Genghis Khan , The Mongols put an end to the Abbasid era . The Mongol invasion of Central Asia began in 1219 at a huge cost in civilian life and economic devastation .",
"36": "The Mongols spread throughout Central Asia and Persia : the Persian city of Isfahan had fallen to them by 1237 . With the election of Khan Mongke in 1251 , Mongol targeted the Abbasid capital , Baghdad . Mongke 's brother , Hulegu , was made leader of the Mongol Army assigned to the task of subduing Baghdad . The fall of Bagdhad in 1258 destroyed what had been the largest city in Islam . The last Abbasid caliph , al - Musta'sim , was captured and killed ; and Baghdad was ransacked and destroyed . The cities of Damascus and Aleppo fell in 1260 . Plans for the conquest of Egypt were delayed due to the death of Mongke at around the same time . The Abbasid army lost to the superior Mongol army , but the invaders were finally stopped by Egyptian Mamluks north of Jerusalem in 1260 at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut . Islamic Mongol empires ( edit ) Main articles : Ilkhanate , Golden Horde , and Timurid Empire Mosque of Öz Beg Khan ( the Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde ) . Ultimately , the Ilkhanate , Golden Horde , and the Chagatai Khanate - three of the four principal Mongol khanates - embraced Islam . In power in Syria , Mesopotamia , Persia and further east , over the rest of the 13th century gradually all converted to Islam . Most Ilkhanid rulers were replaced by the new Mongol power founded by Timur ( himself a Muslim ) , who conquered Persia in the 1360s , and moved against the Delhi Sultanate in India and the Ottoman Turks in Anatolia . Timur 's ceaseless conquests were accompanied by displays of brutality matched only by Chinggis Khan , whose example Timur consciously imitated . Samarqand , the cosmopolitan capital of Timur 's empire , flourished under his rule as never before , while Iran and Iraq suffered large - scale devastation . The Middle East was still recovering from the Black Death , which may have killed one third of the population in the region . The plague began in China , and reached Alexandria in Egypt in 1347 , spreading over the following years to most Islamic areas .",
"37": "The combination of the plague and the wars left the Middle Eastern Islamic world in a seriously weakened position . The Timurid dynasty would found many branches of Islam , including the Mughals of India . Mamluk Sultanate ( edit ) Main article : Mamluk Sultanate ( Cairo ) Mamluk empire and Mongol Ilkhanate In 1250 , the Ayyubid Egyptian dynasty was overthrown by slave regiments , and the Mamluk Sultanate was born . Military prestige was at the center of Mamluk society , and it played a key role in the confrontations with the Mongol forces . In the 1260s , the Mongols sacked and controlled the Islamic Near East territories . The Mamluks , who were Turkic , forced out the Mongols ( see Battle of Ain Jalut ) after the final destruction of the Ayyubid dynasty . The Mongols were again defeated by the Mamluks at the Battle of Hims a few months later , and then driven out of Syria altogether . With this , the Mamluks were able to concentrate their forces and to conquer the last of the crusader territories in the Levant . Thus they united Syria and Egypt for the longest interval between the Abbasid and Ottoman empires ( 1250 -- 1517 ) . The Mamluks experienced a continual state of political conflict , military tension , proxy wars , and economic competition between the `` Muslim territory '' ( Dar al - Islam ) and `` non-Muslim territory '' ( Dar al - Harb ) . As part of their chosen role as defenders of Islamic orthodoxy , the Mamluks sponsored many religious buildings , including mosques , madrasas and khanqahs . Though some construction took place in the provinces , the vast bulk of these projects expanded the capital . Many Mamluk buildings in Cairo have survived to this day , particularly in Old Cairo . Bahri Sultans ( edit ) Main article : Bahri dynasty Burji Sultans ( edit ) Main article : Burji dynasty See also : Islamic Egypt governors , Mamluks Era Al - Andalus ( edit ) The interiors of the Alhambra in Granada , Spain decorated with arabesque designs .",
"38": "Main articles : Umayyad conquest of Hispania , Al - Andalus , and Taifa The Arabs , under the command of the Berber General Tarik ibn Ziyad , first began their conquest of southern Spain or al - Andalus in 711 . A raiding party led by Tarik was sent to intervene in a civil war in the Visigothic kingdom in Hispania . Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar ( named after the General ) , it won a decisive victory in the summer of 711 when the Visigothic king Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the Battle of Guadalete . Tariq 's commander , Musa bin Nusair crossed with substantial reinforcements , and by 718 the Muslims dominated most of the peninsula . Some later Arabic and Christian sources present an earlier raid by a certain Ṭārif in 710 and also , the Ad Sebastianum recension of the Chronicle of Alfonso III , refers to an Arab attack incited by Erwig during the reign of Wamba ( 672 -- 80 ) . The two large armies may have been in the south for a year before the decisive battle was fought . The rulers of Al - Andalus were granted the rank of Emir by the Umayyad Caliph Al - Walid I in Damascus . After the Abbasids came to power , some Umayyads fled to Muslim Spain to establish themselves there . By the end of the 10th century , the ruler Abd al - Rahman III took over the title of Caliph of Córdoba ( 912 - 961 ) . Soon after , the Umayyads went on developing a strengthened state with its capital as Córdoba . Al - Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd ar - Rahman III in 961 . He secured peace with the Christian kingdoms of northern Iberia , and made use of the stability to develop agriculture through the construction of irrigation works . Economic development was also encouraged through the widening of streets and the building of markets . The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the peninsula .",
"39": "The Umayyad Caliphate collapsed in 1031 due to political divisions and civil unrest during the rule of Hicham II who was ousted because of his indolence . Al - Andalus then broke up into a number of states called taifa kingdoms ( Arabic , Muluk al - ṭawā'if ; English , Petty kingdoms ) . The decomposition of the Caliphate into those petty kingdoms weakened the Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula vis - à - vis the Christian kingdoms of the north . Some of the taifas , such as that of Seville , were forced to enter into alliances with Christian princes and pay tributes in money to Castille . See also : Reconquista and Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula Emirs of al - Andalus ( edit ) Main article : Emirs of Córdoba Abd al - Rahman I and Bedr ( a former Greek slave ) escaped with their lives after the popular revolt known as the Abbasid Revolution . Rahman I continued south through Palestine , the Sinai , and then into Egypt . Rahman I was one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make a perilous trek to Ifriqiya at this time . Rahman I and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta . Next step would be to cross to sea to al - Andalus , where Rahman I could not have been sure whether he would be welcome . Following the Berber Revolt ( 740s ) , the province was in a state of confusion , with the Ummah torn by tribal dissensions among the Arabs and racial tensions between the Arabs and Berbers . Bedr lined up three Syrian commanders -- Obeid Allah ibn Uthman and Abd Allah ibn Khalid , both originally of Damascus , and Yusuf ibn Bukht of Qinnasrin and contacted al - Sumayl ( then in Zaragoza ) to get his consent , but al - Sumayl refused , fearing Rahman I would try to make himself emir . After discussion with Yemenite commanders , Rahman I was told to go to al - Andalus . Shortly thereafter , he set off with Bedr and a small group of followers for Europe .",
"40": "Abd al - Rahman landed at Almuñécar in al - Andalus , to the east of Málaga . During his brief time in Málaga , he quickly amassed local support . News of the prince 's arrival spread throughout the peninsula . In order to help speed his ascension to power , he took advantage of the feuds and dissensions . However , before anything could be done , trouble broke out in northern al - Andalus . Abd al - Rahman and his followers were able to control Zaragoza . Rahman I fought to rule al - Andalus in a battle at the Guadalquivir river , just outside Córdoba on the plains of Musarah ( Battle of Musarah ) . Rahman I was victorious , chasing his enemies from the field with parts of their army . Rahman I marched into the capital , Córdoba , fighting off a counterattack , but negotiations ended the confrontation . After Rahman I consolidated power , he proclaimed himself the al - Andalus emir . Rahman I did not claim the Muslim caliph , though . The last step was to have al - Fihri 's general , al - Sumayl , garroted in Córdoba 's jail . Al - Andalus was a safe haven for the house of Umayya that managed to evade the Abbasids . In Baghdad , the Abbasid caliph al - Mansur had planned to depose the emir . Rahman I and his army confronted the Abbasids , killing most of the Abbasid army . The main Abbasid leaders were decapitated , their heads preserved in salt , with identifying tags pinned to their ears . The heads were bundled in a gruesome package and sent to the Abbasid caliph who was on pilgrimage at Mecca . Rahman I quelled repeated rebellions in al - Andalus . He began the building of the great mosque ( cordova ) , and formed ship - yards along the coast ; he is moreover said to have been the first to transplant the palm and the pomegranate into the congenial climate of Spain : and he encouraged science and literature in his states . He died on 29 September 788 , after a reign of thirty - four years and one month . The exterior of the Mezquita .",
"41": "Rahman I 's successor was his son Hisham I. Born in Córdoba , he built many mosques and completed the Mezquita . He called for a jihad that resulted in a campaign against the Kingdom of Asturias and the County of Toulouse ; in this second campaign he was defeated at Orange by William of Gellone , first cousin to Charlemagne . His successor Al - Hakam I came to power and was challenged by his uncles , other sons of Rahman I. One , Abdallah , went to the court of Charlemagne in Aix - la - Chapelle to negotiate for aid . In the mean time Córdoba was attacked , but was defended . Hakam I spent much of his reign suppressing rebellions in Toledo , Saragossa and Mérida . Abd ar - Rahman II succeeded his father and engaged in nearly continuous warfare against Alfonso II of Asturias , whose southward advance he halted . Rahman II repulsed an assault by Vikings who had disembarked in Cádiz , conquered Seville ( with the exception of its citadel ) and attacked Córdoba . Thereafter he constructed a fleet and naval arsenal at Seville to repel future raids . He responded to William of Septimania 's requests of assistance in his struggle against Charles the Bald 's nominations . Muhammad I 's reign was marked by the movements of the Muladi ( ethnic Iberian Muslims ) and Mozarabs ( Muslim - Iberia Christians ) . Muhammad I was succeeded by his son Mundhir I. During the reign of his father , Mundhir I commanded military operations against the neighbouring Christian kingdoms and the Muladi rebellions . At his father 's death , he inherited the throne . During his two - year reign , Mundhir I fought against Umar ibn Hafsun . He died in 888 at Bobastro , succeeded by his brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad al - Umawi . Umawi showed no reluctance to dispose of those he viewed as a threat . His government was marked by continuous wars between Arabs , Berbers and Muladi . His power as emir was confined to the area of Córdoba , while the rest had been seized by rebel families .",
"42": "The son he had designated as successor was killed by one of Umawi 's brothers . The latter was in turn executed by Umawi 's father , who named as successor Abd ar - Rahman III , son of the killed son of Umawi . Caliphs of Al - Andalus ( edit ) Main article : Caliphate of Córdoba Almoravid Ifriqiyah and Iberia ( edit ) Main article : Almoravid dynasty Ifriqiyah , Iberian Almohad caliphs ( edit ) Main article : Almohad dynasty Islam in Africa ( edit ) Main articles : Muslim conquest of North Africa , Muslim conquest of the Maghreb , Islamization of the Sudan region , Shirazi era , Migration to Abyssinia , and Swahili Coast The Umayyad conquest of North Africa continued the century of rapid Muslim military expansion following the death of Muhammad in 632 . By 640 the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia , had invaded Armenia , and were concluding their conquest of Byzantine Syria . Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad caliphate . By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Arab hands . Maghreb ( edit ) Main article : Greater Maghreb The Great Mosque of Kairouan also known as the Mosque of Uqba was established in 670 by the Arab general and conqueror Uqba ibn Nafi , it is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb , situated in the city of Kairouan , Tunisia . Kairouan in Tunisia was the first city founded by Muslims in the Maghreb . Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi erected the city ( in 670 ) and , in the same time , the Great Mosque of Kairouan considered as the oldest and most prestigious sanctuary in the western Islamic world . This part of Islamic territory has had independent governments during most of Islamic history . The Idrisid were the first Arab rulers in the western Maghreb ( Morocco ) , ruling from 788 to 985 . The dynasty is named after its first sultan Idris I . The Almoravid dynasty was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara flourished over a wide area of North - Western Africa and the Iberian Peninsula during the 11th century .",
"43": "Under this dynasty the Moorish empire was extended over present - day Morocco , Western Sahara , Mauritania , Gibraltar , Tlemcen ( in Algeria ) and a part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south , and Spain and Portugal in the north . The Almohad Dynasty or `` the Unitarians '' , were a Berber Muslim religious power which founded the fifth Moorish dynasty in the 12th century , and conquered all Northern Africa as far as Egypt , together with Al - Andalus . Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in Ethiopia and Islam in Somalia The history of Islam in the Horn of Africa is almost as old as the faith itself . Through extensive trade and social interactions with their converted Muslim trading partners on the other side of the Red Sea , in the Arabian peninsula , merchants and sailors in the Horn region gradually came under the influence of the new religion . Early Islamic disciples fled to the port city of Zeila in modern - day northern Somalia to seek protection from the Quraysh at the court of the Aksumite Emperor in present - day Somalia . Some of the Muslims that were granted protection are said to have then settled in several parts of the Horn region to promote the religion . The victory of the Muslims over the Quraysh in the 7th century had a significant impact on local merchants and sailors , as their trading partners in Arabia had by then all adopted Islam , and the major trading routes in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea came under the sway of the Muslim Caliphs . Instability in the Arabian peninsula saw further migrations of early Muslim families to the Somali seaboard . These clans came to serve as catalysts , forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region . Great Lakes ( edit ) Islam came to the Great Lakes region of South Eastern Africa along existing trade routes . They learned from them the manners of the Muslims and this led to their conversion by the Muslim Arabs . Local Islamic governments centered in Tanzania ( then Zanzibar ) . The people of Zayd were Muslims that immigrated to the Great Lakes region . In the pre-colonial period , the structure of Islamic authority here was held up through the Ulema ( wanawyuonis , in Swahili language ) . These leaders had some degree of authority over most of the Muslims in South East Africa before territorial boundaries were established .",
"44": "The chief Qadi there was recognized for having the final religious authority . Islam in East and south Asia ( edit ) Southeast Asia ( edit ) See also : The spread of Islam in Indonesia ( 1200 to 1600 ) Islam first reached Maritime Southeast Asia through traders from Mecca in the 7th century CE , particularly via the western part of what is now Indonesia . Arab traders from Yemen already had a presence in Asia through trading and traveling by sea , serving as intermediary traders to and from Europe and Africa . They traded not only Arabian goods but also goods from Africa , India , and so on which included ivory , fragrances , spices , and gold . According to T.W. Arnold in The Preaching of Islam , by the 2nd century of the Islamic Calendar , Arab traders had been trading with the inhabitants of Ceylon , modern - day Sri Lanka . The same argument has been told by Dr. B.H. Burger and Dr. Mr. Prajudi in Sedjarah Ekonomis Sosiologis Indonesia ( History of Socio Economic of Indonesia ) According to an atlas created by the geographer Al - Biruni ( 973 -- 1048 ) , the Indian or Indonesian Ocean used to be called the Persian Ocean . After Western Imperialist rule , this name was changed to reflect the name used today ; the Indian Ocean . Soon , many Sufi missionaries translated classical Sufi literature from Arabic and Persian into Malay ; a tangible product of this is the Jawi script . Coupled with the composing of original Islamic literature in Malay , this led the way to the transformation of Malay into an Islamic language . By 1292 , when Marco Polo visited Sumatra , most of the inhabitants had converted to Islam . The Sultanate of Malacca was founded on the Malay Peninsula by Parameswara , a Srivijayan Prince . Through trade and commerce , Islam then spread to Borneo and Java . By the late 15th century , Islam had been introduced to the Philippines via the southern island of Mindanao .",
"45": "The foremost socio - cultural Muslim entities that resulted form this are the present - day Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao ; Islamised kingdoms in the northern Luzon island , such as the Kingdom of Maynila and the Kingdom of Tondo , were later conquered and Christianised with the majority of the archipelago by Spanish colonisers beginning in the 16th century . As Islam spread , societal changes developed from the individual conversions , and five centuries later it emerged as a dominant cultural and political power in the region . Three main Muslim political powers emerged . The Aceh Sultanate was the most important , controlling much of the area between Southeast Asia and India from its centre in northern Sumatra . The Sultanate also attracted Sufi poets . The second Muslim power was the Sultanate of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula . The Sultanate of Demak on Java was the third power , where the emerging Muslim forces defeated the local Majapahit kingdom in the early 16th century . Although the sultanate managed to expand its territory somewhat , its rule remained brief . Portuguese forces captured Malacca in 1511 under naval general Afonso de Albuquerque . With Malacca subdued , the Aceh Sultanate and Bruneian Empire established themselves as centres of Islam in Southeast Asia . The Sultanate 's territory , although vastly diminished , remains intact to this day as the modern state of Brunei Darussalam . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Main article : Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent Qutub Minar and Alai Gate were built during Mamluk and Khalji dynasty periods of Delhi Sultanate . On the Indian subcontinent , Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula , in today 's Kerala state . Arabs traded with Malabar even before the birth of Muhammad . Native legends say that a group of Sahaba , under Malik Ibn Deenar , arrived on the Malabar Coast and preached Islam . According to that legend , the first mosque of India was built by Second Chera King Cheraman Perumal , who accepted Islam and received the name Tajudheen . He traveled to Arabia to meet Muhammad and died on the trip back , somewhere in today 's Oman . Historical records suggest that the Cheraman Perumal Mosque was built in around 629 .",
"46": "Islamic rule came to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th century , when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh . Muslim conquests expanded under Mahmud and the Ghaznavids until the late 12th century , when the Ghurids overran the Ghaznavids and extended the conquests in Northern India . Qutb - ud - din Aybak conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the Delhi Sultanates . In the 14th century , Alauddin Khalji extended Muslim rule south to Gujarat , Rajasthan and Deccan . Various other Muslim dynasties also formed and ruled across India from the 13th to the 18th century such as the Qutb Shahi and the Bahmani , but none rivalled the power and extensive reach of the Mughal Empire at its peak . China ( edit ) Further information : History of Islam in China In China , four Sahabas ( Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas , Wahb Abu Kabcha , Jafar ibn Abu Talib and Jahsh ) preached in 616 / 17 and onwards after following the Chittagong -- Kamrup -- Manipur route after sailing from Abyssinia in 615 / 16 . After conquering Persia in 636 , Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas went with Sa'id ibn Zaid , Qais ibn Sa 'd and Hassan ibn Thabit to China in 637 taking the complete Quran . Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas headed for China for the third time in 650 -- 51 after Caliph Uthman asked him to lead an embassy to China , which the Chinese emperor received . Early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Early modern history In the 15th and 16th centuries three major Muslim empires formed : the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East , the Balkans and Northern Africa ; the Safavid Empire in Greater Iran ; and the Mughal Empire in South Asia . These imperial powers were made possible by the discovery and exploitation of gunpowder and more efficient administration . Ottoman Empire ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in the Middle East . The Seljuq Turks declined in the second half of the 13th century , after the Mongol invasion .",
"47": "This resulted in the establishment of multiple Turkish principalities , known as beyliks . Osman I , the founder of the Ottoman dynasty , assumed leadership of one of these principalities ( Söğüt ) at the end of the thirteenth century , succeeding his father Ertuğrul . Osman I afterwards led it in a series of battles with the Byzantine Empire . By 1331 , the Ottomans had captured Nicaea , the former Byzantine capital , under the leadership of Osman 's son and successor , Orhan I. Victory at the Battle of Kosovo against the Serbs in 1389 then facilitated their expansion into Europe . The Ottomans were established in the Balkans and Anatolia by the time Bayezid I ascended to power in the same year , now at the helm of a growing empire . Growth halted when Mongol warlord Timur ( also known as `` Tamerlane '' ) captured Bayezid I in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 , beginning the Ottoman Interregnum . This episode was characterized by the division of the Ottoman territory amongst Bayezid I 's sons , who submitted to Timurid authority . When a number of Ottoman territories regained independent status , ruin for the Empire loomed . However , the empire recovered , as the youngest son of Bayezid I , Mehmed I , waged offensive campaigns against his ruling brothers , thereby reuniting Asia Minor and declaring himself sultan in 1413 . Around this time the Ottoman naval fleet developed , such that they were able to challenge Venice , a naval power . They also attempted to reconquer the Balkans . By the time of Mehmed I 's grandson , Mehmed II ( ruled 1444 -- 1446 ; 1451 -- 1481 ) , the Ottomans could lay siege to Constantinople , the capital of Byzantium . A factor in this siege was the use of muskets and large cannons introduced by the Ottomans . The Byzantine fortress succumbed in 1453 , after 54 days of siege . Without its capital the Byzantine Empire disintegrated . The future successes of the Ottomans and later empires would depend upon the exploitation of gunpowder .",
"48": "The Suleiman Mosque ( Süleymaniye Camii ) in Istanbul was built on the order of sultan Suleiman the Magnificent by the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan in 1557 In the early 16th century , the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty assumed control in Persia under the leadership of Shah Ismail I , defeating the ruling Turcoman federation Aq Qoyunlu ( also called the `` White Sheep Turkomans '' ) in 1501 . The Ottoman sultan Selim I sought to repel Safavid expansion , challenging and defeating them at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 . Selim I also deposed the ruling Mamluks in Egypt , absorbing their territories in 1517 . Suleiman I ( also known as Suleiman the Magnificent ) , Selim I 's successor , took advantage of the diversion of Safavid focus to the Uzbeks on the eastern frontier and recaptured Baghdad , which had fallen under Safavid control . Despite this , Safavid power remained substantial , rivalling the Ottomans . Suleiman I advanced deep into Hungary following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 -- reaching as far as the gates of Vienna thereafter , and signed a Franco - Ottoman alliance with Francis I of France against Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire 10 years later . While Suleiman I 's rule ( 1520 -- 1566 ) is often identified as the apex of Ottoman power , the empire continued to remain powerful and influential until a relative fall in its military strength in the second half of the eighteenth century . Safavid Empire ( edit ) Main article : Safavids Safavid empire The Safavid dynasty rose to power in Tabriz in 1501 and later conquered the rest of Iran . The Safavids were originally Sufi and Iran was Sunni . After their defeat at the hands of the Sunni Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran , to unite the Persians behind him Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population to Twelver Shia so that he could get them to fight the Sunni Ottomans . This resulted in the Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam . Zaydis , the largest group amongst the Shia before the Safavid Dynasty were also forced to convert to the Twelver Shia .",
"49": "The Zaydis at that time used the Hanafi Fiqh , as did most Sunnis and there were good relations between them . Abu Hanifah and Zayd ibn Ali were also very good friends . The Safavids dynasty from Azarbaijan ruled from 1501 to 1736 , and which established Twelver Shi'a Islam as the region 's official religion and united its provinces under a single sovereignty , thereby reigniting the Persian identity . Although claiming to be the descendants of Ali ibn Abu Talib , the Safavids were Sunni ( the name `` Safavid '' comes from a Sufi order called Safavi ) . Their origins go back to Firuz Shah Zarrinkolah , a local dignitary from the north . During their rule , the Safavids recognized Twelver Shi'a Islam as the State religion , thus giving the region a separate identity from its Sunni neighbours . Shah Suleiman I and his courtiers , Isfahan , 1670 . Painter is Ali Qoli Jabbador , and is kept at The St. Petersburg Institute of Oriental Studies in Russia , ever since it was acquired by Tsar Nicholas II . Note the two Georgian figures with their names at the top left . In 1524 , Tahmasp I acceded to the throne , initiating a revival of the arts . Carpetmaking became a major industry . The tradition of Persian miniature painting in manuscripts reached its peak , until Tahmasp turned to strict religious observance in middle age , prohibiting the consumption of alcohol and hashish and removing casinos , taverns and brothels . Tahmasp 's nephew Ibrahim Mirza continued to patronize a last flowering of the arts until he was murdered , after which many artists were recruited by the Mughal dynasty . Tahmasp 's grandson , Shah Abbas I , restored the shrine of the eighth Twelver Shi'a Imam , Ali al - Ridha at Mashhad , and restored the dynastic shrine at Ardabil . Both shrines received jewelry , fine manuscripts and Chinese porcelains . Abbas moved the capital to Isfahan , revived old ports , and established thriving trade with Europeans . Amongst Abbas 's most visible cultural achievements was the construction of Naqsh - e Jahan Square ( `` Design of the World '' ) .",
"50": "The plaza , located near a Friday mosque , covered 20 acres ( 81,000 m ) . The Safavid Dynasty was toppled in 1722 by the Hotaki dynasty , which ended their forceful conversion of Sunni areas to Shiaism . Mughal Empire ( edit ) Mughal empire Main article : Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was a product of various Central Asian invasions into the Indian subcontinent . It was founded by the Timurid prince Babur in 1526 with the destruction of the Delhi sultanate , placing its capital in Agra . Babur 's death some years later and the indecisive rule of his son , Humayun , brought instability to Mughal rule . The resistance of the Afghani Sher Shah , who administered a string of defeats to Humayun , weakened the empire . A year before his death , however , Humayun managed to recover much of the lost territories , leaving a substantial legacy for his son , the 13 - year - old Akbar ( later known as Akbar the Great ) , in 1556 . Under Akbar , consolidation of the Mughal Empire occurred through both expansion and administrative reforms . After Akbar , Jahangir and Shah Jahan came to power . Subsequently , Aurangazeb ruled vast areas including Afghanisthan , Pakistan , India and Bangladesh . The Taj Mahal The empire ruled most of present - day India , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Afghanistan for several centuries . Its decline in the early 18th century allowed India to be divided into smaller kingdoms and states . The Mughal dynasty was dissolved by the British Empire after the Indian rebellion of 1857 . It left a lasting legacy on Indian culture and architecture . Famous buildings built by the Mughals , include : the Taj Mahal , the Red Fort , the Badshahi Mosque , the Lahore Fort , the Shalimar Gardens and the Agra Fort . During the empire 's reign , Muslim communities flourished all over India , in Gujarat , Bengal and Hyderabad . Various Sufi orders from Afghanistan and Persia were active throughout the region . More than a quarter of the population converted to Islam . Modern period ( edit ) The modern age brought technological and organizational changes to Europe while the Islamic region continued the patterns of earlier centuries .",
"51": "The European powers , and especially Britain and France , globalized economically and colonized much of the region . Ottoman Empire partition ( edit ) Main article : Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman army in World War I By the end of the 19th century , the Ottoman Empire had declined . The decision to back Germany in World War I meant they shared the Central Powers ' defeat in that war . The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the Battle of Gallipoli : Mustafa Kemal , who became known to his people as Atatürk , `` Father of the Turks . '' Atatürk was credited with renegotiating the treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) which ended Turkey 's involvement in the war and establishing the modern Republic of Turkey , which was recognized by the Allies in the Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) . Atatürk went on to implement an ambitious program of modernization that emphasized economic development and secularization . He transformed Turkish culture to reflect European laws , adopted Hindu - Arabic numerals , the Latin script , separated the religious establishment from the state , and emancipated woman -- even giving them the right to vote in parallel with women 's suffrage in the west . Following World War I , the vast majority of former Ottoman territory outside of Asia Minor was handed over to the victorious European powers as protectorates . During the war the Allies had promised the subject peoples independence in exchange for their assistance fighting the Turkish powers . To their dismay , they found that this system of `` protectorates '' was a smoke - screen for their continued subjugation by the British and the French . The struggles for independence from their Turkish overlords and the cooperation of partisan forces with the British were romanticized in the stories of British secret intelligence agent T.E. Lawrence -- later known as `` Lawrence of Arabia . '' Ottoman successor states include today 's Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Egypt , Greece , Iraq , Israel , Lebanon , Romania , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , Syria , Jordan , Turkey , Balkan states , North Africa and the north shore of the Black Sea . Many Muslim countries sought to adopt European political organization and nationalism began to emerge in the Muslim world .",
"52": "Countries like Egypt , Syria and Turkey organized their governments and sought to develop national pride among their citizens . Other places , like Iraq , were not as successful due to a lack of unity and an inability to resolve age - old prejudices between Muslim sects and against non-Muslims . Some Muslim countries , such as Turkey and Egypt , sought to separate Islam from the secular government . In other cases , such as Saudi Arabia , the government brought out religious expression in the re-emergence of the puritanical form of Sunni Islam known to its detractors as Wahabism , which found its way into the Saudi royal family . See also : Ottoman Caliphate and Turkish War of Independence Arab -- Israeli conflict ( edit ) Main article : Arab -- Israeli conflict The Arab -- Israeli conflict spans about a century of political tensions and open hostilities . It involves the establishment of the modern State of Israel as a Jewish nation state , the consequent displacement of the Palestinian people and Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries , as well as the adverse relationship between the Arab states and the State of Israel ( see related Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ) . Despite at first involving only the Arab states bordering Israel , animosity has also developed between Israel and other predominantly Muslim states . The Six - Day War of June 5 -- 10 , 1967 , was fought between Israel and the neighbouring states of Egypt , Jordan , and Syria . The Arab countries closed the Suez canal and it was followed in May 1970 by the closure of the `` tapline '' from Saudi Arabia through Syria to Lebanon . These developments had the effect of increasing the importance of petroleum in Libya , which is a short ( and canal - free ) shipping distance from Europe . In 1970 , Occidental Petroleum broke with other oil companies and accepted the Arab demands for price increases . Many countries , individuals and non-governmental organizations elsewhere in the world feel involved in this conflict for reasons such as cultural and religious ties with Islam , Arab culture , Christianity , Judaism , Jewish culture , or for ideological , human rights , or strategic reasons . Although some consider the Arab -- Israeli conflict a part of ( or a precursor to ) a wider clash of civilizations between the Western World and the Muslim world , others oppose this view .",
"53": "Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters ( or perceived supporters ) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world . Other Islamic affairs ( edit ) Modern Islamic world Islam in the modern world Sunni countries Shia countries Ibadi countries In 1979 the Iranian Revolution transformed Iran from a constitutional monarchy to a populist theocratic Islamic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , a Shi'i Muslim cleric and marja . Following the Revolution , and a new constitution was approved and a referendum established the government , electing Ruhollah Khomeini as Supreme Leader . During the following two years , liberals , leftists , and Islamic groups fought each other , and the Islamics captured power . The development of the two opposite fringes , the Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam the Twelver Shia version and its reinforcement by the Iranian Revolution and the Salafi in Saudi Arabia , coupled with the Iran -- Saudi Arabia relations resulted in these governments using sectarian conflict to enhance their political interests . Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait ( despite being hostile to Iraq ) encouraged Saddam Hussein to invade Iran , which resulted in the Iran -- Iraq War , as they feared that an Islamic revolution would take place within their own borders . Certain Iranian exiles also helped convince Saddam that if he invaded , the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse . In October 1973 , a new war between Israel and its Muslim neighbors , known as the Yom Kippur War , broke out just as the oil companies began meeting with OPEC leaders . OPEC had been emboldened by the success of Sadat 's campaigns and the war strengthened their unity . In response to the emergency resupply effort by the West that enabled Israel to put up a resistance against the Egyptian and Syrian forces , the Arab world imposed the 1973 oil embargo against the United States and Western Europe . Faisal agreed that Saudi Arabia would use some of its oil wealth to finance the `` front - line states '' , those that bordered Israel , in their struggle . The centrality of petroleum , the Arab - Israeli Conflict and political and economic instability and uncertainty remain constant features of the politics of the region .",
"54": "See also ( edit ) History of the Balkans Islam by country -- a list List of the Muslim Empires List of dynasties of Muslim Rulers Pre-Islamic Arabia The Ottomans : Europe 's Muslim Emperors Political aspects of Islam Islamism Islam and secularism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name Mansuriyya means `` the victorious '' , after its founder Ismāʿīl Abu Tahir Ismail Billah , called al - Mansur , `` the victor . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Watt , William Montgomery ( 2003 ) . Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17587 - 6 . Jump up ^ Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 9 , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key themes in these early recitations include the idea of the moral responsibility of man who was created by God and the idea of the judgment to take place on the day of resurrection . ( ... ) Another major theme of Muhammad 's early preaching , ( ... is that ) there is a power greater than man 's , and that the wise will acknowledge this power and cease their greed and suppression of the poor . '' F. Buhl & A.T. Welch , Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed. , `` Muhammad '' , vol. 7 , p. 363 . ^ Jump up to : `` At first Muhammad met with no serious opposition ( ... ) He was only gradually led to attack on principle the gods of Mecca .",
"55": "( ... ) Meccan merchants then discovered that a religious revolution might be dangerous to their fairs and their trade . '' F. Buhl & A.T. Welch , Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed. , `` Muhammad '' , vol. 7 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Donner 2010 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2010 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2013 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Donner 2010 , p. 633 . Jump up ^ See also Hughes 2013 , pp. 6 & 7 , who links the practice of source and tradition ( or form ) criticism as one approach . Jump up ^ Donner 2010 , pp. 629 , 633 . Jump up ^ Donner 2010 , p. 630 . Jump up ^ Donner 2010 , p. 631 . Jump up ^ Donner 2010 , p. 632 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson 2010 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2010 , pp. 4 , 5 . Jump up ^ Christian Julien Robin ( 2012 ) . Arabia and Ethiopia . In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity . OUP USA . pp. 297 -- 99 . ISBN 9780195336931 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Julien Robin ( 2012 ) . Arabia and Ethiopia . In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity . OUP USA . p. 302 . ISBN 9780195336931 . Jump up ^ Christian Julien Robin ( 2012 ) . Arabia and Ethiopia . In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity . OUP USA . p. 287 . ISBN 9780195336931 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Julien Robin ( 2012 ) . Arabia and Ethiopia . In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity . OUP USA . p. 301 . ISBN 9780195336931 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ Irving M. Zeitlin ( 19 March 2007 ) . The Historical Muhammad . Polity . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3999 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The very first question a biographer has to ask , namely when the person was born , can not be answered precisely for Muhammad . ( ... ) Muhammad 's biographers usually make him 40 or sometimes 43 years old at the time of his call to be a prophet , which ( ... ) would put the year of his birth at about 570 A.D. '' F. Buhl & A.T. Welch , Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed. , `` Muhammad '' , vol. 7 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2010 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Albert Hourani ( 2002 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Harvard University Press . pp. 15 -- 19 . ISBN 9780674010178 . Jump up ^ W. Montgomery Watt ( 1956 ) . Muhammad At Medina . Oxford At The Clarendon Press . pp. 1 -- 17 , 192 -- 221 . Jump up ^ `` A Shi'ite Encyclopedia '' . Al-Islam.org . Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project . Jump up ^ Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal , Volume 4 . p. 281 . Jump up ^ al - Razi , Fakhr . Tafsir al - Kabir , Volume 12 . pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ al - Tabrizi , al - Khatib . Mishkat al - Masabih . p. 557 . Jump up ^ Khand , Mir . Habib al - Siyar , Volume 1 , Part 3 . p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Albert Hourani ( 2002 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Harvard University Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 9780674010178 . Jump up ^ `` The immediate outcome of the Muslim victories was turmoil .",
"57": "Medina 's victories led allied tribes to attack the non-aligned to compensate for their own losses . The pressure drove tribes ( ... ) across the imperial frontiers . The Bakr tribe , which had defeated a Persian detachment in 606 , joined forces with the Muslims and led them on a raid in southern Iraq ( ... ) A similar spilling over of tribal raiding occurred on the Syrian frontiers . Abu Bakr encouraged these movements ( ... ) What began as inter-tribal skirmishing to consolidate a political confederation in Arabia ended as a full - scale war against the two empires . '' Lapidus ( 2002 , p. 32 ) Jump up ^ `` In dealing with captured leaders Abu Bakr showed great clemency , and many became active supporters of the cause of Islam . '' W. Montgomery Watt , Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed. , `` Abu Bakr '' , vol. 1 , p. 110 . `` Umar 's subsequent decision ( reversing the exclusionary policy of Abu Bakr ) to allow those tribes whichhad rebelled during the course of the Ridda wars and been subdued to participate in the expanding incursions into and attacks on the Fertile Crescent ( ... ) incorporated the defeated Arabs into the polity as Muslims . '' Berkey ( 2003 , p. 71 ) Jump up ^ ( N ) on - Muslim sources allow us to perceive an additional advantage , namely , that Arabs had been serving in the armies of Byzantium and Persia long before Islam ; they had acquired valuable training in the weaponry and military tactics of the empires and had become to some degree acculturated to their ways . In fact , these sources hint that we should view many in Muhammad 's west Arabian coalition , its settled members as well as its nomads , not so much as outsiders seeking to despoil the empires but as insiders trying to grab a share of the wealth of their imperial masters. Hoyland ( 2014 , p. 227 ) Jump up ^ Abdul Basit Ahmad ( 2001 ) . Umar bin Al Khattab - The Second Caliph of Islam . Darussalam . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 9960 - 861 - 08 - 1 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ Khalid Muhammad Khalid ; Muhammad Khali Khalid ( 2005 ) . Men Around the Messenger . The Other Press . pp. 20 -- . ISBN 978 - 983 - 9154 - 73 - 3 . Jump up ^ Maulana Muhammad Ali ( 8 August 2011 ) . The Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad . eBookIt.com . pp. 132 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934271 - 22 - 3 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Al - Buraey ( 1985 ) . Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective . KPI . pp. 254 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0333 - 2 . Jump up ^ The challenge of Islamic renaissance by Syed Abdul Quddus Jump up ^ Muhammad Al - Buraey ( 1985 ) . Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective . KPI . pp. 252 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0059 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ahmed Akgündüz ; Said Öztürk ( 1 January 2011 ) . Ottoman History : Misperceptions and Truths . IUR Press . pp. 539 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 90 - 26108 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sami Ayad Hanna ; George H. Gardner ( 1969 ) . Arab Socialism . ( al - Ishtirakīyah Al - ʻArabīyah ) : A Documentary Survey . Brill Archive . pp. 271 -- . GGKEY : EDBBNXAKPQ2 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2000 , p. 38 ) Jump up ^ Hofmann ( 2007 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ Islam : An Illustrated History by Greville Stewart Parker Freeman - Grenville , Stuart Christopher Munro - Hay p. 40 Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant ( 1978 ) .",
"59": "`` Sunnah Jami'ah , pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrim of Yathrib : analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 41 : 1 -- 42 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00057761 . Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant ( 1964 ) . `` The Constitution of Medina '' . Islamic Quarterly . 8 : 4 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Medina . scribd.com Jump up ^ Wilferd Madelung ( 15 October 1998 ) . The Succession to Muhammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64696 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rahman ( 1999 , p. 40 ) Jump up ^ Archibald Ross Lewis ( 1985 ) . European Naval and Maritime History , 300 -- 1500 . Indiana University Press . pp. 24 -- . ISBN 0 - 253 - 32082 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leonard Michael Kroll ( 2005 ) . History of the Jihad : Islam Versus Civilization . AuthorHouse . pp. 123 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4634 - 5730 - 3 . Jump up ^ Timothy E. Gregory ( 26 August 2011 ) . A History of Byzantium . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 183 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5997 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Weston ( 28 July 2008 ) . Prophets and Princes : Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 61 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 18257 - 4 . Jump up ^ Khalid Muhammad Khalid ; Muhammad Khali Khalid ( February 2005 ) . Men Around the Messenger . The Other Press . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 978 - 983 - 9154 - 73 - 3 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ P.M. Holt ; Peter Malcolm Holt ; Ann K.S. Lambton ; Bernard Lewis ( 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam : . Cambridge University Press . pp. 605 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29138 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maulana Muhammad Ali ( 9 August 2011 ) . The Early Caliphate . eBookIt.com . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934271 - 25 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rahman ( 1999 , p. 37 ) Jump up ^ Schimmel , Annemarie ; Barbar Rivolta ( Summer , 1992 ) . `` Islamic Calligraphy '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin , New Series 50 ( 1 ) : 3 . Jump up ^ The Spread of Islam : The Contributing Factors by Abu al - Fazl Izzati , A. Ezzati Page 301 Jump up ^ Islam For Dummies by Malcolm Clark Page Jump up ^ Spiritual Clarity by Jackie Wellman p. 51 Jump up ^ The Koran For Dummies by Sohaib Sultan Page Jump up ^ Quran : The Surah Al - Nisa , Ch4 : v2 Jump up ^ Quran : Surat Al - Hujurat ( 49 : 13 ) Jump up ^ Quran : Surat An - Nisa ' ( 4 : 1 ) Jump up ^ Iraq a Complicated State : Iraq 's Freedom War by Karim M.S. Al - Zubaidi p. 32 Jump up ^ Wilferd Madelung ( 1998 ) . The Succession to Muhammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge University Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64696 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bukhari , Sahih . `` Sahih Bukhari : Book of `` Peacemaking '' `` . Jump up ^ Holt ( 1977a , pp. 67 -- 72 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , J : History of the World . Penguin , 1994 . Jump up ^ Dermenghem , E.",
"61": "( 1958 ) . Muhammad and the Islamic tradition . New York : Harper Brothers . p. 183 . Jump up ^ The Succession to Muhammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate by Wilferd Madelung . p. 340 . Jump up ^ Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle - East and Central Asia : A-I , Volume 1 edited by R. Khanam . p. 543 Jump up ^ Islam and Politics John L. Esposito 1998 p. 16 Jump up ^ Islamic Imperial Law : Harun - Al - Rashid 's Codification Project by Benjamin Jokisch - 2007 p. 404 Jump up ^ The Byzantine And Early Islamic Near East Hugh N. Kennedy - 2006 p. 197 Jump up ^ A Chronology of Islamic History by H.U. Rahman pp. 106 , 129 Jump up ^ Voyages in World History by Josef W. Meri p. 248 Jump up ^ Lapidus ( 2002 , p. 56 ) ; Lewis ( 1993 , pp. 71 -- 83 ) Jump up ^ Blankinship , Khalid Yahya ( 1994 ) . The End of the Jihad State , the Reign of Hisham Ibn ' Abd - al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads . State University of New York Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1827 - 8 Jump up ^ answering-ansar.org . ch 8 . Archived 2011 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ answering-ansar.org . ch 7 . Archived 2011 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kokab wa Rifi Fazal - e-Ali Karam Allah Wajhu , Page 484 , by Syed Mohammed Subh - e-Kashaf AlTirmidhi , Urdu translation by Syed Sharif Hussein Sherwani Sabzawari , Published by Aloom AlMuhammed , number B12 Shadbagh , Lahore , 1 January 1963 . p. 484 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ History of the Arab by Philip K Hitti Jump up ^ History of Islam by prof. Masudul Hasan Jump up ^ The Empire of the Arabs by sir John Glubb Jump up ^ In the Al - Andalus ( the Iberian Peninsula ) , North Africa and in the east populations revolted . In A.H. 102 ( 720 -- 721 ) in Ifriqiyah , the harsh governor Yazid ibn Muslim was overthrown and Muhammad ibn Yazid , the former governor , restored to power . The caliph accepted this and confirmed Muhammad ibn Yazid as governor of Ifriqiyah . Jump up ^ * Eggenberger , David ( 1985 ) . An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 BC. to the Present . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 p. 3 . Jump up ^ von Ess , `` Kadar '' , Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd Ed . Jump up ^ Theophilus . Quoted Robert Hoyland , Seeing Islam as Others Saw It ( Darwin Press , 1998 ) , 660 ^ Jump up to : J. Jomier . Islam : Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . accessdate = 2007 - 05 - 02 Jump up ^ Lewis 1993 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Holt 1977a , p. 105 Jump up ^ Holt 1977b , pp. 661 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Abbasid Dynasty '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Islam '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Applied History Research Group . `` The Islamic World to 1600 '' . University of Calagary . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Jump up ^ Lapidus 2002 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Nasr 2003 , p.",
"63": "121 Jump up ^ Khaddūrī 2002 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Abdel Wahab El Messeri . Episode 21 : Ibn Rushd , Everything you wanted to know about Islam but was afraid to Ask , Philosophia Islamica . Jump up ^ Fauzi M. Najjar ( Spring , 1996 ) . The debate on Islam and secularism in Egypt , Arab Studies Quarterly ( ASQ ) . Jump up ^ for more , see As - Saffah's_Caliphate Jump up ^ An universal history : from the earliest accounts to the present time , Volume 2 By George Sale , George Psalmanazar , Archibald Bower , George Shelvocke , John Campbell , John Swinton . p. 319 Jump up ^ Chamber 's Encyclopaedia : A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge , Volume 5 . W. & R. Chambers , 1890 . p. 567 . Jump up ^ Johannes P. Schadé ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of World Religions . Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari History volume xxxi , `` The War Between Brothers , '' transl . Michael Fishbein , SUNY , Albany , 1992 Jump up ^ Nasr 2003 , pp. 121 -- 22 Jump up ^ Lapidus 1988 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Thomas Spencer Baynes ( 1878 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : a dictionary of arts , sciences , and general literature . A. and C. Black . pp. 578 -- . Jump up ^ Hindu rebellions in Sindh were put down , and most of Afghanistan was absorbed with the surrender of the leader of Kabul . Mountainous regions of Iran were brought under a tighter grip of the central Abbasid government , as were areas of Turkestan . There were disturbances in Iraq during the first several years of Al - Ma'mun's reign . Egypt continued to be unquiet . Sindh was rebellious , but Ghassan ibn Abbad subdued it . An ongoing problem for Al - Ma'mun was the uprising headed by Babak Khorramdin .",
"64": "In 214 Babak routed a Caliphate army , killing its commander Muhammad ibn Humayd . Jump up ^ The Mihna subjected traditionalist scholars with social influence and intellectual quality to imprisonment , religious tests , and loyalty oaths . Al - Ma'mun introduced the Mihna with the intention to centralize religious power in the caliphal institution and test the loyalty of his subjects . The Mihna had to be undergone by elites , scholars , judges and other government officials , and consisted of a series of questions relating to theology and faith . The central question was about the state of the creation of the Qur'an : if the person interrogated stated he believed the Qur'an to be created , he was free to leave and continue his profession . Jump up ^ Had he been victorious over the Byzantine Emperor , Al - Ma'mun would have made a condition of peace be that the emperor hand over of a copy of the `` Almagest '' . Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari , History v. 32 `` The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate , '' SUNY , Albany , 1987 ; v. 33 `` Storm and Stress along the Northern frontiers of the Abbasid Caliphate , '' transl . C.E. Bosworth , SUNY , Albany , 1991 Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari History v. 34 `` Incipient Decline , '' transl . Joel L. Kramer , SUNY , Albany , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 875 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 875 - 1 Jump up ^ Its minarets were spiraling cones 55 metres ( 180 ft ) high with a spiral ramp , and it had 17 aisles with walls paneled with mosaics of dark blue glass . Jump up ^ A sum of 120,000 golden pieces was paid for the freedom of the captives . Jump up ^ Examples of the former include the loss of Mosul in 990 , and the loss of Ṭabaristān and Gurgān in 997 .",
"65": "An example of the latter is the Kakūyid dynasty of Isfahān , whose fortunes rose with the decline of the Būyids of northern Iran . Jump up ^ Bowen , Harold ( 1928 ) . The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà : The Good Vizier . Cambridge University Press . p. 385 . Jump up ^ R.N. Frye ( 1975 ) . The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume Four : From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20093 - 8 Jump up ^ Hanne , Eric , J. ( 2007 ) . Putting the Caliph in His Place : Power , Authority , and the Late Abbasid Caliphate . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 55 . ISBN 9780838641132 . Jump up ^ William Muir . The Caliphate : Its Rise , Decline , and Fall . Jump up ^ Jonathan Riley - Smith , The Oxford History of the Crusades , ( Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , 213 . Jump up ^ William Muir , The Caliphate : Its Rise , Decline , and Fall . Jump up ^ ʻIzz al - Dīn Ibn al - Athīr , Donald Sidney Richards , The chronicle of Ibn al - Athīr for the crusading period from al - Kāmil fī'l - ta'rīkh : The years 491 -- 541 / 1097 -- 1146 : the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response . Jump up ^ Martin Sicker ( 2000 ) . The Islamic World in Ascendancy : From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96892 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jean Richard , The Latin kingdom of Jerusalem : Volume 1 . 1979 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ It is supposed by an emissary of the Hashshashins , who had no love for the Caliph .",
"66": "Modern historians have suspected that Mas'ud instigated the murder although the two most important historians of the period Ibn al - Athir and Ibn al - Jawzi did not speculate on this matter . Jump up ^ William Muir . book The Caliphate : Its Rise , Decline , and Fall , 1924 . Jump up ^ Grigor of Akanc - The history of the nation of archers , ( tr . R.P. Blake ) 303 Jump up ^ Kalistriat Salia - History of the Georguan Nation , p. 210 Jump up ^ T. Thomas ( 2004 ) Allsen - Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 052160270X , p. 84 Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis ( 1991 ) . The Political Language of Islam . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Ann K.S. Lambton ( 1981 ) . State and Government in Medieval Islam : An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory : the Jurists . Psychology Press . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713600 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arthur Goldschmidt , Jr . A Concise History of the Middle East . ^ Jump up to : Mahmoud A. El - Gamal ( 2006 ) . Islamic Finance : Law , Economics , and Practice . Cambridge University Press . pp. 122 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 45716 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : T Spencer C. Tucker ; Priscilla Roberts ( 2008 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 4 volumes ) : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 917 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 842 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Iraq Effect : The Middle East After the Iraq War . Rand Corporation . 2010 . pp. 91 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 4788 - 5 .",
"67": "Jump up ^ `` Mahdia : Historical Background Archived 2013 - 11 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Commune-mahdia.gov.tn . ^ Jump up to : Beeson , Irene ( September -- October 1969 ) . `` Cairo , a Millennial '' . Saudi Aramco World : 24 , 26 -- 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Firestone , R. ( 2008 ) . An introduction to Islam for Jews . Philadelphia : JPS / Jewish Publication Society . Page 66 Jump up ^ Lane , J. - E. , Redissi , H. , & Ṣaydāwī , R. ( 2009 ) . Religion and politics : Islam and Muslim civilization . Farnham , England : Ashgate Pub . Company . Page 83 Jump up ^ Cairo_of_the_mind , oldroads.org Archived 2008 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Henry Melvill Gwatkin ; James Pounder Whitney ; Joseph Robson Tanner ; Charles William Previté - Orton ; Zachary Nugent Brooke ( 1913 ) . The Cambridge Medieval History . Macmillan . pp. 379 -- . Jump up ^ al - Qaim bi-Amrillah Archived 2006 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... archive.mumineen.org Jump up ^ Yeomans 2006 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Tracy 2000 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03. > Jump up ^ Amin Maalouf ( 1984 ) . The Crusades Through Arab Eyes . Al Saqi Books . pp. 160 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 8052 - 0898 - 4 . Jump up ^ Henry Hallam ( 1870 ) . View of the State of Europe During the Middle Ages . 1 . W.J. Widdleton . pp. 49 -- .",
"68": "Jump up ^ The Literary Era : A Monthly Repository of Literary and Miscellaneous Information . 5 . Porter & Coates . 1898 . pp. 133 -- . Jump up ^ Sylvia Schein ( 2005 ) . Gateway to the Heavenly City : Crusader Jerusalem and the Catholic West ( 1099 -- 1187 ) . Ashgate . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 0649 - 9 . Jump up ^ Peter Lock ( 2013 ) . The Routledge Companion to the Crusades . Routledge . pp. 180 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 13137 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Il - Khanate ) Archived 2013 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... ucalgary.ca Jump up ^ Tschanz , David W. ( July / August 2007 ) . `` History 's Hinge : ' Ain Jalut '' . Saudi Aramco World . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Americana , Grolier Incorporated , p. 680 Jump up ^ The spread of Islam : the contributing factors By Abū al - Faz̤l ʻIzzatī , A. Ezzati , p. 274 Jump up ^ Islam in Russia : the four seasons By Ravilʹ Bukharaev , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : `` Tamerlane , or Timur '' . Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia . Routledge. 2014 . While Timur 's capital , Samarqand , became a cosmopolitan imperial city that flourished as never before , Iran and Iraq suffered devastation at a greater degree than that caused by the Mongols . ( ... ) Timur 's conquests also consciously aimed to restore the Mongol Empire , and the deliberate devastation that accompanied them was a conscious imitation of the Mongol onslaught . S. Starr , S. Frederick ( 2014 ) . Lost Enlightenment : Central Asia 's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane . HarperCollins Publishers India . p. 411 .",
"69": "Timur 's ceaseless conquests were accompanied by a level of brutality matched only by Chinggis Khan himself . At Isfahan his troops dispatched some 70,000 defenders , while at Delhi his soldiers are reported to have systematically killed 100,000 Indians . Jump up ^ Elliot , Sir H.M. ; edited by Dowson , John . The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867 -- 77 . ( Online Copy : The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; by Sir H.M. Elliot ; Edited by John Dowson ; London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . -- This online copy has been posted by : The Packard Humanities Institute ; Persian Texts in Translation ; Also find other historical books : Author List and Title List Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Richards , John F. ( 1996 ) . The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Hourani 2003 , p. 85 Jump up ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition . Brill , Leiden . Jump up ^ For more , see Mamluk architecture . Jump up ^ Collins 2004 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Hourani 2003 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Glubb , John Bagot ( 1966 ) . The course of empire : The Arabs and their successors . Prentice - Hall . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Glick , Thomas F. ( 2005 ) . Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages . BRILL . p. 102 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 14771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Luscombe , David Edward ; Jonathan Riley - Smith ( 2004 ) . The new Cambridge medieval history . Cambridge University Press . p. 599 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 41410 - 5 . Jump up ^ O'Callaghan , Joseph F.",
"70": "( 1983 ) . A History of Medieval Spain . Cornell University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9264 - 5 . Jump up ^ Constable , Olivia Remie ( 1997 ) . `` The Political Dilemma of a Granadan Ruler '' . Medieval Iberia : Readings from Christian , Muslim , and Jewish Sources . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1569 - 9 . Jump up ^ This was likely because al - Andalus was a land besieged by many different loyalties , and the proclamation of caliph would have likely caused much unrest . Abd al - Rahman 's progeny would , however , take up the title of caliph . Jump up ^ Michael Hamilton Morgan . Lost History : The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists , Thinkers , and Artists . National Geographic Books , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . 15 -- 16 . C. Knight . 1839 . pp. 385 -- . Jump up ^ P P.M. Holt ; Peter Malcolm Holt ; Ann K.S. Lambton ; Bernard Lewis ( 21 April 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam : . Cambridge University Press . pp. 411 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29137 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Fierro , Maribel ( 2005 ) . Abd - al - Rahman III of Córdoba . Oxford : Oneworld Publications . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 384 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ibn Idhari ( 1860 ) ( Composed c. 1312 ) . Al - Bayan al - Mughrib ( Historias de Al - Andalus ) ( in Spanish ) . Volume 1 . trans . Francisco Fernández y González .",
"71": "Granada : Francisco Ventura y Sabatel . OCLC 557028856 . Jump up ^ Lane - Poole , Stanley ( 1894 ) . The Mohammedan Dynasties : Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions . Westminster : Archibald Constable and Company . OCLC 1199708 . Jump up ^ `` Kairouan Capital of Political Power and Learning in the Ifriqiya '' . Muslim Heritage . Jump up ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth ( 2007 ) . Historic Cities of the Islamic World . BRILL . pp. 264 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 15388 - 8 . Jump up ^ Y . Benhima , `` The Idrisids ( 789 -- 974 ) Archived 10 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . qantara-med.org , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Almoravides '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ History of the Almonades , Reinhart Dozy , Second edition , 1881 . ^ Jump up to : A Country Study : Somalia from The Library of Congress Jump up ^ Nicolini , B. , & Watson , P. - J. ( 2004 ) . Makran , Oman , and Zanzibar : Three - terminal cultural corridor in the western Indian Ocean , 1799 -- 1856 . Leiden : Brill . p. 35 Jump up ^ Nimtz , Jr. , August H. ( 1980 ) . Islam and Politics in East Aftrica . the Sufi Order in Tanzania . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Jump up ^ Gustave Le Bon. ( 1956 ) . Hadarat al Arab . Translation of La Civilisation - des Arabes . 3rd Print . Cairo . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Suryanegara , Ahmad Mansyur. ( 2009 ) .",
"72": "Sedjarah Ekonomis Sosiologis Indonesia ( History of Socio Economic of Indonesia ) . API Sejarah . Bandung . Indonesia . pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Sir Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guilaume , ( eds . ) , ( 1965 ) . The Legacy of Islam . Oxford University Press , New York , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Nasr 2003 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History . 1 . ABC - CLIO . pp. 419 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Blair 2000 , pp. 226 -- 30 Jump up ^ Qutb Minar and its Monuments , Delhi UNESCO Jump up ^ `` World 's second oldest mosque is in India '' . Bahrain tribune . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Ashirvadi Lal ( 1929 ) . The Sultanate Of Delhi 711 -- 1526 AD . Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company . Jump up ^ Holden , Edward Singleton ( 1895 ) . The Mogul emperors of Hindustan , A.D. 1398 -- A.D. 1707 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Khamouch , Mohammed . `` Jewel of Chinese Muslim 's Heritage '' . FTSC . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong 2000 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Holt 1977a , p. 263 Jump up ^ Kohn , G.C. ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of wars . New York : Facts on File . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Koprulu 1992 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Koprulu 1992 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' .",
"73": "In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. xxxii . Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 553 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . In the past fifty years , scholars have frequently tended to view this decreasing participation of the sultan in political life as evidence for `` Ottoman decadence , '' which supposedly began at some time during the second half of the sixteenth century . But recently , more note has been taken of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was still a formidable military and political power throughout the seventeenth century , and that noticeable though limited economic recovery followed the crisis of the years around 1600 ; after the crisis of the 1683 -- 99 war , there followed a longer and more decisive economic upswing . Major evidence of decline was not visible before the second half of the eighteenth century . Jump up ^ Peter B. Golden ( 2002 ) `` An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples '' ; In : Osman Karatay , Ankara , p. 321 Jump up ^ `` Ismail Safavi '' Encyclopædia Iranica Jump up ^ Bloom & Blair 2000 , pp. 199 -- 204 ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Blair 2000 , pp. 211 -- 19 Jump up ^ Bentley & Ziegler 2006 , pp. 961 , 969 Jump up ^ Bentley & Ziegler 2006 , pp. 971 -- 72 Jump up ^ McNeill , Bentley & Christian 2005 , p. 1402 Jump up ^ Causes Of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World : a Socio - Political perspective ( 1 ) by Abdel Mahdi Abdallah ( MERIA Journal ) . Volume 7 , No. 4 .",
"74": "December 2003 Jump up ^ Arab - Israeli Conflict : Role of religion ( Israel Science and Technology ) Jump up ^ Arab - American Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan : There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century Archived 2007 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heather S. Gregg ; Hy S. Rothstein ; John Arquilla ( 2010 ) . The Three Circles of War : Understanding the Dynamics of Conflict in Iraq . Potomac Books , Inc . pp. 66 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 499 - 8 . Jump up ^ Said Amir Arjomand ( 2009 ) . After Khomeini : Iran Under His Successors . Oxford University Press . pp. 195 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974576 - 0 . Jump up ^ Farrokh , Kaveh . Iran at War : 1500 -- 1988 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78096 - 221 - 4 . Sources ( edit ) Books , articles , and journals Armstrong , Karen ( 2000 ) . Islam : A Short History . Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64040 - 0 . Berkey , Jonathan Porter ( 2003 ) . The Formation of Islam : Religion and Society in the Near East , 600 -- 1800 . Cambridge University Press . Bloom ; Blair ( 2000 ) . Islam : A Thousand Years of Faith and Power . Esposito , John ( 2000 ) . Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510799 - 9 . Donner , Fred M. ( 2010 ) . `` Modern approaches to early Islamic history '' . In Robinson , Chase F. The New Cambridge History of Islam . Volume 1 : The Formation of the Islamic World , Sixth to Eleventh Centuries . Cambridge University Press . pp. 625 -- 47 . ISBN 9780521838238 .",
"75": "Hart , Michael ( 1978 ) . The 100 : Ranking of the most influential persons in history . New York : Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1057 - 9 . P.M. Holt , Bernard Lewis ( 1977a ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 1 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29136 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) P.M. Holt , Ann K.S. Lambton , Bernard Lewis ( 1977b ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 2 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29137 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Albert Hourani , Malise Ruthven ( 2003 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Belknap Press ; Revised edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01017 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Hoyland , Robert G. ( 2014 ) . In Gods Path : The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire . Oxford University Press . Hughes , Aaron W. ( 2013 ) . Muslim Identities : an Introduction to Islam . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231161473 . Khaddūrī , Majīd ( 2002 ) . The Islamic Law of Nations : Shaybani 's Siyar . JHU Press . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 9780801869754 . Koprulu , Mehmed Fuad ; Leiser , Gary ( 1992 ) . The Origins of the . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0819 - 1 . Lapidus , Ira M. ( 2002 ) . A History of Islamic societes . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77056 - 4 . Lewis , B. ( 1993 ) . The Arabs in History . Oxford University Press .",
"76": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 285258 - 2 . Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 2003 ) . Islam : Religion , History and Civilization . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 050714 - 4 . Rahman , F. ( 1982 ) . Islam & Modernity : Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70284 - 7 . Rahman , H.U. ( 1999 ) . A Chronology of Islamic History . Ta - Ha . ISBN 9781897940815 . Robinson , Chase F. ( 2010 ) . `` Introduction / The rise of Islam , 600 705 '' . In Robinson , Chase F. The New Cambridge History of Islam . Volume 1 : The Formation of the Islamic World , Sixth to Eleventh Centuries . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 15 , 173 -- 225 . ISBN 9780521838238 . Sonn , Tamara ( 2004 ) . A Brief History of Islam . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0900 - 9 . Ankerl , Guy ( 2000 ) . Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations : Arabo - Muslim , Bharati , Chinese , and Western . INUPress . ISBN 2 - 88155 - 004 - 5 . Hourani , Albert ( 2002 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Faber & Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21591 - 2 . al - Balādhurī , A.Y. ; Hitti , P.K. ( 1916 ) . The origins of the Islamic state : Being a translation from the Arabic accompanied with annotations , geographic and historic notes of the Kitâbfutûḥ al - buldân of al - Imâm abu l'Abbâs Aḥmad ibn - Jâbir al - Balâdhuri . New York . Williams , H.S. , ed. ( 1904 ) .",
"77": "The historians ' history of the world : Parthians , Sassanids , and Arabs . The crusades and the papacy . New York : The Outlook Company . Le , S.G. ( 1900 ) . Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate : From contemporary Arabic and Persian sources . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Bentley , Jerry H. ; Ziegler , Herbert F. ( 2006 ) . Traditions and Encounters : A Global Perspective on the Past . New York : McGraw - Hill . Zaydān , J. ; Margoliouth , D.S. ( 1907 ) . `` Being the fourth part of Jurjí Zaydán 's history of Islamic civilization . '' . Umayyads and ʻAbbásids . Leyden : E.J. Brill , imprimerie orientale . `` Islam Aflame with Revolt '' . The World 's work . New York : Doubleday , Page & Co. 1900 . Muir , Sir William ( 1877 ) . The life of Mahomet : from original sources . Smith , Elder , & Co . Irving , W. ( 1868 ) . Mahomet and his successors . New York : Putnam . Sale , G. ; Psalmanazar , G. ; Bower , A. ; Shelvocke , G. ; Campbell , J. ; Swinton , J. ( 779 ) . A universal history : From the earliest accounts to the present time . 21 . London : C. Bathurst . Rosenthal , Franz ( 1968 ) . A history of Muslim historiography . Brill Archive . Encyclopedias P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P.",
"78": "Heinrichs ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam , New Edition ( 1954 - 2005 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History . 4 . Berkshire Publishing Group . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9743091 - 0 - 1 . The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Incorporated ; Rev Ed edition . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 236 - 9 . Baynes , T.S. ( 1888 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : A dictionary of arts , sciences , and general literature . New York , N.Y : H.G. Allen . pp. 545 -- 606 . In Pace , E.A. ( 1922 ) . The Catholic Encyclopedia : An International Work of Reference on the Constitution , Doctrine , Discipline and History of the Catholic Church . New York : Encyclopedia Press . `` Mohammed and Mohammedanism . '' . pp. 424 -- 28 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Islam . Islam , the Quran , and the Five Pillars All Without a Flamewar : Crash Course World History # 13 - YouTube Chronological history of Islam and Muslims up to current time Islam : 662AD - Present Internet Islamic History Sourcebook A history of Islam in America Ethiopian Muslims History The Haven of the First Hijra ( Migration ) : an African nation is the Muslims ' first refuge Brief history of Islam Chronological history of Islam A history of Islamic culture Islamic Civilization Mohammedan History , 1920 History of Islam Caliphate Islamic Golden Age Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Shi'a Imams Sultan Emir Historiography of early Islam 600 -- 700 AD Muhammad Succession to Muhammad Rashidun Muslim conquests First Islamic civil war ( Fitna ) Second Islamic civil war ( Fitna ) Caliphate",
"79": "Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate Ottoman Empire Mughal Empire Al - Andalus Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula Caliphate of Córdoba Almoravid dynasty Almohad Caliphate Marinid dynasty Nasrid dynasty Maghreb Rustamid dynasty Aghlabids Idrisid dynasty Muhallabids Almoravid dynasty Almohad Caliphate Hafsid dynasty Marinid dynasty Wattasid dynasty Saadi dynasty Mashriq Tulunids Hamdanid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Uqaylid Dynasty Zengid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Bahri Burji dynasty Mamluk dynasty of Iraq Crusades Kathiri Mahra Sultanate Federation of South Arabia Persia Tahirid dynasty Alavids Saffarid dynasty Samanid Empire Ziyarid dynasty Buyid dynasty Ghaznavids Ghori Seljuk Khwarazmian dynasty Ilkhanate Muzaffarids ( Iran ) Chobanids Jalairid Sultanate Timurid dynasty Kara Koyunlu ( Black Sheep Turkomans ) Aq Qoyunlu ( White Sheep Turkomans ) Safavid dynasty Hotaki Afsharid dynasty Zand dynasty Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty South Asia Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent Delhi Sultanate Deccan sultanates Mughal Empire Bahmani Sultanate Jaunpur Sultanate Muzaffarids ( Gujarat ) Gujarat Sultanate Sultans on the",
"80": "Comoros Southeast Asia Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia Spread of Islam in Indonesia Kedah Sultanate Brunei Sultanate Johor Sultanate Malacca Sultanate Aceh Sultanate Banten Sultanate Maguindanao Sultanate Sulu Sultanate Ternate Sultanate Mataram Sultanate Khorassan History of Nishapur Africa Angoche Sultanate Aussa Sultanate Dar Sila Ifat Sultanate Kingdom of Baguirmi Sennar sultanate Sultanate of Zanzibar Modern states Islamic Republic of Iran Pakistan Movement Sultanate of Oman Islam topics Outline of Islam Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Predestination Judgement Day Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art",
"81": "Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah Mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion",
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"83": "History of theology ( Greco - Abrahamic ) Humanism Irreligion Secularism Religion portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islam&oldid=838256134 '' Categories : Islam and Judaism History of Islam Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski",
"84": "Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 Zazaki 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-6696747560626271522
|
who plays emma in air bud world pup
|
[
"Brittany Paige Bouck",
"Brittany Paige Bouck",
"Brittany Paige Bouck",
"Brittany Paige Bouck",
"Brittany Paige Bouck"
] |
{
"0": "Air Bud : World Pup - wikipedia Air Bud : World Pup Jump to : navigation , search Air Bud : World Pup DVD cover art Directed by Bill Bannerman Produced by Ian Fodie Written by Mike Whiting Robert Vince Anne Vince Based on Characters by Paul Tamasy Aaron Mendelsohn Kevin DiCicco Starring Kevin Zegers Brittany Paige Bouck Dale Midkiff Caitlin Wachs Chilton Crane Shayn Solberg Miguel Sandoval Chantal Strand Music by Brahm Wenger Cinematography Cyrus Block Edited by Kelly Herron Laura Mazur Production company Dimension Films Keystone Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Home Video Release date December 12 , 2000 Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Air Bud : World Pup ( also known as Air Bud 3 in most other countries ) is a 2000 made - for - video American film , and the third film in the Air Bud series . It was the first Air Bud movie to be filmed without Buddy , the canine star of the first two films ; Buddy died after production of the previous film , Golden Receiver . World Pup was the first film in the Air Bud series not to be released theatrically in the US ; however , it was played in Philippine theaters for a limited time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Film location 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Josh Framm 's mother , Jackie , has just married her veterinarian boyfriend , Patrick Sullivan . Josh and his best friend , Tom Stewart , have just made their school 's soccer team when their coach reveals that their team will become co-ed . Josh meets Emma , an attractive girl who just moved with her family from England ; and not only will she be playing on his soccer team , but she also has a golden retriever named Molly . Buddy also finds Molly attractive . Emma invites Josh and Tom to a party at her house and Tom dressed up like a British soldier and he looked quite silly .",
"1": "At the same time , things work out between Buddy and Molly and they become infatuated on the second floor in Emma 's house , all the while Andrea Framm and her best friend Tammy want to scope out what was going on at the party . Molly quickly has puppies with Josh 's basketball and football - playing dog , Buddy . Next , it is discovered that Buddy also has the uncanny ability to play soccer . However , the soccer committee decided to ban the Timberwolves from the soccer league just because they had Buddy on their team . The Timberwolves could remove Buddy from their team or remove their team from the league . Knowing Buddy was the star player , they naturally quit the league . The head of the committee 's son sees that the Timberwolves have been banned from the league and is outraged , making the head of the committee to have a change of heart , letting the Timberwolves back into the league . Buddy has a uniform and is on the roster , leading Josh 's soccer team to the state championship . However , trouble occurs when Buddy 's six newborn puppies are kidnapped by a man called Snerbert ( Martin Ferrero ) who wants to sell them for whippets . Once they have been caught , Snerbert 's assistant , Webster , confessed and helped bring Josh , and Buddy to the championships , which their team was losing horribly on because the two were late . They did n't care about Snerbert because Buddy had an army of dogs and they were n't going to let Snerbert go anywhere . Buddy 's team wins the championships . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Zegers -- Josh Framm Martin Ferrero -- Snerbert Dale Midkiff -- Dr. Patrick Sullivan Caitlin Wachs -- Andrea Framm Chilton Crane -- Mrs. Jackie Framm - Sullivan Brittany Paige Bouck -- Emma Putter Shayn Solberg -- Tom Stewart Miguel Sandoval -- Coach Montoya Chantal Strand -- Tammy Duncan Regehr -- Geoffrey Putter Briana Scurry -- Herself Alexander Ludwig -- Cameo Don McMillan as Webster Film location ( edit ) Shooting took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The soccer field and red brick buildings in the background are part of Shaughnessy Elementary School .",
"2": "External links ( edit ) Official website Air Bud : World Pup on IMDb Air Bud : World Pup at Allmovie ( hide ) Air Bud Air Buddy Air Bud Air Bud ( 1997 ) Air Bud : Golden Receiver ( 1998 ) Air Bud : World Pup ( 2000 ) Air Bud : Seventh Inning Fetch ( 2002 ) Air Bud : Spikes Back ( 2003 ) Air Buddies Air Buddies ( 2006 ) Snow Buddies ( 2008 ) Space Buddies ( 2009 ) Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) Spooky Buddies ( 2011 ) Treasure Buddies ( 2012 ) Super Buddies ( 2013 ) Santa Paws The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Bud:_World_Pup&oldid=827859865 '' Categories : English - language films American sequel films 2000 films Disney direct - to - video films 2000 direct - to - video films Films about dogs Association football films American comedy films American films American children 's films Films about animals playing sports Air Bud ( series ) 2000s comedy films Films shot in Vancouver DHX Media films Films about animals Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 04 : 09 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Sasuke Uchiha - wikipedia Sasuke Uchiha Jump to : navigation , search Sasuke Uchiha Naruto character Sasuke Uchiha as seen in Part I ( right ) , Part II ( left ) , and the finale as well as the Boruto film and series ( middle ) First appearance Naruto chapter 3 : Enter Sasuke ! ( 1999 ) Created by Masashi Kishimoto Voiced by Japanese Noriaki Sugiyama English Yuri Lowenthal Notable relatives Itachi Uchiha ( brother , deceased ) Sakura Uchiha ( wife ) Sarada Uchiha ( daughter ) Ninja rank Genin in Part I Rogue ninja in Part II Ninja team Team 7 ( Part I ) Taka ( Part II ) Sasuke Uchiha ( Japanese : うち は サスケ , Hepburn : Uchiha Sasuke ) is a fictional character in the Naruto manga and anime franchise created by Masashi Kishimoto . Sasuke belongs to the Uchiha clan , a notorious and powerful ninja family allied with the village of Konohagakure . Most of its members were massacred by Sasuke 's older brother , Itachi Uchiha , before the series begins , leaving Sasuke one of the few living members . At first , Sasuke is distant and seeks revenge for his clan by killing his brother , but he later becomes empathetic toward his teammates Naruto Uzumaki and Sakura Haruno . His feelings of powerlessness force him to abandon his village and quest to become stronger , regardless of the cost . Sasuke appears in several of the series ' animated feature films and related media , including video games , original video animations ( OVAs ) , and Boruto : Naruto the Movie ( 2015 ) and its manga sequel Boruto : Naruto Next Generations ( 2016 ) , in which he is depicted as a vigilante supporting his village . Kishimoto conceived Sasuke as a rival of the series ' title character Naruto Uzumaki . Despite Sasuke 's dark character development later in the story , Kishimoto avoided portraying him as a villain ; he found designing the character challenging and had difficulty creating a suitable look for him . Nonetheless , Kishimoto has grown to enjoy drawing him .",
"1": "In the manga 's animated adaptations , Sasuke was voiced by Noriaki Sugiyama in Japanese and Yuri Lowenthal in English . Sasuke 's character has received mixed responses from anime and manga publications . His impressive fighting skills , plot contribution , and rivalry with the title character received some praise , but he was criticized as a stereotypical rival in the mold of similar characters from other shōnen manga and as exhibiting a cold personality . Sasuke has placed highly in Naruto reader popularity polls . Character - based merchandise , including action figures and key chains , has been released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 1.1 Development 1.2 Design 1.3 Personality and voice actors 2 Character 3 Appearances 3.1 In Naruto 3.1. 1 In Part I 3.1. 2 In Part II 3.2 In the Boruto franchise 3.3 In other media 4 Reception 4.1 Popularity 4.2 Merchandise 4.3 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Creation ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Manga artist Masashi Kishimoto did not include Sasuke Uchiha in his original concept for the Naruto series , a story revolving around the character Naruto Uzumaki . Discussing the series ' future , his editor advised him to add a rival character for the protagonist Naruto and he created Sasuke . The character 's first name came from Sanpei Shirato 's manga Sasuke and Sarutobi Sasuke , a fictional ninja character in Japanese children 's stories . To introduce Sasuke , Kishimoto wrote a chapter that was set before the formation of his ninja squad , Team 7 . The idea was scrapped and Sasuke was introduced with Team 7 , retaining the same traits and rivalry with Naruto . Kishimoto had read a variety of manga to obtain ideas for the creation of an effective rivalry between two characters , which he incorporated into Naruto and Sasuke 's relationship ; he was also inspired by his relationship with his twin brother , Seishi Kishimoto . Since childhood , Masashi had worried about Seishi when he faced failure and had tried to help him .",
"2": "To contrast Sasuke with Naruto , Kishimoto made him less emotional and depicted him as a `` cool genius '' . He felt he had created an ideal rivalry in the pair , and when one character progressed he ensured the other did as well . Kishimoto wanted Naruto and Sasuke to seem like brothers and rivals , building on a mutual experience of childhood loneliness . Although Sasuke does not regard Naruto as a worthy opponent at first , he is surprised by Naruto 's growth and becomes fiercely competitive . In the Part I finale , their rivalry leads to a fight and they grow further apart . Kishimoto said he did not want Sasuke to recognize Naruto as an equal until later in Part II . When plot developments made Sasuke one of the story 's antagonists , Kishimoto called him and Naruto yin and yang because of their differences and complementary natures . During this period , he was asked whether Sasuke was good or evil ; he replied that Sasuke was neither and called him a `` very pure person '' . He said although some of Sasuke 's actions such as following his clan 's ideals were positive , his self - centeredness tended to cause problems with others . Since the beginning of the story 's serialization , Kishimoto planned to conclude the series with a fight between Sasuke and Naruto , but he was uncertain whether the characters would end up as friends or enemies . Although both characters had used ninja techniques throughout the series , Kishimoto wanted the two fighters to rely on hand - to - hand combat for the climax of their final battle . He decided to have Naruto forgive Sasuke because he had also forgiven Nagato , another former enemy . Kishimoto found Sasuke a difficult character to write , requiring considerable planning . In the series finale , Sasuke leaves on a solo journey ; Kishimoto later stated that in addition to atonement , Sasuke wants to discover the origin of the final antagonist , but this was not explained in the story . He planned Sasuke and Sakura Haruno 's romance early in Naruto 's production and decided that despite having a good relationship with his allies , Sasuke would remain a rogue ninja at the end of the series . Kishimoto wished to further explore Sasuke 's role in the series after Natuto 's finale .",
"3": "He wanted to explain the connection between Sasuke and Sakura in the spin - off manga Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring , which focuses on their daughter , Sarada Uchiha . Despite their separation during Sasuke 's mission , which draws him away from his village , the story explains the bond between the three characters . Kishimoto focused on the final scene of the Uchiha family , which he regards as the spin - off 's most important facet . Because Sasuke had few appearances in the Naruto films , Kishimoto decided to give him a bigger role in Boruto : Naruto the Movie , in which he teaches Naruto 's firstborn child , Boruto Uzumaki ; a reference to Piccolo and Gohan in Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball manga series and also depicted in the manga Boruto : Naruto Next Generations . Kishimoto identified Naruto 's fights alongside Sasuke against Momoshiki as the highlights of the film and asked that the film 's staff pay close attention to those sequences . Two other scenes written by the staff which surprised Kishimoto were Sasuke 's use of one of his taijutsu moves and the combination of his Susanoo technique and Naruto 's recreation of the Nine - Tailed Fox . Design ( edit ) While early designs of Sasuke as seen in Part I ( left ) were similar to the final one , for Part II ( right ) Kishimoto conceived multiple sketches which were scrapped . Kishimoto regarded Sasuke as his most memorable character design because he was developed as Naruto 's opposite . He said the design of Sasuke and his Sharingan ability were influenced by the character Hiei in Yoshihiro Togashi 's manga series , YuYu Hakusho . Sasuke originally had necklaces and ties around his arms and legs because Kishimoto had a habit of giving characters as much ornamentation as possible ; realizing he could not draw such a complex character on a weekly basis , Kishimoto simplified the design to a basic contrast with Naruto 's costume . The Chidori -- one of Sasuke and Kakashi Hatake 's best - known fighting techniques -- originally had a different name that Kishimoto forgot . He found the name `` Chidori '' and its variant , the `` Lightning Blade '' , appropriate .",
"4": "Kishimoto considered Sasuke his most challenging character to design and draw . He lacked a clear idea of how his face should look , saying Sasuke seemed older than Naruto , his contemporary , and felt this inconvenience was a result of his inexperience in drawing characters who were mature beyond their years . Sasuke 's hair , which was originally short to save Kishimoto time , slowly grew longer as the series progressed . Mid-way through Part I , he drew a new costume for Sasuke with belts strapped around his arms and legs , but he returned to the character 's original design because it took less time to draw . Sasuke is his favorite character to draw despite the time and energy required , and he compared Sasuke with Sakura in difficulty . Kishimoto 's superiors sometimes asked him to redraw parts of the manga that did not illustrate Sasuke well . Kishimoto 's design focus for Part II was Sasuke 's older appearance . Originally , Kishimoto had wanted to draw him as a more attractive person , but the idea was discarded . An outfit he initially planned combined the younger Sasuke 's outfit with new , more modern clothes . Kishimoto tried several other looks , including the use of Shimenawa to evoke the antagonist Orochimaru , and a turtleneck and military uniform to connote cleanliness . He avoided the second option due to similarities with cold weather clothing and eventually chose Japanese clothing and a chokutō sword . For The Last : Naruto the Movie , Kishimoto gave Sasuke a new , young - adult design with sharper facial features . In contrast with the older Naruto , who cut his hair , Sasuke 's hairstyle grew longer to cover part of the character 's face . In the original concept , the hair hid Sasuke 's mysterious left eye -- the Rinnegan . According to Kishimoto , he decided to give the character a large hood because Sasuke concealed his identity during the events of the movie . Sasuke 's design was specifically created to support his actions ; the area that showed Sasuke had lost his left arm in the Naruto finale was also covered by his clothes . Personality and voice actors ( edit ) Yuri Lowenthal , voice of Sasuke in the anime 's English - language version Sasuke is voiced by Noriaki Sugiyama in Japanese media .",
"5": "At the beginning of the anime 's first part , Sugiyama found difficulty voicing Sasuke because he knew little about his personality ; he began to understand the character at the point in the story where Sasuke encounters his brother , Itachi Uchiha . Sugiyama read the manga and became particularly interested in Sasuke 's development when the character left Konohagakure ; he wanted to re-voice some scenes from the anime , including Sasuke 's departure from Konohagakure . In Behind the Scenes of Uchiha , a feature about Sasuke and Itachi 's backstory , Sugiyama said he had become emotional during the recording sessions of the sixth season of the anime 's second part ( Naruto : Shippuden ) , in which Sasuke learns the truth about his brother 's role in the massacre of the Uchiha clan . Sugiyama thought Sasuke 's line , `` you are annoying '' , summed up the character 's feelings toward Sakura and indicated a change in their relationship each time it was said . Although she initially annoys him , he smiles when he repeats it before leaving Konohagakure . Naruto 's Japanese voice actress , Junko Takeuchi , said Sasuke 's line addressed to Sakura , `` see you next time ... thank you '' , revealed his feelings for her . Sugiyama stated that by the end of the series , Sasuke realized how much he had hurt Sakura 's feelings and apologized to her after his final fight against Naruto because of this . While recording for Boruto : Naruto the Movie , Sugiyama expected to see a bond between Sasuke and his apprentice , Boruto Uzumaki . According to Sugiyama , Sasuke 's personality had changed for the Boruto anime series and the actor wanted fans to see the character 's interaction with his family . Yuri Lowenthal , who voices Sasuke in the English dubs , said he was honored to receive the role since many actors had auditioned for it , and he added that the job was stressful . Although fans were critical of deviations and mistakes in his recordings , he enjoyed voicing the character . His first impression of Sasuke was of `` a serious guy dedicated to his training '' , but his view changed as he learned about the character 's backstory .",
"6": "Lowenthal said in 2010 that Sasuke was one of the first dark characters he voiced , adding , `` he 's sort of a hero , but he 's not the naïve , young white -- hat hero '' . Lowenthal said some of Sasuke 's lines , such as his use of the word `` kill '' , were changed because Viz Media often censored parts of the series ' dialogue for Western viewers . As a result , he found the original Japanese version truer to the character . Character ( edit ) A replica of Sasuke 's Kusanagi sword Sasuke is introduced in Part I as a young , spiky - black - haired teenager wearing a blue shirt with an image of a fan that represents his clan on its back . He also wears short white pants and a Konohagakure headband . Early in the series , Orochimaru brands Sasuke with a Cursed Seal that , when activated , covers his body with black marks and later gives him gray skin , white hair , and claw - like wings . In Part II , he is normally depicted wearing a white kimono and black pants . Although he is skilled in the use of shuriken , in Part II Sasuke uses a chokutō sword that he calls Kusanagi . In addition to using Kusanagi for swordsmanship , Sasuke combines it with lightning - based techniques to increase the power of his attacks . In The Last : Naruto the Movie , his adult wardrobe consists of gray pants and a light - brown cloak over a black shirt , while in Boruto : Naruto the Movie , he wears black pants and a black cape over a lilac vest . Sasuke is a silent character who tries to gain more power and kill his older brother , Itachi , for betraying and murdering their clan . He cares about his teammates and saves them on numerous occasions , but he severs all of his bonds later in Part I , believing this will strengthen him . Sasuke is moved when Naruto Uzumaki wants him to make peace with the village ; he considers Naruto his only friend . Sasuke becomes more kindhearted by the end of the series , but he decides not to return home , chooses to redeem himself , and searches for an enemy threatening the peace of Konohagakure .",
"7": "Appearances ( edit ) In Naruto ( edit ) In Part I ( edit ) Sasuke is introduced in the third chapter of Naruto 's manga as a young ninja assigned to become a member of Team 7 alongside Naruto Uzumaki and Sakura Haruno . The trio are trained under the guidance of Kakashi Hatake . Although Sasuke is antisocial , he starts caring about Naruto and Sakura . During a mission , Sasuke awakens his Sharingan -- his clan 's inherited ability to see through illusions -- which allows him to learn imperceptible movements at a superhuman rate . It is revealed later that Sasuke is the sole survivor of the once - powerful Uchiha clan of Konohagakure . He , at the age of seven , survived the massacre of his clan perpetrated by his brother , Itachi , who spared Sasuke 's life because he did not consider him worth killing . Sasuke seeks strong fighting opponents to reassure himself his power is growing . During a ninja examination meant to improve their ranks , Team 7 encounters Orochimaru , an exile from Konohagakure who afflicts Sasuke with a Cursed Seal that contains a fragment of Orochimaru 's consciousness , which increases Sasuke 's physical abilities , but makes him cruel and sadistic . Kakashi teaches Sasuke the lightning - based offensive technique called Chidori in an attempt to appease Sasuke 's desire for power . During a siege of Konohagakure , a beserker ninja named Gaara beats Sasuke , who is rescued by Naruto . Shortly afterward , Itachi returns to the village ; Sasuke tries to kill him , but he is beaten and tortured instead . He decides to leave Team 7 and Konohagakure to become stronger . Thinking Orochimaru 's training will make him more powerful , Sasuke becomes an outlaw . Naruto follows him and they fight when Sasuke refuses to return ; Sasuke wins , spares Naruto 's life , and continues to Orochimaru 's hideout . In Part II ( edit ) After two - and - a-half years of training , Sasuke absorbs Orochimaru before he can possess his younger body . Following this , Sasuke forms Team Hebi to find Itachi .",
"8": "Itachi and Sasuke fight and Itachi dies at the climax of the battle from an illness . Sasuke then meets Tobi , Itachi 's superior , who reveals that Itachi killed the Uchiha clan under orders from Konohagakure and spared Sasuke out of love rather than contempt . Sasuke rejoins Hebi -- which he renames Taka -- and declares his intention to destroy his former village in retribution . Due to his brother 's death , Sasuke 's Sharingan has evolved into a Mangekyo Sharingan , giving him powerful new techniques . After he agrees to work temporarily for Tobi 's terrorist organization , Akatsuki , Sasuke becomes a criminal . He kills Danzo Shimura -- a mastermind of the Uchiha massacre and the Hokage , the leader of Konohagakure . Sasuke is confronted by his former Team 7 colleagues and Naruto challenges him to a death match . Sasuke initially prepares to fight Naruto but instead decides to protect Konohagakure after he encounters the re-animated bodies of Itachi and the First Hokage . He rejoins Team 7 and fights the Ten - Tails monster that is controlled by the masterminds behind Akatsuki . Sasuke inherits the Rinnegan -- a legendary eye technique -- from the spirit of the Sage of the Six Paths Hagoromo Otsutsuki , the first ninja . Team 7 fights and seals an ancient being called Kaguya Otsutsuki -- Hagoromo 's mother -- who created the Ten - Tails . Sasuke then fights Naruto alone to settle their village 's future ; when he loses his left arm , Sasuke surrenders and reconciles with Naruto . Sasuke then destroys Akatsuki 's illusion placed on mankind with his Rinnegan . He is pardoned for his crimes by Kakashi -- the current Hokage -- and decides to travel the world in search of redemption . Before leaving , he says farewell to both Sakura and Naruto with gratitude . By the end of the manga , Sasuke has returned to the village and married Sakura ; together they have a daughter , Sarada .",
"9": "In the Boruto franchise ( edit ) In the 2015 spin - off manga Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring , Sasuke has discovered that a new threat is approaching and is traveling across the world to find clues about it . He rejoins Naruto to oppose Orochimaru 's former test subjects , who want to revive the Akatsuki and avenge Itachi . After defeating the test subjects , Sasuke bonds with his daughter for the first time and resumes his mission . This spin - off manga was adapted into the anime Boruto : Naruto Next Generations ( episodes 19 - 23 ) , in which Sasuke briefly returns to his village before the arc begins and asks Naruto to offer Sakura his apologies . An upcoming novel by Mirei Miyamoto will focus on Sasuke 's life as a father . In Boruto : Naruto the Movie ( 2015 ) , Sasuke comes back to Konohagakure to warn Naruto of the threat posed by Momoshiki Otsutsuki and Kinshiki Otsutsuki , Kaguya 's descendants . He meets Naruto 's son , Boruto , who asks Sasuke to train him as an apprentice so he can surpass his father . Sasuke agrees once Boruto learns the technique Rasengan , a move often used by Naruto . When Momoshiki and Kinshiki attack the village and kidnap Naruto , Sasuke joins his student and the four other Kage -- the other villages ' leaders -- to save him . Following Naruto 's rescue , he and Sasuke help Boruto to defeat Momoshiki , who has absorbed Kinshiki to increase his power . Sasuke is also Boruto 's teacher in the sequel manga , Boruto : Naruto Next Generations . After Momoshiki 's defeat , Sasuke notices the enemy has placed a seal on Boruto and tells the teenager to seek his help if necessary . In other Media ( edit ) Sasuke appears in the first four original video animations ( OVAs ) produced for the series . In the first episode , he helps Naruto and Konohamaru Sarutobi find a four - leaf clover ; in the second , he joins Naruto 's team for a mission ; he participates in a tournament in the third ; and he works with Team 7 in the fourth .",
"10": "One OVA presents an alternate fight between Sasuke and Naruto in Naruto : Shippuden . The character is present in the first two Naruto feature films ; he guards a princess in Naruto the Movie : Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow ( 2004 ) and makes a brief appearance in a flashback in Naruto the Movie : Legend of the Stone of Gelel ( 2005 ) . The first Part II movie in which he appears is Naruto Shippuden 2 : Bonds ( 2008 ) . The sixth Part II movie , Road to Ninja : Naruto the Movie ( 2012 ) , contains a flirtatious , alternate - reality version of Sasuke . In The Last : Naruto the Movie ( 2014 ) , an adult Sasuke returns briefly to Konohagakure to protect it from a meteor . He is a recurring character in the Naruto light novels and the protagonist of the 2012 manga Naruto Jinraiden : The Day the Wolf Howled , which explores Sasuke 's reflections after Itachi 's death and his decision to destroy Konohagakure . In Sakura Hiden ( 2015 ) , an adult Sasuke continues his journey of redemption but returns to Konohagakure out of concern for Sakura 's safety . In Akatsuki Hiden ( 2015 ) , Sasuke meets two children who tell him stories about Akatsuki and they discuss Itachi 's legacy . He is the protagonist of Sasuke Shinden ( 2015 ) ; he agrees to aid Konohagakure by investigating a series of disappearances , which he solves with the help of Taka and a ninja named Sai . Sasuke is also the protagonist of manga artist Kenji Taira 's 2014 Naruto spin - off , Sasuke Uchiha 's Sharingan Legend , in which he and Taka search for Itachi . According to Taira , Sasuke would be characterized as an `` idiot '' . Sasuke is a playable character in Naruto video games , including the Clash of Ninja and Ultimate Ninja series . His Cursed Seal can be unlocked and activated in some games . Due to his absence from early Naruto : Shippuden episodes , Sasuke has not appeared in any games based on Naruto : Shippuden until the launch of Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX 2 .",
"11": "Sasuke is also present in crossover games , such as Jump Super Stars , Jump Ultimate Stars , Battle Stadium D.O.N , and J - Stars Victory Vs . Reception ( edit ) Popularity ( edit ) Sasuke has ranked among the top - five Naruto characters in every Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity poll of the series . Initially alternating between third and fourth places , he has finished first twice . A popularity poll on the Japanese website Charapedia ranked Sasuke and Naruto 's rivalry as the best in anime . At New York 's 2015 Comic - Con , moderator Christopher Butcher and editor Jo Otsuki commented that Sasuke had become the series ' most popular character , and Otsuki called him his favorite . Butcher wondered whether readers considered Sasuke a more - relatable character after he had embraced Naruto 's positive outlook on life in the series finale . According to Otsuki , fans regarded Sasuke 's character and abilities as `` cooler '' than those of his rival . Jacob Hope of Anime News Network ( ANN ) listed Sasuke and Naruto as two of the `` Fiercest Frenemies '' in anime due to their resemblance despite being adversaries and their need to engage in a mortal fight to become friends . Merchandise ( edit ) Sasuke merchandise includes key chains and figurines . Boruto film audiences were offered fans bearing images of Sasuke and his daughter , Sarada . To promote the video game Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 , two 1 / 6 - scale statues depicting Sasuke and Naruto during their final clash from the series were developed by Luxembourgian company Tsume . Japanese toy company Bandai released an action figure of Sasuke performing the Chidori move . In May 2017 , Bandai launched a figurine of Sasuke performing his Susanoo eye technique , which represents the god of thunder Raijin . Studio Pierrot released artwork that was sold alongside this figure . Bandai also produced a limited - edition adult figurine of Sasuke as he appears in the Naruto finale and the Boruto franchise , which impressed Scott Green , a writer for Ai n't It Cool News and Crunchyroll . Critical response ( edit ) The Eastern fan ( uchiwa ) is Sasuke 's clan symbol .",
"12": "Sasuke 's character has received both praise and criticism in online and printed publications . Reviewing the series ' first part , writers said they enjoyed Sasuke 's fights but disapproved of his dark personality , which resembled the stereotypical rival in shōnen manga . Critics commended the relationship between Sasuke , Naruto , and Sakura ; they regarded the characters as complex and mature because of their teamwork and despite their youth . Reviewers considered that the characters ' tactics and the emphasis on their rivalry 's emotional undercurrents made Sasuke and Naruto 's final fight in the first part of the story one most entertaining of the series ; and they praised the one - sided romantic relationship between Sasuke and Sakura . Although critics enjoyed Yuri Lowenthal 's voicing of Sasuke , Theron Martin of ANN said the actor had difficulty sounding younger in flashbacks . Reviewers were more enthusiastic about Sasuke 's character in the second part of the series . Critics stated that his more - emotional demeanor and his conversation with the Nine - Tailed Fox -- a creature sealed within Naruto 's body -- made his scenes in Naruto : Shippuden interesting . Jason Thompson wrote that Sasuke had not become evil despite siding with the antagonist Orochimaru , lending ambiguity to his character . Writers believed Sasuke 's fights during the story 's second part had a major impact on the plot and the character , and they regarded his battles as some of the franchise 's best . The series finale garnered praise from critics for the intensified rivalry between Naruto and Sasuke because of the characters ' similarities . Reviewers also applauded Sasuke 's acknowledgement of his crimes , his agreement to go to prison , and his decision to begin a journey of redemption , indicating an acceptance of responsibility for his misdeeds and a response to Sakura 's feelings . Writers thought the character 's monologue after his final fight with Naruto highlighted his deeper side and that his farewell was a satisfying ending to the final story arc . Sasuke has continued to receive praise following the end of the Naruto series . Writers considered his fight scenes in Boruto : Naruto the Movie and in particular his teamwork with Naruto to be the best parts of the film . A similar assessment was made of Sasuke 's characterization as an adult ; Chris Beveridge of The Fandom Post approved of his new personality .",
"13": "Critics also commented that Sasuke had become more caring toward his daughter , and they said the Boruto anime had developed Sasuke as a father and a husband and had solidified his relationship with his wife , Sakura , despite his flawed interaction with his family . Scholars have also analyzed the character . According to a study of readers ' abilities to predict character types based on physical cues , Sasuke was classified as an ISTJ ( Myers - Briggs ) character type , making him a foil for Naruto . Rik Spanjers regarded Sasuke 's dissimilarity to Naruto as tragic but wrote that the contrast between the protagonists ' approaches to the world was fundamental to the plot : `` Naruto 's strength grows as he gains more loved ones to protect , while Sasuke remains alone and is increasingly absorbed by his quest for revenge '' . According to academic Amy Plumb , Kishimoto 's references to Japanese mythology in Naruto , including the heraldic symbol of Sasuke 's clan -- a fan known as an uchiwa -- added layers to the story and Sasuke 's ability to ' blow away ' the Nine - Tailed Fox 's influence on Naruto resembled the mythological use of the fan to dispel evil . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shonen Jump . Viz Media . 2007 . p. 366 . ISSN 1545 - 7818 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Tracking Down the Source '' . Shonen Jump Naruto Collector 3 . Viz Media . August 2007 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( December 4 , 2009 ) . Naruto ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝 皆 の 書 ) オフィシャル プレミアム ファン Book ( Naruto Secret Everyone 's Book Official Premium Fan ) . Naruto ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874834 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` ナルト 本当に 終わっ ちゃう の ? '' ( Naruto Is it really going to end ? ) . Entermix ( in Japanese ) . No . November 2014 .",
"14": "Kadokawa. 2014 . p. 70 . ASIN B01LEPKJ28 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Uzumaki : the Art of Naruto . Viz Media . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1407 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kido , Misaki C. ( February 2012 ) . `` Interview with Masashi Kishimoto ( Creator of Naruto ) '' . Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha . Viz Media ( 2 -- 06 -- 12 ) : 120 -- 123 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2013 ) . Naruto - ナルト - 名言 集 絆 - Kizuna - 天 ノ 巻 ( Naruto Bonds : The Words That React ) . Shueisha . pp. 188 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 720681 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Masashi Kishimoto ( Creator of Naruto ) '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump . Viz Media ( 2 -- 03 -- 14 ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Masashi Kishimoto : Sasuke is basically a very pure person who does not think about whether what he does is good or bad . He just does what he does which causes troubles for others . Jump up ^ `` Masashi Kishimoto : Fan letters from overseas made me realize the popularity of ' Naruto ' '' . Asashi . November 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 漫道 コバヤシ 第 13 号 「 Naruto 完結 ! 岸本 斉史 SP 」 ( Kobayashi No. 13 ' Completion of Naruto ! Masashi Kishimoto SP ' ) ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . December 13 , 2014 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Aoki , Deb ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Masashi Kishimoto at New York Comic - con The Anime News Network Interview '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boruto : Naruto the Movie '' ( in Japanese ) . Cinema Today . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 岸本 聖史 × 岸本 斉史 双子 漫画 家 兄弟 対談 '' ( Seishi Kishimoto × Masashi Kishimoto twin brothers manga artist interview ) . Square Enix . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boruto : Naruto the Movie ( DVD ) . 2015 . Studio : Pierrot . Jump up ^ `` 「 Boruto : Naruto the Movie - 」 剧场 版 上映 前 特别 节目 '' ( Movie Version Before Screening Special Separation Clause ) ( in Japanese ) . ACFun . August 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2004 ) . Naruto. 3 . Viz Media . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 187 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2008 ) . Naruto - ナルト - 秘伝 ・ 者 の 書 キャラクター オフィシャル データ Book ( Naruto Secret : Scroll of People Character Official Databook ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874247 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2014 ) .",
"16": "Naruto ― ナルト ― キャラクター オフィシャル データ Book 秘伝 ・ 陣 の 書 ( Naruto Character Official Data Book Secret Book of Guys ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . pp. 378 -- 387 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880263 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( December 4 , 2009 ) . Naruto ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝 皆 の 書 ) オフィシャル プレミアム ファン Book ( Naruto Secret Everyone 's Book Official Premium Fan ) . Naruto ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . pp. 74 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874834 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Uzumaki : the Art of Naruto . Viz Media . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1407 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Uzumaki : the Art of Naruto . Viz Media . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1407 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last - Naruto the Movie - 's Sasuke , Kakashi Character Designs Unveiled '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2014 ) . Naruto - ナルト - 秘伝 ・ 列 の 書 オフィシャル ムービー ガイド Book ( Naruto Secret : Scroll of Line Official Movie Guidebook ) . Shueisha . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ `` イタチ の エニグマ '' ( The Enigma that is Itachi ) .",
"17": "V Jump ( in Japanese ) . No . March 2016 . Shueisha. 2016 . pp. 320 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Naruto - ナルト - 疾風 伝 師 の 予言 と 復讐 ( Naruto Shippuden Master 's Prophecy and Vengeance 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex. 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 演者 も ワクワク し 、 驚い た ラスト の 衝撃 的 な 展開 '' ( Even the actors are excited , the shocking unfolding of the surprising ending ) . Da Vinci ( in Japanese ) . No . May . Kadokawa. 2015 . pp. 32 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Kitahata , Yukihiro . `` Naruto Side Story to Get an Episode in Boruto '' . Manga Tokyo . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Comic - Con 2006 : Naruto Party Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alessandra , Lauren ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Yuri Lowenthal On Prince of Persia , Amongst Other Things '' . Gaming Union . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Collector '' ( June 2006 ) . Viz Media . 2006 . Jump up ^ K. , Luke . `` Yuri Lowenthal : MCM Expo 2010 interview ( part one ) '' . Critical Gamer . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri Lowenthal Speaks about Sasuke '' . Siliconera . March 1 , 2006 .",
"18": "Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . Naruto. 1 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56931 - 900 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 232 '' . Naruto. 26 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1862 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 308 '' . Naruto. 34 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2002 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 389 '' . Naruto. 42 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2843 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 4 '' . Naruto. 1 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56931 - 900 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 27 '' . Naruto. 3 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 187 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 133 '' . Naruto. 15 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1089 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 138 '' . Naruto. 16 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1090 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 698 '' . Naruto. 72 . Viz Media .",
"19": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8284 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 699 '' . Naruto. 72 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8284 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . Naruto. 1 . Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 56931 - 900 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 8 '' . Naruto. 2 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 178 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 19 '' . Naruto. 3 . Viz Media . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 187 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 27 '' . Naruto. 3 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 187 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 230 '' . Naruto. 26 . Viz Media . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1862 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 225 '' . Naruto. 25 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1861 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 38 '' . Naruto. 5 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 359 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 56 '' . Naruto. 7 .",
"20": "Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 875 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 184 '' . Naruto. 21 . Viz Media . pp. 68 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1855 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 128 '' . Naruto. 15 . Viz Media . pp. 35 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1855 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 176 '' . Naruto. 20 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1655 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 179 '' . Naruto. 20 . Viz Media . pp. 155 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1655 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 234 '' . Naruto. 26 . Viz Media . pp. 161 -- 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1862 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 343 '' . Naruto. 38 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 380 '' . Naruto. 42 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2843 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 401 '' . Naruto. 43 . Viz Media .",
"21": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 402 '' . Naruto. 43 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 419 '' . Naruto. 45 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3135 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 457 '' . Naruto. 49 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3475 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 486 '' . Naruto. 52 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3957 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 590 '' . Naruto. 62 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870515 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 593 '' . Naruto. 62 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870515 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 627 '' . Naruto. 65 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 6455 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 631 '' . Naruto. 66 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 6948 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 655 '' . Naruto. 68 . Viz Media .",
"22": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 7682 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 679 '' . Naruto. 70 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 7975 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 692 '' . Naruto. 72 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8284 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 698 '' . Naruto. 72 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8284 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 700 '' . Naruto. 72 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8284 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2016 ) . Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1421584935 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Gets New 3 - Book Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Amy ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Boruto - Naruto the Movie - '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ; Ikemoto , Mikio ; Kodachi , Ukyo ( 2017 ) . `` 1 '' . Boruto : Naruto Next Generations. 1 . Viz Media . ISBN 9781421592114 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ; Ikemoto , Mikio ; Kodachi , Ukyo ( 2018 ) . `` Chapter 11 '' . Boruto : Naruto Next Generations.",
"23": "3 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 9822 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Naruto OVA -- The Lost Story ( DVD ) . Viz Video . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ついに 激突 ! 上 忍 VS 下忍 ! ! 無 差別 大 乱戦 大会 開催 ! ! ( Finally a clash ! Jonin VS Genin ! ! Indiscriminate grand melee tournament meeting ! ! ) ( DVD ) . TV Tokyo . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto , Toriko , One Piece Event Anime Shorts Streamed '' . Anime News Network . November 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News : Naruto Anime DVD Offered at Uniqlo T - Shirt Stores '' . Anime News Network . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Naruto the Movie : Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow . Viz Video . 2007 . Archived from the original ( DVD ) on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Naruto Shippuden : The Movie - Bonds ( DVD ) . Viz Video . 2011 . Jump up ^ Road to Ninja : Naruto the Movie ( DVD ) . Viz Video . 2012 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Last : Naruto the Movie ( Blu - ray ) . Viz Video . 2015 . Jump up ^ Higashiyama , Akira ; Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2012 ) . Naruto - ナルト - 迅雷 伝 狼 の 哭く 日 ( Naruto Jinraiden : The Day the Wolf Howled ) . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 703279 - 6 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Tomohito , Ōsaki ; Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2016 ) . サクラ 秘伝 思恋 、 春風 に のせ て ( Naruto : Sakura 's Story -- Love Riding the Spring Breeze ) . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 158442 - 3 . Jump up ^ Towada , Shin ; Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2015 ) . Naruto : 暁 秘伝 咲き乱れる 悪 の 華 ( Naruto Akatsuki Hiden : Evil Flowers in Full Bloom ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 703367 - 0 . Jump up ^ Towada , Shin ; Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2017 ) . Naruto : Sasuke 's Story -- Sunrise . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159129 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taira , Kenji ( 2017 ) . Naruto : Chibi Sasuke 's Sharingan Legend. 1 . Viz Media . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1421597102 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Naruto : The Complete Fighter Profile '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alfonso , Andrew ( September 26 , 2004 ) . `` TGS 2004 : Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen ! 3 Hands - on '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Naruto : Ultimate Ninja English instruction manual . Namco Bandai. 2006 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 2007 . pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ `` Jump Super Stars - Characters '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo .",
"25": "Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jump Ultimate Stars Characters '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto / Dragon Ball / Toriko Rivals , Transformations in J - Stars Victory Vs. Game '' . Anime News Network . August 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Battle Stadium D.O.N. '' Siliconera . July 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 245 '' . Naruto. 28 . Viz Media . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1864 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 293 '' . Naruto. 33 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2001 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schley , Matt . `` Japanese Fans Rank Anime 's Most Memorable Rivalries '' . Otaku USA . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aoki , Deb ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Part II - An Evening with Masashi Kishimoto '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Jacob Hope ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Anime 's Fiercest Frenemies '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Keychains - Sasuke PVC Keychain '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Toys - Action Figures at Official Naruto Store '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Toys - Sasuke Roto 8 '' Figure `` . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Creator on Being Asked for Sequel : ' Please Let Me Rest Now ' '' . Anime News Network . July 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Bandai Europe Teases Naruto Shippūden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 Bonus Figures '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orsini , Lauren ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Figure Build Close - up : 2016 S.H. Figuarts Naruto & Sasuke '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto , Sasuke God Figures Make a Storm This September '' . Anime News Network . May 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Limited `` Boruto - Naruto The Movie - '' Sasuke Uchiha G.E.M. Figure Planned `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` G.E.M.",
"27": "シリーズ Boruto - Naruto the Movie - うち は サスケ '' ( G.E.M. Series Boruto - Naruto the Movie - Sasuke Uchiha ) ( in Japanese ) . Bandai . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Amy ( 2010 ) . `` Japanese Religion , Mythology , and the Supernatural in Anime and Manga '' . The International Journal of the Humanities. 8 ( 5 ) : 237 -- 246 . ISSN 1447 - 9508 . Jump up ^ Sparrow , A.E. ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` IGN : Naruto Reader 's Guide '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Joe ( October 13 , 2007 ) . `` Franchise Player : Naruto '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Naruto G. novel 8 - 10 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christina , Ross . `` THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Naruto '' . T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moure , Dani ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` Naruto Unleashed Set 1.1 '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yadao , Jason S. ( 2009 ) . `` Naruto '' . The Rough Guide to Manga . Rough Guides . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1858285610 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Jones , Davey C. ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Naruto Uncut Box Set 10 Limited Edition ( Adnace Review ) '' . Active Anime . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ White , Charles ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Naruto : `` For a Friend '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Bronwyn ; Zenger , Amy A. ( 2012 ) . `` My Love '' . New Media Literacies and Participatory Popular Culture Across Borders . Routledge . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0415897686 . Jump up ^ White , Charles ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Naruto : `` An Invitation From The Sound '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : `` Boruto : Naruto the Movie '' -- The Kids Are ( Mostly ) Alright `` . Toon Zone . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Naruto Season 3 Box Set 1 DVD '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Naruto Shippūden DVD Box Set 4 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Naruto : Shippuden Box Set 04 ( also w / LE ) '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Thompson , Jason ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` House of 1000 Manga Naruto Part II '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Park ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` MangaLife Spotlight on : Naruto v34 - v40 ! '' . Manga Life . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brienza , Casey ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Naruto GN 42 - 44 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Dan ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Anime Review : Naruto Shippuden Box Set 17 '' . UK Anime Network . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Amy ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Naruto Shippuden Episodes 476 - 477 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Naruto : Shippuden Episode # 476 -- 477 Anime Review '' . The Fandom Post . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Amy ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Naruto Shippuden Episode 479 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Amy ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Naruto GN 72 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( October 14 , 2016 ) .",
"30": "`` Naruto : Shippuden Episode # 479 Anime Review '' . Fandom Post . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Chris ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Boruto - Naruto the Movie ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiok , Christian ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Boruto : Naruto the Movie '' . Japanator . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Alexandria ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Boruto : Naruto the Movie Review '' . Otaku USA . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Dan ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Anime Review : Boruto : Naruto the Movie '' . UK Anime Network . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Boruto Chapter # 1 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sam ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Episode 21 : `` Sasuke and Sarada '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iikura , Ken ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` In Boruto , Sasuke Is a Jerk Who Loves His Daughter '' . Anime Now . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ McNulty , Amy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelkin , Sarah ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sasuke & Sakura 's Marriage Has a Balance That 's Hard to See '' . Anime Now . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sam ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Episode 23 : `` Bonds Come In All Shapes '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen , Ming - Hung ; Chen , I - Ping ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Relationship Between Personalities and Faces of Manga Characters '' . The Comics Grid : Journal of Comics Scholarship. 4 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.5334 / cg. bc . Jump up ^ Spanjers , Rik ( 2013 ) . `` Naruto '' . In Beaty , Bart H. ; Weiner , Stephen . Critical Survey of Graphic Novels : Manga . Salem Press . pp. 215 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 955 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 -- via EBSCOhost . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Fictional characters portal Media related to Sasuke Uchiha at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto Media Volumes Part I Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 Part II ,",
"32": "volumes 49 -- 72 Naruto episodes Season 1 5 Shippuden episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals episodes The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Mikio Ikemoto Boruto episodes Films Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow Legend of the Stone of Gelel Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom Shippuden Bonds The Will of Fire The Lost Tower Blood Prison Road to Ninja The Last Boruto Video games Clash of Ninja series Clash of Ninja Ninja Council series The New Era Ultimate Ninja series Generations Revolution Rise of a Ninja The Broken Bond Naruto Shippuden : Legends : Akatsuki Rising Characters Naruto Uzumaki Sasuke Uchiha Sakura Haruno Kakashi Hatake Gaara Rock Lee Shikamaru Nara Hinata Hyuga Orochimaru Jiraiya Itachi Uchiha Boruto Uzumaki Sarada Uchiha Mitsuki Related Jutsu Ninja World Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N J - Stars Victory VS MusicBrainz : 7d0ea635 - 21b9 - 4410 - 935d - 4e000b9e242c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"33": "php?title=Sasuke_Uchiha&oldid=838247541 '' Categories : Child characters in anime and manga Teenage characters in anime and manga Comics characters introduced in 1999 Fictional amputees Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Fictional criminals Fictional illusionists Fictional murderers Fictional ninja Fictional sole survivors Fictional swordsmen Fictional vigilantes Male characters in anime and manga Naruto characters Orphan characters in anime and manga Anime and manga characters Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from June 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles containing Japanese - language text Good articles Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"34": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how long is training camp for nfl players
|
[
"at least the first few weeks"
] |
{
"0": "Training camp ( National Football League ) - wikipedia Training camp ( National Football League ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Wii video game , see EA Sports Active NFL Training Camp . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The San Francisco 49ers conducting training camp at the team 's headquarters and practice facility in Santa Clara , California in August 2010 In the National Football League , training camp refers to the time before the season commences . During this time , teams will sometimes congregate at an outside location , usually a university , to conduct training camp for at least the first few weeks . This is similar to baseball 's spring training . Training camp is used in several different ways . New players and coaches use it to acclimate themselves to new teammates and systems . For younger players , it serves as a period of evaluation ; for veterans , it is time to round back into form . Training camp is divided into several different components . The first is scrimmages . These are pseudo-games where teams run nearly full games ' worth of plays . Sometimes , two practice sessions are held on the same day . This concept is referred to as two - a-days . Other parts of training camp include drills , meetings with coaches and other players at one 's position , weight training , and pre-season games . The latter half of training camp leads directly into the exhibition season . With NFL training camps starting in late - July , the biggest concern has been dehydration . In 2001 , Minnesota Vikings player Korey Stringer died of a medical condition based from dehydration and heatstroke . The death of Stringer prompted the NFL to change their training policies . At each practice , every team must have the team doctor and trainers on the field ; additionally , an ambulance must be present during practices . With NFL training camps beginning in late July , severe weather can affect practice and exhibition games . In 2002 , a Cleveland Browns exhibition game ended due to lightning near Cleveland Browns Stadium , and severe storms have been known to disrupt training camps .",
"1": "Fans are often able to visit their favorite team 's training camp to catch an early look at the players ; admission to practices is often free or substantially less expensive than a game ticket , making training camp trips a popular option for fans who can not attend many games due to financial or other reasons . NFL teams often sell souvenirs and concessions at camp sites along with offering activities and events to make training camp a more fan - friendly experience . Official NFL training camps should be distinguished from private training camps , often for certain tactics or positions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organized team activities 2 Training camp sites by team 3 Differences with baseball 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Organized team activities ( edit ) Recently the NFL has let teams have off - season training sessions , officially called `` organized team activities '' ( OTAs ) . Many teams use the OTAs to help develop players and make them better . These training sessions are in late April and early May . The OTAs are the only practices between the end of the previous season and the start of training camp . Players new to the NFL attend seminars and lectures organized by the NFL from mid-June to mid-July . For veteran players , they use the off - time to sponsor football camps for children , golf outings for charity , or even some family time . Training camp sites by team ( edit ) The Atlanta Falcons scrimmaging at their training camp in Flowery Branch , Georgia , July 2016 . Team Site Location Since Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 2013 Atlanta Falcons Atlanta Falcons training facility Flowery Branch , Georgia 2005 Baltimore Ravens Under Armour Performance Center Owings Mills , Maryland 2012 Buffalo Bills St.",
"2": "John Fisher College Pittsford , New York 2000 Carolina Panthers Wofford College Spartanburg , South Carolina 1995 Chicago Bears Olivet Nazarene University Bourbonnais , Illinois 2002 Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium Cincinnati , Ohio 2012 ( 1 ) Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns training facility Berea , Ohio Dallas Cowboys The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas 2016 Denver Broncos UCHealth Training Center Englewood , Colorado 2003 Detroit Lions Detroit Lions training facility Allen Park , Michigan 2002 Green Bay Packers St. Norbert College De Pere , Wisconsin 1958 Houston Texans The Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs , WV 2017 Indianapolis Colts Anderson University Anderson , Indiana Jacksonville Jaguars Florida Blue Health and Wellness Practice Field at EverBank Field Jacksonville , Florida Kansas City Chiefs Spratt Stadium Complex at Missouri Western State University St.",
"3": "Joseph , Missouri Los Angeles Chargers Jack Hammett Sports Complex Costa Mesa , California 2017 Los Angeles Rams Microsemi Field Irvine , California 2016 Miami Dolphins Miami Dolphins Training Facility Davie , Florida Minnesota Vikings Minnesota State University , Mankato Mankato , Minnesota 1966 New England Patriots Gillette Stadium Foxboro , Massachusetts 2002 New Orleans Saints Ochsner Sports Performance Center Metairie , Louisiana 2017 New York Giants Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey 2013 New York Jets Florham Park , NJ Florham Park , New Jersey Oakland Raiders Napa Valley Marriott Napa Valley , California Philadelphia Eagles Philadelphia Eagles NovaCare Training Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2013 Pittsburgh Steelers Saint Vincent College Latrobe , Pennsylvania 1966 San Francisco 49ers San Francisco 49ers complex Santa Clara , California Seattle Seahawks Virginia Mason Athletic Center Renton , Washington Tampa Bay Buccaneers One Buccaneer Place Tampa , Florida 2006 Tennessee Titans Baptist Sports Park Nashville , Tennessee 2000 ( 2 ) Washington Redskins Bon Secours Washington Redskins Training Center Richmond , Virginia 2013 Differences with baseball ( edit ) Unlike Major League Baseball spring training , where teams congregate at locations in two states ( Arizona and Florida ) , NFL teams train all over the United States . However , an increasing number of teams do so in the same facilities at which they practice all year long - 19 teams in 2014 , and 20 in 2015 , up from five in 2000 . Most teams have abandoned remote locations to `` come home '' for training camp , largely for practicality reasons . Many clubs have recently constructed state - of - the - art practice facilities , replete with amenities ( practice fields , indoor practice fields , weightlifting rooms , meeting rooms , film study rooms , cafeteria , medical facilities , IT infrastructure , etc . ) that can not be provided or matched at other distant locations ( colleges , parks , etc . ) In addition , the cost of temporarily relocating and accommodating the entire team organization to another location is substantial .",
"4": "The attitudes about how to run training camp have also evolved - leading more teams to stay home . With Organized Team Activities ( `` OTAs '' ) , mini-camps , and conditioning during the off - season , players remain in top physical shape year - round . The focus of training camp is no longer getting players back in shape , but more of fostering camaraderie . For example , the Lions ' camp was long held at Saginaw Valley State College , the Broncos trained at the University of Northern Colorado , the Patriots at Bryant University in Smithfield , Rhode Island , and the Redskins moved in from Dickinson College , the former site of Carlisle Indian School . Tampa Bay used to train at the University of Tampa , then at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex before moving permanently back to their headquarters . Similarly , after many years on the road , the Jets ( SUNY Cortland ) and the Giants ( Albany ) both recently moved back to team headquarters . There are still a handful of teams that use somewhat distant locations at the fringes of their markets to promote their team . For instance , the Buffalo Bills moved their training camp from SUNY Fredonia to Saint John Fisher College in suburban Rochester ; as a team representing one of the smallest cities in the NFL , the holding of training camp in the nearby city of Rochester allows the Bills to lay claim to a larger portion of upstate New York and thus take advantage of a market closer in size to other teams in the NFL ( similar rationale was used for the Bills ' games in Toronto , Ontario , Canada prior to 2014 ) . The Dallas Cowboys have historically hosted their training camp in locales very distant from their home market , even before they were given the moniker `` America 's Team '' in the late 1970s ; from 2001 to 2015 , the Cowboys held their training camp at the River Ridge Playing Fields in Oxnard , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The Cowboys ' arrangement with Oxnard ended when the Los Angeles Rams returned to southern California and the Cowboys constructed their own facility closer to Dallas . Another difference between spring training and training camp is that true intra-squad games do not take place ( anymore ) , though informal scrimmages are very common . Split - squad games never happen in the NFL .",
"5": "It is also fairly common to see two teams hold a short joint camp and scrimmage at a neutral site in addition to their main camp . See also ( edit ) Mini-camp Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quarterback Camp . Steve Clarkson Dreammaker . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/more-nfl-teams-opting-for-comforts-of-home-over-going-away-for-training-camp-new-york-giants-philadelphia-eagles-072613 Jump up ^ Why Are NFL Teams No Longer Traveling for Training Camp ? External links ( edit ) NFL Training Camp Information from NFL.com National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.",
"6": "Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Training_camp_(National_Football_League)&oldid=819952100 '' Categories : National Football League Training Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 06 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8552176802923865025
|
where do some of the natural air pollutants come from
|
[
"Carbon dioxide",
"Dust",
"the digestion of food by animals",
"radioactive decay within the Earth's crust",
"wildfires",
"Vegetation",
"Volcanic activity"
] |
{
"0": "Air pollution - Wikipedia Air pollution Jump to : navigation , search `` Bad air quality '' and `` Air quality '' redirect here . For the obsolete medical theory , see Bad air . For the measure of how polluted the air is , see Air quality index . For the properties of air , see Qualities of air . Air pollution from a coking oven . Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earth 's atmosphere . It may cause diseases , allergies or death of humans ; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops , and may damage the natural or built environment . Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution . Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world 's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World 's Worst Polluted Places report . According to the 2014 World Health Organization report , air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide , an estimate roughly echoed by one from the International Energy Agency .",
"1": "Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Atmospheric river Atmospheric convection Air pollution Climate Cloud Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather Weather forecasting Weather portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Pollutants 1.1 Sources 1.1. 1 Anthropogenic ( man - made ) sources 1.1. 2 Natural sources 1.2 Emission factors 2 Exposure 3 Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) 4 Health effects 4.1 Mortality 4.2 Cardiovascular disease 4.3 Lung disease 4.4 Cancer 4.5 Children 4.5.",
"2": "1 Infants 4.6 `` Clean '' areas 4.7 Central nervous system 5 Agricultural effects 6 Economic effects 7 Historical disasters 8 Alternatives to pollution 9 Reduction efforts 9.1 Control devices 10 Regulations 10.1 Canada 10.2 Germany 11 Hotspots 12 Cities 13 National - scale air toxics assessments 1995 -- 2005 14 Governing urban air pollution 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Pollutants ( edit ) Main articles : Pollutant and Greenhouse gas An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem . The substance can be solid particles , liquid droplets , or gases . A pollutant can be of natural origin or man - made . Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary . Primary pollutants are usually produced from a process , such as ash from a volcanic eruption . Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust , or the sulfur dioxide released from factories . Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly . Rather , they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact . Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant . Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary : they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants . Before flue - gas desulfurization was installed , the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide . Schematic drawing , causes and effects of air pollution : ( 1 ) greenhouse effect , ( 2 ) particulate contamination , ( 3 ) increased UV radiation , ( 4 ) acid rain , ( 5 ) increased ground level ozone concentration , ( 6 ) increased levels of nitrogen oxides . Thermal oxidizers are air pollution abatement options for hazardous air pollutants ( HAPs ) , volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , and odorous emissions . Substances emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include : Carbon dioxide ( CO ) - Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as `` the leading pollutant '' and `` the worst climate pollution '' . Carbon dioxide is a natural component of the atmosphere , essential for plant life and given off by the human respiratory system .",
"3": "This question of terminology has practical effects , for example as determining whether the U.S. Clean Air Act is deemed to regulate CO emissions . CO currently forms about 405 parts per million ( ppm ) of earth 's atmosphere , compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times , and billions of metric tons of CO are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels . CO increase in earth 's atmosphere has been accelerating . Sulfur oxides ( SO ) - particularly sulfur dioxide , a chemical compound with the formula SO . SO is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes . Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds , and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide . Further oxidation of SO , usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO , forms H SO , and thus acid rain. ( 2 ) This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources . Nitrogen oxides ( NO ) - Nitrogen oxides , particularly nitrogen dioxide , are expelled from high temperature combustion , and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge . They can be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities . Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO . It is one of several nitrogen oxides . One of the most prominent air pollutants , this reddish - brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp , biting odor . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) - CO is a colorless , odorless , toxic yet non-irritating gas . It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas , coal or wood . Vehicular exhaust contributes to the majority of carbon monoxide let into our atmosphere . It creates a smog type formation in the air that has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and animals . In 2013 , more than half of the carbon monoxide emitted into our atmosphere was from vehicle traffic and burning one gallon of gas will often emit over 20 pounds of carbon monoxide into the air . Volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) - VOCs are a well - known outdoor air pollutant . They are categorized as either methane ( CH ) or non-methane ( NMVOCs ) . Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming .",
"4": "Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere . This effect varies depending on local air quality . The aromatic NMVOCs benzene , toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia with prolonged exposure . 1 , 3 - butadiene is another dangerous compound often associated with industrial use . Particulates , alternatively referred to as particulate matter ( PM ) , atmospheric particulate matter , or fine particles , are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas . In contrast , aerosol refers to combined particles and gas . Some particulates occur naturally , originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires , living vegetation , and sea spray . Human activities , such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles , power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols . Averaged worldwide , anthropogenic aerosols -- those made by human activities -- currently account for approximately 10 percent of our atmosphere . Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease , altered lung function and lung cancer . Particulates are related to respiratory infections and can be particularly harmful to those already suffering from conditions like asthma . Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles are linked to cardiopulmonary disease . Toxic metals , such as lead and mercury , especially their compounds . Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) - harmful to the ozone layer ; emitted from products are currently banned from use . These are gases which are released from air conditioners , refrigerators , aerosol sprays , etc . On release into the air , CFCs rise to the stratosphere . Here they come in contact with other gases and damage the ozone layer . This allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth 's surface . This can lead to skin cancer , eye disease and can even cause damage to plants . Ammonia ( NH ) - emitted from agricultural processes . Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH . It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor . Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers .",
"5": "Ammonia , either directly or indirectly , is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals . Although in wide use , ammonia is both caustic and hazardous . In the atmosphere , ammonia reacts with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur to form secondary particles . Odours -- such as from garbage , sewage , and industrial processes Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions , nuclear events , war explosives , and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon . Secondary pollutants include : Particulates created from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog . Smog is a kind of air pollution . Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide . Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog . Ground level ozone ( O ) formed from NO and VOCs . Ozone ( O ) is a key constituent of the troposphere . It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer . Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night . At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities ( largely the combustion of fossil fuel ) , it is a pollutant , and a constituent of smog . Peroxyacetyl nitrate ( C H NO ) - similarly formed from NO and VOCs . Minor air pollutants include : A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants . Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive A variety of persistent organic pollutants , which can attach to particulates Persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical , biological , and photolytic processes . Because of this , they have been observed to persist in the environment , to be capable of long - range transport , bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue , biomagnify in food chains , and to have potentially significant impacts on human health and the environment . Sources ( edit ) Play media This video provides an overview of a NASA study on the human fingerprint on global air quality .",
"6": "There are various locations , activities or factors which are responsible for releasing pollutants into the atmosphere . These sources can be classified into two major categories . Anthropogenic ( man - made ) sources ( edit ) Controlled burning of a field outside of Statesboro , Georgia in preparation for spring planting . These are mostly related to the burning of multiple types of fuel . Stationary sources include smoke stacks of fossil fuel power stations , manufacturing facilities ( factories ) and waste incinerators , as well as furnaces and other types of fuel - burning heating devices . In developing and poor countries , traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants ; traditional biomass includes wood , crop waste and dung . Mobile sources include motor vehicles , marine vessels , and aircraft . Controlled burn practices in agriculture and forest management . Controlled or prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management , farming , prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement . Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters . Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees , thus renewing the forest . Fumes from paint , hair spray , varnish , aerosol sprays and other solvents Waste deposition in landfills , which generate methane . Methane is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air . Methane is also an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space . Asphyxia or suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 19.5 % by displacement . Military resources , such as nuclear weapons , toxic gases , germ warfare and rocketry . Natural sources ( edit ) Dust storm approaching Stratford , Texas . Dust from natural sources , usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation Methane , emitted by the digestion of food by animals , for example cattle Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth 's crust . Radon is a colorless , odorless , naturally occurring , radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium . It is considered to be a health hazard . Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking .",
"7": "Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires Vegetation , in some regions , emits environmentally significant amounts of Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) on warmer days . These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutants -- specifically , NO , SO , and anthropogenic organic carbon compounds -- to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants . Black gum , poplar , oak and willow are some examples of vegetation that can produce abundant VOCs . The VOC production from these species result in ozone levels up to eight times higher than the low - impact tree species . Volcanic activity , which produces sulfur , chlorine , and ash particulates Emission factors ( edit ) Main article : AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Beijing air on a 2005 - day after rain ( left ) and a smoggy day ( right ) Air pollutant emission factors are reported representative values that attempt to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant . These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight , volume , distance , or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant ( e.g. , kilograms of particulate emitted per tonne of coal burned ) . Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution . In most cases , these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality , and are generally assumed to be representative of long - term averages . There are 12 compounds in the list of persistent organic pollutants . Dioxins and furans are two of them and intentionally created by combustion of organics , like open burning of plastics . These compounds are also endocrine disruptors and can mutate the human genes . The United States Environmental Protection Agency has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a wide range of industrial sources . The United Kingdom , Australia , Canada and many other countries have published similar compilations , as well as the European Environment Agency . Exposure ( edit ) Air pollution risk is a function of the hazard of the pollutant and the exposure to that pollutant . Air pollution exposure can be expressed for an individual , for certain groups ( e.g. neighborhoods or children living in a country ) , or for entire populations .",
"8": "For example , one may want to calculate the exposure to a hazardous air pollutant for a geographic area , which includes the various microenvironments and age groups . This can be calculated as an inhalation exposure . This would account for daily exposure in various settings ( e.g. different indoor micro-environments and outdoor locations ) . The exposure needs to include different age and other demographic groups , especially infants , children , pregnant women and other sensitive subpopulations . The exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the air pollutant with respect to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup for each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities ( playing , cooking , reading , working , etc . ) . For example , a small child 's inhalation rate will be less than that of an adult . A child engaged in vigorous exercise will have a higher respiration rate than the same child in a sedentary activity . The daily exposure , then , needs to reflect the time spent in each micro-environmental setting and the type of activities in these settings . The air pollutant concentration in each microactivity / microenvironmental setting is summed to indicate the exposure . Indoor air quality ( iaq ) ( edit ) Main article : Indoor air quality Air quality monitoring , New Delhi , India . A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time . Radon ( Rn ) gas , a carcinogen , is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses . Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde ( H CO ) gas . Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) as they dry . Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled . Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners , incense , and other scented items . Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air , inside and out . Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation . Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys , or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space , such as a tent .",
"9": "Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly - adjusted pilot lights . Traps are built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas and hydrogen sulfide , out of interiors . Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene , or other dry cleaning fluids , for days after dry cleaning . Though its use has now been banned in many countries , the extensive use of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities . Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs . It occurs after long - term , heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos - containing materials in structures . Sufferers have severe dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of lung cancer . As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature , care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases . According to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , these may defined as ; asbestosis , lung cancer , and Peritoneal Mesothelioma ( generally a very rare form of cancer , when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos ) . Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors , as gases and airborne particulates . Pets produce dander , people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair , dust mites in bedding , carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre - sized fecal droppings , inhabitants emit methane , mold forms on walls and generates mycotoxins and spores , air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires ' disease and mold , and houseplants , soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen , dust , and mold . Indoors , the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature . Health effects ( edit ) See also : Neuroplastic effects of pollution Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution - related diseases and health conditions including respiratory infections , heart disease , COPD , stroke and lung cancer . The health effects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in breathing , wheezing , coughing , asthma and worsening of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions . These effects can result in increased medication use , increased doctor or emergency room visits , more hospital admissions and premature death .",
"10": "The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching , but principally affect the body 's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system . Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to , the degree of exposure , and the individual 's health status and genetics . The most common sources of air pollution include particulates , ozone , nitrogen dioxide , and sulfur dioxide . Children aged less than five years that live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population in terms of total deaths attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution . Mortality ( edit ) The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide . India has the highest death rate due to air pollution . India also has more deaths from asthma than any other nation according to the World Health Organization . In December 2013 air pollution was estimated to kill 500,000 people in China each year . There is a positive correlation between pneumonia - related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicle emissions . Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000 . An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) emitted by road vehicles . In a 2015 consultation document the UK government disclosed that nitrogen dioxide is responsible for 23,500 premature UK deaths per annum . Across the European Union , air pollution is estimated to reduce life expectancy by almost nine months . Causes of deaths include strokes , heart disease , COPD , lung cancer , and lung infections . Urban outdoor air pollution is estimated to cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year . Children are particularly at risk due to the immaturity of their respiratory organ systems . The US EPA estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology ( Tier 2 ) could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities , 15,000 fewer heart attacks , 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma , and 8,900 fewer respiratory - related hospital admissions each year in the United States . The US EPA has estimated that limiting ground - level ozone concentration to 65 parts per billion , would avert 1,700 to 5,100 premature deaths nationwide in 2020 compared with the 75 - ppb standard .",
"11": "The agency projected the more protective standard would also prevent an additional 26,000 cases of aggravated asthma , and more than a million cases of missed work or school . Following this assessment , the EPA acted to protect public health by lowering the National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) for ground - level ozone to 70 parts per billion ( ppb ) . A new economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3,800 people die prematurely ( approximately 14 years earlier than normal ) each year because air pollution levels violate federal standards . The number of annual premature deaths is considerably higher than the fatalities related to auto collisions in the same area , which average fewer than 2,000 per year . Diesel exhaust ( DE ) is a major contributor to combustion - derived particulate matter air pollution . In several human experimental studies , using a well - validated exposure chamber setup , DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation . The mechanisms linking air pollution to increased cardiovascular mortality are uncertain , but probably include pulmonary and systemic inflammation . Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) A 2007 review of evidence found ambient air pollution exposure is a risk factor correlating with increased total mortality from cardiovascular events ( range : 12 % to 14 % per 10 microg / m increase ) . Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke , particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest . A 2007 study found that in women , air pollution is not associated with hemorrhagic but with ischemic stroke . Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011 . Associations are believed to be causal and effects may be mediated by vasoconstriction , low - grade inflammation and atherosclerosis Other mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system imbalance have also been suggested . Lung disease ( edit ) Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased exposure to traffic - related air pollution . Additionally , air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) includes diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema .",
"12": "A study conducted in 1960 - 1961 in the wake of the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293 London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester , Peterborough , and Norwich , three towns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis . All subjects were male postal truck drivers aged 40 to 59 . Compared to the subjects from the outlying towns , the London subjects exhibited more severe respiratory symptoms ( including cough , phlegm , and dyspnea ) , reduced lung function ( FEV and peak flow rate ) , and increased sputum production and purulence . The differences were more pronounced for subjects aged 50 to 59 . The study controlled for age and smoking habits , so concluded that air pollution was the most likely cause of the observed differences . More recent studies have shown that air pollution exposure from traffic reduces lung function development in children and lung function may be compromised by air pollution even at low concentrations . Air pollution exposure also cause lung cancer in non smokers . It is believed that much like cystic fibrosis , by living in a more urban environment serious health hazards become more apparent . Studies have shown that in urban areas patients suffer mucus hypersecretion , lower levels of lung function , and more self - diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema . Cancer ( edit ) Cancer is mainly the result of environmental factors . A review of evidence regarding whether ambient air pollution exposure is a risk factor for cancer in 2007 found solid data to conclude that long - term exposure to PM2. 5 ( fine particulates ) increases the overall risk of non-accidental mortality by 6 % per a 10 microg / m increase . Exposure to PM2. 5 was also associated with an increased risk of mortality from lung cancer ( range : 15 % to 21 % per 10 microg / m increase ) and total cardiovascular mortality ( range : 12 % to 14 % per a 10 microg / m increase ) . The review further noted that living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these three outcomes -- - increase in lung cancer deaths , cardiovascular deaths , and overall non-accidental deaths . The reviewers also found suggestive evidence that exposure to PM2.",
"13": "5 is positively associated with mortality from coronary heart diseases and exposure to SO increases mortality from lung cancer , but the data was insufficient to provide solid conclusions . Another investigation showed that higher activity level increases deposition fraction of aerosol particles in human lung and recommended avoiding heavy activities like running in outdoor space at polluted areas . In 2011 , a large Danish epidemiological study found an increased risk of lung cancer for patients who lived in areas with high nitrogen oxide concentrations . In this study , the association was higher for non-smokers than smokers . An additional Danish study , also in 2011 , likewise noted evidence of possible associations between air pollution and other forms of cancer , including cervical cancer and brain cancer . In December 2015 , medical scientists reported that cancer is overwhelmingly a result of environmental factors , and not largely down to bad luck . Maintaining a healthy weight , eating a healthy diet , minimizing alcohol and eliminating smoking reduces the risk of developing the disease , according to the researchers . Children ( edit ) In the United States , despite the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 , in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in non-attainment areas -- regions in which the concentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards . These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants , and include ozone , particulate matter , sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide , carbon monoxide , and lead . Protective measures to ensure children 's health are being taken in cities such as New Delhi , India where buses now use compressed natural gas to help eliminate the `` pea - soup '' smog . A recent study in Europe has found that exposure to ultrafine particles can increase blood pressure in children . Infants ( edit ) Ambient levels of air pollution have been associated with preterm birth and low birth weight . A 2014 WHO worldwide survey on maternal and perinatal health found a statistically significant association between low birth weights ( LBW ) and increased levels of exposure to PM2. 5 . Women in regions with greater than average PM2. 5 levels had statistically significant higher odds of pregnancy resulting in a low - birth weight infant even when adjusted for country - related variables . The effect is thought to be from stimulating inflammation and increasing oxidative stress . A study by the University of York found that in 2010 exposure to PM2.",
"14": "5 was strongly associated with 18 % of preterm births globally , which was approximately 2.7 million premature births . The countries with the highest air pollution associated preterm births were in South and East Asia , the Middle East , North Africa , and West sub-Saharan Africa . The source of PM 2.5 differs greatly by region . In South and East Asia , pregnant women are frequently exposed to indoor air pollution because of the wood and other biomass fuels used for cooking which are responsible for more than 80 % of regional pollution . In the Middle East , North Africa and West sub-Saharan Africa , fine PM comes from natural sources , such as dust storms . The United States had an estimated 50,000 preterm births associated with exposure to PM2. 5 in 2010 . A study performed by Wang , et al. between the years of 1988 and 1991 has found a correlation between Sulfur Dioxide ( SO2 ) and total suspended particulates ( TSP ) and preterm births and low birth weights in Beijing . A group of 74,671 pregnant women , in four separate regions of Beijing , were monitored from early pregnancy to delivery along with daily air pollution levels of Sulfur Dioxide and TSP ( along with other particulates ) . The estimated reduction in birth weight was 7.3 g for every 100 μg / m3 increase in SO2 and 6.9 g for each 100 μg / m3 increase in TSP . These associations were statistically significant in both summer and winter , although , summer was greater . The proportion of low birth weight attributable to air pollution , was 13 % . This is the largest attributable risk ever reported for the known risk factors of low birth weight . Coal stoves , which are in 97 % of homes , are a major source of air pollution in this area . Brauer et al. studied the relationship between air pollution and proximity to a highway with pregnancy outcomes in a Vancouver cohort of pregnant woman using addresses to estimate exposure during pregnancy . Exposure to NO , NO2 , CO PM10 and PM2. 5 were associated with infants born small for gestational age ( SGA ) . Women living < 50meters away from an expressway or highway were 26 % more likely to give birth to a SGA infant .",
"15": "`` Clean '' areas ( edit ) Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution , public health effects can be significant and costly , since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants . A 2005 scientific study for the British Columbia Lung Association showed that a small improvement in air quality ( 1 % reduction of ambient PM2. 5 and ozone concentrations ) would produce $29 million in annual savings in the Metro Vancouver region in 2010 . This finding is based on health valuation of lethal ( death ) and sub-lethal ( illness ) affects . Central nervous system ( edit ) Data is accumulating that air pollution exposure also affects the central nervous system . In a June 2014 study conducted by researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center , published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives , it was discovered that early exposure to air pollution causes the same damaging changes in the brain as autism and schizophrenia . The study also shows that air pollution also affected short - term memory , learning ability , and impulsivity . Lead researcher Professor Deborah Cory - Slechta said that `` When we looked closely at the ventricles , we could see that the white matter that normally surrounds them had n't fully developed . It appears that inflammation had damaged those brain cells and prevented that region of the brain from developing , and the ventricles simply expanded to fill the space . Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that air pollution may play a role in autism , as well as in other neurodevelopmental disorders . '' Air pollution has a more significant negative effect on males than on females . In 2015 , experimental studies reported the detection of significant episodic ( situational ) cognitive impairment from impurities in indoor air breathed by test subjects who were not informed about changes in the air quality . Researchers at the Harvard University and SUNY Upstate Medical University and Syracuse University measured the cognitive performance of 24 participants in three different controlled laboratory atmospheres that simulated those found in `` conventional '' and `` green '' buildings , as well as green buildings with enhanced ventilation . Performance was evaluated objectively using the widely used Strategic Management Simulation software simulation tool , which is a well - validated assessment test for executive decision - making in an unconstrained situation allowing initiative and improvisation . Significant deficits were observed in the performance scores achieved in increasing concentrations of either volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) or carbon dioxide , while keeping other factors constant .",
"16": "The highest impurity levels reached are not uncommon in some classroom or office environments . Agricultural effects ( edit ) In India in 2014 , it was reported that air pollution by black carbon and ground level ozone had cut crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2010 when compared to 1980 levels . Economic effects ( edit ) Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life , according to a joint study by the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ( IHME ) at the University of Washington These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution . One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse . The problem is even more acute in the developing world . `` Children under age 5 in lower - income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high - income countries . '' The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution , including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report , and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $5 trillion . Historical disasters ( edit ) The world 's worst short - term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster in India . Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory , belonging to Union Carbide , Inc. , U.S.A. ( later bought by Dow Chemical Company ) , killed at least 3787 people and injured from 150,000 to 600,000 . The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed over London . In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000 . An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths . The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in Donora , Pennsylvania in late October , 1948 , when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured .",
"17": "Alternatives to pollution ( edit ) There are now practical alternatives to the principal causes of air pollution : Areas downwind ( over 20 miles ) of major airports more than double total particulate emissions in air , even when factoring in areas with frequent ship calls , and heavy freeway and city traffic like Los Angeles . Aviation biofuel mixed in with jetfuel at a 50 / 50 ratio can reduce jet derived cruise altitude particulate emissions by 50 - 70 % , according to a NASA led 2017 study ( however , this should imply ground level benefits to urban air pollution as well ) . Ship propulsion and idling can be switched to much cleaner fuels like natural gas . ( Ideally a renewable source but not practical yet ) Combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be replaced by using ground source heat pumps and seasonal thermal energy storage . Electric power generation from burning fossil fuels can be replaced by power generation from nuclear and renewables . For poor nations , heating and home stoves that contribute much to regional air pollution can be replaced by a much cleaner fossil fuel like natural gas , or ideally , renewables . Motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels , a key factor in urban air pollution , can be replaced by electric vehicles . Though lithium supply and cost is a limitation , there are alternatives . Herding more people into clean public transit such as electric trains can also help . Nevertheless , even in emission - free electric vehicles , rubber tires produce significant amounts of air pollution themselves , ranking as 13th worst pollutant in Los Angeles . Biodigesters can be utilized in poor nations where slash and burn is prevalent , turning a useless commodity into a source of income . The plants can be gathered and sold to a central authority that will break it down in a large modern biodigester , producing much needed energy to use . Induced humidity and ventilation both can greatly dampen air pollution in enclosed spaces , which was found to be relatively high inside subway lines due to braking and friction and relatively less ironically inside transit buses than lower sitting passenger automobiles or subways . Reduction efforts ( edit ) There are various air pollution control technologies and strategies available to reduce air pollution . At its most basic level , land - use planning is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning .",
"18": "In most developed countries , land - use planning is an important part of social policy , ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population , as well as to protect the environment . Because a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically . Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as wind power , solar power , hydro power which do n't cause air pollution . Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation ( many developing countries have permissive regulations ) , expanding regulation to new sources ( such as cruise and transport ships , farm equipment , and small gas - powered equipment such as string trimmers , chainsaws , and snowmobiles ) , increased fuel efficiency ( such as through the use of hybrid vehicles ) , conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles . Titanium dioxide has been researched for its ability to reduce air pollution . Ultraviolet light will release free electrons from material , thereby creating free radicals , which break up VOCs and NOx gases . One form is superhydrophilic . In 2014 , Prof. Tony Ryan and Prof. Simon Armitage of University of Sheffield prepared a 10 meter by 20 meter - sized poster coated with microscopic , pollution - eating nanoparticles of titanium dioxide . Placed on a building , this giant poster can absorb the toxic emission from around 20 cars each day . A very effective means to reduce air pollution is the transition to renewable energy . According to a study published in Energy and Environmental Science in 2015 the switch to 100 % renewable energy in the United States would eliminate about 62,000 premature mortalities per year and about 42,000 in 2050 , if no biomass were used . This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050 , or about 3.6 % of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product . Control devices ( edit ) The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices in industry and transportation . They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere .",
"19": "Particulate control Mechanical collectors ( dust cyclones , multicyclones ) Electrostatic precipitators An electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) , or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas ( such as air ) , using the force of an induced electrostatic charge . Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device , and can easily remove fine particulates such as dust and smoke from the air stream . Baghouses Designed to handle heavy dust loads , a dust collector consists of a blower , dust filter , a filter - cleaning system , and a dust receptacle or dust removal system ( distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust ) . Particulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology . The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams . In a wet scrubber , the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid , by spraying it with the liquid , by forcing it through a pool of liquid , or by some other contact method , so as to remove the pollutants . Scrubbers Baffle spray scrubber Cyclonic spray scrubber Ejector venturi scrubber Mechanically aided scrubber Spray tower Wet scrubber NOx control Low NOx burners Selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) Selective non-catalytic reduction ( SNCR ) NOx scrubbers Exhaust gas recirculation Catalytic converter ( also for VOC control ) VOC abatement Adsorption systems , using activated carbon , such as Fluidized Bed Concentrator Flares Thermal oxidizers Catalytic converters Biofilters Absorption ( scrubbing ) Cryogenic condensers Vapor recovery systems Acid Gas / SO control Wet scrubbers Dry scrubbers Flue - gas desulfurization Mercury control Sorbent Injection Technology Electro - Catalytic Oxidation ( ECO ) K - Fuel Dioxin and furan control Miscellaneous associated equipment Source capturing systems Continuous emissions monitoring systems ( CEMS ) Regulations ( edit ) Smog in Cairo Main article : Air quality law In general , there are two types of air quality standards .",
"20": "The first class of standards ( such as the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards and E.U. Air Quality Directive ) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants . Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels . The second class ( such as the North American Air Quality Index ) take the form of a scale with various thresholds , which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity . The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , air pollution and associated health risks are measured with the Air Quality Health Index or ( AQHI ) . It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short - term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution . The Air Quality Health Index or `` AQHI '' is a federal program jointly coordinated by Health Canada and Environment Canada . However , the AQHI program would not be possible without the commitment and support of the provinces , municipalities and NGOs . From air quality monitoring to health risk communication and community engagement , local partners are responsible for the vast majority of work related to AQHI implementation . The AQHI provides a number from 1 to 10 + to indicate the level of health risk associated with local air quality . Occasionally , when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high , the number may exceed 10 . The AQHI provides a local air quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today , tonight and tomorrow and provides associated health advice . 5 6 7 8 9 10 + Risk : Low ( 1 - 3 ) Moderate ( 4 - 6 ) High ( 7 - 10 ) Very high ( above 10 ) As it is now known that even low levels of air pollution can trigger discomfort for the sensitive population , the index has been developed as a continuum : The higher the number , the greater the health risk and need to take precautions . The index describes the level of health risk associated with this number as ' low ' , ' moderate ' , ' high ' or ' very high ' , and suggests steps that can be taken to reduce exposure .",
"21": "Health Risk Air Quality Health Index Health Messages At Risk population General Population Low 1 - 3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities . Ideal air quality for outdoor activities Moderate 4 - 6 Consider reducing or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you are experiencing symptoms . No need to modify your usual outdoor activities unless you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation . High 7 - 10 Reduce or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors . Children and the elderly should also take it easy . Consider reducing or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation . Very high Above 10 Avoid strenuous activities outdoors . Children and the elderly should also avoid outdoor physical exertion and should stay indoors . Reduce or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors , especially if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation . The measurement is based on the observed relationship of Nitrogen Dioxide ( NO ) , ground - level Ozone ( O ) and particulates ( PM ) with mortality , from an analysis of several Canadian cities . Significantly , all three of these pollutants can pose health risks , even at low levels of exposure , especially among those with pre-existing health problems . When developing the AQHI , Health Canada 's original analysis of health effects included five major air pollutants : particulates , ozone , and nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , as well as sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , and carbon monoxide ( CO ) . The latter two pollutants provided little information in predicting health effects and were removed from the AQHI formulation . The AQHI does not measure the effects of odour , pollen , dust , heat or humidity . Germany ( edit ) TA Luft is the German air quality regulation . Hotspots ( edit ) Main article : Toxic Hotspots Air pollution hotspots are areas where air pollution emissions expose individuals to increased negative health effects . They are particularly common in highly populated , urban areas , where there may be a combination of stationary sources ( e.g. industrial facilities ) and mobile sources ( e.g. cars and trucks ) of pollution . Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease , childhood asthma , cancer , and other health problems .",
"22": "Fine particulate matter such as diesel soot , which contributes to more than 3.2 million premature deaths around the world each year , is a significant problem . It is very small and can lodge itself within the lungs and enter the bloodstream . Diesel soot is concentrated in densely populated areas , and one in six people in the U.S. live near a diesel pollution hot spot . External video AirVisual Earth -- realtime map of global wind and air pollution While air pollution hotspots affect a variety of populations , some groups are more likely to be located in hotspots . Previous studies have shown disparities in exposure to pollution by race and / or income . Hazardous land uses ( toxic storage and disposal facilities , manufacturing facilities , major roadways ) tend to be located where property values and income levels are low . Low socioeconomic status can be a proxy for other kinds of social vulnerability , including race , a lack of ability to influence regulation and a lack of ability to move to neighborhoods with less environmental pollution . These communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental pollution and are more likely to face health risks such as cancer or asthma . Studies show that patterns in race and income disparities not only indicate a higher exposure to pollution but also higher risk of adverse health outcomes . Communities characterized by low socioeconomic status and racial minorities can be more vulnerable to cumulative adverse health impacts resulting from elevated exposure to pollutants than more privileged communities . Blacks and Latinos generally face more pollution than whites and Asians , and low - income communities bear a higher burden of risk than affluent ones . Racial discrepancies are particularly distinct in suburban areas of the US South and metropolitan areas of the US West . Residents in public housing , who are generally low - income and can not move to healthier neighborhoods , are highly affected by nearby refineries and chemical plants . Cities ( edit ) See also : List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to the first two images in this section ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2013 ) Nitrogen dioxide concentrations as measured from satellite 2002 - 2004 Deaths from air pollution in 2004 Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas , especially in developing countries where environmental regulations are relatively lax or nonexistent .",
"23": "However , even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution , with Los Angeles and Rome being two examples . Between 2002 and 2011 the incidence of lung cancer in Beijing near doubled . While smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer in China , the number of smokers is falling while lung cancer rates are rising . Another project focusing on the effects on pollution in vegetation has been researched by the local university in Sheffield , UK . National - scale air toxics assessments 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) The national - scale air toxics assessment ( NATA ) is an evaluation of air toxics by the U.S. EPA . The EPA has furnished four assessments that characterize nationwide chronic cancer risk estimates and noncancer hazards from inhaling air toxics . The lates was from 2005 , and made publicly available in early 2011 . `` EPA developed the NATA as a state - of - the - science screening tool for State / Local / Tribal Agencies to prioritize pollutants , emission sources and locations of interest for further study , in order to gain a better understanding of the risks . NATA assessments do not incorporate refined information about emission sources , but rather , use general information about sources to develop estimates of risks which are more likely to overestimate impacts than underestimate them . NATA provides estimates of the risk of cancer and other serious health effects from breathing ( inhaling ) air toxics in order to inform both national and more localized efforts to identify and prioritize air toxics , emission source types and locations which are of greatest potential concern in terms of contributing to population risk . This in turn helps air pollution experts focus limited analytical resources on areas and or populations where the potential for health risks are highest . Assessments include estimates of cancer and non-cancer health effects based on chronic exposure from outdoor sources , including assessments of non-cancer health effects for Diesel Particulate Matter . Assessments provide a snapshot of the outdoor air quality and the risks to human health that would result if air toxic emissions levels remained unchanged . ''",
"24": "Most polluted cities by PM Particulate matter , μg / m3 ( 2004 ) City 168 Cairo , Egypt 150 Delhi , India 128 Kolkata , India ( Calcutta ) 125 Tianjin , China 123 Chongqing , China 109 Kanpur , India 109 Lucknow , India 104 Jakarta , Indonesia 101 Shenyang , China Governing urban air pollution ( edit ) In Europe , Council Directive 96 / 62 / EC on ambient air quality assessment and management provides a common strategy against which member states can `` set objectives for ambient air quality in order to avoid , prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment ... and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory '' . On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek v Freistaat Bayern CURIA , the European Court of Justice ruled that under this directive citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values . This important case law appears to confirm the role of the EC as centralised regulator to European nation - states as regards air pollution control . It places a supranational legal obligation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerous levels of air pollution , furthermore superseding national interests with those of the citizen . In 2010 , the European Commission ( EC ) threatened the UK with legal action against the successive breaching of PM10 limit values . The UK government has identified that if fines are imposed , they could cost the nation upwards of £ 300 million per year . In March 2011 , the Greater London Built - up Area remains the only UK region in breach of the EC 's limit values , and has been given 3 months to implement an emergency action plan aimed at meeting the EU Air Quality Directive . The City of London has dangerous levels of PM10 concentrations , estimated to cause 3000 deaths per year within the city . As well as the threat of EU fines , in 2010 it was threatened with legal action for scrapping the western congestion charge zone , which is claimed to have led to an increase in air pollution levels .",
"25": "In response to these charges , Boris Johnson , Mayor of London , has criticised the current need for European cities to communicate with Europe through their nation state 's central government , arguing that in future `` A great city like London '' should be permitted to bypass its government and deal directly with the European Commission regarding its air quality action plan . This can be interpreted as recognition that cities can transcend the traditional national government organisational hierarchy and develop solutions to air pollution using global governance networks , for example through transnational relations . Transnational relations include but are not exclusive to national governments and intergovernmental organisations , allowing sub-national actors including cities and regions to partake in air pollution control as independent actors . Particularly promising at present are global city partnerships . These can be built into networks , for example the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group , of which London is a member . The C40 is a public ' non-state ' network of the world 's leading cities that aims to curb their greenhouse emissions . The C40 has been identified as ' governance from the middle ' and is an alternative to intergovernmental policy . It has the potential to improve urban air quality as participating cities `` exchange information , learn from best practices and consequently mitigate carbon dioxide emissions independently from national government decisions '' . A criticism of the C40 network is that its exclusive nature limits influence to participating cities and risks drawing resources away from less powerful city and regional actors . See also ( edit ) Air pollutant concentrations Air stagnation ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution Asian brown cloud Atmospheric chemistry Beehive burner BenMAP Best Available Control Technology Building biology Critical load Emission standard Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database Environmental agreement Flue - gas emissions from fossil - fuel combustion Global Atmosphere Watch Global dimming Great Smog of London Haze Health Effects Institute ( HEI ) Indicator value Industrial Hygiene Foundation Intake fraction International Agency for Research on Cancer Kyoto Protocol Light water reactor sustainability List of smogs by death toll Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate Montreal Protocol NASA Clean Air Study Particulate matter sampler Polluter pays principle Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act Tire fire Global warming portal Environment portal Book : Pollution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reports '' . WorstPolluted.org .",
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"34": "PMID 11488305 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , James ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Cancer is not just ' bad luck ' but down to environment , study suggests '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , H ; Goldberg , M.S. ; Villeneuve , P.J. ( 2008 ) . `` A systematic review of the relation between long - term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases '' . Reviews on environmental health . 23 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 97 . doi : 10.1515 / reveh. 2008.23. 4.243 . PMID 19235364 . Jump up ^ Saber , E.M. ; Heydari , G. ( May 2012 ) . `` Flow patterns and deposition fraction of particles in the range of 0.1 -- 10 μm at trachea and the first third generations under different breathing conditions '' . Computers in Biology and Medicine . 42 ( 5 ) : 631 -- 638 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compbiomed. 2012.03. 002 . PMID 22445097 . Jump up ^ Raaschou - Nielsen , O. ; Andersen , Z.J. ; Hvidberg , M. ; Jensen , S.S. ; Ketzel , M. ; Sorensen , M. ; Tjonneland , A. ( 2011 ) . `` Lung cancer incidence and long - term exposure to air pollution from traffic . ( Research Support , Non-U.S. Gov 't ) '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 ( 6 ) : 860 -- 865 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1002353 . PMC 3114823 . PMID 21227886 . Jump up ^ Raaschou - Nielsen , O. ; Andersen , Z.J. ; Hvidberg , M. ; Jensen , S.S. ; Ketzel , M. ; Sorensen , M. ; Tjonneland , A. ( 2011 ) . `` Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence : a Danish cohort study '' .",
"35": "Environmental health . 10 : 67 . doi : 10.1186 / 1476 - 069X - 10 - 67 . PMC 3157417 . PMID 21771295 . Jump up ^ Committee on Environmental Health ( 2004 ) . `` Ambient Air Pollution : Health Hazards to Children '' . Pediatrics. 114 ( 6 ) : 1699 -- 1707 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2004 - 2166 . PMID 15574638 . Jump up ^ `` Polluted Cities : The Air Children Breathe '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ Pieters , N ; Koppen , G ; Van Poppel , M ; De Prins , S ; Cox , B ; Dons , E ; Nelen , V ; Int Panis , L ; Plusquin , M ; Schoeters , G ; Nawrot , TS ( March 2015 ) . `` Blood Pressure and Same - Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School : Associations with Nano - Sized to Coarse PM in Children '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 123 : 737 -- 42 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1408121 . PMC 4492263 . PMID 25756964 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Nancy L. ; Merialdi , Mario ; van Donkelaar , Aaron ; Vadillo - Ortega , Felipe ; Martin , Randall V. ; Betran , Ana Pilar ; Souza , João Paulo ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Outdoor air pollution , preterm birth , and low birth weight : analysis of the world health organization global survey on maternal and perinatal health '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 122 ( 4 ) : 425 -- 430 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1306837 . ISSN 1552 - 9924 . PMC 3984219 . PMID 24508912 . ^ Jump up to : Malley , Christopher S. ; Kuylenstierna , Johan C.I. ; Vallack , Harry W. ; Henze , Daven K. ; Blencowe , Hannah ; Ashmore , Mike R.",
"36": "( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Preterm birth associated with maternal fine particulate matter exposure : A global , regional and national assessment '' . Environment International . 101 : 173 -- 182 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envint. 2017.01. 023 . ISSN 1873 - 6750 . PMID 28196630 . Jump up ^ Wang , X. ; Ding , H. ; Ryan , L. ; Xu , X . ( 1997 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Association between air pollution and low birth weight : a community - based study '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 105 ( 5 ) : 514 -- 520 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 97105514 . ISSN 0091 - 6765 . PMC 1469882 . PMID 9222137 . Jump up ^ Brauer , Michael ; Lencar , Cornel ; Tamburic , Lillian ; Koehoorn , Mieke ; Demers , Paul ; Karr , Catherine ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` A Cohort Study of Traffic - Related Air Pollution Impacts on Birth Outcomes '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 5 ) : 680 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 10952 . PMC 2367679 . PMID 18470315 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BC Lung Association report on the valuation of health impacts from air quality in the Lower Fraser Valley airshed '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bos , I ; De Boever , P ; Int Panis , L ; Meeusen , R ( 2014 ) . `` Physical Activity , Air Pollution and the Brain '' ( PDF ) . Sports Medicine . 44 ( 11 ) : 1505 -- 18 . doi : 10.1007 / s40279 - 014 - 0222 - 6 . PMID 25119155 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ McEnaney , Michael ( 7 June 2014 ) . `` Air pollution link discovered to autism , schizophrenia risks '' . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Evidence Links Air Pollution to Autism , Schizophrenia '' . University of Rochester Medical Center . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Study Demonstrates Indoor Building Environment Has Significant , Positive Impact on Cognitive Function '' . New York Times . 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Joseph G. ; MacNaughton , Piers ; Satish , Usha ; Santanam , Suresh ; Vallarino , Jose ; Spengler , John D. ( 2015 ) . `` Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide , Ventilation , and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers : A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 124 : 805 -- 12 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1510037 . PMC 4892924 . PMID 26502459 . Jump up ^ India air pollution ' cutting crop yields by almost half ' The Guardian , 3 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : Common Dreams , 8 September 2016 , `` Making Case for Clean Air , World Bank Says that Pollution Cost Global Economy $5 Trillion : Impact is Most Severe in Developing Nations Where 93 % of Deaths and Nonfatal Illnesses Attributed to Air Pollution Worldwide Occurred in 2013 , '' http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion ^ Jump up to : World Bank Group , 2016 , `` The Cost of Air Pollution : Strengthening the Economic Case for Action , '' by The World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington , http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf Jump up ^ Simi Chakrabarti . `` 20th anniversary of world 's worst industrial disaster '' .",
"38": "Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Bell , Michelle L. ; Michelle L. Bell ; Devra L. Davis ; Tony Fletcher ( January 2004 ) . `` A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952 : The Role of Influenza and Pollution '' . Environ Health Perspect. 112 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 8 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6539 . PMC 1241789 . PMID 14698923 . Jump up ^ Meselson M , Guillemin J , Hugh - Jones M , et al. ( November 1994 ) . `` The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979 '' ( PDF ) . Science . 266 ( 5188 ) : 1202 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7973702 . PMID 7973702 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Davis , Devra ( 2002 ) . When Smoke Ran Like Water : Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01521 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/05/29/.../air-pollution-from-lax-jets-worse-than-previously/ Jump up ^ `` NASA Confirms Biofuels Reduce Jet Emissions '' . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IHT - Interseasonal Heat Transfer TM - Seasonal Heat Storage - GSHC - Renewable Heat & Renewable Cooling from ThermalBanks - Efficient Renewable Energy - Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems '' . www.icax.co.uk . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Road Rubber - Science Updates - Science NetLinks '' . sciencenetlinks.com . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Subway air pollution damages passenger health '' . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ J.C. Fensterstock , J.A.",
"39": "Kurtzweg & G. Ozolins ( 1971 ) : Reduction of Air Pollution Potential through Environmental Planning , Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association , 21 : 7 , 395 - 399 Jump up ^ Fensterstock , Ketcham and Walsh , The Relationship of Land Use and Transportation Planning to Air Quality Management , Ed . George Hagevik , May 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Z . Jacobson et al. : 100 % clean and renewable wind , water , and sunlight ( WWS ) all - sector energy road maps for the 50 United States . In : Energy and Environmental Science ( 2015 ) , doi : 10.1039 / C5EE01283J . Jump up ^ Jason Palmer ( 12 November 2011 ) . `` ' Smog - eating ' material breaking into the big time '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Nanotechnology to gobble up pollution '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Canada - Air - Air Quality '' . Ec.gc.ca. 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Canada - Air - AQHI categories and explanations '' . Ec.gc.ca. 2008 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Air pollution hot spot '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Pettit , David ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Global Toll of Air Pollution : Over 3 Million Deaths Each Year '' . Switchboard NRDC . Jump up ^ Watch air pollution flow across the planet in real time Science Magazine News , 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Drury , Richard ; Belliveau , Michael ; Kuhn , J Scott ; Shipra , Bansal ( Spring 1999 ) . `` Pollution Trading and Environmental Justice : Los Angeles ' Failed Experiment in Air Pollution Policy '' . Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum. 9 ( 231 ) .",
"40": "^ Jump up to : Morello - Frosch , Rachel ; Zuk , Miriam ; Jerrett , Michael ; Shamasunder , Bhavna ; Kyle , Amy D. ( 2011 ) . `` Understanding the Cumulative Impacts of Inequalities in Environmental Health : Implications for Policy '' . Health Affairs . 30 : 879 -- 887 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2011.0153 . Jump up ^ Mohai , P ; Lantz , PM ; Morenoff , J ; House , JS ; Mero , RP ( 2009 ) . `` Racial and Socioeocnomic Disparities in Residential Proximity '' . American Journal of Public Health . 99 ( 3 ) : S649 -- S656 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2007.131383 . PMC 2774179 . PMID 19890171 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Steve ( 2010 ) . `` Sacrifice Zones : The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States '' . Port Arthur , Texas : Public Housing Residents Breathe Contaminated Air from Nearby Refineries and Chemical Plants . MIT Press . Jump up ^ Ostachuk , A. ; Evelson , P. ; Martin , S. ; Dawidowski , L. ; Yakisich , J.S. ; Tasat , D.R. ( 2008 ) . `` Age - related lung cell response to urban Buenos Aires air particle soluble fraction '' . Environmental Research . 107 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envres. 2008.01. 007 . Jump up ^ Michelozzi , P. ; Forastiere , F. ; Fusco , D. ; Perucci , C.A. ; Ostro , B. ; Ancona , C. ; Pallotti , G. ( 1998 ) . `` Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Rome , Italy '' . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 55 ( 9 ) : 605 -- 610 . doi : 10.1136 / oem. 55.9. 605 . JSTOR 27730990 .",
"41": "PMC 1757645 . PMID 9861182 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph 8 January 2014 ' Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year , admits former health minister ' . Jump up ^ `` NATA National - Scale Air Toxics Assessments Technology Transfer Network Air Technical Web Site US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Europa ( 1996 ) . `` Summaries of EU legislation - Management and quality of ambient air '' . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ European Court of Justice , CURIA ( 2008 ) . `` PRESS RELEASE No 58 / 08 Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C - 237 / 07 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` Air quality : Commission sends final warning to UK over levels of fine particle pollution '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee ( 2010 ) . `` Environmental Audit Committee - Fifth Report Air Quality '' . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guardian ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Britain fends off threat of £ 300m fine over London air pollution '' . Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ London Assembly Environment Committee ( 2009 ) . `` Every Breath You Take '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 2010 ) ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Threat to sue over London congestion charge scrapping '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen , T ( 1995 ) . Bringing transnational relations back in : non-state actors , domestic structures , and international institutions .",
"42": "Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Pattberg , P ; Stripple , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Beyond the public and private divide : remapping transnational climate governance in the 21st century '' . International Environmental Agreements : Politics , Law and Economics . 8 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Roman , M ( 2010 ) . `` Governing from the middle : the C40 Cities Leadership Group '' . Corporate Governance. 10 ( 1 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Brimblecombe , Peter . The Big Smoke : A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times ( Methuen , 1987 ) Brimblecombe , Peter . `` History of air pollution . '' in Composition , Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere ( Van Nostrand Reinhold ( 1995 ) : 1 - 18 Brimblecombe , Peter ; Makra , László ( 2005 ) . `` Selections from the history of environmental pollution , with special attention to air pollution . Part 2 * : From medieval times to the 19th century '' . International journal of environment and pollution . 23 ( 4 ) : 351 -- 367 . doi : 10.1504 / ijep. 2005.007599 . Cherni , Judith A. Economic Growth versus the Environment : The Politics of Wealth , Health and Air Pollution ( 2002 ) online Corton , Christine L. London Fog : The Biography ( 2015 ) Currie , Donya . `` WHO : Air Pollution a Continuing Health Threat in World 's Cities , '' The Nation 's Health ( February 2012 ) 42 # 1 online Dewey , Scott Hamilton . Do n't Breathe the Air : Air Pollution and US Environmental Politics , 1945 - 1970 ( Texas A & M University Press , 2000 ) Gonzalez , George A . The politics of air pollution : Urban growth , ecological modernization , and symbolic inclusion ( SUNY Press , 2012 ) Grinder , Robert Dale ( 1978 ) . `` From Insurgency to Efficiency : The Smoke Abatement Campaign in Pittsburgh before World War I '' .",
"43": "Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine . 61 ( 3 ) : 187 -- 202 . Grinder , Robert Dale . `` The Battle for Clean Air : The Smoke Problem in Post-Civil War America '' in Martin V. Melosi , ed. , Pollution & Reform in American Cities , 1870 - 1930 ( 1980 ) , p83 - 103. * Mosley , Stephen . The chimney of the world : a history of smoke pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester . Routledge , 2013 . Peebles , Graham . Worldwide Air Pollution is Making us Ill ( December 2016 ) Schreurs , Miranda A. Environmental Politics in Japan , Germany , and the United States ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) online Thorsheim , Peter . Inventing Pollution : Coal , Smoke , and Culture in Britain since 1800 ( 2009 ) External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air pollution . Library resources about Air pollution Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Global real - time air quality index map Air Quality Index ( AQI ) Basics AQI Calculator AQI to Concentration and Concentration to AQI for five pollutants International Conference on Urban Air Quality . UNEP Urban Issues European Commission > Environment > Policies > Air > Air Quality Database : outdoor air pollution in cities from the World Health Organisation World Health Organization Fact Sheet on Air quality and health Impact assessment of the mortality effects of longer - term exposure to air pollution : exploring cause - specific mortality and susceptibility by BG Miller . Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM / 03 / 01 The Mortality Effects of Long - Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom , UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution , 2010 . Ozone Pollution at EPA.gov Tips and Reviews for Healthy Air Life - AirBetter.",
"44": "org ( hide ) Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources NDL : 00572537 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&oldid=822370127 '' Categories : Air pollution Climate forcing agents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT :",
"45": "original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Articles with obsolete information from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands",
"46": "नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the pastor of new birth missionary baptist church now
|
[
"Stephen A. Davis",
"Stephen A. Davis",
"Stephen A. Davis",
"Stephen A. Davis, pastor of New Birth Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama"
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{
"0": "New Birth Missionary Baptist church - wikipedia New Birth Missionary Baptist church Jump to : navigation , search New Birth Missionary Baptist Church is a megachurch in unincorporated DeKalb County , Georgia , near Lithonia . It has embraced a Pentecostal theology not typically found in African - American Baptist churches . The church was founded in 1939 in Scottdale as Travelers Rest Baptist Church . In 1983 , it moved to Decatur and adopted its current name . Eddie Long took over as pastor in 1987 . At the time , the church had only 300 members . Since his installation , membership has grown to 25,000 . In 2002 , New Birth was chosen to host the live recording of Dorinda Clark - Cole , and was chosen by the family of rapper and R&B superstar Lisa Left Eye Lopes to host the funeral for the rapper , who was killed in a car accident in La Ceiba , Honduras . In 2003 , New Birth planted a branch called `` New Birth Charlotte '' in Charlotte , North Carolina . That church no longer exists , and has since sold its building . Mecklenburg County records show the church defaulted on its payments to Evangelical Christian Credit Union for a $10 million loan . On August 15 , 2004 the church opened a branch called `` New Birth Memphis '' in Memphis , Tennessee . The church has since closed and New Birth Memphis no longer exists . Then in the future years , there were more churches such as New Birth Metro , New Birth Knoxville , New Birth Oakland , and New Birth California . In 2006 , the church was chosen by the family of Martin Luther King , Jr. to host and officiate the funeral for Mrs. Coretta Scott King , wife of the late civil rights pioneer . The event was attended by four Presidents ( George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Jimmy Carter ) . The church has also been marred by controversy , with four individuals filing separate lawsuits in DeKalb County Superior Court , Georgia alleging that Bishop Long used his pastoral influence to coerce them into a sexual relationship with him when they were teenagers . On January 15 , 2017 , Bishop Eddie Long died from an aggressive form of cancer according to a statement released by the church .",
"1": "The church then announced Stephen A. Davis , pastor of New Birth Birmingham in Birmingham , Alabama would be Long 's successor at New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Lithonia while remaining pastor of the Birmingham church . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Home . '' New Birth Missionary Baptist Church . Retrieved on October 7 , 2010 . `` New Birth Missionary Baptist Church -- 6400 Woodrow Road -- Lithonia , GA 30038 '' Jump up ^ Archive of New Birth history page Jump up ^ New York Times article by James C. McKinley and Robbie Brown : Sex scandal threatens a Georgia pastor 's empire Jump up ^ Holmes , Kevin ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bishop Eddie Long Sex Scandal Has Ties To Memphis '' . ABC 24 News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Day to Day ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) . `` New Birth Missionary Church Hosts King 's Funeral '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Melissa ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Four Presidents Join 10,000 Mourners At Coretta Scott King 's Funeral '' . cbsnews.com . CBS . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN : Men allege sexual coercion by prominent Atlanta pastor Jump up ^ New Birth Charlotte enters foreclosure , The Herald Weekly , 23 October 2014 Jump up ^ Eldridge , Ellen ; Tagami , Ty ; Poole , Sheila . `` Bishop Eddie Long dies of aggressive form of cancer , church says '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ http://www.charismanews.com/us/62697-new-birth-missionary-baptist-church-names-eddie-long-s-successor http://www.huntersvilleherald.com/news/2014/10/23/10288/new-birth-charlotte-enters-foreclosure External links ( edit ) Atlanta portal Christianity portal New Birth Missionary Baptist Church Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Birth_Missionary_Baptist_Church&oldid=833820700 '' Categories : Evangelical megachurches in the United States Baptist churches in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Buildings and structures in DeKalb County , Georgia Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is doing 2018 super bowl half time show
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[
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake"
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{
"0": "Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field .",
"1": "Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show .",
"2": "As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids .",
"3": "Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . ''",
"4": "Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . ''",
"5": "Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster .",
"6": "Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) .",
"8": "`` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) .",
"9": "`` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8869318258439148973
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who is playing the halftime show for the superbowl
|
[
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake",
"Justin Timberlake"
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{
"0": "Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field .",
"1": "Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show .",
"2": "As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids .",
"3": "Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . ''",
"4": "Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . ''",
"5": "Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster .",
"6": "Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) .",
"8": "`` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) .",
"9": "`` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8359866474144720253
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who hosted they think it's all over
|
[
"comedian Nick Hancock",
"Nick Hancock",
"Lee Mack",
"Des Lynam",
"Nick Hancock",
"Lee Mack",
"Des Lynam",
"Nick Hancock",
"Lee Mack"
] |
{
"0": "They Think it 's All over ( TV series ) - wikipedia They Think it 's All over ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search They Think It 's All Over Genre Comedy panel game Created by Bill Matthews Simon Bullivant Presented by Des Lynam Nick Hancock Lee Mack Starring Team Captains David Gower Gary Lineker Phil Tufnell David Seaman Ian Wright Boris Becker Regular Panellists Rory McGrath Lee Hurst Jonathan Ross Sean Lock Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series 19 No. of episodes 154 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Talkback ( 1995 -- 2005 ) Talkback Thames ( 2006 ) Distributor FremantleMedia Release Original network BBC Radio 5 ( 1992 -- 94 ) BBC1 ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Original release 14 September 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 14 ) -- 9 June 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 09 ) They Think It 's All Over is a British comedy panel game with a sporting theme produced by Talkback and shown on BBC1 . The show 's name is taken from Kenneth Wolstenholme 's famous 1966 World Cup commentary quotation , `` they think it 's all over ... it is now ! '' and the show used the phrase to sign off each episode . In 2006 the show was axed after 11 years on - air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Rounds 1.2 Tie - Breakers 2 Episodes 3 DVD and video releases 3.1 DVD 3.2 Video 4 Other releases 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The show was originally presented by comedian Nick Hancock .",
"1": "Ex-England football team captain Gary Lineker and ex-England cricket team captain David Gower were team captains from 1995 until they announced their retirement from the show in 2003 . They were replaced as team captains by ex-England football goalkeeper David Seaman and ex-England cricketer Phil Tufnell . Former footballer Ian Wright took over from David Seaman in autumn 2004 . From October 2005 , Boris Becker replaced Tufnell and Lee Mack took over from Hancock as host . Occasionally , a team captain was unable to appear on the show due to other commitments so guest captains were drafted in . Six times World Snooker Champion Steve Davis was a regular choice as guest captain , while Matthew Pinsent , Mark Lawrenson , Mick McCarthy , Sam Torrance , Steve Backley , Sharron Davies , Linford Christie and Michael Johnson also appeared in this role . Additionally , Ian Wright was a guest captain before becoming a permanent team captain . Each team also had a regular panellist . For the team which was originally captained by Gary Lineker this was Rory McGrath for the show 's entire run . David Gower was originally teamed up with Lee Hurst . Hurst left the show in 1997 ( although he made a reappearance in 2004 on David Seaman 's team ) and was replaced for the next two series by a rotating line - up of comedians -- Jonathan Ross , Jo Brand , Alan Davies , Julian Clary and Phill Jupitus . Despite regularly admitting to having limited sporting knowledge , Ross became the permanent panellist until leaving the show in 2006 , and was replaced by Sean Lock for the World Cup and summer sports special editions . The third member of each team varied from week to week , and would typically be a notable sportsperson , broadcaster or comedian . The show was originally produced for BBC Radio 5 , where it was hosted by Des Lynam . The devisers , Simon Bullivant and Bill Matthews , started work on a TV version in 1993 but it was two years before it made it to air . Des Lynam did record a pilot in early 1994 but decided not to do the already commissioned series , which was then put on hold .",
"2": "In 1999 and 2001 , as part of the BBC 's Comic Relief broadcasts , one - off special programmes were made called Have I Got Buzzcocks All Over . They combined elements of the show with Have I Got News for You and Never Mind the Buzzcocks , with Angus Deayton as host . Kenneth Wolstenholme was unhappy with the use of the phrase for the title of the show . He wrote in his autobiography that he had contacted the BBC to find out what relevance the title had to his most famous line , uttered 30 years earlier . However , when the show was first commissioned , he did accept a fee to re-record his famous commentary for the opening titles , as the original was unusable . Rounds ( edit ) Throughout the series , the rounds varied each week . Examples include : Excuses , where the teams are shown a clip of a sportsperson or a team , and are asked what excuse they gave for a sporting or personal misdemeanour . Examples include Tommy Docherty explaining that Scotland lost 7 -- 0 in the 1954 World Cup to Uruguay because `` they were shattered just standing for the National Anthem '' , and Scottish tennis player Andy Murray claimed that he vomited on the court at the US Open in 2005 because he 'd been drinking an isotonic drink to stop him from cramping , but he drank too much too quickly . On a special edition video - only episode of No Holds Barred , Gary 's team was asked for Tommy Docherty 's excuse for Manchester United 's infamous relegation of 1973 -- 74 , with Lineker 's answer `` He wanted to bring pleasure to millions ? '' . Another edition of the excuses round saw the 1992 Manchester United team blame Rod Stewart for ruining their Old Trafford pitch at a concert a week before the season ended . Even though the gig was on 7 June 1991 , a full year earlier . Celebrations , where the teams are shown a clip of a sportsperson celebrating in a fanciful way , and are asked what the celebration is in aid of . Examples include Arsenal striker Thierry Henry celebrating a goal by recreating the Budweiser `` Whassup ? '' advert , and Manchester United midfielder Lee Sharpe celebrating a goal by recreating a pose of his boyhood hero Elvis Presley .",
"3": "One of the more memorable reactions to not winning this round occurred when Matthew Corbett and Sooty were guests and when denied points , Sooty went on to squirt Nick in the face with a water pistol . Sporting Bluff , in which the teams are given three statements about a sportsperson and have to guess which one is true . What 's Going On ? , where the teams are shown a sporting clip and are asked to decipher what 's going on , quite literally . Examples include former cricket umpire Dickie Bird taking part in a photo opportunity with the Yorkshire players picked for the England cricket team , dressed in a chef 's outfit and cooking them Yorkshire puddings , and serial practical joker ( and Eric Cantona lookalike ) Karl Power joining the Manchester United team for a photo before a Champions League match in 2001 . Photo - fit , where the teams are shown a picture of three sportspersons merged into one . The teams then have to guess who they are . Sometimes after the sportspersons are revealed , they are asked for the connection between them for a bonus point . On many occasions , Rory McGrath liked to joke that he recognised the person in the photo as an ex-girlfriend he 'd previously had sexual encounters with . Author Author , in which the teams hear an extract from a sporting autobiography and attempt to identify the author . Quotes include former Liverpool F.C. manager Gérard Houllier on why he turns down offers of international coaching and a quote from athlete Roger Black 's autobiography on his admiration of David Gower . Sing When You 're Winning , in which the teams must complete the lyrics to a chant performed by football fans or the Barmy Army . A memorable moment from this round saw Chris Eubank complete a poem by the Barnsley F.C. poet , with the line `` I 'm having a laugh '' , when the line was `` We 'll be champions come May '' . Handbags , where the teams must work out the reasons for a rift between sportspersons . Examples of rifts include football team Peterborough United F.C. and Victoria Beckham over the rights to use the nickname `` Posh '' , and athlete David Bedford and communications company InfoNXX over the 118 118 runners looking like him .",
"4": "Grandstand , in which the teams are shown a bizarre multi-sport event and are asked to come up with events played in them . These include the Eskimo Olympics , the Naked Olympics and the Tough Guy Sports . The Treble , where the teams are shown three sportspersons and three items , and have to link each sportsperson to an item . The Beckham Challenge , where the teams are asked an on - the - buzzer question about David Beckham and his family . The first team to get the answer right gets further bonus questions , similar to University Challenge . This was later changed to having separate questions for each team . Variants to this round include Sven - Mania ( with questions about then - England manager Sven - Göran Eriksson ) , Rooney - Mania ( with questions about Wayne Rooney ) and Gaffer - Mania ( with questions about football managers in general ) . Electronic Pencil , where the teams are shown a brief sporting clip , which is then paused , or a doctored photo of a sportsperson with items removed . The teams use the electronic pencil to predict the direction of the athlete or the ball , or what the missing items were . The round was dropped after series 2 but revived for the 100th show in 2001 . Injury Board , in which the teams pick a number between 1 and 12 . Behind each number is a sports person and another person or item . The teams try to work out how the latter injured the former . Examples include Newbury rugby club and some Vaseline ( to which guest Julian Clary suggested `` maybe there was sand in it , '' ) and Dennis Wise and a toilet seat . This round was also a parody of A Question of Sport , another BBC TV quiz show . Feel The Sportsman , one of the most popular rounds of the show , in which the regular panellists have to try to identify a mystery guest , or their sporting notability , by touch whilst blindfolded . Guests subjected to a groping include Will Carling , Ashia Hansen , Victor Ubogu , Jonah Lomu ( who infamously appeared minutes after Chris Eubank expressed his dislike for him ) , Andy Fordham , Manc Union Paintball Team , Arsenal Women 's Football Team ( which Rory guessed right on the whistle ) , Aylesbury United F.C.",
"5": "in their infamous 1995 FA Cup conga goal celebration . One notable variant in 2001 saw the regulars feeling an animal , having been shown a clip of Sven - Göran Eriksson on the Italian version of the show in a `` Feel the Animal '' round . David Gower and Jonathan Ross correctly guessed their animal ( a zebra ) but Gary Lineker and Rory McGrath failed to get theirs ( an alligator -- they failed to even touch it ) , with McGrath removing his blindfold and running off the set in panic . Another famous example involved a slight change in the rules , in that Sharron Davies , who was a guest ( rather than a regular ) contestant took part in the feeling . The sportsman was her then husband Derek Redmond , whom she recognised . Claim To Fame , introduced in 2005 , saw a sportsperson subjected to a line of questioning by the panel to determine their claim to fame . Mystery people include Paul Barber ( a member of the gold medal winning British 1988 Olympic hockey team ) , Judy Grinham ( gold medal winning 100m backstroke swimmer at the 1956 Olympics ) and Tommy Gemmell , from the Celtic European Cup winning team of 1967 . The Physical Challenge , where the teams are subject to displaying their physique on an exercise bike , tricycle or other exercise apparatus . The harder they pedal , the faster an image appears on screen , and the teams must name the image before moving onto the next one . The team captain starts off before a klaxon is sounded , then the regular sidekick takes over . The Name Game , in which the regular sidekick has to give clues about a famous sportsperson for the other team members to guess . Variants include the sidekick having to draw the clues , giving clues as to team names and performing impressions mimes of the sportsperson . One famous incident in this round saw Rory get a point deduction for giving clues like `` Same first name as Ian Rush , same last name as Ian Botham '' . Rory also got away with pretending Gary gave an answer when he did n't , by saying `` That 's right , speak up ! '' .",
"6": "He also criticised the media hype over Ryan Giggs 's winning FA Cup semi-final goal against Arsenal , by giving the clue `` Welsh football player , scored what is probably the most overrated goal of the season '' . Sporting Vogue , introduced in 2005 , where the team captain has to strike a famous pose by a sportsperson for their teammates to guess . School Sports Day , shown only on the video - exclusive No Holds Barred episode , was a pre-recorded segment featuring the regulars participating in a school sports day at King 's College School as though it was covered by Grandstand , with Nick as the presenter and Gerald Sinstadt as the commentator . The events were the Egg - and - spoon race , the Three - legged race , the Egg Catching ( with England cricketer Nasser Hussain throwing the eggs ) , the Obstacle course and the Sack race . Although Gary won the individual contest , David 's team earned more points in the sports day and back in the studio were awarded one point for their efforts . Grand Prix , shown only on the video - exclusive Full Throttle episode , was another pre-recorded segment featuring the regulars participating in a six - lap race in `` Formula 27 dinky cars '' at Silverstone , using similar on - screen graphics to Formula 1 coverage on ITV at the time ( even breaking into a `` commercial break '' for the No Holds Barred video near to the climax of the race , only to return just before Lee span off the track , which was ripping on ITV holding commercial breaks during key moments in the races ) , and a commentator imitating Murray Walker . Lee and David raced in Williams - coloured cars , while Gary and Rory raced in Jordan - coloured cars . Lee span out on the final lap and was disqualified . David won the race , winning 10 points for his team . Gary and Rory finished joint second , winning 5 points each , thus leading to Nick back in the studio declaring the race `` a complete waste of a day '' . Tie - breakers ( edit ) All episodes ending with a tie score or series ending with the number of episodes tied finish with a tie - breaker . Sometimes , the tie - breaker refers to incidents from previously in the episode .",
"7": "These have included : A sports general knowledge question , sometimes from the quiz books endorsed by team captains Gary Lineker or David Gower . An episode featuring England cricket captain Nasser Hussain ended with Nick tossing a coin and getting Nasser , who had previous bad luck with coin tosses , to call Heads or Tails . A game of musical chairs featuring the regulars . A mechanical bull or surfboard , which the panellists ( usually Jonathan Ross versus Rory McGrath , or Jonathan versus his brother Paul in the surfboard example ) ride , with the panellist who stays on for the longest before falling off winning . A game of round - the - table table tennis between all the panellists . An arm - wrestling match between David and Gary . A `` pseudo sumo '' match between David and Gary , with the two captains in inflatable sumo suits . A race between David and Gary on tea trays with wheels , in honour of British Winter Olympic bronze medallist skeleton racer Alex Coomber A wrestling match in a pool of mashed potato between David and Gary , with the audience cheering for who they thought won . A coconut shy - type game where , following a dressing room incident between Alex Ferguson and David Beckham where Ferguson reportedly kicked a football boot which hit Beckham in the head , all the panellists took turns to kick a football boot at cardboard cut - outs of Beckham 's face . A toy fishing game between Phil Tufnell and David Seaman . A game of blow football between Boris Becker and Ian Wright . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of They Think It 's All Over episodes Dvd and video releases ( edit ) DVD ( edit ) The Very Best of They Think Its All Over -- 10th Anniversary ( 2005 ) The Very Best of They Think Its All Over Interactive DVD Game ( 2007 ) Video ( edit ) They Think It 's All Over -- No Holds Barred ( 1996 ) They Think It 's All Over -- Full Throttle ( aka Grand Prixxx ) ( 1997 ) They Think It 's All Over -- Below The Belt ( aka Off The Bone ) ( 1998 ) They Think It 's All Over -- Complete ( 1999 ) -- Existing No Holds Barred and Full Throttle videos re-packaged as a double video set .",
"8": "They Think It 's All Over - Ungentlemanly Conduct ( aka New Balls ) ( 2000 ) Other releases ( edit ) The `` They Think It 's All Over '' Annual ( 1997 ) -- an annual which parodied the style of children 's comic annuals . They Think It 's All Over ( 1998 ) -- audiobook highlights compilation , part of the Canned Laughter series of releases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BBC press office Jump up ^ Starmer - Smith , Charles ( 26 March 2002 ) . `` Class of ' 66 pay tribute to voice of football '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/rod-stewart/1991/old-trafford-football-stadium-manchester-england-3d491af.html External links ( edit ) They Think It 's All Over at UKGameshows.com They Think It 's All Over at TV.com They Think It 's All Over on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=They_Think_It%27s_All_Over_(TV_series)&oldid=815412954 '' Categories : 1990s British comedy television series 2000s British comedy television series 1995 British television programme debuts 2006 British television programme endings BBC panel games BBC television comedy British panel games British sports television series Television series by FremantleMedia English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 EngvarB from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1206653570097564556
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where does the movie proof of life take place
|
[
"The Republic of Tecala",
"the (fictional) South American country of Tecala",
"the (fictional) South American country of Tecala",
"the (fictional) South American country of Tecala"
] |
{
"0": "Proof of Life - wikipedia Proof of Life Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Proof of Life ( disambiguation ) . Proof of Life Theatrical release poster Directed by Taylor Hackford Produced by Taylor Hackford Charles Mulvehill Written by Tony Gilroy Starring Meg Ryan Russell Crowe David Morse David Caruso Gottfried John Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Sławomir Idziak Edited by Sheldon Kahn John Smith Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Bel - Air Entertainment Anvil Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Italian Spanish Budget $65 million Box office $62.8 million Proof of Life is a 2000 American action thriller film directed and produced by Taylor Hackford . The title refers to a phrase commonly used to indicate proof that a kidnap victim is still alive . The film 's screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy , who also was a co-executive producer , and was inspired by William Prochnau 's Vanity Fair magazine article `` Adventures in the Ransom Trade '' , and Thomas Hargrove 's book The Long March to Freedom in which Hargrove recounts how his release was negotiated by Thomas Clayton , who went on to be the founder of kidnap - for - ransom consultancy Clayton Consultants , Inc . The film stars Meg Ryan and Russell Crowe . During production , the two lead actors had a romantic affair . At the time , Ryan was married to Dennis Quaid , but the two divorced in 2001 . The film garnered much reportage in the tabloid press in association with the lead actors ' affair . The film is dedicated to Will Gaffney , an actor who was David Morse ' stand - in . He was killed in an on - set accident during a scene in which Morse was not available , due to a family illness .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 3.1 Tecala 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Alice Bowman ( Meg Ryan ) moves to the ( fictional ) South American country of Tecala because her engineer husband , Peter Bowman ( David Morse ) , has been hired to help build a new dam for oil company Quad Carbon . Though Alice is unhappy at this most recent move , she agrees to stay . While driving one morning through the city , Peter is caught in traffic and then ambushed and abducted by guerrilla rebels of the Liberation Army of Tecala ( ELT ) . Believing that Peter is working on Quad Carbon 's oil pipeline , ELT soldiers lead him through the jungle . Terry Thorne ( Russell Crowe ) , a former member of the British Special Air Service , arrives in Tecala fresh from a successful hostage rescue in Chechnya . As an expert negotiator in kidnapping - and - ransom cases , he is assigned by his company , Luthan Risk , to bargain for Peter 's safe return . Unfortunately , it is learned that Quad Carbon is on the verge of bankruptcy and takeover , and therefore has no insurance coverage for kidnapping , so they can not afford Thorne 's services . Despite Alice 's pleas to stay , Thorne leaves the country . Alice is then assigned a corrupt local hostage negotiator , who immediately urges her to pay the ELT 's first ransom demand : a $50,000 `` good faith '' payment . Not knowing what to do , Alice agrees , but the transaction is stopped by Thorne who ( due to his conscience ) has returned to help . He is aided by Dino ( David Caruso ) , a competing negotiator and ex -- Green Beret . Over the next few months , Thorne uses a radio to speak with an ELT contact , and the two argue over terms for Peter 's release -- including a ransom payment that Alice can afford . Thorne and Alice bond through the ordeal , forming an implicit attraction . They eventually negotiate a sum of $650,000 . Meanwhile , Peter has become a prisoner at the ELT 's jungle base camp .",
"2": "There , he befriends another hostage named Kessler ( Gottfried John ) -- a missionary and former member of the French Foreign Legion -- who has lived in the camp for nineteen months . The two concoct an escape plan , but during their attempt they are quickly tracked by the ELT . Kessler falls into a river after being shot in the shoulder and manages to escape , but Peter steps on a trap and is recaptured . Kessler is found and hospitalized . In the hospital he claims he heard a gunshot at the time Peter was recaptured , and thus believes he is dead . Thorne can not believe this , but his ELT contact refuses to respond to his calls . Luckily , one of Alice 's young maids recognized his voice over the radio and reveals he is a government official . Thorne goes to a parade ceremony and confronts the contact ; he confirms that Peter is indeed alive , but because of the ELT 's escalating war with the government and Peter 's knowledge of the terrain , the ELT will no longer negotiate . At Thorne 's urging Alice convinces the Tecala government that the ELT is mounting an attack on the pipeline being built through their territory . This forces the government army to mobilize , thus forcing a bulk of the camp 's ELT troops to mobilize for a counter-attack . Thorne , Dino , and several associates are then inserted by helicopter and raid the weakened ELT base . They overcome the camp 's soldiers , free Peter and another hostage , and then fly back to the city , where Alice happily reunites with her husband . Thorne and Alice share a final intimate moment before the latter departs with Peter on an immediate flight to the U.S.",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Meg Ryan as Alice Bowman Russell Crowe as Terry Thorne David Morse as Peter Bowman Pamela Reed as Janis Goodman David Caruso as Dino Anthony Heald as Ted Fellner Michael Byrne as Lord Luthan Stanley Anderson as Jerry Gottfried John as Eric Kessler Alun Armstrong as Wyatt Michael Kitchen as Ian Havery Margo Martindale as Ivy Mario Ernesto Sánchez as Arturo Fernandez Pietro Sibille as Juaco Vicky Hernández as Maria Norma Martínez as Norma Carlos Blanchard as Carlos Rowena King as Pamela Diego Trujillo as Eliodoro Background ( edit ) Although the producers wanted to film in Colombia , due to the dangers that guerrillas posed in that country at the time , the movie was mainly filmed in Ecuador . The large piles of money used to pay for the rescue were sucres , the Ecuadorian national currency at the time of the filming . Tecala 's geographic and urban appearance and its political characteristics were based loosely on a mix of several Andean countries . The ELT 's characterization appears to be primarily based on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) . Coincidentally , Colombia 's second largest guerrilla group is the Ejército de Liberación Nacional or ELN . Control Risks , a risk consulting firm , was hired to provide security for the cast and crew while filming on location . The firm also served as inspiration for kidnap and ransom consulting seen in the film . The movie end credit and post-script says : `` Inspired by the VANITY FAIR article ' Adventures in the Ransom Trade ' by William Prochnau and by the book Long March to Freedom by Thomas Hargrove . Tecala ( edit ) The Republic of Tecala , where most of Proof of Life is set , is a fictional South American country . Tecala has long been the scene of an internal conflict between its government forces and the Liberation Army of Tecala ( ELT ) . The ELT was originally a Marxist guerrilla group supported by the Soviet Union , but after the Soviet Union 's dissolution in 1991 , the ELT 's primary source of funding fell through , and they began kidnapping people for ransom to fund their operations .",
"4": "A map seen in the film is that of Ecuador . The country 's capital Quito was chosen along with the eastern jungle and the nearby city of Baños de Agua Santa in the Ecuadorian Andes . Release ( edit ) The film opened in wide release in the United States on December 8 , 2000 for 2,705 screens . The opening weekend 's gross was $10,207,869 and the total receipts for the U.S. run were $32,598,931 . The international box - office receipts were $30,162,074 , for total receipts of $62,761,005 . The film was in wide release in the U.S. for twelve weeks ( eighty days ) . In its widest release , the film was featured in 2,705 theaters across the country . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Stephen Holden , film critic for The New York Times , did not think the film worked well and opined that the actors did not connect . He wrote , `` ( the film displays ) a gaping lack of emotional connection among the characters in a romantic triangle that feels conspicuously unromantic ... what ultimately sinks this stylish but heartless film is a flat lead performance by the eternally snippy Meg Ryan ... Ms. Ryan expresses no inner conflict , nor much of anything else beyond a mounting tension . Even when her wide blue eyes well up with tears , the pain she conveys is more the frustration of a little girl who has misplaced her doll than any deep , empathetic suffering . '' Critic David Ansen gave the film a mixed review , writing , Taylor Hackford 's thriller Proof of Life leaves a lot to be desired , but it 's got its hands on a fascinating subject ... To be fair , Tony Gilroy 's screenplay keeps the romance on the back burner ... Thorne is the most compelling aspect of Proof of Life , thanks to Crowe 's quiet , hard - bitten charisma . It 's a part Bogart once would have played -- the amoral tough guy who rises to the moral occasion -- and Crowe gives it just the right note of gravel - voiced masculinity . But neither Crowe , Ryan nor the topical subject keeps Proof of Life from feeling recycled .",
"5": "For all the up - to - the - minute research , the movie still gives off the musty scent of Hollywood contrivance . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 40 % based on 115 reviews ; the average rating is 5.3 / 10 . The consensus is : `` Despite its promising premise and superstar cast , Proof of Life is just a routine thriller that does n't offer anything new . '' Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards ; Favorite Actor -- Suspense , Favorite Actress - Suspense , Favorite Supporting Actress -- Suspense and Favorite Supporting Actress -- Suspense . Danny Elfman was also nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Original Score at the 5th Golden Satellite Awards , but lost out to Gladiator ( Hans Zimmer ) . Award Nominee Result Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor -- Suspense Russell Crowe Nominated Favorite Actress - Suspense Meg Ryan Favorite Supporting Actor -- Suspense David Caruso Favorite Supporting Actress -- Suspense Pamela Reed Satellite Awards Best Original Score Danny Elfman Nominated See also ( edit ) Colombian armed conflict Kidnappings in Colombia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Proof of Life '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Prochnau , William ( May 1998 ) . `` Adventures in the Ransom Trade '' . Vanity Fair ( 453 ) : 134 -- 144 . ISSN 0733 - 8899 . Jump up ^ Prochnau , William . `` Adventures in the ransom trade '' at Mmegi Online Jump up ^ Proof of Life on IMDb Jump up ^ Meg Ryan . Hollywood.com , 2007 . Retrieved : December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Noel Murray ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` David Morse '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Prochnau , William ( December 2000 ) . `` Jungle Fever '' . Premiere Magazine . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` Where Cynicism Rules , Integrity Can Be Heroic '' . The New York Times .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( December 11 , 2000 ) . `` Hostage Heat '' . Newsweek . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Proof of Life '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Proof of Life on IMDb Proof of Life at AllMovie Proof of Life film trailer on YouTube Films directed by Taylor Hackford Teenage Father ( 1978 ) The Idolmaker ( 1980 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) Against All Odds ( 1984 ) White Nights ( 1985 ) Hail ! Hail !",
"7": "Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1987 ) Everybody 's All - American ( 1988 ) Blood In Blood Out ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Proof of Life ( 2000 ) Ray ( 2004 ) Love Ranch ( 2010 ) Parker ( 2013 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Films by Tony Gilroy Director Michael Clayton ( 2007 ) Duplicity ( 2009 ) The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) Screenwriter The Cutting Edge ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Extreme Measures ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Bait ( 2000 ) Proof of Life ( 2000 ) The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) Michael Clayton ( 2007 ) State of Play ( 2009 ) Duplicity ( 2009 ) The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) The Great Wall ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) High Wire Act ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proof_of_Life&oldid=805158713 '' Categories : 2000 films 2000s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American political thriller films English - language films Films about abduction Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films set in a fictional South American country Films set in Colombia Films set in South America Films shot in Ecuador Castle Rock Entertainment films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Warner Bros.",
"8": "films Film scores by Danny Elfman Films directed by Taylor Hackford Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 13 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6405015309290964923
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where did the saying monkey's uncle come from
|
[
"Scopes Trial in the United States"
] |
{
"0": "Monkey 's uncle - Wikipedia Monkey 's uncle Jump to : navigation , search The term monkey 's uncle , most notably seen in the idiom `` ( well ) I 'll be a monkey 's uncle '' , is used to express complete surprise , amazement or disbelief . It can also be used to acknowledge the impossibility of a situation , in the same way that `` pigs might fly '' is used . An example is if one says : `` I may agree that if two plus two equals five , then I am a monkey 's uncle '' . `` I 'll be a monkey 's uncle '' has been said to date from after 1925 , the date of the widely publicized Scopes Trial in the United States , where the term first appears . The Oxford English Dictionary 's earliest example is the phrase If that 's a joke I 'm a monkey 's uncle , from an Ohio newspaper on 8 February 1925 . It was originally a sarcastic remark made by creationists . The notion `` that ( people ) were descended from apes was considered blasphemous ... by Darwin 's contemporaries '' , and it was for this reason that the sarcastic phrase came into use . Michael Quinion notes that the phrase Monkey 's uncle occurs in a parody of Longfellow 's The Song of Hiawatha which was reprinted in James Parton 's The Humorous Poetry of the English Language , published in 1881 , and observes This may be just an accident of invention , but the date fits . Monkey 's Uncle is the name of a song by the Selecter on their album Reel to Real criticizing religious dogma that contradicts scientific evidence . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'll be a monkey 's uncle ! - Idioms '' . Idioms.thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lennox , Doug . Now You Know Big Book of Answers 2 Now You Know Big Book of Answers 2 Check url = value ( help ) . p. 83 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monkey , noun : 9 '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 .",
"1": "1925 Elyria ( Ohio ) Chronicle Telegram 8 Feb. , If that 's a joke I 'm a monkey 's uncle . Available online to subscribers , and also in print Jump up ^ `` A Monkey 's Uncle '' . BBC . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arden , John Boghosian . Science , theology , and consciousness : the search for unity . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quinion , MIchael ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Monkey 's Uncle '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monkey%27s_uncle&oldid=817060115 '' Categories : English - language idioms Vocabulary and usage stubs Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 21 : 00 . About Wikipedia",
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3790834797035922554
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who breaks a tie in the us senate
|
[
"Vice President of the United States",
"The Vice President of the United States",
"The Vice President of the United States",
"Vice President of the United States",
"The Vice President of the United States"
] |
{
"0": "List of tie - breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States - wikipedia List of tie - breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The Vice President of the United States is the ex officio President of the Senate , as provided in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 4 , of the United States Constitution , but may only vote in order to break a tie . According to the U.S. Senate , as of February 28 , 2018 , a tie - breaking vote had been cast 264 times by 36 vice presidents . The following is the list of tie - breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical significance 2 List of presidents of the Senate by number of tie - breaking votes 3 List of tie - breaking votes since 1945 4 References 5 External links Historical significance ( edit ) Play media When there is a tie in the Senate , as seen here for the confirmation of Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education , the Vice President ( in this case , Mike Pence ) has to step in to break the tie . The first President of the Senate , John Adams , cast 29 tie - breaking votes . His votes protected the president 's sole authority over the removal of appointees , influenced the location of the national capital , and prevented war with Great Britain .",
"1": "On at least one occasion he persuaded senators to vote against legislation that he opposed , and he frequently lectured the Senate on procedural and policy matters . Adams 's political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of the Washington administration . Toward the end of his first term , as a result of a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters , he began to exercise more restraint in the hope of realizing the goal shared by many of his successors : election in his own right as President of the United States . In 2001 , during the 107th Congress , the Senate was divided 50 -- 50 between Republicans and Democrats and thus Dick Cheney 's tie - breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority . However , because the 107th Congress was sworn in on January 3 , while the president and vice president were not sworn in until the 20th , Democrats technically held a 51 -- 50 majority in the Senate for the 17 days while Al Gore was still Vice President . However , no substantive legislative work was done during that time . Mike Pence cast six tie - breaking votes during his first year in office , the most for any vice president . He broke a tie with John Adams , William Wheeler , and Alben Barkley , who all cast four tie - breaking votes within their first year . This was also the most tie - breaking votes in any single year since 1872 , when there were seven cast by Schuyler Colfax during the Grant administration . In recent years , the increased threat of a filibuster has led to a rise in the use of cloture to end debate in the Senate , especially on high - profile issues where the Senate is sharply divided , thus rendering the vice president 's tie - breaking vote increasingly unnecessary or unhelpful , since the invocation of cloture requires a three - fifths majority , rather than a simple one . However , the cloture requirement was reduced to a simple majority for all executive and judicial nominations in 2013 ( except for Supreme Court nominations , which were included in 2017 ) , which led to the first ever use of a tie - breaking vote to confirm a Cabinet member when Pence broke a tie to confirm Betsy DeVos in 2017 .",
"2": "In general , tie - breaking votes have become less common over time , both in terms of absolute frequency and in terms of the average number of such votes cast by individual vice presidents . More tie - breaking votes were cast by the first 12 vice presidents in the 61 years from 1789 to 1850 ( 135 ) than have been cast by the 36 vice presidents in the 168 years since then ( 129 ) . List of presidents of the Senate by number of tie - breaking votes ( edit ) As of February 28 , 2018 , there have been 264 tie - breaking votes cast by 36 presidents of the senate while 12 other vice presidents did not cast any tie - breaking votes . The average number of tie - breaking votes cast by a Vice President may be considered to be 0 ( the mode : 12 cast no tie - breaking votes ) , 3 ( the median value : half cast more , half cast less ) , or about 5.5 ( the mean value : 264 votes divided among 48 Presidents of the Senate ) . Rank by # of Tie - breaking votes # of Tie - breaking votes President of the Senate Party Order in Office Term of office President ( s ) 31 John C. Calhoun Democratic - Republican 7 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 -- 000000001832 - 12 - 28 - 0000 Dec 28 , 1832 J.Q. Adams / Andrew Jackson 29 John Adams Federalist 000000001789 - 04 - 21 - 0000 Apr 21 , 1789 -- 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 George Washington 19 George Dallas Democratic 11 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 -- 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 James K. Polk 18 Schuyler Colfax Republican 17 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 ,",
"3": "1869 -- 000000001873 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1873 Ulysses S. Grant 5 14 George Clinton Democratic - Republican 000000001805 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1805 -- 000000001812 - 04 - 20 - 0000 Apr 20 , 1812 Thomas Jefferson / James Madison 5 14 Richard M. Johnson Democratic 9 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 -- 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 Martin Van Buren 7 10 John C. Breckinridge Democratic 14 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 -- 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 James Buchanan 8 9 Elbridge Gerry Democratic - Republican 5 000000001813 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1813 -- 000000001814 - 11 - 23 - 0000 Nov 23 , 1814 James Madison 8 9 Thomas R. Marshall Democratic 28 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 -- 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 Woodrow Wilson 8 9 Mike Pence Republican 48 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 -- present Donald Trump 11 8 Alben W. Barkley Democratic 35 000000001949 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1949 -- 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 Harry S. Truman 11 8 Richard M.",
"4": "Nixon Republican 36 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 -- 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower 11 8 Dick Cheney Republican 46 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 -- 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 George W. Bush 14 7 Hannibal Hamlin Republican 15 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 -- 000000001865 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1865 Abraham Lincoln 14 7 George H.W. Bush Republican 43 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 -- 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 Ronald Reagan 16 6 Daniel D. Tompkins Democratic - Republican 6 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 -- 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 James Monroe 16 6 William A. Wheeler Republican 19 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 -- 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 18 Martin Van Buren Democratic 8 000000001833 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1833 -- 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 Andrew Jackson 18 Levi P. Morton Republican 22 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 ,",
"5": "1889 -- 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 18 James S. Sherman Republican 27 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 -- 000000001912 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1912 William H. Taft 18 Henry A. Wallace Democratic 33 000000001941 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1941 -- 000000001945 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt 18 Hubert H. Humphrey Democratic 38 000000001965 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1965 -- 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson 18 Al Gore Democratic 45 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 -- 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 Bill Clinton 24 Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 -- 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 John Adams 24 Aaron Burr Democratic - Republican 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 -- 000000001805 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1805 Thomas Jefferson 24 Millard Fillmore Whig 12 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 -- 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 Zachary Taylor 24 Chester A. Arthur Republican 20 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 ,",
"6": "1881 -- 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 James A. Garfield 24 Charles Curtis Republican 31 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 -- 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 24 John N. Garner Democratic 32 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 -- 000000001941 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt 30 Adlai Stevenson Democratic 23 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 -- 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 Grover Cleveland 30 Charles G. Dawes Republican 30 000000001925 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1925 -- 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 Calvin Coolidge 30 Spiro T. Agnew Republican 39 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 -- 000000001973 - 10 - 10 - 0000 Oct 10 , 1973 Richard M. Nixon 33 Henry Wilson Republican 18 000000001873 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1873 -- 000000001875 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1875 Ulysses S. Grant 33 Garret A. Hobart Republican 24 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 -- 000000001899 - 11 - 21 - 0000 Nov 21 , 1899 William McKinley 33 Harry S.",
"7": "Truman Democratic 34 000000001945 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1945 -- 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt 33 Walter F. Mondale Democratic 42 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 -- 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter 37 0 John Tyler Whig 10 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 -- 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 William H. Harrison 37 0 William R. King Democratic 13 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 -- 000000001853 - 04 - 18 - 0000 Apr 18 , 1853 Franklin Pierce 37 0 Andrew Johnson National Union 16 000000001865 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1865 -- 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 Abraham Lincoln 37 0 Thomas A. Hendricks Democratic 21 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 -- 000000001885 - 11 - 25 - 0000 Nov 25 , 1885 Grover Cleveland 37 0 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 25 000000001901 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1901 -- 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 William McKinley 37 0 Charles W. Fairbanks Republican 26 000000001905 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 ,",
"8": "1905 -- 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 Theodore Roosevelt 37 0 Calvin Coolidge Republican 29 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 -- 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 Warren G. Harding 37 0 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 37 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 -- 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 John F. Kennedy 37 0 Gerald R. Ford Republican 40 000000001973 - 12 - 06 - 0000 Dec 6 , 1973 -- 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 Richard M. Nixon 37 0 Nelson A. Rockefeller Republican 41 000000001974 - 12 - 19 - 0000 Dec 19 , 1974 -- 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 Gerald Ford 37 0 Dan Quayle Republican 44 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 -- 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 George H.W. Bush 37 0 Joe Biden Democratic 47 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 -- 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 Barack Obama List of tie - breaking votes since 1945 ( edit ) Senate President Date Bill Vote Ultimate result Harry Truman April 10 , 1945 Taft amendment to H.R.",
"9": "2013 ( Lend - Lease Extension Act of 1945 ) to block the postwar delivery of Lend - Lease Act items contracted for during World War II . Nay : 39 -- 40 Amendment defeated . Alben Barkley September 15 , 1949 Motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to the McCarthy amendment to H.R. 1211 ( Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1949 ) to direct the president to establish import quotas on furs and fur products . Yea : 42 - 41 Motion agreed to . The amendment was defeated in the re-vote . September 15 , 1949 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to the McCarthy amendment to H.R. 1211 ( Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1949 ) . Nay : 41 -- 42 Motion defeated . H.R. 1211 passed and enacted without amendments added . The reciprocal trade agreements program is extended to 1951 . October 4 , 1949 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate rejected the Young - Russell amendment to H.R. 5345 ( Agricultural Act of 1949 ) to make mandatory price support at 90 % parity on cotton , wheat , corn , rice , peanuts . Nay : 37 -- 38 Motion defeated . The Young - Russell amendment is reconsidered for a new roll call vote . October 4 , 1949 Young - Russell amendment to H.R. 5345 ( Agricultural Act of 1949 ) to make mandatory price support at 90 % parity on cotton , wheat , corn , rice , peanuts . ( This was a re-vote after the motion to reconsider the original defeat of the amendment was passed . ) Yea : 38 - 37 Amendment passed . This amendment was later changed in a compromise with the House version . H.R. 5345 was passed and enacted . May 3 , 1950 Motion to substitute the Senate Democratic Policy Committee amendment to S. Res. 202 ( Nationwide Investigation into Organized Crime Act ) to provide for an investigation into gambling and racketeering interstate crime by a special five - member committee called the `` Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce '' who would be selected by the Vice President .",
"10": "The group 's composition would be three Democrats and two Republicans . Yea : 36 - 35 Motion agreed to . The Senate Democratic Policy Committee plan replaced the original S. Res. 202 and S. Res. 202 was passed . June 5 , 1950 Conference bill of H.R. 5332 ( Foreign - Trade Zones Amendment Act of 1950 ) to ease restrictions on assembling and processing of foreign goods in the `` foreign - trade zones '' which the original Act set up in major U.S. ports . Yea : 31 - 30 H.R. 5332 passed and enacted . June 26 , 1950 Conference bill of H.R. 6567 ( Commodity Credit Corporation Amendment Act of 1950 ) to increase the Commodity Credit Corporation 's borrowing authority by $2 billion and other farm - related amendments . Yea : 36 - 35 H.R. 6567 passed and enacted . June 4 , 1952 Ives amendment to S. 2954 ( Defense Production Act Amendments of 1952 ) to maintain the same equal membership of the Wage Stabilization Board between labor , industry , and the public . The WSB would only be permitted to mediate only in wage disputes . Yea : 42 - 41 Amendment passed . A later amendment during conference committee that was included in the final bill changed the composition of the WSB from equal representation between labor , industry , and the public to the board having more representation from the public . Richard Nixon June 18 , 1953 Motion to proceed to the consideration of the conference report of S. 1081 ( Defense Production Act Amendments of 1953 ) . Yea : 40 - 39 Motion agreed to . June 18 , 1953 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to proceed with the consideration of the conference report of S. 1081 ( Defense Production Act Amendments of 1953 ) . Yea : 42 - 41 Motion agreed to . The conference report of S. 1081 moves forward . March 9 , 1956 Aiken amendment to delete from H.R.",
"11": "12 ( Agricultural Act of 1956 ) 90 % rigid mandatory price supports for millable varieties of wheat of 1956 crops . Yea : 46 - 45 Amendment passed , but the final bill was unpalatable to everybody . Vetoed by President Eisenhower . May 29 , 1956 Knowland amendment to H.R. 10660 ( Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 ) to permit state agencies to determine prevailing wages for projects in the Interstate Highway System . Yea : 40 - 39 Passed , but during conference committee the Knowland amendment was n't included in the final bill . March 12 , 1958 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote on the Monroney amendment to delete the interest rate ceiling hike on American GI mortgages from 4.5 % to 4.75 % in S. 3418 ( Emergency Housing Bill ) Yea : 48 - 47 Motion agreed to . GI mortgages now had an interest rate ceiling of 4.75 % April 22 , 1959 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote on the McClellan amendment to S. 1555 ( Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 ) to add a bill of rights for union members to include guarantees of freedom of speech and periodic secret elections of officers . Yea : 46 - 45 Motion agreed to . A bill of rights for union workers was included in the final bill that was passed and enacted . February 3 , 1960 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the vote on the Clark amendment to S. 8 ( Emergency Federal Assistance for School Construction Act ) to authorize $1.1 billion per year of federal funds for an indefinite period for school construction and teachers ' salaries . Yea : 45 - 44 Motion agreed to . A scaled - down version of the federal education funds passed later . May 2 , 1960 Gruening amendment to H.R. 11510 ( Mutual Security Act of 1960 ) to prevent the President from using contingency funds to help replace cuts Congress may make later in other aid funds . Nay : 44 -- 45 Amendment defeated .",
"12": "Lyndon B. Johnson No votes Hubert Humphrey August 17 , 1965 Motion to reconsider the vote rejecting the Fannin amendment to keep governors ' full veto rights over three anti-poverty programs ( work - training , community action and adult education ) intact in H.R. 8283 ( Economic Opportunity Amendments of 1965 ) . Nay : 45 -- 46 Motion defeated . The Senate version of a full repeal of veto rights was rejected eventually . The House version 's limited repeal of veto rights was included in the final bill . September 13 , 1965 Bass amendment to H.R. 9811 ( Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 ) to strike from the bill a provision transferring from the Secretary of Labor to the Secretary of Agriculture authority to determine whether foreign farm workers are required by U.S. farmers . Yea : 46 - 45 H.R. 9811 was passed and enacted . May 9 , 1967 Gore - Williams amendment to H.R. 6950 ( Restoring the Investment Tax Credit and the Allowance of Accelerated Depreciation in the Case of Certain Real Property Act ) to make the 1966 Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act inoperative after September 15 , 1967 . Nay : 48 -- 49 Eventually H.R. 6950 was passed and enacted but with an amendment to make the 1966 Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act inoperative . March 11 , 1968 Clark amendment to H.R. 15399 ( Urgent Supplemental Appropriations Act ) to appropriate $25 million for the Office of Economic Opportunity 's Head Start Program . Yea : 43 - 42 H.R. 15399 died in Congress . The $25 million funding for Head Start was approved in a different bill . Spiro Agnew August 6 , 1969 Smith amendment to prohibit funding for the Safeguard anti-ballistic missile program Nay : 50 -- 51 The Safeguard anti-ballistic missile program was authorized and came into fruition . July 17 , 1973 Motion to table the motion to reconsider the Gravel - Stevens amendment to S.",
"13": "1081 ( Trans - Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act ) that states that the Interior Department has met all the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act for the Trans - Alaska Pipeline project . Yea : 50 - 49 Motion agreed to . The Trans - Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act was ultimately passed and enacted in November 1973 . The act authorized construction of the Trans - Alaska Pipeline . Gerald Ford No votes Nelson Rockefeller No votes Walter Mondale November 4 , 1977 Motion to table the Curtis amendment to H.R. 9346 ( Social Security Tax Act of 1977 ) to continue the tradition of employers and employees paying equal shares of Social Security taxes . Yea : 42 - 41 Motion agreed to . George H.W. Bush July 13 , 1983 Motion to table Pryor Amdt. 1468 on nerve gas Yea : 50 - 49 Motion agreed to . November 8 , 1983 Stevens / Tower / Goldwater Amdt. 2517 on nerve gas Yea : 47 - 46 Agreed to . June 14 , 1984 Motion to table Moynihan Amdt. 3208 on MX missiles Yea : 49 - 48 Motion agreed to . May 10 , 1985 Dole Amdt. 93 on cutting deficit Yea : 50 - 49 Agreed to . July 23 , 1986 Motion to reconsider vote on Manion nomination Nay : 49 -- 50 Motion defeated so Manion remained confirmed . August 7 , 1986 Pryor Amdt. 2612 on nerve gas Nay : 50 -- 51 Amendment defeated . September 22 , 1987 Motion to table Johnston Amdt. 710 on SDI funding Yea : 51 - 50 Motion agreed to . Dan Quayle No votes Al Gore June 25 , 1993 H.R. 2264 ( Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 ) Yea : 50 - 49 Conference Report ( see below ) enacted as Pub. L. 103 -- 66 . August 6 , 1993 H.R.",
"14": "2264 ( Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 ) Conference Report Yea : 51 - 50 Enacted . Pub. L. 103 -- 66 August 3 , 1994 Motion to table S. Amdt. 2446 ( Johnston Ethanol Limitation Amendment ) to H.R 4624 ( Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development , and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of 1995 ) Yea : 51 - 50 S. Amdt. 2446 tabled . May 20 , 1999 S. Amdt. 362 ( Lautenberg Gun Show Sales Amendment ) to S. 254 ( School Safety Act of 1999 ) Yea : 51 - 50 S. 254 returned to Senate by House via blue slip . Expired at end of session . Dick Cheney April 3 , 2001 S. Amdt. 173 ( Grassley Prescription Drug Reserve Fund Amendment ) to H. Con. Res. 83 ( 2002 budget ) Yea : 51 - 50 Agreed to . April 5 , 2001 S. Amdt. 347 ( Hutchison Marriage Penalty Tax Elimination Amendment ) to H. Con. Res. 83 ( 2002 budget ) Yea : 51 - 50 Agreed to . May 21 , 2002 Motion to table S. Amdt. 3406 ( Allen Mortgage Loan Amendment ) to H.R. 3009 ( Trade Act of 2002 ) Yea : 50 - 49 Motion agreed to . April 11 , 2003 H. Con. Res. 95 ( 2004 budget ) Yea : 51 - 50 Enacted . May 15 , 2003 S. Amdt. 664 ( Nickles Dividend Exclusion Amendment ) to S. 1054 ( Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 ) Yea : 51 - 50 S. 1054 incorporated into H.R. 2 ( see below ) , which was enacted as Pub. L. 108 -- 27 . May 23 , 2003 H.R.",
"15": "2 ( Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 ) Conference Report Yea : 51 - 50 Enacted . Pub. L. 108 -- 27 December 21 , 2005 S. 1932 ( Personal Responsibility , Work , and Family Promotion Act of 2005 ) Yea : 51 - 50 Passed . Bill sent to conference committee and enacted , Pub. L. 109 -- 171 . March 13 , 2008 Motion to reconsider S. Amdt. 4189 to S. Con. Res. 70 Yea : 51 - 50 Motion agreed to . Joe Biden No votes Mike Pence February 7 , 2017 PN37 ( Nomination of Elisabeth Prince DeVos , of Michigan , to be Secretary of Education ) Yea : 51 - 50 Nomination confirmed . March 30 , 2017 Motion to proceed to H.J. Res. 43 Yea : 51 - 50 Motion agreed to . H.J. Res. 43 ( Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the final rule submitted by Secretary of Health and Human Services relating to compliance with title X requirements by project recipients in selecting subrecipients ) Yea : 51 - 50 Enacted . Pub. L. 115 -- 23 July 25 , 2017 Motion to proceed to H.R. 1628 ( American Health Care Act of 2017 ) Yea : 51 - 50 Motion agreed to . October 24 , 2017 H.J. Res. 111 ( Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 , United States Code , of the rule submitted by Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection relating to `` Arbitration Agreements '' ) Yea : 51 - 50 Enacted . Pub. L. 115 -- 74 December 2 , 2017 S. Amdt. 1852 ( Cruz 529 Savings Plan Amendment ) to H.R. 1 ( Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ) Yea : 51 - 50 Agreed to .",
"16": "January 24 , 2018 Motion to invoke cloture on PN1341 ( Nomination of Sam Brownback , of Kansas , to be United States Ambassador - at - Large for International Religious Freedom ) Yea : 50 - 49 Motion agreed to . PN1341 ( Nomination of Sam Brownback , of Kansas , to be United States Ambassador - at - Large for International Religious Freedom ) Yea : 50 - 49 Nomination confirmed . February 28 , 2018 PN367 ( Nomination of Russell Vought , of Virginia , to be Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget ) Yea : 50 -- 49 Nomination confirmed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The United States Constitution . U.S. Congress . 1787 . p . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 4 . The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate.gov : VPTies. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate.gov : John Adams , 1st Vice President ( 1789 -- 1797 ) '' . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal45-1402947 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=VL4QcQR-W6YC&pg=PA534&lpg=PA534#v=onepage&q&f=false . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal49-1400034 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal49-1399104 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal50-1378391 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/roll-call-s-res-202-amendment-may-3-1950 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal50-1375954 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal50-1376688 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/63485638/ . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mQ1gToMdHvYJ:archives.chicagotribune.com/1952/06/05/page/1/article/senate-battle-due-today-on-bills-for-industry-seizure&num=1&hl=en&gl=us&strip=1&vwsrc=0 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal52-1379339 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/73889295/ . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C8MYXNIW0AAyvD2.jpg . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/83/s1081/text . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C8MYZBgW0AEgIyt.jpg . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal56-1348982 .",
"18": "Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal56-1349098 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal58-1341358 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/66309304/ . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal59-1335698 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/file.php?path=Conservative%20Coalition%20Tables/cqal60_1960_Conservative_Coalition.pdf . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/154502074/ . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal60-1329950 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal65-1259400 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/89/hr8283/text . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://newspaperarchive.com/charleston-gazette-aug-18-1965-p-1/ . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/89/hr9811/text . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/file.php?path=CQ%20Key%20Votes%20Tables/cqal65_1965_Senate_Key_Vote_Tables.pdf . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/90/hr6950/text . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal67-1314233 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/file.php?path=Interest%20Group%20Ratings/1968_Interest_Group_Ratings.pdf . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal68-1283709 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v34/d25 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=MnGoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=spiro+agnew+tiebreak+vote&source=bl&ots=EjVg9rEThZ&sig=v1vk5xwg9as_ql2pZvLsWngkSPE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3saXo3JHXAhUs4YMKHQxMDLMQ6AEIRzAF#v=onepage&q=spiro%20agnew%20tiebreak%20vote&f=false . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/file.php?path=Floor%20Votes%20Tables/cqal69_1969_Senate_Floor_Votes_53-56.pdf . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal77-1202042 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/103967326.shtml . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:X6unWiDkg2QJ:https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/101520728/+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Nomination PN37 : Elisabeth Prince DeVos , of Michigan , to ... -- Senate Vote # 54 -- Feb 7 , 2017 '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress -- 1st Session '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress -- 1st Session '' . U.S. Senate . July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress -- 1st Session '' . U.S. Senate . October 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Senate : Tie Votes ( Secretary of the U.S. Senate ) United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured ,",
"21": "and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history ,",
"22": "and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs",
"23": "Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old",
"24": "Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway ` Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S.",
"25": "county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States&oldid=837100904 '' Categories : Vice presidency of the United States - related lists United States Senate Assembly votes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does us highway 1 start and end
|
[
"from Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada–US border, south to Key West, Florida",
"from Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada–US border",
"to Key West, Florida",
"Fort Kent, Maine",
"Key West, Florida"
] |
{
"0": "US route 1 - wikipedia US route 1 Jump to : navigation , search `` US - 1 '' redirects here . For the Japanese US - 1 flying boat , see Shin Meiwa US - 1A . U.S. Route 1 Route information Length : 2,369 mi ( 3,813 km ) Existed : 1926 -- present Major junctions South end : Fleming Street in Key West , FL I ‐ 95 in Miami , FL I ‐ 10 in Jacksonville , FL I ‐ 16 near Swainsboro , GA I ‐ 20 near Aiken , SC I ‐ 40 in Cary , NC I ‐ 85 near Petersburg , VA I ‐ 64 in Richmond , VA I ‐ 83 in Baltimore , MD I ‐ 76 in Philadelphia , PA I - 87 in New York , NY I ‐ 90 / I ‐ 93 in Boston , MA I ‐ 95 in Houlton , ME North end : Route 161 at the Fort Kent -- Clair Border Crossing Location States : Florida , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Maine Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) is a major north -- south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States . It runs 2,369 miles ( 3,813 km ) , from Fort Kent , Maine , at the Canada -- US border , south to Key West , Florida , making it the longest north -- south road in the United States . US 1 is generally paralleled by Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , though the former is significantly farther west ( inland ) between Jacksonville , Florida , and Petersburg , Virginia . The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast -- including Miami , Jacksonville , Richmond , Washington , D.C. , Baltimore , Philadelphia , New York City and Boston , passing from the Southeastern United States to New England .",
"1": "While US 1 is generally the easternmost of the main north -- south U.S. Highways , parts of US 9 , US 13 , US 15 , US 17 , US 21 , occupy corridors closer to the ocean . In some cases , substantial portions of these routes are east of US 1 ; US 13 terminates only a couple miles west of US 1 after crossing it in Falls Township , PA , with over 99.5 % of it running east of US 1 . When the road system was laid out in the 1920s , US 1 was mostly assigned to the existing Atlantic Highway , which followed the Fall Line between the Piedmont and the Atlantic Coastal Plain north of Augusta , Georgia . At the time , the highways farther east were of lower quality and did not serve the major population centers . Construction of the Interstate Highway system gradually changed the use and character of US 1 , and I - 95 became the major north -- south East Coast highway by the late 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Florida 1.2 Georgia 1.3 The Carolinas 1.4 Mid-Atlantic Region 1.5 New England 2 History 3 Major intersections 4 Auxiliary routes 5 Related state highways 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Route description ( edit ) Florida ( edit ) Mile zero in Key West Main article : U.S. Route 1 in Florida US 1 travels along the east coast of Florida , beginning at 490 Whitehead St. in Key West and passing through Miami , Hollywood , Fort Lauderdale , Boca Raton , West Palm Beach , Jupiter , Fort Pierce , Melbourne , Cocoa , Titusville , Daytona Beach , Palm Coast , St. Augustine , and Jacksonville . The southernmost piece through the chain islands of the Florida Keys , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) long , is the two - lane Overseas Highway , originally built in the late 1930s after railroad tycoon Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway 's Overseas Railroad , which was built 1905 - 1912 on stone pillars was ruined by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 .",
"2": "The rest of US 1 in Florida is generally a four - lane divided highway , despite the existence of the newer I - 95 not far away . Famous vacation scenic route Florida State Road A1A is a continuous oceanfront alternate to US 1 that runs along the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean , cut only by assorted unbridged inlets and the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral . North of Jacksonville , US 1 turns northwest towards Augusta , Georgia ; US 17 becomes the coastal route into Virginia , where US 13 takes over . In Florida until the 1990s , US 1 used high - contrast markers ( white text on a red background ) . Georgia ( edit ) Downtown Augusta skyline as seen from US 1 in North Augusta near I - 520 exit # 17 Main article : U.S. Route 1 in Georgia The part of US 1 in Georgia , as it shifts from the coastal alignment in Florida to the Fall Line alignment in South Carolina , is generally very rural , passing through marshes and former plantations between the towns and cities of Folkston , Waycross , Alma , Baxley , Lyons , Swainsboro , and Augusta . The Georgia Department of Transportation has an ongoing plan to widen all of US 1 to four lanes with bypasses which is more than 50 percent complete . The carolinas ( edit ) I - 40 east approaching the Raleigh Beltline , which includes US 1 . Main articles : U.S. Route 1 in North and South Carolina In South Carolina , US 1 generally serves mostly rural areas as it falls west of I - 95 while the coastal areas are served by routes east of it . Starting in South Carolina , US 1 is paralleled by Interstate 20 along the Fall Line through Aiken , Lexington , and Columbia to Camden and Lugoff . US 1 functions as a local two - lane road with occasional boulevard stretches . After Camden , US 1 continues northeast away from any Interstate towards Bethune , Patrick , McBee and Cheraw with no bypasses or four - lane sections except around Cheraw through the US 52 and SC 9 multiplexes . After SC 9 , it continues northward into North Carolina as a two - lane highway .",
"3": "SCDOT has no plans to widen or bypass any US 1 alignments northeast of Camden to the North Carolina line . Between the South Carolina line and the US 74 bypass , US 1 is a two - lane road but sees a considerable amount of truck and tourist traffic of people cutting through from the US 74 / US 220 and I - 73 / I - 74 corridor attempting to reach points south and east . US 1 goes through downtown Rockingham , with a bypass in the future plans . North of the NC 177 junction , it becomes four lanes or greater , becoming a super-street with limited access and then becoming a limited access freeway . US 1 becomes a major artery for the state as it moves north of Rockingham . After Richmond County , it goes into Moore County with two expressway bypasses in Southern Pines , Vass and Cameron . US 1 continues with the Jefferson Davis Highway label through Lee County and Sanford , and on to Cary and Raleigh . US 1 runs concurrently with US 64 through most of Cary , where the freeway recently underwent a major renovation and improvements that added lanes in both directions . North of Raleigh , US 1 ( known as Capital Boulevard in northern Wake County ) crosses Interstate 540 and then again becomes a four - lane divided arterial to Interstate 85 near Henderson . The North Carolina Department of Transportation has begun a corridor study for this section of US 1 . Moreover , NCDOT is planning to finish four - laning US 1 in Richmond County past NC 177 with a Rockingham bypass to the east . There are no plans from SCDOT to widen US 1 from the state line . From Henderson into Virginia , US 1 runs parallel with I - 85 as a two - lane local road until the state line , where Virginia hosts a continuous third center lane for alternate passing towards US Highway 58 before South Hill . Mid-Atlantic region ( edit ) The 14th Street Bridge , Washington , D.C. Main articles : U.S. Route 1 in Virginia , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York In the Mid-Atlantic region , US 1 generally serves some of the most populated areas of the east coast .",
"4": "Through Virginia , US 1 is paralleled by Interstates : the remainder of Interstate 85 to Petersburg , Interstate 95 through Richmond and Fredericksburg to Alexandria , and Interstate 395 into Arlington . Within Virginia , US 1 is called Jefferson Davis Highway by state law , although most of the Fairfax County portion , except Lorton , is better known as the Richmond Highway . US 1 crosses the Potomac River with I - 395 on the 14th Street Bridges , and splits to follow mainly 14th Street and Rhode Island Avenue through the District of Columbia . US 1 is at the minimum a 3 lane ( with alternate passing ) from the N.C. line to Petersburg with occasional four lane divided sections . North of Petersburg is a four lane undivided roadway at the minimum to the D.C. line . The route of US 1 from Petersburg to the state line is parallel with the Fall Line . From Petersburg onwards it is parallel with Interstate 95 . After exiting the District into Maryland , US 1 follows the Baltimore - Washington Boulevard , the first of several modern highways built along the Baltimore - Washington corridor ; I - 95 is the newest , after the Baltimore - Washington Parkway . US 1 runs through the University of Maryland at College Park campus in College Park , Maryland . The route bypasses downtown Baltimore on North Avenue and exits the city to the northeast on Belair Road , gradually leaving the I - 95 corridor , which passes through Wilmington , Delaware , for a straighter path towards Philadelphia . Around and beyond Bel Air , US 1 is a two - lane road , crossing the Susquehanna River over the top of the Conowingo Dam before entering Pennsylvania . ( Routed further north , U.S. 1 bypasses the state of Delaware , unlike I - 95 . ) Roosevelt Boulevard , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania The two - lane US 1 becomes a four - lane expressway , officially known as the John H. Ware III Memorial Highway , just after crossing into Pennsylvania . This bypass extends around Oxford and Kennett Square , merging into the four - lane divided Baltimore Pike just beyond the latter . At Media , US 1 again becomes a freeway -- the Media Bypass -- ending just beyond Interstate 476 .",
"5": "After several name changes , the road becomes City Avenue , the western city limits of Philadelphia , at the end of which a short overlap with the Schuylkill Expressway ( I - 76 ) leads to the Roosevelt Expressway and then the twelve - lane Roosevelt Boulevard partly overlapping US 13 . US 1 again becomes a freeway after leaving the city , bypassing Penndel and Morrisville and crossing the Delaware River into New Jersey on the Trenton - Morrisville Toll Bridge . The Pulaski Skyway , in Jersey City , Kearny , and Newark , New Jersey After crossing into New Jersey in Mercer County , US 1 continues on the Trenton Freeway through the state capital city of Trenton and Lawrence as a four lane freeway . As the freeway ends , the four lane divided highway upgrades to six lanes after I - 95 / I - 295 passing through the Penns Neck section of West Windsor Township . Through Penns Neck is a series of traffic signals . NJDOT is looking to revamp the highway through this area by replacing traffic signals with grade separations . The highway enters Middlesex County through Plainsboro and South Brunswick , where the highest point resides . By Forrestal Village , the highway downgrades from 6 to 4 lanes until after Finnegans Lane in North Brunswick . Northward , it continues through New Brunswick as a short jersey - freeway until the CR 529 / Plainfield Avenue traffic signal in Edison . Through Edison and Woodbridge has a mix of boulevard and jersey freeway segments and continues to do so after the US 9 juncture in the Avenel section of Woodbridge . The US 1 / 9 concurrency continues through the rest of the state . The six lane divided highway remains through Rahway in Union County and Elizabeth , until it reaches the Newark Airport , where it becomes a dual carriageway freeway around downtown Newark in Essex County with a 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 configuration . The historic Pulaski Skyway takes US 1 / 9 into Jersey City , and the route exits the freeway at Tonnele Circle to head north into Bergen County . US 1 / 9 turns onto US 46 as a jersey - freeway , and the three routes run northeast to the George Washington Bridge Plaza , where they merge into I - 95 .",
"6": "US 46 ends in the middle of the bridge , which crosses the Hudson River into New York , and US 9 exits just beyond onto Broadway in Manhattan , but US 1 stays with I - 95 onto the Cross Bronx Expressway , exiting in the Bronx onto Webster Avenue . Two turns take US 1 via Fordham Road to Boston Road , which it follows northeast out of the city to the state line , never straying far from I - 95 . As it enters Greenwich , Connecticut , it continues as a two lane local road . New England ( edit ) Main articles : U.S. Route 1 in Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Maine In New England , US 1 generally serves large cities in a side street capacity . In Connecticut , US 1 serves the shore of the Long Island Sound parallel to I - 95 . Beyond New Haven , the highway travels east -- west , and some signs in the state indicate this rather than the standard north -- south . While I - 95 in Rhode Island takes a diagonal path to Providence , US 1 continues east along the coast through Westerly to Wakefield , where it turns north and follows Narragansett Bay . Most of this part is a four - lane divided highway , providing access to Route 138 towards Newport . After Route 4 splits as a mostly - freeway connection to I - 95 , US 1 becomes a lower - speed surface road , passing through Warwick , Providence , and Pawtucket . The route parallels I - 95 again through Providence and Pawtucket and into Massachusetts , traveling towards Boston as a four - lane road . When it reaches Dedham , US 1 turns east , overlapping I - 95 and I - 93 east to Braintree and north through Downtown Boston . The Tobin Bridge and Northeast Expressway take US 1 out of Boston , after which it again parallels I - 95 through Newburyport to the New Hampshire state line .",
"7": "Former Memorial Bridge between New Hampshire and Maine The monument marking the northern terminus in Fort Kent , ME Monument in Fort Kent dedicated to US Highway 1 The short portion of US 1 in New Hampshire follows the historic Lafayette Road , staying close to I - 95 , passing through Portsmouth before crossing the Piscataqua River on the former Memorial Bridge , which was demolished and replaced during 2012 -- 13 , leaving a temporary gap in US 1 . During construction , drivers had to detour to one of two other nearby bridges carrying U.S. Route 1 Bypass or Interstate 95 . Within Maine , US 1 begins as a parallel route to I - 95 near the Atlantic Ocean . At Portland , I - 95 splits off to the north , and I - 295 heads northeast paralleling US 1 to Brunswick . There US 1 turns east as a mostly two - lane road along the coast to Calais ; much of this portion is advertised as the `` Coastal Route '' on signs . North from Calais , US 1 follows the Canada -- US border , crossing I - 95 in Houlton and eventually turning west and southwest to its `` north '' end at the Clair - Fort Kent Bridge in Fort Kent . The short Route 161 extends north on the New Brunswick ( Canada ) side of the bridge to Route 120 , a secondary east -- west route from Edmundston , New Brunswick west to Quebec Route 289 toward Saint - Alexandre , Quebec . History ( edit ) Marker used for Route 1 in New England ( 1922 ) The direct predecessor to US 1 was the Atlantic Highway , an auto trail established in 1911 as the Quebec - Miami International Highway . In 1915 it was renamed the Atlantic Highway , and the northern terminus was changed to Calais , Maine . Due to the overlapping of auto trail designations , portions of the route had other names that remain in common use , such as the Boston Post Road between Boston and New York , the Lincoln Highway between New York and Philadelphia , Baltimore Pike between Philadelphia and Baltimore , and the Dixie Highway in and south of eastern Georgia . North of Augusta , Georgia , the highway generally followed the Eastern U.S. Fall Line , rather than a more easterly route through the swamps of the Atlantic Coastal Plain .",
"8": "Brickell Avenue is the name given to the 2.4 mile stretch of U.S. Route 1 in Miami , Florida just south of the Miami River until the Rickenbacker Causeway . When the New England road marking system was established in 1922 , the Atlantic Highway within New England was signed as Route 1 , with a Route 24 continuing north to Madawaska ; New York extended the number to New York City in 1924 with its own Route 1 . Other states adopted their own systems of numbering , and by 1926 all states but Maryland had signed the Atlantic Highway as various routes , usually changing numbers at the state line . In 1925 , the Joint Board on Interstate Highways created a preliminary list of interstate routes to be marked by the states , including Route 1 along the Atlantic . This highway began at Fort Kent , Maine and followed the existing Route 24 to Houlton and Route 15 to Bangor , beyond which it generally followed the Atlantic Highway to Miami . In all states but Georgia that had numbered their state highways , Route 1 followed only one or two numbers across the state . The only significant deviation from the Atlantic Highway was between Augusta , Georgia and Jacksonville , Florida , where Route 1 was assigned to a more inland route , rather than following the Atlantic Highway via Savannah . One of the many changes made to the system before the final numbering was adopted in 1926 involved US 1 in Maine . The 1925 plan had assigned Route 1 to the shorter inland route ( Route 15 ) between Houlton and Bangor , while Route 2 followed the longer coastal route via Calais . In the system as adopted in 1926 , US 2 instead took the inland route , while US 1 followed the coast , absorbing all of the former Routes 24 and 1 in New England . Many local and regional relocations , often onto parallel superhighways , were made in the early days of US 1 ; this included the four - lane divided Route 25 in New Jersey , completed in 1932 with the opening of the Pulaski Skyway , and a bypass of Bangor involving the Waldo - Hancock Bridge , opened in 1931 . The Overseas Highway from Miami to Key West was completed in 1938 , and soon became a southern extension of US 1 .",
"9": "The beginning of U.S. 1 as of March 1951 . With the construction of the Interstate Highway System in and after the 1950s , much of US 1 from Houlton to Miami was bypassed by Interstate 95 . Between Houlton and Brunswick , Maine , I - 95 took a shorter inland route , much of it paralleling US 2 on the alignment proposed for US 1 in 1925 . Between Philadelphia and Baltimore , I - 95 leaves US 1 to pass through Wilmington . Most notably , I - 95 and US 1 follow different corridors between Petersburg , Virginia and Jacksonville , Florida ; while US 1 followed the Fall Line west of the coastal plain , I - 95 takes a more direct route through the plain and its swamps . Although some of this part of US 1 was followed by other Interstates -- I - 85 between Petersburg and Henderson , North Carolina , and I - 20 between Camden , South Carolina and Augusta , Georgia -- the rest remains an independent route with four lanes in many places . By the late 1970s , most of I - 95 had been completed , replacing US 1 as the main corridor of the east coast and relegating most of it to local road status . Major intersections ( edit ) Florida Whitehead Street and Fleming Street in Key West I ‐ 95 in Miami US 41 in Miami I ‐ 395 in Miami US 27 in Miami I ‐ 195 in Miami I ‐ 595 on the Dania Beach -- Fort Lauderdale , Florida city line US 98 in West Palm Beach US 192 in Melbourne US 92 in Daytona Beach I ‐ 95 in Ormond Beach I ‐ 95 near Palm Coast I ‐ 295 in Jacksonville I ‐ 95 in Jacksonville I ‐ 95 in Jacksonville . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 90 in Jacksonville . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 17 in Jacksonville . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 23 in Jacksonville I ‐ 95 in Jacksonville US 23 in Jacksonville . The highways travel concurrently to north of Alma , Georgia . I ‐ 295 in Jacksonville US 301 in Callahan .",
"10": "The highways travel concurrently to Homeland , Georgia . Georgia US 82 in Waycross . US 1 / US 82 / SR 520 travels concurrently to west of Deenwood . US 84 in Waycross . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 341 in Baxley US 280 in Lyons I ‐ 16 in Oak Park US 80 in Swainsboro US 319 in Wadley US 221 in Louisville . US 1 / US 221 travels concurrently to Wrens . I ‐ 520 in Augusta US 78 / US 278 in Augusta . US 1 / US 78 travels concurrently to Aiken , South Carolina . US 1 / US 278 travels concurrently to Clearwater , South Carolina . US 1 / SR 10 travels concurrently to the South Carolina state line . US 25 in Augusta . US 1 / US 25 travels concurrently to North Augusta , South Carolina . US 1 / SR 121 travels concurrently to the South Carolina state line . South Carolina I ‐ 520 in North Augusta I ‐ 20 north - northeast of Aiken US 178 in Batesburg - Leesville US 378 in Lexington . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 20 east of Lexington I ‐ 26 in Oak Grove US 378 in West Columbia . The highways travel concurrently to Columbia . US 21 / US 176 / US 321 in Columbia US 76 in Columbia . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 20 in Dentsville I ‐ 77 in Dentsville US 601 in Lugoff . The highways travel concurrently to Camden . US 521 / US 601 in Camden US 52 south - southwest of Cheraw . The highways travel concurrently to Cheraw . North Carolina Future I ‐ 74 / US 74 west - southwest of East Rockingham US 220 in Rockingham US 15 / US 501 in Aberdeen . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 15 / US 501 north - northeast of Cameron . The highways travel concurrently to Sanford . US 421 in Sanford US 64 in Cary .",
"11": "The highways travel concurrently to Raleigh . I ‐ 40 / I ‐ 440 / US 64 in Raleigh . I - 440 / US 1 travels concurrently through the city . US 70 in Raleigh I ‐ 440 / US 401 in Raleigh . US 1 / US 401 travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 540 near Raleigh US 158 northeast of Henderson . The highways travel concurrently to Norlina . I ‐ 85 southwest of Middleburg US 158 / US 401 in Middleburg . US 1 / US 401 travels concurrently to north - northwest of Wise . I ‐ 85 / US 401 north - northwest of Wise Virginia US 58 southwest of South Hill . The highways travel concurrently to just southwest of the city . I ‐ 85 in South Hill I ‐ 85 south of Alberta I ‐ 85 / US 460 southwest of Petersburg . US 1 / US 460 Bus . travels concurrently to Petersburg . US 301 in Petersburg . The highways travel concurrently to Richmond . US 360 in Richmond US 60 in Richmond US 33 / US 250 in Richmond I ‐ 64 / I ‐ 95 in Richmond I ‐ 95 in Lakeside I ‐ 295 in Glen Allen US 17 east - northeast of Spotsylvania . The highways travel concurrently to south of Fredericksburg . I ‐ 95 / US 17 south of Fredericksburg I ‐ 95 in Lorton I ‐ 95 / I ‐ 495 in Alexandria I ‐ 395 in Arlington . The highways travel concurrently to Washington , D.C. District of Columbia US 50 in Washington The highways travel concurrently through part of the city . US 29 in Washington The two highways bump into each other at the intersection of 6th Street NW and Rhode Island Avenue NW .",
"12": "Maryland I ‐ 95 / I ‐ 495 in College Park I ‐ 895 in Elkridge I ‐ 195 in Arbutus US 40 in Baltimore I ‐ 83 in Baltimore I ‐ 695 in Overlea US 222 in Conowingo Pennsylvania US 202 / US 322 in Concordville . US 1 / US 322 travels concurrently through the community . I ‐ 476 east of Upper Providence Township US 30 on the Wynnewood -- Philadelphia city line I ‐ 76 on the Bala Cynwyd -- Philadelphia city line . The highways travel concurrently into Philadelphia proper . US 13 in Philadelphia . The highways travel concurrently through part of the city . I ‐ 276 in Bensalem I ‐ 95 in Woodbourne US 13 southwest of Morrisville New Jersey I ‐ 95 / I ‐ 295 in Lawrence Township US 130 in North Brunswick I ‐ 287 on the Edison -- Metuchen city line US 9 in Woodbridge Township . The highways travel concurrently to New York City . I ‐ 278 in Linden I ‐ 78 / I ‐ 95 in Newark US 22 in Newark I ‐ 78 / I ‐ 95 in Newark I ‐ 95 in Newark US 46 in Palisades Park . The highways travel concurrently to the New Jersey - New York state line at the George Washington Bridge . US 9W in Fort Lee I ‐ 95 in Fort Lee . The highways travel concurrently to The Bronx , New York City .",
"13": "US 46 at the New Jersey -- New York state line New York US 9 in Manhattan , New York City I - 87 in Manhattan , New York City I ‐ 95 in The Bronx , New York City I ‐ 95 in New Rochelle I ‐ 95 in Rye I ‐ 287 on the Rye -- Port Chester city line Connecticut I ‐ 95 in Stamford I ‐ 95 in Darien US 7 in Norwalk I ‐ 95 in Fairfield I ‐ 95 in Fairfield I ‐ 95 in Fairfield I ‐ 95 in Stratford I ‐ 95 in Milford I ‐ 91 / US 5 in New Haven I ‐ 95 in East Haven I ‐ 95 in Branford I ‐ 95 in Guilford I ‐ 95 in Old Saybrook . The highways travel concurrently to Old Lyme . I ‐ 95 in East Lyme I ‐ 95 in New London . The highways travel concurrently to Groton . Rhode Island US 6 in Providence US 44 in Providence . The highways travel concurrently for one block . I ‐ 95 in Pawtucket . The highways travel concurrently for less than 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) . Massachusetts I ‐ 95 in Attleboro I ‐ 295 in North Attleborough I ‐ 495 in Plainville I ‐ 95 in Sharon I ‐ 95 on the Westwood -- Dedham city line . The highways travel concurrently to Canton . I ‐ 93 / I ‐ 95 in Canton . I - 93 / US 1 travels concurrently to Boston . US 3 in Boston I ‐ 90 in Boston I ‐ 95 in Peabody I ‐ 95 in Peabody I ‐ 95 in Danvers New Hampshire US 4 in Portsmouth Maine I ‐ 95 in Kittery I ‐ 195 in Saco I ‐ 295 in South Portland . The highways travel concurrently to Portland .",
"14": "US 302 in Portland I ‐ 495 in Falmouth I ‐ 295 in Yarmouth I ‐ 295 in Yarmouth I ‐ 295 in Freeport I ‐ 295 in Brunswick US 201 in Brunswick US 2 in Houlton . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 95 in Houlton Route 161 at the Fort Kent -- Clair Border Crossing in Fort Kent Auxiliary routes ( edit ) US 1 has six three - digit auxiliary routes . In numerical order , these are : US 201 , from Brunswick , Maine , to the Armstrong -- Jackman Border Crossing running south to north in east - central Maine . US 301 , from Sarasota , Florida , to Glasgow , Delaware , along the Eastern Seaboard . The route closely parallels I - 95 for most of its route and has numerous intersections with its parent . US 401 from Sumter , South Carolina , to Wise , North Carolina , near the Virginia border . For most of the route , it parallels US 1 about 10 -- 20 miles ( 16 -- 32 km ) to the east , though the two share pavement in Raleigh , North Carolina . US 501 from Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , to Buena Vista , Virginia . The highway runs southeast - to - northwest , meeting its parent in Aberdeen and Sanford . US 601 from Tarboro , South Carolina , to Mount Airy , North Carolina . It runs mostly due south - to - north to the west of US 501 , meeting the parent route in Camden , South Carolina . US 701 from Georgetown , South Carolina , to Four Oaks , North Carolina . Furthest east of the US 1 auxiliary routes , it never meets its parent route , but does intersect US 501 in Conway , South Carolina , and terminates at US 301 at its northern end . US 101 , despite its number , is not an auxiliary route , but rather considered a primary U.S. Route in its own right as major highway west of the former US 99 on the west coast of the United States .",
"15": "Related state highways ( edit ) Florida State Road A1A Massachusetts Route 1A New Hampshire Route 1A New York State Route 1A Rhode Island Route 1A In popular Culture ( edit ) The route in Richard Bachman 's horror novel , The Long Walk ( 1979 ) , begins each year at the Maine -- New Brunswick border at 9 : 00 on the morning of May 1 and travels down the East Coast of the United States , along US 1 , until the winner is determined . See also ( edit ) U.S. Route 1A Special routes of U.S. Route 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . United States Numbered Highways ( 1989 ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . Jump up ^ `` America 's longest north - south highways '' . Times - News . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E.W. James on designating the Federal - aid system and developing the U.S. numbered highway plan '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rand McNally ( 1926 ) . Auto Road Atlas ( Map ) . Rand McNally -- via Broer Map Library . Jump up ^ Google ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` 490 Whitehead St , Key West , FL 33040 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Google Maps street maps and USGS topographic maps , accessed via ACME Mapper Jump up ^ Gordon , John . `` US Highway 17 to Florida : Scenic , Historic and Very Slow , December 29 , 1993 '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Drivers know they 're in Florida when they notice the U.S. Highway signs are color - coded for easy recognition . The US 17 signs , for example , are yellow , while those of US 1 are red , US 90 blue.",
"16": "and US 27 green Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120314183019/http://www.townofcary.org/Departments/Engineering/Engineering_Projects/US_1_64_Widening.htm . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` US 1 Corridor Study '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google '' . Google . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Harold ( 1983 ) . `` Water tower in South Brunswick Township '' . Rutgers University Community Repository . doi : 10.7282 / T3N58JK0 . Jump up ^ Kaczynski , William ( 2000 ) . The American Highway : The History and Culture of Roads in the United States . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Many Auto Highways Gridiron the Nation '' . Decatur Daily Review . November 14 , 1915 . Jump up ^ Clason Map Company ( 1923 ) . Midget Map of the Transcontinental Trails of the United States ( Map ) . Clason Map Company -- via Federal Highway Administration . Jump up ^ `` Motor Sign Uniformity '' . The New York Times . April 16 , 1922 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` New York 's Main Highways Designated by Numbers '' . The New York Times . December 21 , 1924 . p . XX9 . Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard F. `` From Names to Numbers : The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System '' . Federal Highway Administration . Jump up ^ Joint Board on Interstate Highways ( 1925 ) . `` Appendix VI : Descriptions of the Interstate Routes Selected , with Numbers Assigned '' . Report of Joint Board on Interstate Highways , October 30 , 1925 , Approved by the Secretary of Agriculture , November 18 , 1925 ( Report ) . Washington , DC : United States Department of Agriculture . p. 49 .",
"17": "OCLC 733875457 , 55123355 , 71026428 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 -- via Wikisource . Jump up ^ The following routes were used , shown on the 1926 Rand McNally : Florida : 4 Georgia : 15 , 17 , and 24 South Carolina : 12 and 50 North Carolina : 50 Virginia : 31 Maryland : state highways were not numbered prior to the U.S. Highway system Pennsylvania : 12 and 1 New Jersey : 13 and 1 New York : 1 New England : 1 and 24 , and a small piece of 160 beyond Madawaska , Maine ( in the 1925 plan , part of 15 was also used ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials ( November 11 , 1926 ) . United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( Map ) . 1 : 7,000,000 . Washington , DC : United States Geological Survey . OCLC 32889555 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 -- via University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` United States Numbered Highways '' . American Highways . American Association of State Highway Officials . April 1927 . Jump up ^ Hart , Steven ( 2007 ) . The Last Three Miles : Politics , Murder , and the Construction of America 's First Superhighway . The New Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 098 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maine Department of Transportation . `` Waldo -- Hancock Bridge '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ State Road Department of Florida ( 1941 ) . Official State Road Map of Florida ( Map ) . Tallahassee : State Road Department of Florida . Jump up ^ Gulf ( 1977 ) . Tourgide : United States , Canada and Mexico ( Map ) . Chicago : Rand McNally & Company .",
"18": "External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 1 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for U.S. Highway 1 . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / U.S. Route 1 KML is from Wikidata Weingroff , Richard F. `` U.S. 1 : Fort Kent , Maine to Key West , Florida '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Endpoints of U.S. Highway 1 Browse numbered routes ← Route 32A N.E. Route 1A → U.S.",
"19": "Routes related to US 1 US 1A US 201 US 301 US 401 US 501 US 601 US 701 Special 301 401 501 601 701 United States Numbered Highway System 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system . Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_1&oldid=821702151 '' Categories : United States Numbered Highways U.S.",
"20": "Route 1 Interstate 95 Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who scored the most points in a single game in the nba
|
[
"Wilt Chamberlain",
"Wilt Chamberlain",
"Wilt Chamberlain",
"Wilt Chamberlain",
"Wilt Chamberlain"
] |
{
"0": "List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 68 times in NBA history . Twenty - five different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Chamberlain holds the single - game scoring record , having scored 100 in game in 1962 . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 ,",
"1": "1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 ,",
"2": "1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ 000000002017 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 ,",
"3": "1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St.",
"4": "Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 ,",
"5": "1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 ,",
"6": "1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 ,",
"7": "1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 ,",
"8": "2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St.",
"9": "Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan ,",
"10": "Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain ,",
"11": "Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 King , Bernard Bernard King * 000000001984 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 000000002005 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 ,",
"12": "2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ 000000002016 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 60 James Harden ^ 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 16 13 13 18 Houston Rockets Orlando Magic 114 -- 107 46 : 26 19 30 5 14 17 18 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2016 - 17 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) .",
"13": "Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from an 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half .",
"14": "2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . New Rockets franchise single - game scoring record , as well as setting the record for highest scoring triple double in league history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' .",
"15": "Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' .",
"16": "NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' .",
"18": "Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Magic vs. Rockets - Box Score - January 30 , 2018 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=836088266 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 16 : 37 . About Wikipedia",
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where is natural gas found in the us
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"0": "Natural gas in the United States - wikipedia Natural gas in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Natural Gas production , 1900 - 2013 Discovered shale gas deposits June 2016 Natural gas in the United States was the nation 's largest source of energy production in 2016 , representing 33 percent of all energy produced in the U.S. Natural gas has been the largest source of electrical generation in the United States since July 2015 . In 2012 , the US produced 25.3 trillion cubic feet of marketed natural gas , with an average wellhead value of $2.66 per thousand cubic feet , for a total wellhead value of $67.3 billion . The natural gas industry includes exploration for , production , processing , transportation , storage , and marketing of natural gas and natural gas liquids . The exploration for and production of natural gas and petroleum form a single industry , and many wells produce both oil and gas . The US has been the world 's largest producer of natural gas since 2009 , when US production surpassed Russia 's . In 2013 , the US produced 30.0 trillion cubic feet ( TCF ) of marketed gas . The leading gas - producing area in the United States in 2013 was Texas ( 7,545 Billion cubic feet ( BCF ) , followed by Pennsylvania ( 3,259 BCF ) , and Louisiana ( 2,407 BCF ) . US Natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2015 . Marketed natural gas production in 2015 was 28.8 trillion cubic feet , a 5.4 % increase over 2014 , and a 52 % increase over the production of 18.9 trillion cubic feet per day in 2005 . Because of the greater supply , consumer prices for natural gas are significantly lower in the US than in Europe and Japan . The low price of natural gas in the US , together with its smaller carbon footprint compared to coal , has encouraged a rapid growth in electricity generated from natural gas . Between 2005 and 2014 , US production of natural gas liquids ( NGLs ) increased 70 % , from 1.74 million barrels per day in 2005 to 2.96 million barrels per day in 2014 .",
"1": "The US has been the world 's leading producer of natural gas liquids since 2010 , when US NGL production passed that of Saudi Arabia . Although the United States leads the world in natural gas production , it is only fifth in proved reserves of natural gas , behind Russia , Iran , Qatar , and Turkmenistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Industry structure 2 Natural gas exploration 3 Natural gas production 3.1 Coalbed methane 3.2 Shale gas 4 Gas prices 5 Natural gas pipelines 6 Gas processing 6.1 Natural gas liquids 6.2 Other byproducts 7 Gas storage 8 Natural gas marketing 8.1 Natural gas electricity generation 8.2 Liquified petroleum gas 8.3 Vehicle fuel 9 History 9.1 Pipeline technology 9.2 Price regulation 9.3 Shortages and surplus 10 International trade 10.1 Liquified natural gas 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Industry structure ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum in the United States The United States oil and gas industry is often informally divided into `` upstream '' ( exploration and production ) , `` midstream '' ( transportation and refining ) , and `` downstream '' ( distribution and marketing ) . Petroleum and natural gas share a common upstream ( exploration and production ) sector , but the midstream and downstream sectors are largely separate . All large oil companies in the US produce both oil and gas . However , the relative amounts of oil and gas produced vary greatly . Of the top ten natural gas - producing companies in the US 2009 , only three ( BP , ConocoPhiillips , and XTO ) were also among the top ten oil producers . Top natural gas producers in the United States , 2009 Rank Company Billion cubic ft.",
"2": "/ Year BP 907 XTO Energy 855 ConocoPhillips 850 Chesapeake Energy 835 5 Anadarko Petroleum 817 6 Devon Energy 743 7 Encana 590 8 Exxon Mobil 566 9 Williams Companies 435 10 EOG Resources 422 Annual owned production , 2009 . Source : In 2009 , the production owned by the top ten companies was 31 % of total US natural gas production . Natural gas exploration ( edit ) In 2010 , the industry drilled and completed 16,696 wells primarily for gas , slightly more than the number of wells drilled primarily for oil ( 15,753 ) . Many wells produced both oil and gas , and oil wells produced 18 percent of US gas production in 2013 . Of the gas wells , 1,105 were exploratory wells , and 15,591 development wells . The number of actively drilling gas rigs was once regarded as a reliable leading indicator of near - future gas production . However , the average number of active gas drill rigs has fallen each year for four straight years from 2010 ( 942 rigs ) to 2014 ( 332 rigs ) , a drop of 65 percent , even while gas production rose each year for the same period , from 21.3 trillion cubic feet ( TCF ) in 2010 to 25.7 TCF in 2014 , an increase of 21 percent . Remaining proved reserves increased overall , from 301 TCF in 2013 to 338 TCF in 2013 ( the last year for which reserves are available ) , an increase of 11 percent . The rise in gas production despite fewer rigs drilling has been explained by the greater efficiency in drilling , and the greater productivity of shale gas wells . Natural gas production ( edit ) Top producing gas fields in the United States , 2013 Rank Field State Discovery Year Billion cubic ft.",
"3": "/ Year Marcellus natural gas trend Pennsylvania and West Virginia 2008 2,836 Newark East Barnett Shale Texas 1981 1,952 Haynesville Shale Louisiana and Texas 2008 1,426 Eagle Ford Formation Texas 1962 1,112 5 Fayetteville Shale Arkansas 2005 1,025 6 San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado 1927 1,025 7 Carthage Texas 1936 653 8 Pinedale Gas Field Wyoming 1955 568 9 Sprayberry Texas 1949 307 10 Wattenberg Gas Field Colorado 1970 305 Annual production 2013 . Source : Most oil fields produce some gas , and vice versa , but the ratio of oil and gas varies considerably . Some gas fields , such as coalbed methane wells , and some other gas fields , called `` dry gas '' fields , produce only gas . Of the top ten gas - producing fields in the US , only one , the Eagle Ford trend , is also among the top ten oil fields . Coalbed methane ( edit ) Main article : Coalbed methane in the United States Coalbed methane production in the US peaked at 1.97 BCF in 2008 , when it made up 7.8 percent of US gas production . By 2013 , coalbed methane production had declined to 1.47 BCF . Shale gas ( edit ) Main article : Shale gas in the United States Since 2000 , shale gas has become a key source of natural gas in the US . Production rose sixfold from 2007 to 2013 , when shale gas contributed 11.4 TCF , 38 percent of US gas production , and was still increasing . Gas prices ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas price Price per million BTU of oil and natural gas in the US , 1998 - 2015 The most commonly quoted producer price for natural gas is the Louisiana - based Henry Hub price , which is futures - traded on NYMEX .",
"4": "A barrel of oil releases about 5.8 million BTU when burned , so that 5.8 MCF of gas ( at the standard one thousand BTU per cubic foot ) releases about the same energy as a barrel of oil . Sometimes gas containing 5.8 million BTU is defined as a `` barrel of oil equivalent for energy calculation purposes . When describing reserves or production , however , the oil and gas industry more commonly uses the rounded number of 6 MCF of gas ( or 6 million BTU in the natural gas ) as equal to one barrel of oil equivalent . Since the price of natural gas was deregulated in the 1990s , its price has tended to parallel that of oil , with oil usually at a premium on a BTU basis . But starting in the late 2000s , an abundance of natural gas in North America has caused the price of a unit of energy from gas to be much lower than the price of energy from oil . Natural gas pipelines ( edit ) Natural gas pipelines map Main article : Natural gas pipeline system in the United States When oil and natural gas are brought to the surface , they are usually separated at the wellhead , after which the oil and the gas are treated separately . Gas flows through a gathering system into a pipeline to a gas processing plant . As of 2014 , there were 189,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines in the United States Gas processing ( edit ) Natural gas processing plants in the US , 2009 ( US Energy Information Administration ) Disposition of total US natural gas produced ( gross withdrawals ) in 2014 . Data from US EIA Main article : Natural - gas processing Natural gas has a variety of chemical constituents that must be removed or diluted with other gas to achieve consistent pipeline quality . Pipeline gas specifications vary from line to line , but generally the gas must contain no appreciable hydrogen sulfide ( which is toxic ) , less than a few percent carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid , which is corrosive to iron and steel pipe ) , and a British thermal unit ( BTU ) content of 900 or more . Natural gas delivered to consumers generally has a BTU content of about 1020 to 1050 per standard cubic foot , slightly higher than that of pure methane ( 1010 BTU ) .",
"5": "Natural gas liquids ( edit ) Natural gas is composed primarily of methane , but often contains longer - chain hydrocarbons . Hydrocarbon compounds from hexane ( each molecule of which is a simple chain containing six carbon atoms , hence called C6 ) and heavier generally separate out ( `` condense '' ) from the gas at the wellhead ; this mixture is called condensate , and is usually reported as oil production , and sold to refineries the same as oil . The C2 through C5 hydrocarbons ( ethane , propane , butane , and pentane ) are known as natural gas liquids ( NGLs ) , and remain in gaseous form until they are extracted at a gas processing plant . The division between the two classes is not perfect : some hexane , and heptane remain in the gas to be separated out as NGLs , while some butane and pentane , may separate out with the condensate . Natural gas which contains NGLs is called `` wet gas . '' Gas which naturally contains no NGLs , or gas from which the NGLs have been removed , is called `` dry gas . '' Natural gas liquids are used either for fuel ( sold as propane , or liquid petroleum gas ( LPG ) , or for feedstock to the petrochemical industry . The United States has been the world 's top producer of NGLs since 2010 , and is far above second place Saudi Arabia , which produced 1.82 million barrels per day in 2015 . Increased production of NGLs since 2000 has lowered the price of NGLs in the North American market , leading to a surge in construction and expansion of petrochemical plants to convert ethane and propane into ethylene and propylene , which are used to make plastics . The United States has the world 's largest ethylene - manufacturing capacity , 28.4 million tons per year in 2015 , with projects to add another 7.6 million tons from 2015 through 2017 . As of 2015 , the reduction in NGL prices had turned North America from one of the high - cost places to manufacture petrochemical , into the lowest - cost area outside the Middle East .",
"6": "Other byproducts ( edit ) Main article : Helium production in the United States Main article : Sulfur production in the United States Some natural gas contains enough helium to be extracted as a byproduct . Sulfur , which must be removed from natural gas for safety , aesthetic , and environmental reasons , is recovered and sold as a byproduct . In 2013 , natural gas processing plants recovered 1.02 million metric tons of sulfur , which was 12 percent of US supply of elemental sulfur ( the remaining sulfur production came from oil refineries ) . Gas storage ( edit ) US natural gas storage and consumption in trillion cubic feet . Data from US EIA . Source . Main article : Natural gas storage Consumption of natural gas in the US is strongly seasonal , higher in the winter than the summer by between 50 % to 90 % , depending on severity of the winter . To make larger volumes of gas available in the winter , companies have established underground gas storage facilities . There are three types of natural gas storage units currently in service in the US : salt domes , depleted gas reservoirs , and deep aquifers . The largest volume held in storage was 8.29 trillion cubic feet in October 2012 . This was equivalent to 26 percent of the total US production in 2014 . The small mid-summer increase shown on the consumption graph is due to increased gas use for electrical power in the summer . Unlike residential , commercial , and industrial use , all of which are higher in winter , electrical power generation uses more gas in the summer . Natural gas marketing ( edit ) From the processing plant , natural gas is sold mostly to gas utility companies . In 2014 , 46 % of the marketed gas was used by commercial and industrial users , 33 % by electrical power generators , and 21 % by residential consumers . Natural gas electricity generation ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas power plant Since 2009 , electricity generation has been the largest use of natural gas in the US . Electricity generated by natural gas has been by far the fastest - growing source of electricity in the US since the 1990s . Natural gas became the second - largest source of US electricity in 2006 , when it surpassed nuclear power .",
"7": "In late 2015 , natural gas surpassed coal as the largest source of electricity generated in the United States . In the decade 2005 to 2015 , electricity generated by natural gas increased by 574 billion kilowatt - hours , more than triple the increase of the second - fastest - growing source , wind energy , which increased 173 billion kilowatt - hours over the same period . Natural gas - generated electricity increased its share of total US electricity from 18.8 percent in 2005 , to 32.6 percent in 2015 . The increase in gas - generated electricity was mostly at the expense of coal power , which fell from 49.6 percent of US electricity in 2005 , to 33.2 percent in 2015 . Natural gas surpassed coal as the number one generator of US electricity in late 2015 . During the 12 - month period through August 2016 , natural gas generated 34.5 percent of US electricity , versus 29.8 percent for coal . Unlike the other sectors of natural gas consumption , the electrical power industry uses more natural gas in the summer , when electricity demand is increased by air conditioning , and when natural gas prices are at seasonal lows . The increased use of natural gas for electricity is driven by three factors . First , pressure on utilities to decrease greenhouse gas emissions has favored the substitution of coal generation by natural gas generation , which , according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory , and the IPCC , has significantly less life - cycle GHG emissions than coal - powered electricity . Second , gas power plants are able to ramp up and down quickly , making them well suited to complement intermittent power sources such as wind and solar . Third , since late 2008 , the price of natural gas has been relatively cheap on the North American market , especially compared to oil . Electricity from oil - powered generators in the US declined 81 percent from 2005 to 2014 . The states which use the most natural gas for electricity production are , in descending order , Texas , Florida , California , and New York . Liquified petroleum gas ( edit ) Liquefied petroleum gas includes the butane and propane natural gas liquids removed in gas processing . They are sold for home heating , cooking , and increasingly for motor fuel . The industry segment is represented by the National Propane Gas Association .",
"8": "Vehicle fuel ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas vehicle Natural gas , in the forms of compressed natural gas , liquified natural gas , and liquified petroleum gas , is being increasingly used for motor vehicle fuel , especially in fleet vehicles . It has the advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel of being cheaper and emitting less air pollution . It has the disadvantage of having few retail outlets . As of 2011 , 262,000 vehicles in the US ran on natural gas . Although natural gas used for vehicle fuel increased 60 percent in the decade 2004 - 2014 , in 2014 it still made up only 3.7 percent on a BTU - basis of fossil fuel use ( gasoline , diesel , and natural gas ) as transportation fuel in the US . Transportation fuel made up 0.13 percent of natural gas consumption in 2014 . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the petroleum industry in the United States Pipeline technology ( edit ) The natural gas industry in the United States goes back to 1821 , when natural gas was discovered and used in Fredonia , New York . From the start , the market for natural gas was limited by pipeline technology . The gas for Fredonia , New York in 1821 was supplied through wooden pipes , which were incapable of carrying gas for long distances . In the 1800s , residences in most cities were supplied with town gas generated from coal at local `` gashouses . '' The gas was carried in cast iron pipes , introduced in 1843 , typically with bell - and - spigot joints sealed with rope and molten lead . In the 1800s and early 1900s , most natural gas discoveries were made while exploring for oil . Natural gas was usually an unwanted byproduct of oil production . In the 1870s steel pipe replaced cast iron . In 1883 , Pittsburgh became the first major city supplied with natural gas . Other cities followed , but only if they were close to natural gas wells . Because natural gas was a byproduct , it was priced cheaply , and , where available , undercut the market for town gas . In 1891 , one of the longest pipelines of the time was built , a 120 - mile long pipeline from the gas fields of Indiana to Chicago , without compression .",
"9": "Long - distance high - pressure gas pipelines became feasible after oxyacetylene welding was introduced in 1911 , and especially after electric arc welding became popular in the 1920s This allowed remote gas deposits to be supplied to big cities . Natural gas increasingly became a sought - for commodity . Price regulation ( edit ) The prices charged by utilities delivering natural gas to customers have always been subject to state regulation . With the construction of interstate gas pipelines in the 1920s and 1930s , city utilities became dependent on natural gas supplies beyond the regulatory power of state and local governments . In 1935 , the federal trade commission , believing that interstate pipelines had too much power to control the downstream gas market , recommended federal controls . Congress passed the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to regulate the rates charged by interstate pipelines . Federal regulations at first included only the rates interstate pipelines charged to carry gas . When the market price of natural gas at the wellhead increased in the 1950s , gas utilities complained that the gas producers should be regulated as well . In 1954 , the US Supreme Court ruled in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin that regulation of the wellhead price was within the intent of the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to control prices to utilities , and therefore the federal government could control wellhead prices of any natural gas going into an interstate pipeline . By the early 1970s , the artificially low price set by the federal government had created a shortage , but only of interstate gas . Gas consumed within the state where it was produced was plentiful , but more expensive . By 1975 , about half the natural gas produced went to the intrastate market . In 1975 and 1976 , some schools and factories in the Midwest shut down periodically when the local utility could not find any natural gas to buy at the controlled price . The Federal Power Commission tried to allocate the scarce gas by identifying `` high - priority '' and `` low - priority '' customers , but this caused extensive litigation . The federal government responded to gas shortages with the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 , which both increased federal regulation by extended price controls to all existing natural gas wells , and promised to end price controls on all new wells by 1985 .",
"10": "Under the new rules , natural gas was subject to a complicated set of prices , depending on when the well was drilled , the size of the company that owned the well , the permeability of the formation , and the distance of the well from previous wells . Gas production from some types of gas reservoirs received tax subsidies . In 1976 , the federal government established the Eastern Gas Shales Project , a large research effort to find ways to produce gas from shale . Price controls grew even more complex with the Energy Act of 1980 , which exempted Devonian gas shales ( shales deposited during the Devonian geologic period ) from price controls ( but not gas shales deposited during other geologic periods ) , as well as low - permeability formations and coalbed methane . In addition , production from these sources earned tax credits for the producers for qualified wells drilled before January 1 , 1992 ; the tax credits expired at the end of 2002 . The Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989 mandated that all remaining price controls on natural gas were to be eliminated as of January 1 , 1993 . Shortages and surplus ( edit ) Hubbert 's 1962 peak gas prediction ( black ) versus actual US lower - 48 state gas production ( red ) Main article : Peak gas As with petroleum , the future supply of natural gas has long been the subject of concern , and predictions of shortages . In 1952 , Dr. Edward Steidle , Dean of the School of Mineral Industries at Pennsylvania State College , predicted that gas production would soon decline significantly from 1952 rates , so that gas would cease to be a significant energy source by 2002 , and possibly as early as 1975 . In 1956 , M King Hubbert used an estimated ultimate recovery ( EUR ) of 850 trillion cubic feet ( 24,000 km ) ( an amount postulated by geologist Wallace Pratt ) to predict a US production peak of about 14 trillion cubic feet ( 400 km ) per year to occur `` approximately 1970 '' . Pratt , in his EUR estimate ( p. 96 ) , explicitly included what he called the `` phenomenal discovery rate '' that the industry was then experiencing in the offshore Gulf of Mexico .",
"11": "US marketed gas production reached a peak in 1973 at about 22.6 trillion cubic feet ( 640 km ) , and declined to a low of 16.9 trillion cubic feet ( 480 km ) in 1986 . But then instead of declining further , as predicted by the Hubbert curve , natural gas production rose slowly but steadily for the next 15 years , and reached 20.6 TCF in 2001 . Then it dropped again for a few years , and in 2005 was down to 18.9 TCF . After 2005 , natural gas production rose rapidly , exceeded its old 1973 peak , and set new records for high production in each year 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 , when marketed production was 28.8 trillion cubic feet ( 820 km ) . International trade ( edit ) Comparison of natural gas prices in Japan , United Kingdom , and United States , 2007 - 2011 Net annual natural gas imports ( imports minus exports ) to the United States , 1975 - 2013 . Data from US Energy Information Administration website . United States monthly net exports ( exports minus imports ) of liquified natural gas , 2007 - 2016 . Data from US EIA Natural gas depends on pipelines for economical transport . Without pipeline connections , natural gas must be transported as liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) , an expensive process . For this reason , the price of natural gas tends to differ between regions not connected by gas pipelines . The North American market , consisting of Canada , Mexico , and the United States , all connected by a common pipeline network , has had much lower gas prices in recent years than some other major world gas markets , such as Europe ( since 2010 ) , Japan ( since 2008 ) , and Korea . The United States is connected by pipeline to Canada and Mexico . The US has long imported large quantities of gas from Canada , and exported smaller quantities to some parts of eastern Canada . In 2014 , the US imported 2,634 BCF from Canada , and exported 769 BCF , so that net imports from Canada totaled 1,865 BCF . The United States has exported increasing volumes to Mexico over the past decade .",
"12": "In 2014 , the US exported 728.5 BCF to Mexico , and imported 1.4 BCF , so that net exports to Mexico totaled 727 BCF . The cost of net imports peaked at US $29.7 billion in 2005 ; the cost of net imports was $5.9 billion in 2014 . Liquified natural gas ( edit ) Proposed LNG Export Terminals in the US , 2012 ( US Energy Information Administration ) Main article : Liquified natural gas In past years , when experts were projecting gas shortages in North America , utility companies built liquified natural gas ( LNG ) import terminals along the coast . Net imports of LNG peaked in 2007 , but have since decreased . In 2014 , the US imported 59 BCF of LNG gas , and exported 16 BCF , so that net LNG imports amounted to 43 BCF . Most imported LNG was from Trinidad and Tobago . Long - term LNG contracts usually tie the price of LNG to the oil price . In 2010 , after the price of US natural gas fell below that of world markets , US companies have proposed establishing a number of LNG export terminals . A number of these proposals involve converting inactive LNG import terminals to handle LNG exports . Any proposals to export natural gas must be approved by the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ( FERC ) , which gives its approval only if the project receives a satisfactory environmental review , and if FERC finds that the export terminal would be in the public interest . As of August 2015 , 24 new LNG export terminals have been proposed , of which FERC has so far approved 6 . Cheniere Energy expects to begin exporting LNG through its Sabine Pass terminal in January 2016 . As of 2014 , the only active LNG export terminal in the US was in Kenai , Alaska . The plant , with a capacity of 0.2 BCF per day , is owned by ConocoPhillips , and has been exporting LNG since 1969 . Most exported LNG went to Japan . The New England States are connected by pipeline to the rest of the US and to Canada , but the existing pipelines are insufficient to supply the winter demand . For this reason , a quarter of New England 's demand for gas is supplied by more - expensive LNG .",
"13": "Four LNG import terminals serve New England , but most LNG imported to New England arrives through the Everett terminal in Boston , and the Canaport terminal in New Brunswick , Canada . As of 2015 , pipelines were under construction to carry cheaper gas from Pennsylvania to New England . See also ( edit ) Energy in the United States Hydraulic fracturing in the United States Petroleum in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Overview , accessed 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Marketed natural gas production , and average wellhead price , US EIA . Jump up ^ American Petroleum Institute , ( 1 ) , accessed 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration Jump up ^ US EIA , Natural gas wellhead value and marketed production , accessed 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : US Energy Information Administration , Top 100 Operators , 2009 , accessed 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Crude oil and natural gas exploratory and development wells , US Energy Information Administration . Jump up ^ Rethinking rig count as a predictor of natural gas production , US Energy Information Administration , 28 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Top 100 U.S. oil and gas fields , Mar. 2015 ^ Jump up to : Natural gas gross withdrawals , US EIA . Jump up ^ Energy units . Jump up ^ ( ) , US Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Christopher E. Smith , `` Oil pipelines lead way in strong 2014 , '' Oil & Gas Journal , 7 Sept. 2015 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ US EIA , BTU content , accessed 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlumberger , Natural gas liquids accessed 2 August 2015 Jump up ^ Growing US HGL production spurs petrochemical industry investment , US Energy Information Administration , 29 Jan. 2015 , Jump up ^ Robert Brelsford , `` Low - cost feed supports North American ethylene expansion plans , '' Oil & Gas Journal , 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mapping North America 's petrochemical construction projects , Petrochemical Update , 23 Apr.",
"14": "2015 . Jump up ^ Lori E Apodaca , Sulfur , US Geological Survey , Minerals Yearbook , 2013 . Jump up ^ gas / natural gas / analysis publications / storagebasics / storagebasics. htmlEIA - The Basics of Underground Natural Gas Storage Jump up ^ US EIA , The basics of underground natural gas storage , Aug. 2014 . Jump up ^ US EIA , Natural gas consumption , accessed 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Net generation by energy source , all sectors , US Energy Information Administration , accessed 15 Mar. 2016 . Jump up ^ Natural gas consumption has two peaks , US EIA , 11 Sept. 2015 . Jump up ^ US National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Life - cycle analysis harmonization , results and findings Archived 2017 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , NREL estimates life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions cor coal - fired electricity to be 979 grams CO2 equivalent per kWhr , compared to 450 grams for electricity from conventional gas , and 465 grams for electricity fueled by gas from massive hydraulic fractured gas wells . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , ( Climate Change 2014 , Chaoter 7 ) , The IPCC estimates life - cycle GHG emissions for coal plants to be between 710 and 950 grams CO2 equivalent per kWhr , and the emissions from gas - fired plants between 410 and 650 grams . Jump up ^ April Lee and others , Opportunities for Synergy Between Natural Gas and Renewable Energy in the Electric Power and Transportation Sectors , US National Renewable Energy Laboratory , NREL / TP - 6A50 - 56324 , Dec , 2012 . Jump up ^ Transportation sector , US Energy Information Administration . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin , The Prize ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 1991 ) 76 . Jump up ^ ( wells. http://naturalgas.org/regulation/history/ History of natural gas regulation ) . Jump up ^ Dan Seward and Brad Curtis , `` Comparison of the Appalachian Basin Devonian shales and Fort Worth Basin Mississippian shale , '' AAPG Southwest Section , Annual Convention , 13 April 2015 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Edward Steidle , Mineral Forecast , 2000 A.D. ( State College , Penn. : Pennsylvania State College , 1952 ) 74 . Jump up ^ M. King Hubbert ( June 1956 ) . `` Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels ' Drilling and Production Practice ' '' ( PDF ) . API . p. figure 22 and p. 25 , 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Wallace E. Pratt ( 1956 ) `` The impact of the peaceful uses of atomic energy on the petroleum industry , '' in Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy , US Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy , p. 89 - 103 . Jump up ^ US natural gas production by year , 1900 - 2014 , US EIA . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) , Government Accountability Office . Jump up ^ Approved LNG terminals Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , 6 Aug. 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LNG tanker streams toward U.S. Sabine Pass for inaugural loading , '' Reuters , 9 Nov. 2015 . Jump up ^ Kenai liquified natural gas plant and Cook Inlet gas fields , Alaska , ConocoPhillips , April 2014 . Jump up ^ Alaska LNG terminals , FERC . Jump up ^ ( LNG. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4610 Liquified natural gas meets a quarter of New England 's average annual natural gas needs ) , US Energy Information Administration .",
"16": "External links ( edit ) America 's Natural Gas Alliance - Natural gas producers American Gas Association American Public Gas Association - Publicly - owned gas utilities Interstate Natural Gas Association of America - Interstate gas pipelines Natural Gas Supply Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas_in_the_United_States&oldid=825652893 '' Categories : Natural gas in the United States Petroleum in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 16 : 33 . About Wikipedia",
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when were the first general elections held in independent india
|
[
"1951–52",
"1951–52",
"1951–52"
] |
{
"0": "Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 - Wikipedia Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 Jump to : navigation , search Indian general election , 1951 ← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 → All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha 245 seats were needed for a majority First party Second party Leader Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange Party INC CPI Leader 's seat Phulpur Bombay City North Seats won 364 16 Popular vote 47,665,875 3,484,401 Percentage 44.99 % 3.29 % Prime Minister before election Jawaharlal Nehru INC Subsequent Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru INC The Indian general election of 1951 -- 52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947 . Until this point , the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature . See the ' Durations ' section below to find the time - range associated with these elections . The Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a landslide victory , winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45 % of the total votes polled . This was over four times as many votes as the second - largest party . Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country . In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951 , India had around 173 million voters , out of an overall population of about 360 million . Voter turnout was 45.7 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Parties 2 Constituencies 3 Results 4 Notable losses 5 Government formation 6 Duration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Parties ( edit ) Before Independent India went to the polls , two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC 's supremacy . While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951 , Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation ( which was later named the Republican Party ) .",
"1": "Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad , whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani ; the Socialist Party , which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan 's leadership to boast of ; and the Communist Party of India . However , these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress . Constituencies ( edit ) The first general elections , which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies , represented 25 Indian states . At that time , there were 314 constituencies with one seat , 86 with two seats and one with three seats . The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s . There were also 2 nominated Anglo - Indian members . Results ( edit ) Party Abbr . Votes % Seats Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0 Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16 Forward Bloc ( Marxist ) FB ( M ) 0.91 Forward Bloc ( Ruiker ) FB ( R ) 0.13 0 Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364 Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9 Revolutionary Communist Party of India ( Tagore ) RCPI 0.06 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12 All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0 All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0 All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.",
"2": "06 0 All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0 All People 's Party APP 0.03 0 Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 Cochin Party CP 0.01 0 Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6 Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0 Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0 Historical Research HR 0.00 0 Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0 Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 Justice Party JP 0.06 0 Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0 Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0 Khasi - Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0 Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0 Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0 Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0 Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 National Party of India NPI 0.00 0 Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7 Praja Party PP 0.02 0 Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0 Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Uttar Pradesh ) RSP ( UP ) 0.02 0 Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 S.K.",
"3": "Paksha SKP 0.13 0 Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0 Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0 Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0 Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0 Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0 Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37 Nominated Anglo - Indians -- -- Total 105,944,495 100 489 Notable losses ( edit ) Scheduled Caste leader B.R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay ( North Central ) ( reserved seat ) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little - known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar , who polled 1 , 38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar 's 1 , 23,576 votes . Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member . He contested by - poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress . Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate , but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi . Government formation ( edit ) The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar . The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings ( 3,784 hours ) , the highest recorded count of the number of sittings . The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957 .",
"4": "Duration ( edit ) While Indian Government 's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls , it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February -- March 1952 ; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967 , and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March , heavy snow impending free movement . The rest of the India voted only in February -- March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections . Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952 . The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil ( district ) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India Indian presidential election , 1952 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Results 1951 - 52 '' . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters : Brahma Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen , Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann ( 2001 ) Elections in Asia : A data handbook , Volume I , p. 572 ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X Jump up ^ `` General Election of India 1951 , List of Successful Candidate '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandra Guha ( 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Gilmartin ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The paradox of patronage and the people 's sovereignty '' . In Anastasia Pivliavsky .",
"5": "Patronage as Politics in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05608 - 4 . Jump up ^ India 's first voter in Himachal Pradesh , by Gautam Dhmeer , in the Deccan Herald ; published 30 October 2012 ; retrieved 7 April 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Guha , Ramachandra . `` Democracy 's Biggest Gamble , '' World Policy Journal , ( Spring 2002 ) 19 # 1 pp. 95 -- 103 ( hide ) Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_general_election,",
"6": "_1951 -- 52&oldid = 833240406 '' Categories : Indian general election , 1951 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Română Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the tower of london originally used for
|
[
"a royal residence",
"a royal residence",
"as a royal residence"
] |
{
"0": "Tower of London - wikipedia Tower of London Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tower of London ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W / 51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Tower of London The Tower of London , seen from the River Thames , with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London , EC3 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,843,031 ( in 2017 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii , iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no . 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America Listed Building -- Grade I Listed Building -- Grade II Location of the castle in central London The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence .",
"1": "As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under Kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England . From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch . In the absence of the monarch , the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle . This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period . In the late 15th century , the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower . Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence , and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle , its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery . The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries , when many figures who had fallen into disgrace , such as Elizabeth I before she became queen , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton , were held within its walls . This use has led to the phrase `` sent to the Tower '' . Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death , popularised by 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century writers , only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century . Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle , with 112 occurring there over a 400 - year period . In the latter half of the 19th century , institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations , leaving many buildings empty .",
"2": "Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance , clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures . In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage . After the Second World War , damage caused during the Blitz was repaired , and the castle reopened to the public . Today , the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions . Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower , it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner Ward 1.5 Outer Ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Crown Jewels 8 Royal Menagerie 9 Ghosts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Architecture ( edit ) Audio description of the Tower of London by Mike Gatting Layout ( edit ) Plan of the Tower of London The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London , which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate . It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames . The castle is made up of three `` wards '' , or enclosures . The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle . Encircling it to the north , east , and west is the inner ward , built during the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . Finally , there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I . Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London , the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285 .",
"3": "The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4.9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties -- land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons . The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear . Despite popular fiction , the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber , although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods . Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) . White Tower ( edit ) Main article : White Tower ( Tower of London ) The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ) , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle , and contained lodgings suitable for the lord -- in this case , the king or his representative . According to military historian Allen Brown , `` The great tower ( White Tower ) was also , by virtue of its strength , majesty and lordly accommodation , the donjon par excellence '' . As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world , the White Tower has been described as `` the most complete eleventh - century palace in Europe '' . The original entrance to the White Tower was at first - floor level The White Tower , not including its projecting corner towers , measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base , and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements . The structure was originally three storeys high , comprising a basement floor , an entrance level , and an upper floor . The entrance , as is usual in Norman keeps , was above ground , in this case on the south face , and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack . It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 -- 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance , but it has not survived .",
"4": "Each floor was divided into three chambers , the largest in the west , a smaller room in the north - east , and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south - east . At the western corners of the building are square towers , while to the north - east a round tower houses a spiral staircase . At the south - east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel . As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold , latrines were built into the walls , and four fireplaces provided warmth . The main building material is Kentish rag - stone , although some local mudstone was also used . Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing , although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries . As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century , only two original -- albeit restored -- examples remain , in the south wall at the gallery level . The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits . St John 's Chapel , inside the White Tower The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials . The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century , and not reopened until 1973 . Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east , also connected to the entrance floor . The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south - east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber .",
"5": "There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell , Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries , `` the windowless form and restricted access , suggest that it was designed as a strong - room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents '' . The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east -- both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall -- and St John 's Chapel in the south - east . The top floor was added in the 15th century , along with the present roof . St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design , as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls . Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction , except for the chapel little is left of the original interior . The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period . In the 13th century , during Henry III 's reign , the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold - painted cross , and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity . Innermost ward ( edit ) The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower , stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames . As was the case at other castles , such as the 11th - century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation . Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain , although it had happened by the 1170s . The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s , becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle . Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers -- located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river -- began around 1220 . They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively . The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed , and painted with flowers and imitation stonework . A great hall existed in the south of the ward , between the two towers .",
"6": "It was similar to , although slightly smaller than , that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle . Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments . The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch , which had been filled in by the 1220s . Around this time , a kitchen was built in the ward . Between 1666 and 1676 , the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed . The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground . The Jewel House was demolished , and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower . Interior of the innermost ward . Right of centre is the 11th - century White Tower ; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower . Beyond that can be seen Traitors ' Gate . Inner ward ( edit ) See also : Church of St Peter ad Vincula The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I . The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th - century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower .",
"7": "While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow - maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night . The south face of the Waterloo Block As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 .",
"8": "The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor . Outer ward ( edit ) A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north - east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris .",
"9": "The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower . By 1560 , the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower . Between 1348 and 1355 , a second water-gate , Cradle Tower , was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use . The Tower of London 's outer curtain wall , with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind . In the centre is Legge 's Mount . Foundation and early History ( edit ) Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings , by fortifying key positions . He founded several castles along the way , but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city . As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops , he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England . A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066 , isolated and intimidated , its leaders yielded London without a fight . Between 1066 and 1087 , William established 36 castles , although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates . The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as `` the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle - building in the whole history of feudal Europe '' . They were multi-purpose buildings , serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ) , centres of administration , and residences . William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance , to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer , William of Poitiers , `` certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace .",
"10": "For he ( William ) realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners '' . At the time , London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance , and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement . The other two castles in London -- Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle -- were established at the same time . The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south - east corner of the Roman town walls , using them as prefabricated defences , with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south . This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade , and probably had accommodation suitable for William . The White Tower dates from the late 11th century . Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber , but by the end of the 11th century a few , including the Tower of London , had been renovated or replaced with stone . Work on the White Tower -- which gives the whole castle its name -- is usually considered to have begun in 1078 , however the exact date is uncertain . William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction , although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087 . The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England , and was the strongest point of the early castle . It also contained grand accommodation for the king . At the latest , it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there . Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes . Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower , he was also the first person to escape from it , using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine . He was held in luxury and permitted servants , but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors . After plying them with drink , when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber , and out of the Tower . The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft .",
"11": "The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle , between the Roman wall and the Thames . The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class , but in the way the city was structured . Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans , who also brought over hundreds of Jews , for financial reasons . The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown , as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles . The Jews used the Tower as a retreat , when threatened by anti-Jewish violence . The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne . The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London . The castle , which had not been used as a royal residence for some time , was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position , possession was highly valued . Mandeville exploited this , selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln . Once her support waned , the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen . Through his role as Constable of the Tower , Mandeville became `` the richest and most powerful man in England '' . When he tried the same ploy again , this time holding secret talks with Matilda , Stephen had him arrested , forced him to cede control of his castles , and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters . Until then the position had been hereditary , originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ) , but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch .",
"12": "The position was usually given to someone of great importance , who might not always be at the castle due to other duties . Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison , from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower . Constables also had civic duties relating to the city . Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes , enforcing the law and maintaining order . The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers , and at times led to friction between the two . Expansion ( edit ) The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege . The Tower of London from The Shard . The River Thames is to the south . The outer curtain walls were erected in the 13th century . John succeeded Richard as king in 1199 , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him . In 1214 , while the king was at Windsor Castle , Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower .",
"13": "Although under - garrisoned , the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta . The king reneged on his promises of reform , leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . Even after the Magna Carta was signed , Fitzwalter maintained his control of London . During the war , the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons . John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king . However , after John 's death in October 1216 , many began to support the claim of his eldest son , Henry III . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry , with Fitzwalter supporting Louis . Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower , both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III 's supporters would prevail . In the 13th century , Kings Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) extended the castle , essentially creating it as it stands today . Henry was disconnected from his barons , and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule . As a result , he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live . From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10,000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period , only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15,000 ) . Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward . The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240 . Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north - west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug .",
"14": "The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation . Henry III often held court at the Tower of London , and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly . In 1258 , the discontented barons , led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments . Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions . Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath . With the backing of mercenaries , Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261 . While negotiations continued with the barons , the King ensconced himself in the castle , although no army moved to take it . A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again . Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London . Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower . Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle , declaring that custody of the Tower was `` not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner , much less of an ecclesiastic '' . Despite a large army and siege engines , Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle . The Earl retreated , allowing the King control of the capital , and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign .",
"15": "Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country . Later medieval period ( edit ) A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the final period of expansion under Edward I During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 -- 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London . However , it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded . The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms . In 1321 , Margaret de Clare , Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella , killing six of the royal escort . Generally reserved for high - ranking inmates , the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country . However it was not necessarily very secure , and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape .",
"16": "In 1323 Roger Mortimer , Baron Mortimer , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside . They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat . He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen . They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King . One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there . For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330 , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower . Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 -- 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French . Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner , and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross . During this period , the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war . Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair , and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place . The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons , for instance Windsor . Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated . One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years ' War was Charles , Duke of Orléans , the nephew of the King of France . This late 15th - century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London . It shows the White Tower and the water-gate , with Old London Bridge in the background . When Richard II was crowned in 1377 , he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey . This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660 . During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside .",
"17": "When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader , a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Simon Sudbury , took refuge in St John 's Chapel , hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary . However , he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill . Six years later there was again civil unrest , and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual . When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399 , Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower . He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke , who became King Henry IV . In the 15th century , there was little building work at the Tower of London , yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge . When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup , Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London . During this period , the castle also held many distinguished prisoners . The heir to the Scottish throne , later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower . The reign of Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France . As a result of Henry 's victories , such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high - status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed . Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne , the houses of Lancaster and York . The castle was once again besieged in 1460 , this time by a Yorkist force . The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton . With the help of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed `` the Kingmaker '' ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470 . However , Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was probably murdered . During the wars , the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire , and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill , although it no longer survives .",
"18": "The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower , 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais , 1878 Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard , Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII . Changing use ( edit ) The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence . As 16th - century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as `` an armouries and house of munition , and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in '' . The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509 . During the reign of Henry VIII , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences . In 1532 , Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work .",
"19": "Even so , this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery . Although the defences were repaired , the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death . Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable . From 1547 onwards , the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful , for instance each of Edward VI , Mary I , and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations . In the 16th century , the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim , forbidding prison . This had not always been the case . As a royal castle , it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons , however these were usually high - status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people . Contrary to the popular image of the Tower , prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower . As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower -- as would have been the case for any castle -- there was no purpose - built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed , a `` Prison for Soldiers '' , was built to the north - west of the White Tower . The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century romanticists . Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated , the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison , with many religious and political undesirables locked away . The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture , so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640 , the peak of imprisonment at the Tower , there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture . The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger 's daughter , and manacles . The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter , the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter .",
"20": "One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes , who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot . Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard , by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners . The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet , where disease was rife . High - status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family , including his son who was born there in 1605 . Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself , and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years . Before the 20th century , there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey , this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous . After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554 , Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth , later Queen Elizabeth I , in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name . The cobbled surface of Tower Hill to the north of the Tower of London . Over a period of 400 years , 112 people were executed on the hill . The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century , taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables . As there was no standing army before 1661 , the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war . The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454 , and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward . The Board of Ordnance ( successor to these Offices ) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage .",
"21": "In 1855 the Board was abolished ; its successor ( the Military Store Department of the War Office ) was also based there until 1869 , after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich ( where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store ) . Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents , including money and munitions . London 's Trained Bands , a militia force , were moved into the castle in 1640 . Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built , readying the Tower for war . The preparations were never put to the test . In 1642 , Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament . When this failed he fled the city , and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron , the Lieutenant of the Tower . The Trained Bands had switched sides , and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry , they blockaded the Tower . With permission from the King , Byron relinquished control of the Tower . Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing , Sir John Conyers . By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642 , the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control . The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661 . At the time , the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation . Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . Just over £ 4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse , now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward . In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne , however they were never acted on . Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose - built quarters for soldiers ( the `` Irish Barracks '' ) in 1670 , the general accommodations were still in poor condition .",
"22": "An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege '' . For the most part , the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period . During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war .",
"23": "One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital . Restoration and tourism ( edit ) A recreation of Edward I 's bedchamber in the river - side St Thomas 's Tower above Traitors ' Gate . The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country . It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period , when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about . Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour . The Crown Jewels also garner much interest , and have been on public display since 1669 . The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century , despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors . Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose - built ticket office was erected . By the end of the century , over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year . Over the 18th and 19th centuries , the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished . Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived . The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past . One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture . In the Tower 's architecture , this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower . It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements . Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as `` castellated Gothic of the 15th century '' .",
"24": "Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished . In 1855 , the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office , which was gradually phased out of the castle . At the same time , there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London . Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed . The main entrance to the Tower of London . Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction . Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high - explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public . In 1974 , there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower , leaving one person dead and 35 injured . No one claimed responsibility for the blast , but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it . In the 21st century , tourism is the Tower 's primary role , the remaining routine military activities , under the Royal Logistic Corps , having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle .",
"25": "However , the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor , the Royal Fusiliers . Also , a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower , and with the Yeomen Warders , takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day . On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company , these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions , and 41 on other occasions . Two of the ravens Since 1990 , the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown . In 1988 , the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites , in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site . However , recent developments , such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby , have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List . The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 . Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory , once used by past kings and queens . Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower , the responsibility of day - to - day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor . At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times , in accordance with the belief that if they are absent , the kingdom will fall . They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders . The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883 . As well as having ceremonial duties , the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower . Over 2.8 million people visited the Tower of London in 2017 . Crown Jewels ( edit ) See also : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and Jewel House The Imperial State Crown ( side view ) The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) .",
"26": "The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia , including jewels , plate , and symbols of royalty such as the crown , sceptre , and sword . When money needed to be raised , the treasure could be pawned by the monarch . The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy , and consequently was closely guarded . A new position for `` keeper of the jewels , armouries and other things '' was created , which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day . The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels , gold , and silver , and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties , as decreed by Cromwell . Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used , and the crowns were `` totallie broken and defaced '' . When the monarchy was restored in 1660 , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th - century spoon and three ceremonial swords . ( Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown . ) Detailed records of old regalia survived , and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I . For the coronation of Charles II , gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them . In 1669 , the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower ( until 1841 ) . They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public . This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them . Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper . Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown , Sceptre and Orb , they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm . Since 1994 , the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block . Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen . The display includes 23,578 gemstones , the 800 - year - old Coronation Spoon , St.",
"27": "Edward 's Crown ( worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey ) and the Imperial State Crown . Royal Menagerie ( edit ) Wire animal sculptures at the tower , Kendra Haste There is evidence that King John ( 1166 -- 1216 ) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower . Records of 1210 -- 1212 show payments to lion keepers . The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III . Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards , circa 1235 , which were kept in the Tower . In 1251 , the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King 's polar bear , a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain . In 1254 or 1255 , Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora . A wooden structure was built to house the elephant , 12.2 m ( 40 ft ) long by 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) wide . The animal died in 1258 , possibly because it was given red wine , but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England . In 1288 , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals . Edward III added other types of animals , two lions , a leopard and two wildcats . Under subsequent kings , the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types , jackals , hyenas , and an old brown bear , Max , gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian . In 1436 , during the time of Henry V , all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated . Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277 ; this area was later named the Lion Tower , to the immediate west of the Middle Tower . Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards , also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower . By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie .",
"28": "Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensive refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower . An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals , during lion baiting , for example in the time of James I. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions , increasing to 11 by 1708 , in addition to other types of cats , eagles , owls and a jackal . By the 18th century , the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions . By the end of the century , that had increased to 9 pence . A particularly famous inhabitant was Old Martin , a large grizzly bear given to George III by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1811 . An 1800 inventory also listed a tiger , leopards , a hyena , a large baboon , various types of monkeys , wolves and `` other animals '' . By 1822 , however , the collection included only a grizzly bear , an elephant and some birds . Additional animals were then introduced . In 1828 there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals . After the death of George IV in 1830 , a decision was made to close down the Menagerie . In 1831 , most of the stock was moved to the London Zoo which had opened in 1828 . The last of the animals left in 1835 , relocated to Regent 's Park . This decision was made after an incident , although sources vary as to the specifics : either a lion was accused of biting a soldier , or a sailor , Ensign Seymour , had been bitten by a monkey . The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life . Consequently , even though the animals had long since left the building , the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps , the last keeper , in 1853 .",
"29": "In 1999 , physical evidence of lion cages was found , one being 3x3 meters ( 6.5 x10 feet ) in size , very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters ( approximately 8 feet ) long . In 2008 , the skulls of two male Barbary lions ( now extinct in the wild ) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower . Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 -- 1385 and 1420 -- 1480 . During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste . Ghosts ( edit ) Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower , where she is buried , and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm . This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song `` With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm '' . Other reported ghosts include Henry VI , Lady Jane Grey , Margaret Pole , and the Princes in the Tower . In January 1816 , a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him , and reportedly died of fright a few days later . In October 1817 , a tubular , glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels , Edmund Lenthal Swifte . He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife , leading her to exclaim : `` Oh , Christ ! It has seized me ! '' Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported , more recently , by night staff at the Tower . See also ( edit ) London portal Criminal justice portal Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London List of castles in England List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London List of prisoners of the Tower of London Tower of London in popular culture Zammitello Palace , built in imitation of the Tower of London References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower .",
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"35": "167 ) Jump up ^ Medieval Palace , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 30 May 2010 , retrieved 19 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 118 -- 121 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 124 Jump up ^ On This Day 1974 : Bomb blast at the Tower of London , BBC News Online , 17 July 1974 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Regimental History '' , British Army website , Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , 2010 , Archived from the original on 5 September 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Royal Regiment of Fusiliers ( London ) Museum , Army Museums Ogilby Trust , archived from the original on 26 July 2011 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Ceremony of the Keys , Historic Royal Palaces , 2004 -- 2010 , archived from the original on 4 June 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Queen 's Guard , British Army , 2010 , Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Yeomen Warders , Royal Household of the United Kingdom , 2008 -- 2009 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Gun salutes , Royal Household of the United Kingdom , 2008 -- 2009 , archived from the original on 17 March 2015 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Cause and principles , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 22 December 2009 , retrieved 30 April 2010 Jump up ^ UNESCO Constitution , UNESCO , retrieved 17 August 2009 Jump up ^ Tower of London , UNESCO , retrieved 28 July 2009 Jump up ^ UNESCO warning on Tower of London ,",
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"37": "`` Royal Menagerie lions uncovered '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Menagerie '' . Royal Armouries . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Historic Royal Palaces . `` Discover The Incredible Tales Of The Tower Of London 's Royal Beasts '' . hrp.org.uk . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Matthew ( 15 October 2016 ) . Henry III : The Son of Magna Carta . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mount , Toni ( 15 May 2016 ) . A Year in the Life of Medieval England . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nigel ( 2 October 2012 ) . Tower : An Epic History of the Tower of London . St. Martin 's Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ William Harrison Ainsworth . The Tower of London : An Historical Romance . Books.google.ca . p. 249 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Blunt 1976 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` The Tower of London : Discover The Wild Beasts That Once Roamed The Royal Menagerie '' . www.hrp.org.uk . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Tower 's old grizzly back on show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoo and Aquarium History : Ancient Animal Collections To Zoological Gardens . Books.google.ca. 18 September 2000 . p. 51 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained ... Books.google.ca . p. 15 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ African History at the Tower of London . Tower Hamlets : Tower Hamlets African and Caribbean Mental Health Organisation. 2008 . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9551368 - 7 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael Allaby . Animals : From Mythology to Zoology . Books.google.ca . p. 68 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2 December 1993 ) . Book of the Tower of London . B.T. Batsford -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Tower 's old grizzly back on show '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Beasts at Tower of London , View London , retrieved 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ Farson 1978 , pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hole 1951 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 155 Jump up ^ Roud 2009 , pp. 60 -- 61 Bibliography Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ) , Allen Brown 's English Castles , The Boydell Press , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown , Reginald ; Curnow , P ( 1984 ) , Tower of London , Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 Bennett , Matthew ( 2001 ) , Campaigns of the Norman Conquest , Essential Histories , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 228 - 8 Black , Ernest ( 1927 ) , `` Torture under English Law '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register , University of Pennsylvania , 75 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 348 , doi : 10.2307 / 3307506 ,",
"39": "JSTOR 3307506 Blunt , Wilfred ( 1976 ) , The Ark in the Park : The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century , Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 Cathcart King , David James ( 1988 ) , The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History , Croom Helm , ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Collinson , Patrick ( 2004 ) , `` Elizabeth I ( 1533 -- 1603 ) , Queen of England and Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Costain , Thomas ( 1958 ) , The Three Edwards , Garden City Creighton , Oliver ( 2002 ) , Castles and Landscapes , Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Farson , Daniel ( 1978 ) , Ghosts in Fact and Fiction , Hamlyn Young Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 34053 - 9 Friar , Stephen ( 2003 ) , The Sutton Companion to Castles , Sutton Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gillingham , John ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) , Richard I , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09404 - 3 Hole , Christina ( 1951 ) , Haunted England : A Survey of English Ghost - Lore ( 3 ed . ) Batsford Horrox , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , `` Edward V ( 1470 -- 1483 ) , king of England and lord of Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Impey , Edward ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History , Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces , ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 Jerome , Fiona ( 2006 ) , Tales from the Tower : Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past , Think Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84525 - 026 - 3 Lapper , Ivan ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) ,",
"40": "The Tower of London : A 2000 - year History , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 170 - 1 Liddiard , Robert ( 2005 ) , Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 , Windgather Press Ltd , ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 Parnell , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Tower of London , Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6864 - 9 Plowden , Alison ( 2004 ) , `` Grey ( married name Dudley ) , Lady Jane ( 1537 -- 1554 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Roud , Steve ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ) , London Lore : The Legends and Traditions of the World 's Most Vibrant City , Arrow Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 951986 - 7 Sax , Boria ( 2007 ) , `` How Ravens Came to the Tower of London '' ( PDF ) , Society and Animals , 15 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 283 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853007X217203 , Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Sellers , Leonard ( 1997 ) , Shot in the Tower : The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War , Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 026 - 3 Strickland , Agnes ( 1840 ) , Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest . Volume II , II , Henry Colburn Vince , Alan ( 1990 ) , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 019 - 7 Wilson , Derek ( 1998 ) ( 1978 ) , The Tower of London : A Thousand Years ( 2nd ed . ) , Allison & Busby , ISBN 0 - 7490 - 0332 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Edward Turner ( 1829 ) .",
"41": "The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment ; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History . Robert Jennings . Harman , A. ( 1864 ) . Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress , a Prison , and a Palace . J. Wheeler . Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Tower of London : Past & Present . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5036 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tower of London ( category ) Wikivoyage has a listing for Tower of London . Official website Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London `` Tower of London , The '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 .",
"42": "History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Category Royal palaces and residences in the United Kingdom Occupied Bagshot Park Balmoral Castle , Birkhall & Craigowan Lodge Buckingham Palace Gatcombe Park Highgrove House Hillsborough Castle Holyrood Palace St James 's Palace & Clarence House Kensington Palace & Wren House Llwynywermod Sandringham House , Anmer Hall & Wood Farm Tamarisk ( Isles of Scilly ) Thatched House Lodge Windsor Castle & Royal Lodge ,",
"43": "Windsor Preserved / used for diplomatic visits and public visits St James 's Palace Hampton Court Palace Tower of London Windsor Castle Historical ( ǂ = demolished ) ( ¤ = now ruins ) ( § = partly demolished ) Abergeldie Castle , Crathie and Braemar Albany ( London ) Allerton Castle Audley End House Palace of Beaulieu , Borehamǂ Barnwell Manor Beaumont Palace , Oxfordǂ Fort Belvedere , Old Windsor Bentley Priory Berkhamsted Castle ¤ Birch Hall , Windlesham Brantridge Park , Balcombe Bridewell Palace ǂ Brill Palace ¤ Bushy House Cadzow Castle ¤ Caernarfon Castle Cambridge Cottage , Kew Cambridge House Carisbrooke Castle Carlton House ǂ Castle Hill Lodge , Ealingǂ Castlewood House , Egham Wick Chelsea Manor ǂ Chevening Chideock Manor Chiswick House Christ Church , Oxford Claremont , Esher Clarendon Palace ¤ Cliveden , Taplow Coombe Abbey , Combe Fields , Rugby Coppins , Iver Crocker End House , Nettlebed Crosby Hall , London Cumberland Cottage Cumberland House ǂ Cumberland Lodge , Windsor Delnadamph Lodge ǂ Dolphin Square Doune Castle Dover House Dunfermline Palace ¤ Eastwell Park , Kent Edinburgh Castle Eltham Palace Falkland Palace , Fife Frogmore House , Windsor Gloucester House , Weymouth Gloucester House , London ǂ Gloucester Lodge Gunnersbury Park Hanworth Manor ǂ Hatfield House Havering Palace ǂ Ingestre House , Great Haywood Kent House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew Palace § Kingsbourne House King 's House , Winchester ǂ Kings Langley Palace ǂ Lancaster House Leeds Castle , Kent Leicester House , Leicester Square Linlithgow Palace ¤ Marlborough House Montagu House , Blackheath ǂ Castle of Mey ,",
"44": "Caithness Nether Lypiatt Manor Nonsuch Palace ǂ Norfolk House ǂ Oak Grove House Oatlands Palace ǂ and Park § , Walton / Weybridge Osborne Cottage Osborne House Palace of Placentia , Greenwichǂ Queen Charlotte 's Cottage , Kew Queen 's House , Greenwich Ranger 's House , Blackheath Ribsden Holt , Windlesham Richmond Palace & White Lodge Romenda Lodge Royal Pavilion , Aldershotǂ Royal Pavilion , Brighton Savile House Savoy Palace ǂ Schomberg House , 77 Pall Mall Somerset House Stirling Castle Sunninghill Park ǂ Sussex House , Hammersmith The More , Rickmansworth Theobalds Palace , Cheshunt Walmer Castle Palace of Westminster Palace of Whitehall ǂ and the Banqueting House Windlesham Moor Witley Court , Great Witley Woodstock Palace ǂ York Cottage , Sandringham York House , St James 's Palace 20th century residences abroad Sagana Lodge , Kenya Villa Guardamangia , Malta Les Jolies Eaux , Mustique , St Vincent Historic residences in the Republic of Ireland Dublin Castle Royal City of Dublin Hospital World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine 's Abbey and St. Martin 's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian 's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret 's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St.",
"45": "Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant 's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham 's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications Prisons in London Active Belmarsh Brixton Feltham Holloway Isis Pentonville Thameside Wandsworth Wormwood Scrubs Defunct Borough Compter Bridewell Palace Clerkenwell Bridewell Clerkenwell The Clink Coldbath Fields Fleet Fulham Refuge Gatehouse Giltspur Street Compter Horsemonger Lane King 's Bench Latchmere House Marshalsea Millbank New Newgate Palace of Placentia Poultry Compter St Giles 's Roundhouse Tothill Fields Bridewell Tower of London Wood Street Compter Category Gates and bars of the City of London Former gates of London Wall and City bars Listed clockwise from the West Temple Bar Ludgate † Holborn Bar Newgate † Aldersgate † Cripplegate † Moorgate Bishopsgate † Bars Aldgate † ( Tower ) Posterngate Water - gates : Billingsgate and Dowgate Bridge - gates : Great Stone Gateway and New Stone Gate † The six Roman gates London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon ,",
"46": "Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) London Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres Adelphi Apollo Victoria Coliseum Criterion Dominion Lyceum Old Vic Palladium Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre Royal ,",
"47": "Drury Lane Theatre Royal Haymarket Vaudeville Other Alexandra Palace Brixton Academy ExCeL Hammersmith Apollo O2 Arena Royal Albert Hall Royal Festival Hall Wembley Arena Government 10 Downing Street Admiralty Arch Bank of England City Hall County Hall Guildhall Horse Guards Mansion House National Archives Old Bailey Palace of Westminster Royal Courts of Justice Scotland Yard SIS Building Museums and galleries British Museum Cutty Sark Golden Hinde HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum Madame Tussauds Museum of London National Gallery National Maritime Museum Natural History Museum Royal Academy of Arts Royal Observatory Science Museum Tate Britain Tate Modern Tower of London Victoria and Albert Museum Places of worship All Hallows - by - the - Tower BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Bevis Marks Synagogue Methodist Central Hall Regent 's Park Mosque St Martin - in - the - Fields St Mary - le - Bow St Paul 's Cathedral Southwark Cathedral Westminster Abbey Westminster Cathedral Retailing Shops Fortnum & Mason Hamleys Harrods Liberty Peter Jones Selfridges Shopping centres and markets Borough Market Brent Cross Burlington Arcade Kensington Arcade Leadenhall Market The Mall Wood Green One New Change Petticoat Lane Market Royal Exchange Westfield London Westfield Stratford City Royal buildings Partly occupied by the Royal Family Buckingham Palace Clarence House Kensington Palace St James 's Palace Unoccupied Banqueting House Hampton Court Palace Kew Palace The Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews ,",
"48": "Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers Broadgate Tower 1 Canada Square 8 Canada Square 25 Canada Square 1 Churchill Place 20 Fenchurch Street Heron Tower Leadenhall Building The Shard St George Wharf Tower 30 St Mary Axe Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Big Ben Cleopatra 's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch The Monument Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Stratford station Victoria station Waterloo station Victoria Coach Station Emirates Air Line cable car Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library BT Tower Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace Lloyd 's building London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent 's Park Richmond Park St.",
"49": "James 's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares and public spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Carnaby Street Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King 's Road Lombard Street The Mall Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall Museums and galleries in London List of museums in London National museums British Library British Museum Geffrye Museum Horniman Museum National Army Museum National Gallery National Portrait Gallery Natural History Museum Royal Air Force Museum Sir John Soane 's Museum Wallace Collection Imperial War Museums Churchill War Rooms HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum London Royal Museums Greenwich Cutty Sark National Maritime Museum Queen 's House Royal Observatory Science Museum Group Science Museum Tate Tate Britain Tate Modern Victoria and Albert Museum V&A Museum of Childhood Designated collections Courtauld Gallery Dulwich Picture Gallery Firepower -- The Royal Artillery Museum Hunterian Museum Jewish Museum Library and Museum of Freemasonry London Transport Museum Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology Royal Academy of Arts Museum of London Museum of London Docklands Royal Collection Trust Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews Historic Royal Palaces Banqueting House ,",
"50": "Whitehall Hampton Court Palace Kensington Palace Kew Palace Tower of London National Trust 2 Willow Road 575 Wandsworth Road Blewcoat School Carlyle 's House Eastbury Manor House Fenton House George Inn Lindsey House restricted Morden Hall Park Osterley Park Rainham Hall Red House Roman Baths Sutton House English Heritage Apsley House Chiswick House Down House Eltham Palace Jewel Tower Kenwood House ( Iveagh Bequest ) London Wall Marble Hill House Ranger 's House ( Wernher Collection ) Winchester Palace The London Museums of Health & Medicine ( selected ) Florence Nightingale Museum Foundling Museum Freud Museum Museum of the Order of St John Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret Wellcome Collection Other Arsenal Football Club Museum Bank of England Museum Barbican Art Gallery Benjamin Franklin House Bruce Castle Charles Dickens Museum David Zwirner Gallery Dennis Severs ' House Design Museum Dr Johnson 's House Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art Fashion and Textile Museum Flowers Gallery Garden Museum Guildhall Art Gallery Handel & Hendrix in London Hayward Gallery Hogarth 's House Institute of Contemporary Arts Leighton House Museum London Museum of Water & Steam Marlborough Gallery Museum of Brands , Packaging and Advertising Museum of Croydon Museum of Immigration and Diversity Museum of Richmond Orleans House Gallery The Redfern Gallery Royal Academy of Music Museum Saatchi Gallery Serpentine Galleries Sherlock Holmes Museum Two Temple Place Twickenham Museum Whitechapel Gallery White Cube William Morris Gallery Victoria Miro Gallery Category VIAF : 128321639 LCCN : sh85136293 ISNI : 0000 0004 0492 3259 GND : 4302320 - 4 BNF : cb124211409 ( data ) ULAN : 500302014 NKC : kn20081218009 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&oldid=838206414 '' Categories : Tower of London Castles in London Defunct prisons in",
"51": "London Fortifications of London History museums in London Local museums in London Army museums in London Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Museums on the River Thames National government buildings in London Historic Royal Palaces Royal residences in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Buildings and structures completed in 1078 Towers completed in the 11th century Towers in London Gothic architecture in England Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Grade I listed castles Defence of London Honourable Artillery Company Reportedly haunted locations in London Regimental museums in England Royal Regiment of Fusiliers William the Conqueror Buildings and structures on the River Thames Tourist attractions in London World Heritage Sites in London Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from February 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Azərbaycanca",
"52": "বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe",
"53": "Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what type of fuel goes in a zippo
|
[
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"lighter fluid"
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"0": "Zippo - wikipedia Zippo Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Zippo ( disambiguation ) . Zippo Manufacturing Company Type Private Genre Lighter manufacturer Founded 1932 ; 86 years ago ( 1932 ) Founder George Grant Blaisdell Headquarters Bradford , Pennsylvania , U.S. Divisions W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co . Website zippo.com A Zippo lighter is a reusable metal lighter manufactured by American Zippo Manufacturing Company of Bradford , Pennsylvania , United States of America . Thousands of different styles and designs have been made in the eight decades since their introduction including military versions for specific regiments . Since its invention Zippos have been sold around the world and have been described `` a legendary and distinct symbol of Americana '' . In 2012 the company produced the 500 - millionth unit . Since its inception Zippo Lighters have been almost exclusively manufactured in the United States , with the exception of those manufactured in Niagara , Canada ( an operation that has since been shut down ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Company history 2 Usage 2.1 Vietnam War 3 Price 4 Date codes 5 Construction 6 Zippo BLU & Zippo BLU 2 7 Zippo subsidiaries 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Company History ( edit ) Zippo plant , c. 1930 -- 1945 American George G. Blaisdell founded Zippo Manufacturing Company in 1932 , and produced the first Zippo lighter in early 1933 , being inspired by an Austrian cigarette lighter of similar design made by IMCO . It got its name because Blaisdell liked the sound of the word `` zipper '' and `` zippo '' sounded more modern . On March 3 , 1936 , a patent was granted for the Zippo lighter . Zippo lighters became popular in the United States military , especially during World War II -- when , as the company 's web site says , Zippo `` ceased production of lighters for consumer markets and dedicated all manufacturing to the US military '' .",
"1": "Period Zippos were made of brass , but Zippo used a black crackle finished steel during the war years because of metal shortages . While the Zippo Manufacturing Company never had an official contract with the military , soldiers and armed forces personnel insisted that base exchange ( BX ) and post exchange ( PX ) stores carry this sought - after lighter . While it had previously been common to have Zippos with authorized badges , unit crests , and division insignias , it became popular among the American soldiers of the Vietnam War to get their Zippos engraved with personal mottos . These lighters are now sought after collector 's items and popular souvenirs for visitors to Vietnam . After World War II , the Zippo lighter became increasingly used in advertising by companies large and small through the 1960s . Much of the early Zippo lighter advertising are works of art painted by hand , and as technology has evolved , so has the design and finish of the Zippo lighter . The basic mechanism of the Zippo lighter has remained unchanged . In 2002 , Zippo expanded its product line to include a variety of utility - style multi-purpose lighters , known as Zippo MPLs . This was followed in 2005 with the Outdoor Utility Lighter , known as the OUL . These lighters are fueled with butane . In August 2007 , Zippo released a new butane lighter called the Zippo BLU . A museum called `` Zippo / Case visitors center '' is located in Bradford , Pennsylvania , at 1932 Zippo Drive . This 15,000 - square - foot ( 1,400 m ) building contains rare and custom made Zippo lighters , and also sells the entire Zippo line . The museum was featured on the NPR program Weekend Edition on Sunday , January 25 , 2009 . The museum also contains an enormous collection of Case knives . Since the Zippo company 's 60th anniversary in 1992 , annual editions have been produced for Zippo collectors . From 1949 to 2002 , Zippos were also produced in Niagara Falls , Ontario , Canada . Since 1933 , over 500,000,000 Zippo lighters have been produced . In 2009 , Zippo announced plans to purchase Ronson Consumer Products Corporation , a long - time competitor in the lighter market .",
"2": "On February 3 , 2010 , the deal was finalized . In March 2011 , due to significant decrease of sales from 18 million lighters a year in the mid-1990s to about 12 million lighters a year recently , combined with increasing pressure on people not to smoke , Zippo Manufacturing Co. tried offering a wider variety of products using the Zippo name , such as watches , leisure clothing and eau de cologne . This strategy is similar to the success Victorinox Swiss Army Brands Inc. has had selling watches , luggage , clothing , and fragrance . On June 5 , 2012 , the company manufactured its 500,000,000 th lighter and celebrated its 80th anniversary . Zippo 's flint - wheel Ignition A lit 1968 slim model Zippo An open full - size Navy Zippo Brass - based case design with matched insert coloring Zippo point of sale display Usage ( edit ) Zippo lighters , which have gained popularity as `` windproof '' lighters , are able to stay lit in harsh weather , due to the design of the windscreen and adequate rate of fuel delivery . A consequence of the windproofing is that it is hard to extinguish a Zippo by blowing out the flame . However , if the flame is blown from the top down , it will be easily extinguished . The proper way to extinguish the lighter is to close the top half , which starves the flame of oxygen , but unlike other lighters , this does not cut the fuel . One of the recognizable features of Zippo is the fact that it burns with a wick . Opening the top lid produces an easily recognizable `` clink '' sound for which Zippo lighters are known , and a different but similarly recognizable `` clunk '' when the lighter is closed . This noise is produced by the spring - loaded toggling cam , a little lever that keeps the lid closed or opened securely . Modern black matte finish Zippo lighter Unlike disposable lighters , Zippo lighters purchased new do not contain fuel . Instructions for safely fueling the Zippo are included in its packaging . Zippo also offers for sale a name brand lighter fluid .",
"3": "Vietnam War ( edit ) Morley Safer , in his August 5 , 1965 CBS News report of the Cam Ne affair and Private First Class Reginald `` Malik '' Edwards , the rifleman 9th Regiment , US Marine Corps Danang ( June 1965 -- March 1966 ) whose profile comprises chapter one of Wallace Terry 's book , Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans ( 1984 ) , describe the use of Zippo lighters in search and destroy missions during the Vietnam War . Edwards stated : `` when you say level a village , you do n't use torches . It 's not like in the 1800s . You used a Zippo . Now you would use a Bic . That 's just the way we did it . You went in there with your Zippos . Everybody . That 's why people bought Zippos . Everybody had a Zippo . It was for burnin ' shit down . '' `` Zippo squad '' became a phrase of American military jargon for being assigned to burn a village . The M132 Armored Flamethrower was referred to as a `` Zippo '' . Price ( edit ) Current Zippos carry a suggested retail price between US $14.95 and US $11,893.95 ( for the 18k solid gold model ) . In 2001 , according to the fall 2003 issue of IUP Magazine , a 1933 model was purchased for $18,000 at a swap meet in Tokyo , and in 2002 the company bought one valued at $12,000 for its own collection . During the 2007 75th anniversary celebrations , Zippo sold a near mint 1933 model for $37,000 . All Zippo windproof lighters carry an unlimited lifetime guarantee , promoted using the trademarked phrase `` It works or we fix it for free . '' The corporate web site boasts : `` in almost 75 years , no one has ever spent a cent on the mechanical repair of a Zippo lighter regardless of the lighter 's age or condition . '' Date codes ( edit ) Zippo lighter produced in September 1994 In mid-1955 , Zippo started year coding their lighters by the use of dots .",
"4": "From 1966 until 1973 the year code was denoted by combinations of vertical lines . From 1974 until 1981 the coding comprised combinations of forward slashes . In 1979 an error was inadvertently introduced into fabrication , with some lighters reading / on the left and / / on the right instead of / / on the left and / on the right , but was fixed within the year . From 1982 until June 1986 the coding was by backslash . After July 1986 , Zippo began including a date code on all lighters showing the month and year of production . On the left of the underside was stamped a letter A -- L , denoting the month ( A = January , B = February , C = March , etc . ) . On the right was a Roman numeral which denoted the year , beginning with II in 1986 . However , in 2001 , Zippo altered this system , changing the Roman numerals to more conventional Arabic numerals . Thus a Zippo made in August 2004 was stamped H 04 . Construction ( edit ) Zippo lighter fluid can The cases of Zippo lighters are typically made of brass and are rectangular with a hinged top . On most models , the top of the case is slightly curved . Inside the case are the works of the lighter . The insert contains the spring - toggle lever that keeps the top closed , the wick , windscreen chimney , flintwheel , and flint , all of which are mounted on an open - bottom metal box that is slightly smaller than the bottom of the outer case , and into which it slips snugly . The hollow part of the interior box encloses five rayon balls ( similar to cotton balls ) which are in contact with the wick . The bottom of this is covered by a piece of felt approximately 1 / 4 of an inch thick . Printed on the bottom of the felt ( in modern Zippos , not on older models ) are the words , `` LIFT TO FILL , '' to indicate one must lift the felt away from the `` cotton '' in order to refuel it .",
"5": "The fuel , light petroleum distillate or synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbon ( commonly referred to as lighter fluid or naphtha ) , is poured into the rayon balls ( sometimes called the `` cotton , '' or the `` batting '' ) , which absorbs it . It also contains a tube that holds a short , cylindrical flint . The tube has an interior spring and exterior cap - screw that keeps the flint in constant contact with the exterior flint - wheel . Spinning this rough - surfaced wheel against flint results in a spark that ignites the fluid in the wick . All parts of the lighter are replaceable . The Zippo lighter requires 108 manufacturing operations . Zippo BLU & Zippo BLU 2 ( edit ) Zippo released the Zippo BLU in 2007 ( although there are many 2005 pre-release models ) . These are butane torch lighters , which Zippo has gone to great lengths to make sure are still `` identifiable as a Zippo '' . Specifically , the lid and cam were `` tuned '' so that the lighter still makes the distinctive `` Zippo click '' , and also it is one of the only butane torch lighters that uses a flint and striker wheel . There is also the BLU2 , which features a more square frame and eliminates the fuel gauge on the side of the original Zippo BLU . As of January 1 , 2016 , the BLU line of lighters are discontinued . Zippo has stated that they will continue to service all previously sold BLU lighters . Zippo subsidiaries ( edit ) In addition to its 2010 purchase of the Ronson brand in the US and Canada , Zippo also owns W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. of Bradford , Pennsylvania , Zippo UK , Ltd. of London , England , and Zippo Fashion Italia of Vicenza , Italy . See also ( edit ) Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com , Inc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Lander ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` The Buyable Past - Zippo Lighters '' . www.americanheritage.com . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 21 .",
"6": "Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/nyttigbras/the-short-story-about-the-american-icon-the-lege-10gsu Jump up ^ Lukas Hermsmeier ( 3 January 2016 ) . `` Zippo , die Geschichte des legendären Sturmfeuerzeugs '' ( Zippo , the story of the legendary windproof ligthers ) . www.welt.de ( in German ) . Welt . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Joe Mandak ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` Zippo produces 500 millionth lighter '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/photos/zippo-500-million-lighters-counting-16492987 Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/about/article.aspx?id=1574 Jump up ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/john-ratzenbergers-made-in-america/zippo-377042/ Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0944465/ Jump up ^ `` IMCO '' . ' Imco ' products website . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MervServe.com/ '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 2,032,695 Jump up ^ The story of the Zippo Manufacturing Company at the company 's website Jump up ^ Zippo Companion by Avi Baer and Alexander Neumark ( Hardcover - Dec 15 , 2000 ) 192 pages Publisher : Compendium Publishing . ISBN 1 - 906347 - 13 - 1 .",
"7": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 906347 - 13 - 0 Jump up ^ An American Legend Zippo : a Collector 's Companion by Avi R ; Neumark , Alexander Baer ( Hardcover - 1999 ) Jump up ^ Sherry Buchanan and Bradford Edwards , Vietnam Zippos : American Soldiers ' Engravings and Stories , 1965 -- 1973 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paulette Dininny , `` Keepers of the Flame : After Big Sales in World War II and Parts in Old Movies , Zippos Are Still Around , Often as hot Collector 's Items , '' Smithsonian , vol. 29 , no . 9 ( December 1998 ) , pg. 44 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) - Zippo Blu press release Jump up ^ Zippo.ca -- Welcome to Zippo Canada Jump up ^ Zippo Announces Plans for Ronson Acquisition Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/NewsAndEvents/Zippo_Announces_Ronson_Acquisition.aspx?article=8b2e0797-0f10-4ee2-a4f6-93fdbc97f86d Jump up ^ http://hosted2.ap.org/NYKIN/APOdd/Article_2011-03-20-Zippo-More%20Than%20Lighters/id-5085b8c4ab684f1099cd38e2449b584c Jump up ^ Library , University of California , Berkeley , 2005 , Pacifica Radio / UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond Jump up ^ Terry , Wallace ( 1984 ) . Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans . Random House . p. 5 . ISBN 0394530284 . ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 53028 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Tom ( 2007 ) . The End of Victory Culture : Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a . p . Page 190 , footnote . ISBN 9781558495869 . Jump up ^ p. 530 Rubin , Allen ; Weiss , Eugenia L.",
"8": "& Coll , Jose E. Handbook of Military Social Work John Wiley & Sons 27 / 11 / 2012 Jump up ^ p. 28 Rottman , Gordon L. & Anderson , Duncan The US Army in the Vietnam War 1965 -- 73 Osprey Publishing , 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.zippocasemuseum.com/index.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1&directoryid=-1&ctrl=productdetails&productid=60 Jump up ^ Zippo 's Czar Archived September 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ( brief profile of the company 's top executive , with two photographs ) Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/75years/auction/anniversaryAuctionItems.aspx#item34 Jump up ^ Zippo History Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/about/article.aspx?id=1582 Jump up ^ http://thecigarauthority.com/zippo-announces-discontinuation-of-branded-butane-lighters/ Jump up ^ https://morrisonlee.com/lorillard-zippo-battle-blu-trademarks/ Further reading ( edit ) Sherry Buchanan ( 2007 ) . Vietnam Zippos : American Soldiers ' Engravings and Stories ( 1965 - 1973 ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226078281 . Rose Chun , `` Snap That Top : The Zippo Lighter Dwells in American Legend as an Icon of Machismo and Quality , '' Cigar Aficionado , vol. 2 , no . 2 ( Winter 1993 / 94 ) , pp. 72 -- 79 . Haglund , David ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` The Mad Men Premiere 's Dark Vietnam Subtext '' . Slate . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zippo . Official website Official website ( Canada ) Official website ( UK ) Official website ( Australia ) Audio recording of a Zippo lighter in use ( hide ) Zippo Subsidiaries Ronson W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co .",
"9": "People Louis Vincent Aronson George Grant Blaisdell Events Zippo 200 at The Glen Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com , Inc . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zippo&oldid=814717428 '' Categories : Cigarette lighter brands Tobacciana Goods manufactured in the United States Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania McKean County , Pennsylvania Manufacturing companies established in 1932 1932 establishments in Pennsylvania Privately held companies based in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing the year an event occurred from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 14 : 04 . About Wikipedia",
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-2060506905455252030
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first jnanpith award was an autor of which language
|
[
"Malayalam",
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"Malayalam",
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{
"0": "G Sankara Kurup - Wikipedia G Sankara Kurup Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) G. Sankara Kurup Drawing of G. Shankarakurup ( 1901 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1901 Nayathode , Kingdom of Cochin 2 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 02 ) ( aged 76 ) Vappalassery , Angamaly , Ernakulam , Kerala , India Occupation Teacher , Poet , Essayist , Translator , Lyricist , Member of Indian Parliament Notable works Odakkuzhal ( 1950 ) G. Sankara Kurup , ( 3 June 1901 , Nayathode , Kingdom of Cochin ( now in Ernakulam district , Kerala , India ) -- 2 February 1978 , Vappalassery , Angamaly , Ernakulam district , Kerala ) , better known as Mahakavi G ( The Great Poet G ) , was the first winner of the Jnanpith Award , India 's highest literary award . He won the prize in 1965 for his collection of poems in Malayalam Odakkuzhal ( The Bamboo Flute , 1950 ) . With part of the prize money he established the literary award Odakkuzhal in 1968 . He was also the recipient of the Soviet Land Nehru Award , in 1967 , and the Padma Bhushan in 1968 . His poetry collection Viswadarshanam won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1961 and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in 1963 . After completing his education , Kurup worked as the Malayalam teacher in a secondary school in Thiruvillwamala in 1921 . Later he became a teacher in the Government Secondary Teacher Training Institute near Trichur . He worked as the Malayalam Pandit in Maharaja 's College , Ernakulam , and retired as Professor of Malayalam from the College in 1956 .",
"1": "Kurup published his first poem , called Salutation to Nature in 1918 , while still a student . Apart from 25 collections of poetry , Kurup also wrote verse dramas and collections of literary essays -- in all about 40 works in Malayalam . He also translated the Rubáiyát ( 1932 ) of Omar Khayyám , the Sanskrit poem Meghaduta ( 1944 ) of Kalidas , and the collection of poems Gitanjali ( 1959 ) of Rabindranath Tagore into Malayalam . Indeed , one often speaks of the influence of Tagore and Gandhi on the humanism and nationalism of Kurup . He has also been described as a `` bard of science '' who explored the role of science in achieving the human potential . He also penned the lyrics for P.J. Cherian 's Nirmala , ( 1948 ) , the first Malayalam film to incorporate music and songs . Kurup also led an active public life as a member ( 1968 -- 72 ) of Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian parliament . Sankara Warrier was his father and Vadakkani Lakshmikutty Amma was his mother . G 's uncle was a good Sanskrit scholar and astrologer , who had a significant influence in shaping his literary life . In 1931 G married Subhadra Amma from an ancient Nair family - Purathu Veedu in Thiruvanchikulam , capital of the old Chera empire .",
"2": "Works ( edit ) Poetry Suryakaanthi ( Sunflower ) ( 1933 ) Nimisham ( The Moment ) ( 1945 ) Odakkuzhal ( Flute ) ( 1950 ) Padhikante Paattu ( The Traveler 's Song ) ( 1955 ) Vishwadarshanam ( The Sight of the Universe ) ( 1960 ) Moonnaruviyum Oru Puzhayum ( Three Streams and a River ) ( 1963 ) Jeevana Sangeetham ( The Music of Life ) ( 1964 ) Sahithya Kauthukam ( The Sweetness of Literature ) , in 3 Volumes ( 1968 ) Ente Veil - Perunthachan Essays Gadhyopahaaram ( Honouring with Prose ) ( 1947 ) Mutthum Chippiyum ( Pearl and Oyster ) ( 1958 ) Ormayude Olangalil ( In the Waves of Memory ) ( 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith Laureates Official listings '' . Jnanpith Website . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Jnanpith Archived 16 October 2007 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 .",
"3": "External links ( edit ) An overview of the major genres of modern Malayalam literature Bibliography of Malayalam Literature Another Bibliography of Malayalam literature G. Sankara Kurup 's Jnanpith Award Acceptance Speech The Poet 's commentary on his work Commemorative Stamp released by India Post on 9 October 2003 ( image ) Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 Rabindra Nath Chaudhuri Nilakantha Das Kazi Nazrul Islam Hafiz Ali Khan Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao Acharya Shivpujan Sahay Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar 1961 Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria Seth Govind Das Verrier Elwin Niranjan Das Gulhati L. Venkatakrishna Iyer Sumitranandan Pant Svetoslav Roerich Bhagwan Sahay Bindeshwari Prasad Verma Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1962 Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar Prem Chandra Dhanda Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Daulat Singh Kothari Mithan Jamshed Lam Sisir Kumar Mitra Tarabai Modak Niaz Fatehpuri Narayan Sitaram Phadke V. Raghavan Dukhan Ram T.S. Soundram Mahankali Seetharama Rao Moturi Satyanarayana Sitaram Seksaria Tarlok Singh 1963 Makhanlal Chaturvedi Omeo Kumar Das Nitish Chandra Laharry Badri Nath Prasad Kanuri Lakshmana Rao Rahul Sankrityayan T.R.",
"4": "Seshadri Sardar Harnarain Singh Ramkumar Verma 1964 Sheikh Abdullah Nuruddin Ahmed Rafiuddin Ahmed Jacob Chandy Kunji Lal Dubey Tushar Kanti Ghosh Dara Nusserwanji Khurody Anukul Chandra Mukherjee Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee R.K. Narayan Chintaman Govind Pandit Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel Bal Gandharva T.N. Ramachandran Khushwant Lal Wig 1965 Joginder Singh Dhillon Bhalchandra Babaji Dikshit Narasinh Narayan Godbole Nawang Gombu Sonam Gyatso Kashmir Singh Katoch Akbar Ali Khan S.L. Kirloskar Mohan Singh Kohli Pratap Chandra Lal Mohammad Mujeeb Jayant Narlikar Ramaswamy Rajaram K.R. Ramanathan Satyajit Ray Triguna Sen Harbaksh Singh Vrindavan Lal Verma Manikya Lal Verma 1966 Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami Verghese Kurien Zubin Mehta K.P. Kesava Menon Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai K. Shankar Pillai Vikram Sarabhai Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate Homi Sethna Jodh Singh Haribhau Upadhyaya 1967 Mulk Raj Anand Tara Cherian Krishna Kanta Handique Akshay Kumar Jain Pupul Jayakar Ali Akbar Khan D.P. Kohli Ramanathan Krishnan C.K. Lakshmanan S.I. Padmavati D.C. Pavate Datto Vaman Potdar B. Shiva Rao Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain Mihir Sen Ravi Shankar M.L.",
"5": "Vasanthakumari 1968 Acharya Vishva Bandhu Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar Mary Clubwala Jadhav K. Shivaram Karanth Bismillah Khan Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar Sam Manekshaw Mansukhlal Atmaram Master M.G.K. Menon Waman Bapuji Metre Gujarmal Modi Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi Benjamin Peary Pal Brahm Prakash Manikonda Chalapathi Rau C.R. Rao Radhanath Rath Mariadas Ruthnaswamy Firaq Gorakhpuri Shripad Damodar Satwalekar G. Sankara Kurup Periyasaamy Thooran Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya 1969 Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay Rahim - ud - in Khan Dagar Mohanlal Lallubhai Dantwala Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey Keshav Prasad Goenka Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Vithalbhai Jhaveri Prithviraj Kapoor Kesarbai Kerkar Krishna Kripalani Adinath Lahiri Gobind Behari Lal Kasturbhai Lalbhai Lata Mangeshkar V.K. Narayana Menon Saghar Nizami Nanasaheb Parulekar Yashwant Dinkar Pendharkar Vitthal Laxman Phadke Raja Rao Niharranjan Ray Prafulla Kumar Sen Haroon Khan Sherwani Naval Tata S.S.",
"6": "Vasan # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Jnanpith Award recipients 1965 -- 1985 G. Sankara Kurup ( 1965 ) Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay ( 1966 ) Kuvempu and Umashankar Joshi ( 1967 ) Sumitranandan Pant ( 1968 ) Firaq Gorakhpuri ( 1969 ) Viswanatha Satyanarayana ( 1970 ) Bishnu Dey ( 1971 ) Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ( 1972 ) D.R. Bendre and Gopinath Mohanty ( 1973 ) Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar ( 1974 ) Akilan ( 1975 ) Ashapoorna Devi ( 1976 ) K. Shivaram Karanth ( 1977 ) Sachchidananda Vatsyayan ( 1978 ) Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya ( 1979 ) S.K. Pottekkatt ( 1980 ) Amrita Pritam ( 1981 ) Mahadevi Varma ( 1982 ) Masti Venkatesha Iyengar ( 1983 ) Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai ( 1984 ) Pannalal Patel ( 1985 ) 1986 -- 2000 Sachidananda Routray ( 1986 ) Kusumagraj ( 1987 ) C. Narayana Reddy ( 1988 ) Qurratulain Hyder ( 1989 ) Vinayaka Krishna Gokak ( 1990 ) Subhas Mukhopadhyay ( 1991 ) Naresh Mehta ( 1992 ) Sitakant Mahapatra ( 1993 ) U.R. Ananthamurthy ( 1994 ) M.T.",
"7": "Vasudevan Nair ( 1995 ) Mahasweta Devi ( 1996 ) Ali Sardar Jafri ( 1997 ) Girish Karnad ( 1998 ) Gurdial Singh and Nirmal Verma ( 1999 ) Mamoni Raisom Goswami ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Rajendra Shah ( 2001 ) Jayakanthan ( 2002 ) Vinda Karandikar ( 2003 ) Rehman Rahi ( 2004 ) Kunwar Narayan ( 2005 ) Ravindra Kelekar and Satya Vrat Shastri ( 2006 ) O.N.V. Kurup ( 2007 ) Akhlaq Mohammed Khan ( 2008 ) Amarkant and Sri Lal Sukla ( 2009 ) Chandrashekhara Kambara ( 2010 ) Pratibha Ray ( 2011 ) Ravuri Bharadhwaja ( 2012 ) Kedarnath Singh ( 2013 ) Bhalchandra Nemade ( 2014 ) Raghuveer Chaudhari ( 2015 ) Shankha Ghosh ( 2016 ) Krishna Sobti ( 2017 ) Sahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam language 1955 - 1975 R. Narayana Panikkar ( 1955 ) Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai ( 1957 ) K.P. Kesava Menon ( 1958 ) Uroob ( 1960 ) G. Sankara Kurup ( 1963 ) P. Kesavadev ( 1964 ) Balamani Amma ( 1965 ) Kuttikrishna Marar ( 1966 ) P. Kunhiraman Nair ( 1967 ) Edasseri Govindan Nair ( 1969 ) M.T. Vasudevan Nair ( 1970 ) Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon ( 1971 ) S.K.",
"8": "Pottekkatt ( 1972 ) Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri ( 1973 ) Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup ( 1974 ) O.N.V. Kurup ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 Cherukad ( 1976 ) Lalithambika Antharjanam ( 1977 ) Sugathakumari ( 1978 ) N.V. Krishna Warrier ( 1979 ) Punathil Kunjabdulla ( 1980 ) Vilasini ( 1981 ) V.K.N. ( 1982 ) S. Guptan Nair ( 1983 ) Ayyappa Paniker ( 1984 ) Sukumar Azhikode ( 1985 ) M. Leelavathy ( 1986 ) N. Krishna Pillai ( 1987 ) C. Radhakrishnan ( 1988 ) Olappamanna ( 1989 ) O.V. Vijayan ( 1990 ) M.P. Sankunni Nair ( 1991 ) M. Mukundan ( 1992 ) N.P. Mohammed ( 1993 ) Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri ( 1994 ) Thikkodiyan ( 1995 ) T. Padmanabhan ( 1996 ) Anand ( 1997 ) Kovilan ( 1998 ) C.V. Sreeraman ( 1999 ) R. Ramachandran ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Attoor Ravi Varma ( 2001 ) K.G. Sankara Pillai ( 2002 ) Sara Joseph ( 2003 ) Zacharia ( 2004 ) Kakkanadan ( 2005 ) M. Sukumaran ( 2006 ) Sethu ( 2007 ) K.P. Appan ( 2008 ) U.A. Khader ( 2009 ) M.P. Veerendra Kumar ( 2010 ) M.K.",
"9": "Sanu ( 2011 ) K. Satchidanandan ( 2012 ) M.N. Paloor ( 2013 ) Subhash Chandran ( 2014 ) K.R. Meera ( 2015 ) Prabha Varma ( 2016 ) Malayalam literature Organizations Kerala Sahitya Akademi Literary Awards Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram Edasseri Award Ezhuthachan Puraskaram Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children 's Literature Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue Mathrubhumi Literary Award Muttathu Varkey Award O.V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram Odakkuzhal Award Padmarajan Award Vallathol Award Vayalar Award Fiction writers Akbar Kakkattil Anand Appu Nedungadi Ashitha Ashtamoorthi KV B.M. Suhara B. Sandhya C. Radhakrishnan C.V. Balakrishnan C.V. Raman Pillai C.V. Sreeraman Chandramathi Cherukad E. Harikumar E. Vasu G.R. Indugopan George Onakkoor Gracy I.K.K. Menon John Abraham Jose Panachippuram Joy J. Kaimaparamban K.J. Baby K.L. Mohana Varma K.N. Ezhuthachan K.P. Nirmal Kumar K.P.",
"10": "Ramanunni K.R. Meera K. Rekha K. Surendran K.P Joseph Kalarickal Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai Kakkanadan Kamala Surayya Kanam EJ Karazhmakaran Gopali Karur Neelakanta Pillai Khadija Mumtaz Kottayam Pushpanath Kovilan Lalithambika Antharjanam M. Mukundan M. Sukumaran M.T. Vasudevan Nair Madampu Kunjukuttan Madhupal Malayath Appunni Malayattoor Ramakrishnan Mallika Yunis Muttathu Varkey N. Mohanan N.N. Pisharody N.P. Chellappan Nair N.P. Mohammed N.S. Madhavan Nandanar Narayan O.V. Vijayan Omchery N.N. Pillai Oyyarathu Chandu Menon P. Ayyaneth P.F. Mathews P.K. Balakrishnan P. Kesavadev P. Surendran P. Valsala Padmarajan Pamman Parappurath Pattathuvila Karunakaran Paul Chirakkarode Paul Zacharia Perumbadavam Sreedharan Ponkunnam Varkey Punathil Kunjabdulla Raghunath Paleri S.K. Pottekkatt Sankar Santhosh Echikkanam Sarah Joseph Sarah Thomas Sethu Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu Sohanlal Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty Subhash Chandran T.P. Rajeevan T. Padmanabhan T.V. Kochubava T.V. Varkey Tatapuram Sukumaran Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Thikkodiyan U.A. Khader U.K.",
"11": "Kumaran Unnikrishnan Puthur Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode Uroob V.K.N. Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Vallachira Madhavan Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar Vilasini Poets A. Ayyappan A.C. Sreehari Akkitham Attoor Ravi Varma Balachandran Chullikkadu Bodheswaran Chandiroor Divakaran Changampuzha Krishna Pillai Cherusseri Namboothiri D. Vinayachandran Edappalli Raghavan Pillai Edasseri Govindan Nair G. Shankara Kurup Irayimman Thampi K. Ayyappa Panicker K.C. Kesava Pillai Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai Kavitha Balakrishnan Kumaran Asan Kunchan Nambiar Kureepuzha Sreekumar Lalitha Lenin M. Govindan M.P. Appan M.S. Banesh Manoj Kuroor Mohanakrishnan Kaladi N.V. Krishna Warrier Nellikkal Muraleedharan Niranam poets O.N.V. Kurup Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad P. Kunhiraman Nair P.P. Ramachandran Pala Narayanan Nair Poonthanam Namboothiri Punaloor Balan Puthussery Ramachandran S. Joseph Satchidanandan Satyan Madakkara Sugathakumari Thirunalloor Karunakaran Tholan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer Unnayi Warrier V. Madhusoodanan Nair V.M.",
"12": "Girija Vallathol Narayana Menon Vayalar Ramavarma Veerankutty Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup Vijayalakshmi Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon Children 's literature Sumangala Shebaly Sippy Pallippuram Essayists / Critics C.S. Venkiteswaran Joseph Mundasseri K.M. Daniel K.P. Appan K. Damodaran Kesari Balakrishna Pillai Kozhikodan Kuttikrishna Marar M.K. Sanu M. Krishnan Nair ( author ) M. Leelavathy M.N. Vijayan M.P. Paul M.R. Chandrasekharan Narendra Prasad S. Guptan Nair S. Rajasekharan Sanjayan Sukumar Azhikode V.C. Sreejan Vijayakrishnan Scholars and Grammarians A.R. Raja Raja Varma Arnos Paathiri Hermann Gundert Jyesthadevan Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran Kottarathil Sankunni Krishna Chaithanya Translators Leela Devi M.K. Kumaran M.N. Sathyaardhi N.K. Damodaran Nileena Abraham Genre Champukkal Kilippattu Manipravalam Vadakkan Pattukal Venmani School Novels Aalahayude Penmakkal Aalohari Anandam Aarachaar Anal Haq Anargha Nimisham Anuragathinte Dinangal Agnisakshi Ara Nazhika Neram Arabi Ponnu Arohanam Asuravithu Avakasikal Ayussinte Pusthakam Balyakalasakhi Barsa Chemmeen Cheviyorkkuka ! Anthimakahalam Delhi Gadhakal Ente Katha Ente",
"13": "Thankam Francis Itty Cora Goat Days God 's Mischief Gurusagaram Indulekha Kaalam Kayar Kesavan 's Lamentations Khasakkinte Itihasam Kocharethi Kundalatha Manju ( novel ) Manushyanu Oru Aamukham Maoist Maranathinte Nizhalil Marthandavarma Mathilukal Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil Mucheettukalikkarante Makal Muthassi Naadan Premam Naalukettu Nakshathrangale Kaaval Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu Odayil Ninnu Ormayude Arakal Oru Desathinte Katha Oru Sankeerthanam Pole Oru Theruvinte Katha Othappu Paleri Manikyam : Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha Pathummayude Aadu Peruvazhiyambalam Ponni Poopoloral Pravasam Premalekhanam Randamoozham Randidangazhi Rathinirvedam Sarada Shabdangal Smarakasilakal Sufi Paranja Katha Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum Thottiyude Makan Ummachu Vasanavikriti Verukal Viddikalude Swargam Visappu Yakshi Yanthram Treatises Aithihyamala Alphabetum grandonico - malabaricum sive samscrudonicum Kerala Panineeyam Malayalam Encyclopedia Nātyakalpadrumam Sarvavijnanakosam State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications Viswasahityavijnanakosam",
"14": "Yuktibhāṣā Poems Atmopadesa Śatakam Jnanappana Omanathinkal Kidavo Puthen Pana Ramanan ( play in verse ) Rani ( poem ) Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam Unnuneeli Sandesam Assorted articles Arabi Malayalam Chakara Malayalam grammar Malayalam poetry Mathrubhumi Yearbook Jewish copper plate Judeo - Malayalam Malayalam script Malayalam triumvirate poets Malayanma Mannan language Mappila dialect Mozhi ( transliteration ) Mullu Kurumba language Pandy Malayalam Romanization of Malayalam Templates Portal WikiProject Padma Award winners of Kerala Padma Vibhushan Adoor Gopalakrishnan E.C. George Sudarshan E. Sreedharan G. Madhavan Nair John Mathai K.N. Raj K.R. Ramanathan K. Shankar Pillai Kottayan Katankot Venugopal M.S. Valiathan N.R. Pillai O.N.V. Kurup V.K. Krishna Menon V.R. Krishna Iyer Verghese Kurien K.J. Yesudas Padma Bhushan ( Male ) A.C.N. Nambiar Ammannur Madhava Chakyar A. Ramachandran A. Sreedhara Menon C.P. Krishnan Nair Chembai E.C. George Sudarshan Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss G. Madhavan Nair G. Sankara Kurup Gabriel Chiramel George Joseph ( scientist ) Guru Kunchu Kurup Jacob Chandy K.G.",
"15": "Subramanyan K.J. Yesudas K.M. George K.M. Mathew K.P. Kesava Menon K.P.P. Nambiar K.P.S. Menon ( senior ) K.R. Ramanathan K. Radhakrishnan K. Sankaran Nair K. Shankar Pillai K. Sukumaran K.T. Thomas ( Justice ) Kandathil Mammen Cherian Kavalam Narayana Panicker Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Kunhiraman Palat Candeth Kuzhur Narayana Marar M.S. Valiathan M.T. Vasudevan Nair M.V. Pylee Madavoor Vasudevan Nair Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai O.V. Vijayan P.K. Warrier Palghat Mani Iyer Pothan Joseph Prem Nazir Raghavan Thirumulpad Ramankutty Nair Satish Nambiar # T.J.S. George T.K. Oommen T.N. Krishnan * T.V. Gopalakrishnan T.V.R. Shenoy Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Thayil John Cherian Thomas Kailath # Trichur V. Ramachandran V.K. Narayana Menon Vainu Bappu # Vallathol Narayana Menon Verghese Kurien Padma Bhushan ( Female ) Balamani Amma Lakshmi N. Menon P. Leela Tara Cherian # Padma Shri ( Male ) A. Marthanda Pillai A. Sivathanu Pillai Adoor Gopalakrishnan Ammannur Madhava Chakyar Antony Padiyara Ayyappa Paniker Azad Moopen B. Paul Thaliath B. Ravi Pillai Balachandra Menon C.G.",
"16": "Krishnadas Nair Cheril Krishna Menon E. Sreedharan Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis G. Aravindan G. Shankar G. Vijayaraghavan Gopinath Pillai J. Hareendran Nair Jayaram Jose Chacko Periappuram K.J. Yesudas K.M. George K.M. Mammen Mappillai K.P. Haridas K.P. Udayabhanu K. Raghavan K. Ravindran Nair K. Shankar Pillai Kalamandalam Gopi Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri Kandathil Mammen Cherian Kandathil Mammen Philip Kavungal Chathunni Panicker Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair Kunhiraman Palat Candeth Kunnenkeril K. Jacob Kurian John Melamparambil Kuzhivelil Mathew Laurie Baker ! Madhavan Chandradathan ( M.C. Dathan ) M.A. Yousuf Ali M.G. Ramachandran # M. Krishnan Nair ( doctor ) M. Night Shyamalan # M.R. Kurup M.S. Valiathan M. Vijayan Madhu ( actor ) Mammen Mathew Mammootty Mani Madhava Chakyar Mathew Kalarickal Mattannoor Sankarankutty Mitraniketan Viswanathan Mohanlal N. Balakrishnan Nair N. Kesava Panikkar N.R. Madhava Menon Narayana Panicker Kochupillai Neyyattinkara Vasudevan O.N.V. Kurup P. Gopinathan P.K. Narayanan Nambiar P.K. Rajagopalan P.K.",
"17": "Warrier P. Parameswaran Paul Pothen Perakath Verghese Benjamin Peruvanam Kuttan Marar Philip Augustine Prem Nazir Priyadarshan Pucadyil Ittoop John Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph R. Marthanda Varma R.K. Krishna Kumar Rajagopalan Krishnan Resul Pookutty Shaji N. Karun Sooranad Kunjan Pillai Stanley John Sunny Varkey T.K. Alex T.N. Krishnan * Thayil John Cherian Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair Thilakan Thomas Kunnunkal Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair Vellayani Arjunan Verghese Kurien Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri Padma Shri ( Female ) Achamma Mathai Anju Bobby George Dipika Pallikal Karthik # K.M. Beenamol K.S. Chithra Kalamandalam Kshemavathy Kalamandalam Satyabhama Leela Omchery Lucy Oommen M.D. Valsamma M. Leelavathy M. Subhadra Nair Mary Poonen Lukose Mary Verghese P.T. Usha Pepita Seth ! Rachel Thomas ( skydiver ) Shiny Abraham Shobana Sudha Varghese Sugathakumari Sukumari Thangam Philip Usha Uthup Vidya Balan * ( * ) By birth - ( # ) By ethnicity - ( ! )",
"18": "By domicile VIAF : 72805550 LCCN : n84206305 ISNI : 0000 0000 5559 4580 GND : 136515630 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Sankara_Kurup&oldid=816600046 '' Categories : 1901 births 1978 deaths Malayalam - language writers Recipients of the Jnanpith Award Writers from Kochi Malayalam poets Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam Translators of Omar Khayyám Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha People from Ernakulam district 20th - century Indian translators 20th - century Indian poets Poets from Kerala Indian male poets Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Esperanto हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा Русский తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 11 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played the mad hatter in the batman tv show
|
[
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{
"0": "List of Batman television series cast members - wikipedia List of Batman television series cast members Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Batman , a fictional superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics , has appeared in numerous filmed works , with a variety of casts . The list below presents the casts of the television series in which Batman was the eponymous starring character . Television series ( edit ) Character Series ( all except Batman ( 1966 -- 1968 ) and Gotham are animated ) Batman ( 1966 -- 1968 ) The Adventures of Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder ( 1968 -- 1969 ) The New Adventures of Batman ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 1995 ) The New Batman Adventures ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Batman Beyond ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Batman ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Beware the Batman ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Gotham ( 2015 -- present ) CAST Bruce Wayne Batman Adam West Olan Soule Adam West Kevin Conroy Rino Romano Diedrich Bader Zachary Gordon ( young ) Mikey Kelley ( pre-teen ) Dee Bradley Baker ( infant ) Anthony Ruivivar David Mazouz Terry McGinnis Batman Will Friedle Alfred Pennyworth Alan Napier Olan Soule Clive Revill Efrem Zimbalist , Jr .",
"1": "Alastair Duncan James Garrett JB Blanc Sean Pertwee Commissioner James Gordon Neil Hamilton Ted Knight Lennie Weinrib Bob Hastings Mitch Pileggi Kurtwood Smith Ben McKenzie Dick Grayson Robin Nightwing Burt Ward Casey Kasem Burt Ward Brianne Siddall Evan Sabara Jeremy Shada Grey DeLisle Jason Marsden Loren Lester Jerry O'Connell Crawford Wilson Tim Drake Robin Mathew Valencia Carrie Kelly Robin Anndi McAfee Barbara Gordon Batgirl Yvonne Craig Jane Webb Melendy Britt Melissa Gilbert Tara Strong Stockard Channing Danielle Judovits Mae Whitman Tara Strong Katana Vyvan Pham Kim Mai Guest Sumalee Montano The Joker Cesar Romero Larry Storch Lennie Weinrib Mark Hamill Michael McKean Kevin Michael Richardson Jeff Bennett Corey Burton Cameron Monaghan The Penguin Burgess Meredith Ted Knight Lennie Weinrib Paul Williams Tom Kenny Stephen Root Jeff Bennett Robin Lord Taylor The Riddler Frank Gorshin John Astin Ted Knight John Glover Robert Englund John Michael Higgins Cory Michael Smith Two - Face Richard Moll James Remar Richard Moll Nicholas D'Agosto Catwoman Julie Newmar Eartha Kitt Jane Webb Melendy Britt Adrienne Barbeau Gina Gershon Nika Futterman Camren Bicondova Mr.",
"2": "Freeze George Sanders Otto Preminger Eli Wallach Lennie Weinrib Michael Ansara Clancy Brown John Di Maggio Nathan Darrow Ra 's al Ghul David Warner Peter Woodward Lance Reddick Alexander Siddig Clock King Walter Slezak Alan Rachins Dee Bradley Baker Scarecrow Henry Polic II Dee Bradley Baker Charlie Tahan Mad Hatter David Wayne Roddy McDowall Benedict Samuel False Face Malachi Throne Townsend Coleman Corey Burton Harley Quinn Arleen Sorkin Hynden Walch Meghan Strange Meggie Vilcina Man - Bat Marc Singer Peter MacNicol Killer Moth Jeff Bennett Corey Burton Killer Croc Aron Kincaid Ron Perlman Stephen Root Poison Ivy Diane Pershing Piera Coppola Jennifer Hale Clare Foley Maggie Geha Peyton List Scarface / The Ventriloquist George Dzundza Dan Castellaneta Bane Henry Silva Joaquim de Almeida Ron Perlman Clancy Brown Michael Dorn Firefly Mark Rolston Jason Marsden Michelle Veintimilla Camila Perez Dr. Hugo Strange Ray Buktenica Frank Gorshin Richard Green B.D.",
"3": "Wong Rupert Thorne John Vernon Victor Brandt Tony Zucco Thomas F. Wilson Mark Hamill Fox Bill Mumy David Faustino Phil Morris Shark Peter Scolari Googy Gress Vulture David Jolliffe Grey DeLisle Edoardo Ballerini Count Vertigo Michael York Greg Ellis Spellbinder Jon Cypher Michael Massee Blockbuster Kevin Michael Richardson Gary Anthony Williams Black Mask James Remar John Di Maggio Todd Stashwick Thomas Wayne Kevin Conroy Corey Burton Greg Ellis Adam West Grayson McCouch Martha Wayne Adrienne Barbeau Pat Musick Julie Newmar Brette Taylor Chief O'Hara Stafford Repp Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo Donal Logue Renee Montoya Ingrid Oliu Liane Schirmer Victoria Cartagena Aunt Harriet Cooper Madge Blake Lucius Fox Brock Peters Mel Winkler Louis Gossett , Jr . Chris Chalk Green Arrow Chris Hardwick James Arnold Taylor Hal Jordan Green Lantern Dermot Mulroney Loren Lester Zatanna Julie Brown Jennifer Hale Hawkman Robert Patrick William Katt Rex Mason Metamorpho Scott Menville Adam Baldwin Sinestro Miguel Ferrer Xander Berkeley Solomon Grundy Kevin Grevioux Diedrich Bader Drew Powell Jason Blood Etrigan Billy Zane Dee Bradley Baker Jonah Hex Bill McKinney Phil Morris Summer Gleeson Mari Devon Mayor Hamilton Hill Lloyd Bochner Dr. Leslie Thompkins Diana Muldaur Morena Baccarin Bat - Mite Lou Scheimer Paul Reubens Ace the Bat - Hound Frank Welker Dee Bradley Baker Dana Tan Lauren Tom Mrs.",
"4": "Mary McGinnis Teri Garr Delia & Deidre Dennis Melissa Joan Hart References ( edit ) Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 97 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs.",
"5": "Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Batman_television_series_cast_members&oldid=814914897 '' Categories : Batman lists Batman television series Lists of actors by crime television series Lists of actors by science fiction television series Lists of DC Comics television characters Lists of DC Comics animated television characters Hidden categories : Pages with disallowed DISPLAYTITLE modifications Articles lacking sources from December 2017 All articles lacking sources Comics navigational boxes purge Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 17 : 46 . About Wikipedia",
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-1650946015201779846
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how many cracker barrels in the united states
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{
"0": "Cracker Barrel - wikipedia Cracker Barrel Jump to : navigation , search Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc . Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : CBRL S&P 400 Component ISIN US22410J1060 Industry Restaurants Founded September 19 , 1969 ; 48 years ago ( 1969 - 09 - 19 ) Founder Dan Evins Headquarters Lebanon , Tennessee , United States Number of locations 640 at Sept. 19 , 2016 Area served United States Key people Michael A. Woodhouse ( Director & Executive Chairman ) Sandra B. Cochran ( President & CEO ) Revenue US $ 2.91 billion ( fiscal 2016 ) Operating income US $280.47 million ( fiscal 2016 ) Net income US $189.30 million ( fiscal 2016 ) Total assets US $1.50 billion ( fiscal 2016 ) Total equity US $526.43 million ( fiscal 2016 ) Number of employees approx . 73,000 at July 29 , 2016 Website www.crackerbarrel.com Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme . The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969 ; its first store was in Lebanon , Tennessee , which remains the company headquarters . The chain 's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States , but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s . As of September 18 , 2012 , the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states . Cracker Barrel 's menu is based on traditional Southern cuisine , with appearance and decor designed to resemble an old - fashioned general store . Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs , a stone fireplace , and decorative artifacts from the local area . Cracker Barrel is known for its partnerships with country music performers . It has received attention for its charitable activities , such as its assistance of victims of Hurricane Katrina and injured war veterans . Employees there wear a choice of either white , yellow , blue or pink shirts .",
"1": "During the 1990s , the company was the subject of controversy for its official stance against gay and lesbian employees and for discriminatory practices against African - American customers and female employees . In 2004 , a U.S. Department of Justice ( USDOJ ) investigation found that Cracker Barrel discriminated against minority customers ; patrons complained of racially segregated seating and service quality . In an agreement with the USDOJ , Cracker Barrel implemented non-discrimination policies and pledged to focus on improving minority representation and civic involvement , particularly in the black community . Company shareholders added sexual orientation to the company 's non-discrimination policy in 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First location and early company history 1.2 New markets and refocus 1.3 Recent operations 2 Restaurants 2.1 Food and gift shop 2.2 Locations , service , and decor 2.3 Awards 3 Corporate overview 3.1 Investment and business model 3.2 Community involvement 4 Controversies 4.1 LGBT policies 4.2 Race - and gender - based discrimination lawsuits 5 Licensed products 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) First location and early company history ( edit ) Cracker Barrel was founded in 1969 by Dan Evins , a sales representative for Shell Oil , who developed the restaurant and gift store concept initially as a plan to improve gasoline sales . Designed to resemble the traditional country store that he remembered from his childhood , with a name chosen to give it a Southern country theme , Cracker Barrel was intended to attract the interest of highway travelers . The first restaurant was built close to Interstate 40 , in Lebanon , Tennessee . It opened in September 1969 , serving Southern cuisine including biscuits , grits , country ham , and turnip greens . Evins incorporated Cracker Barrel in February 1970 , and soon opened more locations . In the early 1970s , the firm leased land on gasoline station sites near interstate highways to build restaurants . These early locations all featured gas pumps on - site ; during gasoline shortages in the mid to late 1970s , the firm began to build restaurants without pumps .",
"2": "Into the early 1980s , the company reduced the number of gas stations on - site , eventually phasing them out altogether as the company focused on its restaurant and gift sales revenues . Cracker Barrel became a publicly traded company in 1981 to raise funds for further expansion . It floated more than half a million shares , raising $4.6 million . Following the initial public offering , Cracker Barrel grew at a rate of around 20 percent per year ; by 1987 , the company had become a chain of more than 50 units in eight states , with annual net sales of almost $81 million . New markets and refocus ( edit ) A Cracker Barrel in Minnesota The company grew consistently through the 1980s and 1990s , attaining a $1 billion market value by 1992 . In 1993 , the chain 's revenue was nearly twice that of any other family restaurant . In 1994 , the chain tested a carry - out - only store , Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Corner Market , in suburban residential neighborhoods . In addition , it expanded into new markets through the establishment of more traditional Cracker Barrel locations , the majority of them outside the South , and tested alterations to its menus to adapt to new regions . The chain added regional dishes to its menus , including eggs and salsa in Texas and Reuben sandwiches in New York , but continued to offer its original menu items in all restaurants . By September 1997 , Cracker Barrel had 314 restaurants , and aimed to increase the number of stores by approximately 50 per year over the following five years . The firm closed its Corner Market operations in 1997 and refocused on its restaurant and gift store locations . Its then president , Ron Magruder , stated that the chain was concentrating on strengthening its core theme , offering traditional foods and retail in a country store setting , with good service and country music . The chain opened its first restaurant and gift store not located near a highway in 1998 , in Dothan , Alabama . In the 2000s , in the wake of incidents including charges of racial discrimination and controversy over its policy of firing gay employees , the firm launched a series of promotional activities including a nationwide book drive and a sweepstakes with trips to the Country Music Association Awards and rocking chairs among the prizes .",
"3": "Recent operations ( edit ) The number of combined restaurants and stores owned by Cracker Barrel increased between 1997 and 2000 , to more than 420 locations . In 2000 and 2001 , the company addressed staffing and infrastructure issues related to this rapid growth by implementing a more rigorous recruitment strategy and introducing new technology , including an order - placement system . From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s , the company focused on opening new locations in residential areas to attract local residents and workers as customers . It updated its marketing in 2006 to encourage new customers , changing the design of its highway billboard advertisements to include images of menu items . Previously the signs had featured only the company 's logo . By 2011 , Cracker Barrel had opened more than 600 restaurants in 42 states . On January 17 , 2012 , company founder Dan Evins died of bladder cancer . Restaurants ( edit ) A Cracker Barrel gift shop Food and gift shop ( edit ) As a Southern - themed chain , Cracker Barrel serves traditional Southern comfort food often described as `` down - home '' country cooking and sells gift items including simple toys representative of the 1950s and 1960s , toy vehicles , puzzles , and woodcrafts . Also sold are country music CDs , DVDs of early classic television , cookbooks , baking mixes , kitchen novelty decor , and early classic brands of candy and snack foods . Breakfast is served all day , and there are two menus : one for breakfast , the other for lunch and dinner . Since the first restaurant opened , the menu has featured Southern specialties , including biscuits , fried chicken , and catfish ; seasonal and regional menu items were added during the 1980s and 1990s . In 2007 , Cracker Barrel announced plans to remove artificial trans fats from its menu items . Locations , service , and decor ( edit ) A Cracker Barrel guest playing peg solitaire For much of its early history , Cracker Barrel decided to locate its restaurants along the Interstate Highway System , and the majority of its restaurants remain close to interstate and other highways . Cracker Barrel is known for the loyalty of its customers , particularly travelers who are likely to spend more at restaurants than locals . The locations are themed around the idea of a traditional Southern U.S. general store .",
"4": "Items used to decorate each store are authentic artifacts , including everyday objects from the early 1900s and after . Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs , a wooden peg solitaire game on every table , and a stone fireplace with a deer head displayed above the mantel . In fact , each location has five common items : a shotgun , a cookstove , a deer head , a telephone , and a traffic light . The peg games have been present in Cracker Barrel since the opening of the first store , and continue to be produced by the same family in Lebanon , Tennessee . The decor at each location typically includes artifacts related to the local history of the area , including antique household tools , old wall calendars and advertising posters , and antique photographs ; these are centrally stored in a warehouse in Tennessee , where they are cataloged and stockpiled for future use by individual store locations . Awards ( edit ) Destinations magazine has presented the chain with awards for best chain restaurant , and in 2010 and 2011 , the Zagat survey named it the `` Best Breakfast '' . The chain was selected by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America as the 2011 OBIE Hall of Fame Award recipient for its long - standing use of outdoor advertising . It was also named the `` Best Family Dining '' restaurant by a nationwide `` Choice in Chains '' consumer poll in Restaurants & Institutions magazine for 19 consecutive years . Corporate overview ( edit ) Investment and Business model ( edit ) Cracker Barrel restaurants are aimed at the family and casual dining market as well as retail sales . The chain also advertises to people traveling on the interstate highways , as the majority of its locations are close to highway exits . The company has promoted its cost controls to investors . The company has stated its goal to keep employee turnover low , to provide better trained staff . Since the 1980s , the firm has offered a formal training program with benefits for progressing through it to all of its employees . The board of directors of Cracker Barrel has repeatedly been at odds with the largest shareholder , Biglari Holdings Inc . The owner of Biglari Holdings , Sardar Biglari , controls a 19.9 % share of the company , just short of the 20 % needed to trigger a shareholder rights plan , more commonly termed a `` poison pill '' .",
"5": "The poison pill was adopted after Biglari Holdings sought approval to purchase a 49.99 % share of the company and join the board of directors . Biglari Holdings purchased shares of Cracker Barrel in 2011 , and has been often critical of the transparency to shareholders , overspending on advertising , lack of customer value , capital funds mismanagement , and not maximizing shareholder value . Biglari has requested to be on the board of directors three times , and has been denied each time by a vote of shareholders . Biglari Holdings has also put forward a request for a one - time $20 / share dividend to address perceived overly conservative capitalization , which was also rejected by shareholders . Cracker Barrel has responded by claiming Biglari has a `` hidden agenda '' and a conflict of interest by holding shares in other restaurant chains such as Steak ' n Shake . Community involvement ( edit ) Cracker Barrel has supported a wide range of charities through one - off donations , promotional events , and partnerships with charitable organizations . The chain has supported charities and causes in communities where its restaurants are located , including the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Nashville after severe flooding in 2010 . In the same year , Cracker Barrel established Cracker Barrel Cares Inc. , an employee - funded non-profit organization that provides support to Cracker Barrel employees . Cracker Barrel has also formed a partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project , a charity for injured veterans . In attempts to rebuild its image after several race - related controversies , the firm has provided a scholarship through the National Black MBA Association , and job skills programs and sponsorships with 100 Black Men of America and the Restaurant and Lodging Association . Cracker Barrel sponsored the NASCAR Atlanta 500 race at Atlanta Motor Speedway from 1999 to 2001 and the Grand Ole Opry from 2004 to 2009 . The company was the first presenting sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry . This sponsorship allowed the company to make connections within the Nashville music industry , following which it entered into partnership with a number of country music performers . The chain has established partnerships with artists including Alison Krauss , Charlie Daniels , Josh Turner , Kenny Rogers , Dolly Parton , Alan Jackson , and Alabama , to offer CD releases and merchandise .",
"6": "Controversies ( edit ) LGBT policies ( edit ) In early 1991 , an intra-company memo called for employees to be dismissed if they did not display `` normal heterosexual values '' . According to news reports , at least 11 employees were fired under the policy on a store - by - store basis from locations in Georgia and other states . After demonstrations by gay rights groups , the company ended its policy in March 1991 and stated it would not discriminate based on sexual orientation . The company 's founder , Dan Evins , subsequently described the policy as a mistake . From 1992 onward , the New York City Employees Retirement System , then a major shareholder , put forward proposals to add sexual orientation to the company 's non-discrimination policy . An early proposal in 1993 was defeated , with 77 percent against and only 14 percent in support , along with 9 percent abstaining . It was not until 2002 that the proposals were successful ; 58 percent of company shareholders voted in favor of the addition . Cracker Barrel achieved the lowest score ( 15 out of 100 ) of all rated food and beverage companies in the Human Rights Campaign 's 2008 Corporate Equality Index , a measure of LGBT workplace equality . Their score for 2011 had increased to a 55 . The 2011 survey noted that the firm had established a non-discrimination policy and had introduced diversity training that included training related to sexual orientation . However , the company 's score for 2013 dropped to a 35 out of 100 , not having obtained the points related to non-discrimination toward gender identity and health benefits for partners of LGBT employees and transgender - inclusive benefits . On December 20 , 2013 , Cracker Barrel announced it would no longer sell certain Duck Dynasty products which it was `` concerned might offend some of ( its ) guests '' after Phil Robertson , a star of the reality TV show , remarked in a GQ interview Do n't be deceived . Neither the adulterers , the idolaters , the male prostitutes , the homosexual offenders , the greedy , the drunkards , the slanderers , the swindlers -- they wo n't inherit the kingdom of God . Do n't deceive yourself . It 's not right .",
"7": "-- Duck Dynasty 's Phil Robertson Robertson also made `` comments likening homosexuality to terrorism and bestiality '' in the interview , and expressed views about race which attracted criticism . On December 22 , less than two days after pulling the products from its shelves , Cracker Barrel reversed its position after protests from customers . Race - and gender - based discrimination lawsuits ( edit ) In July 1999 , a discrimination lawsuit was filed against Cracker Barrel by a group of former employees , who claimed that the company had discriminated against them on the grounds of race . In December 2001 , twenty - one of the restaurant 's customers , represented by the same attorneys , filed a separate lawsuit , alleging racial discrimination in its treatment of guests . Regarding both accusations , Cracker Barrel officials disputed the claims and stated that the company was committed to fair treatment of its employees and customers . In 2004 , an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department found evidence that Cracker Barrel had been segregating customer seating by race ; seating or serving white customers before seating or serving black customers ; providing inferior service to black customers , and allowing white servers to refuse to serve black customers . The Justice Department determined that the firm had violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The company was required to sign a five - year agreement to introduce `` effective nondiscrimination policies and procedures . '' The terms included new equal opportunity training ; the creation of a new system to log , investigate , and resolve complaints of discrimination ; and the publicizing of its non-discrimination policies . They were required to hire an outside auditor to ensure compliance with the terms of the settlement . In 2006 , Cracker Barrel paid a $2 million settlement to end a lawsuit alleging race and sexual harassment at three Illinois restaurants . Cracker Barrel stores subsequently began displaying a sign in the front foyer explaining the company 's non-discrimination policy , and added to its website and menu the policy and details on how to make a complaint . Since the early 2000s , Cracker Barrel has provided training and resources to minority employees , to improve its image on diversity . These efforts involved outreach to minority employees , along with testing a training plan to help employees whose first language is Spanish to learn English .",
"8": "As of 2002 , minorities made up 23 percent of the company 's employees , including over 11 percent of its management and executives . Cracker Barrel is on the Corporate Advisory Board for the Texas Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and is a corporate sponsor of the NAACP Leadership 500 Summit . The company has been praised for its gender diversity , particularly on its board of directors , which includes three women out of eleven total board members . Its chief executive officer ( CEO ) , Sandra Cochran , is the second woman in Tennessee to hold that office in a publicly traded company . Licensed products ( edit ) In November 2012 , Cracker Barrel licensed its name to Smithfield Foods ' John Morrell Division in a deal to create a line of meat products to be sold in supermarkets and through other retail channels . In response , Kraft Foods filed a trademark - infringement lawsuit in February 2013 . Kraft has sold cheese in retail stores under their Cracker Barrel brand since 1954 . The corporation said that Cracker Barrel stores have not made significant sales of retail food products beyond their restaurant menu , and asked that the Smithfield Foods deal be nullified by the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Illinois . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Set to Join the S&P MidCap 400 ; Marten Transport to be Added to S&P SmallCap 600 '' . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Old County Store - Annual Report on Form 10K ( 2016 ) '' . Cracker Barrel . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Management '' . investor.crackerbarrel.com . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Inc Company Profile '' . money. msn . MSN . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rhein , Liz ( June 10 , 1987 ) . `` Along the interstate with Cracker Barrel '' .",
"9": "Restaurant Business ( V86 ) . p. 112 . ISSN 0097 - 8043 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Carlino , Bill ( September 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dan W. Evins : barreling toward the top '' . Nation 's Restaurant News ( V27 ) . p. 115 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gutner , Toddi ( April 27 , 1992 ) . `` Nostalgia sells '' . Forbes . p. 102 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Adler Thorp , Susan ( April 28 , 1986 ) . `` Summer Tourists Improve Picture for Cracker Barrel '' . Memphis Business Journal . p. 10 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Strother , Susan G. ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` President : Cracker Barrel is Rolling Along '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Florida ) . p . H1 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Steve ( March 1 , 1996 ) . `` A barrel full of questions '' . Restaurant Business . p. 48 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Moritz , Gwen ( April 25 , 1994 ) . `` Off the interstate and to the ' burbs '' . Nashville Business Journal ( V10 ) . p. 33 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Tarquinio , J. Alex ( September 25 , 1997 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Customizes Menus , Changes Reflect Regional Tastes '' . The Capital Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 .",
"10": "( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Jackovics , Ted ( June 26 , 2005 ) . `` Cracker Barrel opens new restaurants away from interstates '' . Tampa Tribune . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Stacey ( May 21 , 1999 ) . `` Cracker Barrel celebrates 30th with book drive , sweepstakes '' . The Tennessean . p. 6E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Farkas , David ( May 1 , 2000 ) . `` Fixing the Fixin 's '' . Chain Leader . p. 96 . ISSN 1528 - 4999 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ French , Rose ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Cracker Barrel overhauls billboards '' . The Houston Chronicle . p. 5 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Fiscal 2011 Fourth Quarter Conference Call on the Internet '' ( Press release ) . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . August 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel names McCarten as a board member '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . August 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year Fiscal 2011 Results And Provides Guidance for Fiscal 2012 '' ( Press release ) . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobby Allyn ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Cracker Barrel founder Dan Evins dies at 76 '' .",
"11": "The Tennessean . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Ken ( April 25 , 2005 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Served Up Piping Hot Profit '' . Investor 's Business Daily . p . B20 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Papiernik , Richard L ( November 27 , 1995 ) . `` Down - home image ca n't hide Cracker Barrel 's fine tuned focus '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . p. 11 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel to eliminate trans fats '' . Ocala Star Banner . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store to eliminate trans fats '' . Associated Press . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Keith ( July 5 , 2002 ) . `` Travelers taking to highways '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Kappes , Keith ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` It 's official : Cracker Barrel coming to Morehead ! '' . The Morehead News . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wadhwani , Anita ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` Cracker Barrel tries out new strategies '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Loew , Karen ( June 25 , 2003 ) . `` Toys in the Attic '' . The Tennessean . p. 1W . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Hall , Jason ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Cracker Barrel : country - fried success since 1999 '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . p. 10 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel turns 40 '' . The Tennessean . August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Williams , G. Chambers III ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel ' pickers ' were years ahead of TV reality shows '' . The Tennessean . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Local '' . crackerbarrel.com . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Gregory ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Chain Makes an Art out of Decoration '' . Florida Times - Union . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Rutledge , K Dawn ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Restaurant company continues to strengthen its business through Outreach '' . Westside Gazette . p. 1B . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hieb , Dan ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Zagat gives thumbs up to Cracker Barrel '' . Nashville Business Journal . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Polis , Carey ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Five Guys , Subway Top In - N - Out , Taco Bell In Zagat 's Fast Food Survey '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Secures OBIE Hall of Fame Award '' . Manufacturing Close - Up . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 .",
"13": "( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 10 - Q : Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc '' ( Press release ) . Edgar Online 10 - K , 10 - Q Glimpse Feed ( USA ) . February 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCain , Randy ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` Core values are at heart of Cracker Barrel 's rise '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Kathy ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` At Cracker Barrel , training is a specialty '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Ruggless , Ron ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel shareholders reject third Biglari board bid '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duprey , Rich ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Biglari Takes Another Crack at Cracker Barrel '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Adopts Poison Pill '' . The New York Times . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jonathan ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Food Fight : Biglari Makes Another Run at Cracker Barrel '' . The Street . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ruggless , Ron ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Biglari requests $20 dividend from Cracker Barrel '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson , Greg ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Biglari trying to push dividend , debt at Cracker Barrel '' . San Antonio Express News .",
"14": "Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Urges Shareholders to Reject Biglari Nomination to Board of Directors '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . November 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams III , G. Chambers ( December 30 , 2013 ) , `` Cracker Barrell rejects latest attempts to force a sale '' , USA Today Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Donates to Civil Rights Fund '' . The Tennessee Tribune . November 1 , 2007 . p. 5 . ISSN 1067 - 5280 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel donates $1 million worth of food to Gulf '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . October 17 , 2005 . p. 22 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elan , Elissa ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` A flood of support : restaurateurs pitch in to raise funds for Nashville disaster victims ; Community '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Hamilton ( May 30 , 2009 ) . `` CD sales support injured vets '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : French , Rose ( June 18 , 2005 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Rebuilds Image '' . The Post and Courier . p. 9B -- 10B . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store offers $25,000 scholarship through National Black MBA program '' . Chicago Defender . October 1 , 2002 . p. 2 . ISSN 0745 - 7014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 .",
"15": "( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 100 Partners For Student Leadership '' . Atlanta Inquirer . November 19 , 2005 . p. 5 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Brown , Will ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Cracker Barrel serves up funding '' . Tallahassee Democrat . p. 5A . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Keith ( August 18 , 2001 ) . `` Atlanta Motor Speedway '' . The Tennessean . p. 1A . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Naujeck , Jeanne Anne ( October 2 , 2004 ) . `` ' Opry ' adds Cracker Barrel to name '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel banks on CD deals '' . The Tennessean . November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Daniels follows Krauss to Cracker Barrel '' . Billboard . July 12 , 2005 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel offers bacon , eggs and CDs '' . The Bismarck Tribune . December 24 , 2010 . p. 1C . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deb ( December 23 , 2002 ) . `` Perseverance gains Cracker Barrel gift '' . The Detroit News . p. 11A . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hayes , Jack ( March 4 , 1991 ) . `` Cracker Barrel comes under fire for ousting gays '' . Nation 's Restaurant News ( V25 ) .",
"16": "p. 1 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCann , Michelle ( July 1 , 1998 ) . `` Shareholder Proposal Rule : Cracker Barrel in Light of Texaco '' . Boston College Law Review . Boston College Law School . 39 ( 4 ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( November 24 , 1993 ) . `` Restaurant Bias Ban Loses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Corporate Equality Index '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Campaign. 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Equality Index 2011 '' . Issuu . Human Rights Campaign . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Equality Index 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Corporate Equality Index . Human Rights Campaign. 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Todd ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel pulls ' Duck Dynasty ' merchandise '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Magary , Drew ( January 2014 ) , `` What the Duck ? '' , GQ , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 Jump up ^ Fields , Liz ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Flipflops on Nixing ' Duck Dynasty ' Items From Shelves '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Subramanian , Courtney ( December 22 , 2013 ) , Cracker Barrel Pulls About Face on `` Duck Dynasty '' Merchandise , Time , retrieved December 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kyles , Kyra ( December 19 , 2013 ) , Duck Dynasty Dad on Blacks , Welfare , Jet , retrieved December 23 , 2013 , A&E announced Wednesday that Duck Dynasty star Phil Robertson was suspended indefinitely after making disparaging comments about gays and Blacks . ( ... ) We think he may want to leave the topic of race relations out of his duck - summoning mouth .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Hill , Shelley ( October 5 , 1999 ) . `` NAACP seeks class action in discrimination case against Cracker Barrel '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel denies it discriminates against black employees '' . Associated Press . November 4 , 1999 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Sheila M. ( October 16 , 1999 ) . `` Plaintiffs seek to expand Cracker Barrel wage suit '' . The Atlanta Journal and Constitution . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Hit With $100 M Racism Suit '' . Newsday . December 13 , 2001 . p . A78 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCampbell , Candy ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Patrons accuse Cracker Barrel of bias '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Keith ; Bivins , Larry ( April 12 , 2002 ) . `` Executives say racist charges are unfounded '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Julie ; Copeland , Larry ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Cracker Barrel customer says bias was ' flagrant ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Department Settles Race Discrimination Lawsuit Against Cracker Barrel Restaurant Chain '' . United States Department of Justice . May 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel To Pay $2 Million For Race And Sexual Harassment At Three Illinois Restaurants '' . LawMemo . March 10 , 2006 .",
"18": "Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pallasch , Abdon M. ( March 12 , 2006 ) . `` Cracker Barrel settles Illinois workers ' harassment claims '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ DuPlessis , Jim ( October 21 , 2006 ) . `` Discrimination claims hurt business even if false '' . The State . p . B8 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Advisory '' . texasnaacp.org . Texas Conference of the NAACP . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . NAACP Leadership 500 Summit . NAACP . May 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allyn , Bobby ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Cracker Barrel says ' goodbye , glass ceiling ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kraft sues Cracker Barrel restaurants over trademark '' . Chicago Tribune . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 .",
"19": "External links ( edit ) Official website Companies portal Media related to Cracker Barrel at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cracker_Barrel&oldid=838072580 '' Categories : Restaurant chains in the United States Retail companies of the United States Theme restaurants Restaurants in Tennessee Lebanon , Tennessee Restaurants established in 1969 Retail companies established in 1969 1969 establishments in Tennessee Baking mixes Companies listed on NASDAQ Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 19 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
15,
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12,
9,
18,
14,
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11,
16,
7,
3,
0,
4,
19,
6,
2,
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8,
1
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[
3,
15,
10,
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12
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-3422350952909582054
|
in photosynthesis the carbon in co2 is initially fixed to what molecule
|
[
"3-phosphoglycerate"
] |
{
"0": "C4 carbon fixation - wikipedia C carbon fixation Jump to : navigation , search Kranz anatomy allows C carbon fixation . A : Mesophyll Cell B : Chloroplast C : Vascular Tissue D: Bundle Sheath Cell E : Stomate F : Vascular Tissue : provides continuous source of water 1 ) Carbon is fixed to produce oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase . 2 ) The four carbon molecule then exits the cell and enters the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells . 3 ) It is then broken down releasing carbon dioxide and producing pyruvate . Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate and proceeds to the Calvin Cycle . 4 ) Pyruvate re-enters the mesophyll cell . It then reacts with ATP to produce the beginning compound of the C4 cycle . C carbon fixation or the Hatch - Slack pathway is a photosynthetic process in some plants . It is the first step in extracting carbon from carbon dioxide to be able to use it in sugar and other biomolecules . It is one of three known processes for carbon fixation . The C in one of the names refers to the 4 - carbon molecule that is the first product of this type of carbon fixation . C fixation is an elaboration of the more common C carbon fixation and is believed to have evolved more recently . C overcomes the tendency of the enzyme RuBisCO to wastefully fix oxygen rather than carbon dioxide in the process of photorespiration . This is achieved by ensuring that RuBisCO works in an environment where there is a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen . CO is shuttled via malate or aspartate from mesophyll cells to bundle - sheath cells . In these bundle - sheath cells CO is released by decarboxylation of the malate . C4 plants use PEP carboxylase to capture more CO in the mesophyll cells . PEP Carboxylase ( 3 carbons ) binds to CO to make oxaloacetic acid ( OAA ) . The OAA then makes malate ( 4 carbons ) . Malate enters bundle sheath cells and releases the CO . These additional steps , however , require more energy in the form of ATP .",
"1": "Using this extra energy , C plants are able to more efficiently fix carbon in drought , high temperatures , and limitations of nitrogen or CO . Since the more common C pathway does not require this extra energy , it is more efficient in the other conditions . The naming Hatch - Slack pathway is in honor of Marshall Davidson Hatch and C.R. Slack , who elucidated it in Australia in 1966 . Contents ( hide ) 1 C pathway 2 C Kranz leaf anatomy 3 The evolution and advantages of the C pathway 4 Plants that use C carbon fixation 4.1 Converting C plants to C 5 See also 6 References 7 External links C pathway ( edit ) NADP - ME type C pathway NAD - ME type C pathway PEPCK type C pathway The first experiments indicating that some plants do not use C carbon fixation but instead produce malate and aspartate in the first step of carbon fixation were done in the 1950s and early 1960s by Hugo P. Kortschak and Yuri Karpilov . The C pathway was elucidated by Marshall Davidson Hatch and C.R. Slack , in Australia , in 1966 ; it is sometimes called the Hatch - Slack pathway . In C plants , the first step in the light - independent reactions of photosynthesis involves the fixation of CO by the enzyme RuBisCO into 3 - phosphoglycerate . However , due to the dual carboxylase and oxygenase activity of RuBisCo , some part of the substrate is oxidized rather than carboxylated , resulting in loss of substrate and consumption of energy , in what is known as photorespiration . In order to bypass the photorespiration pathway , C plants have developed a mechanism to efficiently deliver CO to the RuBisCO enzyme . They utilize their specific leaf anatomy where chloroplasts exist not only in the mesophyll cells in the outer part of their leaves but in the bundle sheath cells as well . Instead of direct fixation to RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle , CO is incorporated into a 4 - carbon organic acid , which has the ability to regenerate CO in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells . Bundle sheath cells can then utilize this CO to generate carbohydrates by the conventional C pathway .",
"2": "The first step in the pathway is the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , by the enzyme pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase . This reaction requires inorganic phosphate and ATP plus pyruvate , producing phosphoenolpyruvate , AMP , and inorganic pyrophosphate ( PPi ) . The next step is the fixation of CO into oxaloacetate by the enzyme PEP carboxylase . Both of these steps occur in the mesophyll cells : pyruvate + P + ATP → PEP + AMP + PP PEP + CO → oxaloacetate PEP carboxylase has a lower Km for HCO − 3 -- and , hence , higher affinity -- than RuBisCO . Furthermore , O is a very poor substrate for this enzyme . Thus , at relatively low concentrations of CO , most CO will be fixed by this pathway . The product is usually converted to malate , a simple organic compound , which is transported to the bundle - sheath cells surrounding a nearby vein . Here , it is decarboxylated to produce CO and pyruvate . The CO now enters the Calvin cycle and the pyruvate is transported back to the mesophyll cell . Since every CO molecule has to be fixed twice , first by 4 - carbon organic acid and second by RuBisCO , the C pathway uses more energy than the C pathway . The C pathway requires 18 molecules of ATP for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose , whereas the C pathway requires 30 molecules of ATP . This energy debt is more than paid for by avoiding losing more than half of photosynthetic carbon in photorespiration as occurs in some tropical plants , making it an adaptive mechanism for minimizing the loss . There are several variants of this pathway : The 4 - carbon acid transported from mesophyll cells may be malate , as above , or aspartate . The 3 - carbon acid transported back from bundle - sheath cells may be pyruvate , as above , or alanine . The enzyme that catalyses decarboxylation in bundle - sheath cells differs .",
"3": "In maize and sugarcane , the enzyme is NADP - malic enzyme ; in millet , it is NAD - malic enzyme ; and , in Panicum maximum , it is PEP carboxykinase . C kranz leaf anatomy ( edit ) Cross section of a maize leaf , a C plant . Kranz anatomy ( rings of cells ) shown . Drawing based on microscopic images courtesy of Cambridge University Plant Sciences Department . The C plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy , from the German word for wreath . Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells ; the inner ring , called bundle sheath cells , contains starch - rich chloroplasts lacking grana , which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the outer ring . Hence , the chloroplasts are called dimorphic . The primary function of kranz anatomy is to provide a site in which CO can be concentrated around RuBisCO , thereby avoiding photorespiration . In order to maintain a significantly higher CO concentration in the bundle sheath compared to the mesophyll , the boundary layer of the kranz has a low conductance to CO , a property that may be enhanced by the presence of suberin . Although most C plants exhibit kranz anatomy , there are , however , a few species that operate a limited C cycle without any distinct bundle sheath tissue . Suaeda aralocaspica , Bienertia cycloptera , Bienertia sinuspersici and Bienertia kavirense ( all chenopods ) are terrestrial plants that inhabit dry , salty depressions in the deserts of the Middle East . These plants have been shown to operate single - cell C CO-concentrating mechanisms , which are unique among the known C mechanisms . Although the cytology of both genera differs slightly , the basic principle is that fluid - filled vacuoles are employed to divide the cell into two separate areas . Carboxylation enzymes in the cytosol can , therefore , be kept separate from decarboxylase enzymes and RuBisCO in the chloroplasts , and a diffusive barrier can be established between the chloroplasts ( which contain RuBisCO ) and the cytosol .",
"4": "This enables a bundle - sheath - type area and a mesophyll - type area to be established within a single cell . Although this does allow a limited C cycle to operate , it is relatively inefficient , with the occurrence of much leakage of CO from around RuBisCO . There is also evidence for the exhibiting of inducible C photosynthesis by non-kranz aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata under warm conditions , although the mechanism by which CO leakage from around RuBisCO is minimised is currently uncertain . The evolution and advantages of the C pathway ( edit ) Further information : Evolutionary history of plants § Evolution of photosynthetic pathways C plants have a competitive advantage over plants possessing the more common C carbon fixation pathway under conditions of drought , high temperatures , and nitrogen or CO limitation . When grown in the same environment , at 30 ° C , C grasses lose approximately 833 molecules of water per CO molecule that is fixed , whereas C grasses lose only 277 . This increased water use efficiency of C grasses means that soil moisture is conserved , allowing them to grow for longer in arid environments . C carbon fixation has evolved on up to 61 independent occasions in 19 different families of plants , making it a prime example of convergent evolution . This convergence may have been facilitated by the fact that many potential evolutionary pathways to a C phenotype exist , many of which involve initial evolutionary steps not directly related to photosynthesis. C plants arose around 35 million years ago during the Oligocene ( precisely when is difficult to determine ) and did not become ecologically significant until around 6 to 7 million years ago , in the Miocene Period. C metabolism originated when grasses migrated from the shady forest undercanopy to more open environments , where the high sunlight gave it an advantage over the C pathway . Drought was not necessary for its innovation ; rather , the increased resistance to water stress was a by - product of the pathway and allowed C plants to more readily colonise arid environments . Today , C plants represent about 5 % of Earth 's plant biomass and 3 % of its known plant species . Despite this scarcity , they account for about 23 % of terrestrial carbon fixation . Increasing the proportion of C plants on earth could assist biosequestration of CO and represent an important climate change avoidance strategy .",
"5": "Present - day C plants are concentrated in the tropics and subtropics ( below latitudes of 45 ° ) where the high air temperature contributes to higher possible levels of oxygenase activity by RuBisCO , which increases rates of photorespiration in C plants . Plants that use C carbon fixation ( edit ) Maize ( or corn ) is a common C4 plant . About 8,100 plant species use C carbon fixation , which represents about 3 % of all terrestrial species of plants . All these 8,100 species are angiosperms. C carbon fixation is less common in dicots than in monocots , with only 4.5 % of dicots using the C pathway , compared to 40 % of monocots . Despite this , only three families of monocots utilise C carbon fixation compared to 15 dicot families . Of the monocot clades containing C plants , the grass ( Poaceae ) species use the C photosynthetic pathway most . Forty - six percent of grasses are C and together account for 61 % of C species . These include the food crops maize , sugar cane , millet , and sorghum . Of the dicot clades containing C species , the order Caryophyllales contains the most species . Of the families in the Caryophyllales , the Chenopodiaceae use C carbon fixation the most , with 550 out of 1,400 species using it . About 250 of the 1000 species of the related Amaranthaceae also use C . Members of the sedge family Cyperaceae , and members of numerous families of Eudicots - including Asteraceae ( the daisy family ) , Brassicaceae ( the cabbage family ) , and Euphorbiaceae ( the spurge family ) - also use C . Trees which use C include Paulownia . Converting C plants to C ( edit ) Given the advantages of C , a group of scientists from institutions around the world are working on the C Rice Project to turn rice , a C plant , into a C plant by studying the C plants maize and Brachypodium .",
"6": "As rice is the world 's most important human food -- it is the staple food for more than half the planet -- having rice that is more efficient at converting sunlight into grain could have significant global benefits towards improving food security . The team claim C rice could produce up to 50 % more grain -- and be able to do it with less water and nutrients . The researchers have already identified genes needed for C photosynthesis in rice and are now looking towards developing a prototype C rice plant . In 2012 , the Government of the United Kingdom along with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $14 million over 3 years towards the C Rice Project at the International Rice Research Institute . See also ( edit ) C photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis C photosynthesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Slack , CR ; Hatch , MD ( 1967 ) . `` Comparative studies on the activity of carboxylases and other enzymes in relation to the new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in tropical grasses '' ( PDF ) . The Biochemical Journal . 103 ( 3 ) : 660 -- 5 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1030660 . PMC 1270465 . PMID 4292834 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Nickell , Louis G. ( 1993 ) . `` A tribute to Hugo P. Kortschak : The man , the scientist and the discoverer of C photosynthesis '' . Photosynthesis Research . 35 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 204 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00014751 . Jump up ^ Hatch , Marshall D. ( 2002 ) . `` C ( 4 ) photosynthesis : Discovery and resolution '' . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 251 -- 6 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020471718805 . PMID 16245128 . Jump up ^ Slack , CR ; Hatch , MD ( 1967 ) . `` Comparative studies on the activity of carboxylases and other enzymes in relation to the new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in tropical grasses '' ( PDF ) . The Biochemical Journal .",
"7": "103 ( 3 ) : 660 -- 5 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1030660 . PMC 1270465 . PMID 4292834 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Laetsch ( 1971 ) Photosynthesis and Photorespiration , eds Hatch , Osmond and Slatyer Jump up ^ Freitag , H ; Stichler , W ( 2000 ) . `` A remarkable new leaf type with unusual photosynthetic tissue in a central Asiatic genus of Chenopodiaceae '' . Plant Biol. 2 : 154 -- 160 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2000 - 9462 . Jump up ^ Voznesenskaya , Elena ; Vincent R. Franceschi ; Olavi Kiirats ; Elena G. Artyusheva ; Helmut Freitag ; Gerald E. Edwards ( 2002 ) . `` Proof of C photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in Bienertia cycloptera ( Chenopodiaceae ) '' . The Plant Journal . 31 ( 5 ) : 649 -- 662 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2002.01385. x . PMID 12207654 . Jump up ^ Akhani , Hossein ; Barroca , João ; Koteeva , Nuria ; Voznesenskaya , Elena ; Franceschi , Vincent ; Edwards , Gerald ; Ghaffari , Seyed Mahmood ; Ziegler , Hubert ( 2005 ) . `` Bienertia sinuspersici ( Chenopodiaceae ) : A New Species from Southwest Asia and Discovery of a Third Terrestrial C Plant Without Kranz Anatomy '' . Systematic Botany. 30 ( 2 ) : 290 -- 301 . doi : 10.1600 / 0363644054223684 . Jump up ^ Akhani , H ; Chatrenoor , T ; Dehghani , M ; Khoshravesh , R ; Mahdavi , P. ; Matinzadeh , Z. ( 2012 ) .",
"8": "`` A new species of Bienertia ( Chenopodiaceae ) from Iranian salt deserts : a third species of the genus and discovery of a fourth terrestrial C4 plant without Kranz anatomy '' . Plant Biosystems. 146 : 550 -- 559 . doi : 10.1080 / 11263504.2012. 662921 . Jump up ^ Holaday , A.S. ; Bowes , G. ( 1980 ) . `` C Acid Metabolism and Dark CO Fixation in a Submersed Aquatic Macrophyte ( Hydrilla verticillata ) '' . Plant Physiology. 65 ( 2 ) : 331 -- 5 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 65.2. 331 . PMC 440321 . PMID 16661184 . ^ Jump up to : Sage , Rowan ; Russell Monson ( 1999 ) . `` 7 '' . C Plant Biology . pp. 228 -- 229 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 614440 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Sage , Rowan F. ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The evolution of C4 photosynthesis '' . New Phytologist. 161 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 370 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2004. 00974. x . ISSN 1469 - 8137 . Jump up ^ Williams BP , Johnston IG , Covshoff S , Hibberd JM ( September 2013 ) . `` Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis '' . eLife. 2 : e00961 . doi : 10.7554 / eLife. 00961 . PMC 3786385 . PMID 24082995 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , C.P. ; Beerling , D.J. ( 2006 ) . `` Nature 's green revolution : the remarkable evolutionary rise of C plants '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 361 ( 1465 ) : 173 -- 194 .",
"9": "doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2005.1737 . PMC 1626541 . PMID 16553316 . Jump up ^ Edwards , E.J. ; Smith , S.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady history of C grasses '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 6 ) : 2532 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.2532 E . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0909672107 . PMC 2823882 . PMID 20142480 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , C.P. ; Freckleton , R.P. ( 2009 ) . `` Ecological selection pressures for C photosynthesis in the grasses '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 276 ( 1663 ) : 1753 -- 60 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1762 . PMC 2674487 . PMID 19324795 . Jump up ^ Bond , W.J. ; Woodward , F.I. ; Midgley , G.F. ( 2005 ) . `` The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire '' . New Phytologist. 165 ( 2 ) : 525 -- 538 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2004. 01252. x . PMID 15720663 . ^ Jump up to : Kellogg , Elizabeth A. `` C4 photosynthesis '' . Current Biology . 23 ( 14 ) : R594 -- R599 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2013.04. 066 . Jump up ^ Sage , Rowan F. ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery : species number , evolutionary lineages , and Hall of Fame '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 ( 14 ) : 4039 -- 4056 .",
"10": "doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erw156 . ISSN 0022 - 0957 . PMID 27053721 . Jump up ^ Sage , Rowan ; Russell Monson ( 1999 ) . `` 16 '' . C Plant Biology . pp. 551 -- 580 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 614440 - 0 . Jump up ^ Zhu XG , Long SP , Ort DR ( 2008 ) . `` What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass ? '' . Current Opinion in Biotechnology . 19 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 159 . doi : 10.1016 / j. copbio. 2008.02. 004 . PMID 18374559 . Jump up ^ Kadereit , G ; Borsch , T ; Weising , K ; Freitag , H ( 2003 ) . `` Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the Evolution of C Photosynthesis '' . International Journal of Plant Sciences . 164 ( 6 ) : 959 -- 86 . doi : 10.1086 / 378649 . Jump up ^ Slewinski . `` Scarecrow Plays a Role in Establishing Kranz Anatomy in Maize Leaves '' . Jump up ^ Gilles van Kote ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Researchers aim to flick the high - carbon switch on rice '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Von Caemmerer , S. ; Quick , W.P. ; Furbank , R.T. ( 2012 ) . `` The Development of C4 Rice : Current Progress and Future Challenges '' . Science . 336 ( 6089 ) : 1671 -- 1672 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 336.1671 V . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1220177 . PMID 22745421 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , J.M. ; Sheehy , J.E. ; Langdale , J.A. ( 2008 ) .",
"11": "`` Using C4 photosynthesis to increase the yield of rice -- rationale and feasibility '' . Current Opinion in Plant Biology . 11 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbi. 2007.11. 002 . PMID 18203653 . Jump up ^ Munawan Hasan ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) . `` C rice project gets financial boost '' . The News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Khan Academy , video lecture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C4_carbon_fixation&oldid=819421901 '' Categories : Photosynthesis Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who voices randy in f is for family
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"0": "F is for Family - wikipedia F is for Family Jump to : navigation , search F Is for Family F Is for Family promotional poster Genre Animated sitcom Comedy - drama Black Comedy Satire Created by Bill Burr Michael Price Starring Bill Burr Laura Dern Justin Long Haley Reinhart Debi Derryberry Sam Rockwell Opening theme `` Come and Get Your Love '' by Redbone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Vaughn Peter Billingsley Bill Burr Michael Price Katie O'Connell Elisa Todd Ellis Sidonie Dumas Christophe Riandee Producer ( s ) Heath Kenny Brian J. Cowan Running time 25 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Wild West Television Loner Productions King of France Productions Gaumont International Television Gaumont Animation Telegael Teoranta Paramount Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release December 18 , 2015 -- present External links Website F Is for Family is an American web animated sitcom created by Bill Burr and Michael Price and produced by Gaumont International Television and Vince Vaughn 's Wild West Television . The show premiered on December 18 , 2015 to generally favorable reviews . Season 2 premiered May 30 , 2017 . On June 28 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Co-starring 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bill Burr as Francis X . `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned , short - tempered , foul - mouthed , Irish - American , Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s .",
"1": "He is prone to angry , profane rants . As a parent , Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse . The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father . Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines , and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident . Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home . Frank 's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger . Luger , an overweight middle - aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero . When facing dire situations , Luger utters the phrase `` Sometimes , a man 's got to do ... what a man does '' , much to Frank 's excitement . Laura Dern as Sue Murphy -- Frank 's wife who is a housewife , and also sells Plast - a-Ware ( a play on words of Tupperware . ) Justin Long as Kevin Murphy -- Frank 's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent and a struggling rock musician . Despite his rebellious personality , Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself ( although he rarely , if ever , follows through on the latter ) . Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy , Frank 's younger son . Bill tends to be shy and is skinny . He gets bullied frequently . Despite his seemingly weak persona , Bill can often let his anger get the best of him . He is 11 years old in the first season . Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy -- Frank 's young daughter who he often refers to as `` Princess '' . However , even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess , Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members . However , Maureen is smart enough to hide it . Despite her generally girly appearance , Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times , much to Frank 's chagrin . Sam Rockwell as Vic -- Frank 's wealthy , womanizing neighbor , who brags a lot . Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle , laid - back attitude and successful career .",
"2": "Co-starring ( edit ) Mo Collins as Jimmy , Vivian , Ben , Brandy , Ginny Trevor Devall as Red , Bolo , Mr. Goomer , Mr. Holtenwasser , others Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords , Colt Luger , others Recurring ( edit ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie , others David Koechner as Robert `` Bob Pogo '' Pogrohvich , Frank 's obese , chainsmoking boss . Kevin Farley as Babe , Carl , others Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton , the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work . Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi , others John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton , Roger Dunbarton 's racist and moronic nephew . Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne T.J. Miller as Randy Michael K. Williams as Smoky Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 6 December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 10 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code `` The Bleedin ' in Sweden '' Benjamin Marsaud Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price Teleplay by : Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 101 Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match , but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set , Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead . After he purchases one , Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project . Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund , embarrassing Sue .",
"3": "Bill eventually confesses , but after being gloated over by one of the store 's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize , Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store , and Frank gets refunded . At the end of the episode , the neighbors watch the match at Frank 's house , while Vic watches it at his house `` alone '' . `` Saturday Bloody Saturday '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 102 After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes , Frank takes him to his job at the airport , where he 's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident , to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family . Frank is torn between his underpaid , hard - working co-workers who are contemplating a strike , and his employer , who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good . Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill - popping , underachieving airport staff , he realizes the difficulties of his father 's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman , who accuses the airport of stealing her medication , and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table . Meanwhile , after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day , Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps , while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife . `` The Trough '' Benjamin Marsaud Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 103 Despite Kevin 's promises to get back on track to improve his grades , Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind , and as a punishment , takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways , which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to . While there , they meet Rodger Dunbarton , CEO at Mohican Airways , who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers .",
"4": "On the drive home , their car breaks down , and they are rescued by Rosie , one of Frank 's colleagues , but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father 's conversation with Dunbarton , Frank faces a hostile situation at work . Meanwhile , Sue goes to the mall with Maureen , where she is accosted by a talkative friend , and Maureen learns of her mother 's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst . Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high , reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young . `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' Laurent Nicolas Tom Gianas December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 104 On Halloween , Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion , leading to tensions between them ; Bill is reluctant to trick - or - treat due to his fear of being bullied by school greaser Jimmy Fitzsimmons . 5 5 `` Bill Murphy 's Day Off '' Benjamin Marsaud Emily Towers December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 105 Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline . In addition , Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin . 6 6 `` O Holy Moly Night '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 106 When Christmas comes near , Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing . Kevin starts his part - time job . Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 7 `` Heavy Sledding '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Three weeks after he got fired , Frank is still unemployed .",
"5": "On a snow day , Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump . 8 `` A Girl Named Sue '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm David Richardson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank 's old boss , Bob Pogo , calls him to offer him a job , only for things to turn out bad for Frank . Meanwhile , Sue ponders a change in her life . 9 `` The Liar 's Club '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Bill Burr May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After bailing out of the unemployment office , Frank turns to Rosie 's friend , Smokey , for a job , but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school . Meanwhile , Sue gets a new job as a secretary , but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company . 10 `` Night Shift '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Emily Towers May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey , consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family . All the while , Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast - a-Ware product . 11 5 `` Breaking Bill '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Joe Heslinga May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night , his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin . Meanwhile , Bill , having received money from his job as a paperboy , tries to buy a hockey - stick for hockey tryouts , but a run - in with the local bully , Jimmy , pushes him over the edge . Also , when Sue pitches her idea , she still receives a lack of respect .",
"6": "12 6 `` This is Not Good '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Henry Gammill May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA When Frank 's new job includes a stop at the airport , he ends up in a predicament with Bob . Kevin tries to get a date with a ' haircut ' girl , but due to erection problems , he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic 's new girlfriend . Also , Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law , much to the concern of his friend Phillip . 13 7 `` Fight Night '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue 's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they 're called into a meeting with Maureen 's school teacher . 14 8 `` F is for Fixing It '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Valeri Vaughn May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems ; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic 's new girlfriend ; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School , a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill 's part in sending him away , causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways . 15 9 `` Pray Away '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Marc Wilmore May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue go to a couple 's retreat to get help from a religious psychiatrist when their marriage begins to hit a snag , which only leads to a moment of truth between them . Meanwhile , Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy , while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend 's affair with Kevin .",
"7": "16 10 `` Landing the Plane '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast - a-Wares takes credit for Sue 's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of `` Scoop , '' the mentally unstable new manager ( Roger Dunbarton 's nephew ) , which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists . Production ( edit ) The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix , Gaumont International Television , and Wild West Television . The show is a `` family comedy '' based on the standup of Bill Burr . Moreover , the show takes place in the 1970s , `` a time when you could smack your kid , smoke inside , and bring a gun to the airport '' . Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch , with Laura Dern as his wife , Justin Long as his eldest son , Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen , and Haley Reinhart as his young son . The first season consists of six episodes , shown in a serial manner , written by Bill Burr and Michael Price . Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award - winning work on The Simpsons . The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud ( director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball ) . Reception ( edit ) The series has received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds a rating of 81 % based on 15 reviews , with an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While the humor relies on vulgarity , the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 14 reviews , indicating `` Generally favorable reviews '' .",
"8": "Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Mo Collins as Ginny , Jimmy Fitzsimmons , Lex , Ben , and Cutie Pie ( Episode : Pray Away ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` F is for Family : Original , Animated Series From Bill Burr Coming Exclusively to Netflix '' . PR Newswire . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' F Is for Family ' Animated Comedy Series from Bill Burr '' . Variety . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' F Is For Family ' Gets December Premiere On Netflix '' . Deadline.com . November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F Is for Family - Season 2 Date Announcement Teaser - Netflix '' . April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' F Is for Family ' Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Alum Haley Reinhart to Star in New Netflix Animated Series '' . Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I will be making my VoiceOver debut ... '' Instagram.com . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' . F is for Family . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 26 June 2017 . Netflix . Jump up ^ `` That 's the amazing @ DebiDerryberry '' . Twitter.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo voices Jimmy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 .",
"9": "Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall Part 5 '' . Twitter.com . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I love Mr. Goomer '' . Twitter.com . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast roll call '' . Twitter.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Bill Burr 's New Netflix Series '' . Decider.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I play this guy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He 's so so great as Bob Pogo '' . Twitter.com . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall part 6 '' . Twitter.com . December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who does Joe Buck voice '' . Twitter.com . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` F Is For Family knows that all family debts come due sometime '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Bill Burr Cartoon ' F Is for Family ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix orders Bill Burr animated series F Is For Family '' . AV Club . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' F is for Family ' is the newest addition to Netflix 's original shows '' . Digital Trends .",
"10": "October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family Critica animada '' . CoolPop : criticas animadas , noticias y rumores sobre animacion . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family -- Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) F Is for Family on Netflix F Is for Family on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract :",
"11": "The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye First Team : Juventus The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It !",
"12": "On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 8 , 2015 -- 18 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 17 ) Justin Time ( season 3 , 2016 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr.",
"13": "Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Upcoming A Little Help with Carol Burnett ( 2018 ) The Rain ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) The Break with Michelle Wolf ( 2018 ) Samantha !",
"14": "( 2018 ) The Innocents ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Distrito Salvaje ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La Casa de las Flores ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Money Heist ( season 3 , 2019 ) Tales of the City ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Dead to Me ( TBA ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Paradise , P.D.",
"15": "( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F_Is_for_Family&oldid=836685018 '' Categories : Netflix original programming 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American satirical television series 2015 French television series debuts French adult animated television series Gaumont Animation Television series by Gaumont International Television Television series set in the 1970s Media portrayals of the working class Television series about dysfunctional families American flash adult animated television series French flash animated television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 07 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many countries does cadbury sell its products
|
[
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"more than 50",
"more than 50"
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{
"0": "Cadbury - wikipedia Cadbury Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the confectionery company . For other uses , see Cadbury ( disambiguation ) . Cadbury UK Limited Type Subsidiary Industry Confectionery Founded Birmingham , United Kingdom 1824 ( 194 years ago ) ( 1824 ) Founders John Cadbury Headquarters Uxbridge , London , United Kingdom Key people Irene Rosenfeld ( Chairman and CEO ) Products See list of Cadbury products Number of employees 71,657 ( 2008 ) Parent Mondelez International Website www.cadbury.co.uk Cadbury , formerly Cadbury 's , is a British multinational confectionery company wholly owned by Mondelez International ( originally Kraft Foods ) since 2010 . It is the second - largest confectionery brand in the world after Wrigley 's . Cadbury is internationally headquartered in Uxbridge , West London , and operates in more than 50 countries worldwide . It is famous for its Dairy Milk chocolate , the Creme Egg and Roses selection box , and many other confectionery products . One of the best - known British brands , in 2013 The Daily Telegraph named Cadbury among Britain 's most successful exports . Cadbury was established in Birmingham , England in 1824 , by John Cadbury who sold tea , coffee and drinking chocolate . Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin , followed by his sons Richard and George . George developed the Bournville estate , a model village designed to give the company 's workers improved living conditions . Dairy Milk chocolate , introduced in 1905 , used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products . By 1914 , the chocolate was the company 's best - selling product . Cadbury , alongside Rowntree 's and Fry , were the big three British confectionery manufacturers throughout much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . Cadbury was granted its first Royal Warrant from Queen Victoria in 1854 . It has been a holder of a Royal Warrant from Elizabeth II since 1955 . Cadbury merged with J.S. Fry & Sons in 1919 , and Schweppes in 1969 .",
"1": "Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 on the London Stock Exchange from the index 's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1800 -- 1900 : Early history 1.2 1900 -- 1969 1.3 Schweppes merger ( 1969 ) 1.3. 1 Schweppes demerger 1.4 2007 -- 2010 1.5 Acquisition by Kraft Foods 2 Operations 2.1 Head office 2.2 Production sites 2.2. 1 Bournville 3 Markets 3.1 United Kingdom 3.2 Ireland 3.3 United States 3.4 Australia 3.5 New Zealand 3.6 Canada 3.7 India 3.8 Malta 4 Advertising 5 Executive pay 6 Accounting 7 Products 8 Health and safety controversies 8.1 2006 salmonella scare 8.2 2007 recalls 8.3 2008 melamine contamination in China 8.4 2009 hydrogenation 8.5 2014 pork traces in Malaysia 8.6 2017 `` Easter '' controversy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Cadbury 1800 -- 1900 : early History ( edit ) An 1885 advertisement for Cadbury 's Cocoa In 1824 , John Cadbury , a Quaker , began selling tea , coffee and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham , England . From 1831 he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates , made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production . In 1847 , John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as `` Cadbury Brothers '' . In 1847 , Cadbury 's competitor Fry 's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar ( which would be mass produced as Fry 's Chocolate Cream in 1866 ) .",
"2": "Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849 , and that same year , Cadbury and Fry 's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall , Birmingham . The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London , and in 1854 they received the Royal Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria . The company went into decline in the late 1850s . John Cadbury 's sons Richard and George took over the business in 1861 . At the time of the takeover , the business was in rapid decline : the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11 , and the company was losing money . By 1866 , Cadbury was profitable again . The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate , and by increasing the quality of their products . Cadbury Factory , Bournville is located on the south side of Birmingham , England The firm 's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866 when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain . A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean . The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s . In 1861 , the company created Fancy Boxes -- a decorated box of chocolates -- and in 1868 they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for Valentine 's Day . Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday . In 1878 , the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles from Birmingham . The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business . Better transport access for milk that was inward shipped by canal , and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London , Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration . With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , they acquired the Bournbrook estate , comprising 14.5 acres ( 5.9 ha ) of countryside 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of the outskirts of Birmingham . Located next to the Stirchley Street railway station , which itself was opposite the canal , they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory the following year .",
"3": "In 1893 , George Cadbury bought 120 acres ( 49 ha ) of land close to the works and planned , at his own expense , a model village which would ' alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions ' . By 1900 the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on 330 acres ( 130 ha ) of land . As the Cadbury family were Quakers there were no pubs in the estate . In 1897 , following the lead of Swiss companies , Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars . In 1899 Cadbury became a private limited company . 1900 -- 1969 ( edit ) The packing room at Bournville , circa 1903 In 1905 , Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar , a production of exceptional quality with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars . Developed by George Cadbury Jr , it was the first time a British company had been able to mass - produce milk chocolate . From the beginning , it had the distinctive purple wrapper . It was a great sales success , and became the company 's best selling product by 1914 . The stronger Bournville Cocoa line was introduced in 1906 . Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company 's rapid pre-war expansion . In 1910 , Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time . Cadbury 's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War . More than 2,000 of Cadbury 's male employees joined the British Armed Forces , and to support the British war effort , Cadbury provided chocolate , books and clothing to the troops . George Cadbury handed over two company - owned buildings for use as hospitals -- `` The Beeches '' and `` Fircroft '' , and the management of both hospitals earned the War Office 's highest award . Factory girls , dubbed ' The Cadbury Angels ' , volunteered to do the laundry of injured soldiers recovering in the hospitals . After the war , the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest . In 1918 , Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart , Tasmania . Cadbury Wharf , Knighton , Staffordshire .",
"4": "It was operated by Cadbury between 1911 and 1961 to process locally collected milk and produce `` chocolate crumb '' which was transported to Cadbury 's in Bournville . In 1919 , Cadbury merged with J.S. Fry & Sons , another leading British chocolate manufacturer , resulting in the integration of well - known brands such as Fry 's Chocolate Cream and Fry 's Turkish Delight . In 1921 , the many small Fry 's factories around Bristol were closed down , and production was consolidated at a new Somerdale Factory , outside Bristol . Cadbury soon expanded its product range with Flake ( 1920 ) , Creme eggs ( 1923 ) , Fruit and Nut ( 1928 ) , and Crunchie ( 1929 ) ( originally under the Fry 's label ) . By 1930 Cadbury had become the 24th - largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital . Cadbury took direct control of the under - performing Fry in 1935 . Dairy Milk Whole Nut arrived in 1933 , and Roses were introduced in 1938 . Chocolate ceased to be a luxury product and became affordable to the working classes for the first time . By the mid-1930s , Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could afford to buy chocolate . By 1936 , Dairy Milk accounted for 60 percent of the UK milk chocolate market . During World War II , parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work , producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft . Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops . As chocolate was regarded as an essential food , it was placed under government supervision for the entire war . The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950 , and normal production resumed . Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products . In 1952 the Moreton factory was built . Cadbury has been a holder of a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II since 1955 . In 1967 Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner , MacRobertson 's , beating a rival bid from Mars . As a result of the takeover , Cadbury built a 60 percent market share in the Australian market .",
"5": "Schweppes merger ( 1969 ) ( edit ) The Cadbury Schweppes logo used until the demerger in 2008 Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969 . Head of Schweppes , Lord Watkinson , became chairman , and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director . The benefits of the merger were to prove elusive . The merger put an end to Cadbury 's close links to its Quaker founding family and its perceived social ethos by instilling a capitalist venturer philosophy in management . In 1978 , the company acquired Peter Paul , the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $58 million , which gave it a 10 percent share of the world 's largest confectionery market . The highly successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981 , and nationwide in 1984 . In 1982 , trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in the UK for the first time . In 1986 , Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £ 97 million . This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea , Kenco , Smash and Hartley Chivers jam . The deal also saw Premier take the licence for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate . Meanwhile , Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca - Cola , taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca - Cola Schweppes . The acquisition of Canada Dry doubled its worldwide drinks market share , and it took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper . As a result of these acquisitions , Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world . In August 1988 , the company sold its U.S. confectionery operations to Hershey 's for $284.5 million cash plus the assumption of $30 million in debt . Snapple , Mistic and Stewart 's ( formerly Cable Car Beverage ) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45 billion . In October of that same year , Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc .",
"6": "Schweppes demerger ( edit ) In March 2007 , it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities : one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market ; the other on its US drinks business . The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008 , with the drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group . In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries . 2007 -- 2010 ( edit ) Cadbury 's Somerdale Factory located in Keynsham near Bristol , south west England ( 1921 -- 2010 ) In October 2007 , Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory , in Keynsham , Somerset , formerly part of Fry 's . Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change . Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland . In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery , the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £ 58 million cash . This sale included factories at Pontefract , Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield , and the transfer of around 800 employees . In mid-2009 Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil . Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture , there was no `` new improved recipe '' claim placed on New Zealand labels . Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand , with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation , and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests . By August 2009 , the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia , although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury 's flavoured sugar syrup based fillings ( where it referred to as ' vegetable oil ' ) . In addition , Cadbury stated they would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels . In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury 's commitment .",
"7": "Acquisition by Kraft Foods ( edit ) On 7 September 2009 , Kraft Foods made a £ 10.2 billion ( US $16.2 billion ) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury . The offer was rejected , with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company . Kraft launched a formal , hostile bid for Cadbury valuing the firm at £ 9.8 billion on 9 November 2009 . The UK Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to `` make a quick buck '' from the acquisition of Cadbury . On 19 January 2010 , it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £ 8.40 per share , valuing Cadbury at £ 11.5 bn ( US $18.9 bn ) . Kraft , which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a `` global confectionery leader '' , had to borrow £ 7 billion ( US $11.5 bn ) in order to finance the takeover . The Hershey Company , based in Pennsylvania , manufactures and distributes Cadbury - branded chocolate ( but not its other confectionery ) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury 's `` ethos '' . Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster - growing international markets . But on 22 January 2010 , Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft 's final offer . The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public , as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite , who fought against the acquisition of the company which , according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown , was very important to the British economy . Unite estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs `` at risk '' , and UK shareholders protested over the mergers and acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks . Cadbury 's M&A advisers were UBS , Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley . Controversially , RBS , a bank 84 % owned by the United Kingdom Government , funded the Kraft takeover . On 2 February 2010 , Kraft secured over 71 % of Cadbury 's shares thus finalising the deal .",
"8": "Kraft had needed to reach 75 % of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft . This was achieved on 5 February 2010 , and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March 2010 . On 3 February 2010 , the Chairman Roger Carr , chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield all announced their resignations . Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years . On 9 February 2010 , Kraft announced that they were planning to close the Somerdale Factory , Keynsham , with the loss of 400 jobs . The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed , though assurances had been given regarding sustaining the plant . Staff at Keynsham criticised this move , suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been `` sacked twice '' . On 22 April 2010 , Phil Rumbol , the man behind the famous Gorilla advertisement , announced his plans to leave the Cadbury company in July following Kraft 's takeover . In June 2010 , the Polish division , Cadbury - Wedel , was sold to Lotte of Korea . The European Commission made the sale a condition of the Kraft takeover . As part of the deal Kraft will keep the Cadbury , Hall 's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz . Lotte will take over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand . On 4 August 2011 , Kraft Foods announced they would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012 . The confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelez International , of which Cadbury is a subsidiary . In response to diminishing margins in early 2014 , Mondelez hired Accenture to implement a US $3 billion cost - cutting program of the company 's assets including Cadbury and Oreo . Beginning in 2015 , Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland , Canada , the United States , and New Zealand and shifting production to `` advantaged '' country locations like China , India , Brazil , and Eastern Europe .",
"9": "The closure of Cadbury factories in centers such as Dublin , Montreal , Chicago , Philadelphia , and Dunedin in New Zealand generated outcries from the local populations . The plan received approval from several market shareholders including the Australian and New Zealand banks Westpac and ASB Bank . Operations ( edit ) Head office ( edit ) Cadbury has its head office at Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge , London Borough of Hillingdon , England . The company occupies 84,000 square feet ( 7,800 m ) of leased space inside Building 3 of the business park , which it shares with Mondelez 's UK division . After acquiring Cadbury , Kraft confirmed that the company would remain at Cadbury House . Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair , City of Westminster in 2007 as a cost - saving measure . In 1992 , the company leased the space for £ 55 per 1 square foot ( 0.093 m ) ; by 2002 this had reached £ 68.75 per square foot . Production sites ( edit ) Bournville ( edit ) Bournville employs almost 1,000 people . In 2014 , Mondelez announced a £ 75 million investment in the site . Bournville is home to Mondelez 's Global Centre of Excellence for Chocolate research and development , so every new chocolate product created by the company anywhere in the world starts life at the Birmingham plant . Markets ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Cadbury Founded 1824 Headquarters Bournville , Birmingham , England Website www.cadbury.co.uk The confectionery business in the UK is called Cadbury ( formerly Cadbury Trebor Bassett ) and , as of August 2004 , had eight factories and 3,000 staff in the UK . Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand , such as Cadbury Fingers . Cadbury also owns Trebor Bassett , Fry 's and Maynards Ice cream based on Cadbury products , like 99 Flake , is made under licence by Frederick 's Dairies .",
"10": "Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by Premier Foods , but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in Worcester and Moreton on the Wirral , with distribution depots throughout the UK . Other Kraft subsidiaries in the UK include : Cadbury Two LLP , Cadbury UK Holdings Limited , Cadbury US Holdings Limited , Cadbury Four LLP , Cadbury Holdings Limited , and Cadbury One LLP . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Cadbury Ireland Cadbury Ireland Limited is based in Coolock in Dublin , where the headquarters of Cadbury Ireland are located , and Tallaght . The third is in Rathmore , County Kerry . Products made by Cadbury in Ireland include Cadbury Dairy Milk Range , Cadbury Twirl , Cadbury Cadbury Snacks Range Flake and Boost ( formerly Moro ) . Cadbury used to produce the Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland . United States ( edit ) Cadbury Founded December 2002 Headquarters Parsippany - Troy Hills , New Jersey , United States Products Trident , Certs , Chiclets , Halls ( cough drop ) Website www.cadbury.co.uk Cadbury Adams produces candy , gum , breath mints and cough drops . It is headquartered in Parsippany , New Jersey . The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US $4.2 billion . American Chicle was purchased by Warner - Lambert in 1962 ; Warner - Lambert renamed the unit Adams in 1997 and merged with Pfizer in 2000 . In 1978 , Cadbury merged with Peter Paul , makers of Mounds and Almond Joy . In 1988 , The Hershey Company acquired the U.S. rights to their chocolate business . Accordingly , although the Cadbury group 's chocolate products have been sold in the U.S. since 1988 , the products are manufactured by Hershey , causing complaints by consumers , who claim they are inferior to the originals . Before the May 2008 demerger , the North American business also contained beverage unit Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages . In 1982 , Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Duffy - Mott Company .",
"11": "Cadbury Adams ' products include : Maynards Wine Gums ( original and Sour ) Swedish Fish Swedish Berries Juicy Squirts ( Sours , Citrus , and Berry ) Original Gummies Fuzzy Peach Sour Chillers Sour Patch Kids Mini Fruit Gums Sour Cherry Blasters Fruit Mania Bassett 's Liquorice Allsorts Gum Black Jack chewing gum Bubbaloo bubble gum Bubblicious bubble gum Chiclets Clorets Dentyne Freshen Up Gum Sour Cherry Gum ( Limited ) Sour Apple Gum ( Limited ) Stride Trident Other Certs breath mints Halls ( cough drop ) Discontinued products Beemans chewing gum Cinn * a * Burst gum Clove gum Fruit * a * Burst gum Mint * a * Burst gum Sparkies Australia ( edit ) Milk processing plant at Cooee , Burnie , Tasmania . Cadbury 's products were first imported into Australia as early as 1853 when 3 cases of Cadbury 's cocoa and chocolate were advertised for sale in Adelaide . Cadbury 's first overseas order in 1881 was made for the Australian market . In 1919 , as part of its plans to expand internationally , the company decided to build a factory in Australia . In 1920 Claremont , Tasmania was chosen for the location because of its close proximity to the city of Hobart , good source of inexpensive hydro - electricity and plentiful supply of high - quality fresh milk . The first products from the factory were sold in 1922 . The Claremont factory was modelled on Bournville , with its own village and sporting facilities . Cadbury operates three Australian factories ; two in Melbourne , Victoria ( Ringwood and Scoresby ) , and one in Hobart , Tasmania ( Claremont ) . Cadbury also operates a milk processing plant in Cooee , Tasmania . Claremont factory was once a popular tourist attraction and operated daily tours ; however , the factory ceased running full tours mid-2008 , citing health and safety reasons .",
"12": "Cadbury has been upgrading its manufacturing facility at Claremont , Tasmania , Australia , since 2001 On 27 February 2009 , the confectionery and beverages businesses of Cadbury Schweppes in Australia were formally separated and the beverages business began operating as Schweppes Australia Pty Ltd . In April 2009 , Schweppes Australia was acquired by Asahi Breweries . In late June 2012 , Cadbury introduced Marvellous Creations a new chocolate range with three flavours -- Peanut Toffee Cookie , Jelly Crunchie Bits or Jelly Popping Candy Beanies covered in Dairy Milk Chocolate . In 2015 the Australian Cadbury , factory located in Hobart , reduced its work force by 80 and in 2017 closed its visitor 's centre . In August 2017 Cadbury announced that 50 workers will be shed from its Hobart factory . Within Australia there is debate regarding halal certification . Many of Cadbury 's products are halal certified . This certification has generated controversy . New Zealand ( edit ) Factory in Dunedin Cadbury also operates a factory in Dunedin in New Zealand 's South Island . In 1930 , Cadbury partnered up with local confectionery businessman Richard Hudson , who owned a chocolate , confectionery , biscuit factory on Castle Street . Hudson 's factorywas rebranded as Cadbury Hudson and later became known as the Cadbury Confectionery . Cadbury later established a second factory in Auckland in the North Island . In 2003 , Cadbury established a tourist attraction on the premises of the Dunedin factory known as Cadbury World , which featured a large chocolate waterfall . In 2007 , Cadbury closed down its Auckland factory , leading to the loss of 200 jobs . In 2009 , the Cadbury Dunedin factory attracted criticism from consumers and local environmentalists when it replaced cocoa butter with palm oil . In response , the company backtracked but still retained palm oil as a filling some ingredients . Over the next several years , Cadbury began downsizing its products , including trimming chocolate blocks in 2015 . On 16 February 2017 , it was reported that Cadbury would be closing its factory in Dunedin , New Zealand by March 2018 . This is estimated to lead to the loss of 350 jobs .",
"13": "Amanda Banfield , Mondelez 's vice-president for Australia , New Zealand , and Japan , clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez 's decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury 's Australian factories . However , Mondelez has also confirmed that Dunedin 's Cadbury World tourist attraction would remain open due to its popularity with tourists . Following four weeks of consultations with local Cadbury employee , the Mayor of Dunedin Dave Cull , and local trade union representatives , Banfield confirmed that the closure would go ahead the following year due to the lack of viable options to continue production in New Zealand . She also confirmed that Cadbury would offer a redundancy support package to staff and would also sponsor staff willing to move to Australia to work . Mondelez also confirmed that it was looking for a third - party manufacturer to continue making Cadbury 's New Zealand brands Pineapple Lumps , Jaffas , Chocolate Fish and Buzz Bar . In early June 2017 , local city councillor Jim O'Malley and a group of volunteers launched a crowdfunding campaign to keep the Dunedin factory running on a portion of the site . They formed a group called Dunedin Manufacturing Holdings ( DMH ) . Despite generating NZ $6 million in funds , DMH abandoned its bid on 22 June due to Mondelez 's stringent production and supply requirements and difficulties in acquiring manpower and machinery . Mondelez has also indicated that it is negotiating with two local chocolate companies to ensure the production of iconic local brands such as Pineapple Lumps , Jaffas , Chocolate Fish , Buzz Bars , and Pinky Bars in New Zealand . Following the failure of DMH 's bid , spokesperson O'Malley announced on 12 September that his group would launch a new crowdfunding campaign to buy and expand local craft chocolate manufacturer OCHO ( the Otago Chocolate Company ) . On 17 October 2017 , Cadbury announced that it would be shifting all production of its New Zealand brands to Australia after failing to find a local supplier . The termination of New Zealand production will take effect in March 2018 . Mondelez 's New Zealand country head James Kane confirmed the shift on the grounds that the production of Cadbury products would require certain technologies , production processes and skills that local New Zealand manufacturers lacked .",
"14": "Canada ( edit ) Cadbury Canada produces and imports several products that are sold under the Cadbury and Maynards labels , including the following : Cadbury Dairy Milk ( various flavours ) Crunchie Crispy Crunch Starbar as Wunderbar Cadbury Coconut Mr. Big Caramilk Flake Creme Egg Mini Eggs Pep Maynards Wine Gums Sour Wine Gums Swedish Berries Swedish Fish Sour Patch Kids Juicy Squirts Cadbury Canada is now part of Mondelez Canada and products are featured on the Snackworks website . India ( edit ) Cadbury Founded 19 July 1948 Headquarters Mumbai , India Key people Anand Kripalu , Managing Director Products Cadbury Dairy Milk , 5 - star , Perk , Gems , Eclairs , Oreo and Bournvita Number of employees 2000 Website www.cadbury.co.uk In 1948 , Cadbury India began its operations in India by importing chocolates . On 19 July 1948 , Cadbury was incorporated in India . It now has manufacturing facilities in Thane , Induri ( Pune ) and Malanpur ( Gwalior ) , Hyderabad , Bangalore and Baddi ( Himachal Pradesh ) and sales offices in New Delhi , Mumbai , Kolkata and Chennai . The corporate head office is in Mumbai . The head office is presently situated at Pedder Road , Mumbai , under the name of `` Cadbury House '' . This monumental structure at Pedder Road has been a landmark for the citizens of Mumbai since its creation . Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India . For over two decades , Cadbury has worked with the Kerala Agricultural University to undertake cocoa research . Currently , Cadbury India operates in five categories -- Chocolate confectionery , Beverages , Biscuits , Gum and Candy . Its products include Cadbury Dairy Milk , Dairy Milk Silk , Bournville , 5 - Star , Temptations , Perk , Eclairs , Bournvita , Celebrations , Gems , Bubbaloo , Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots , Toblerone , Halls , Bilkul , Tang , and Oreo .",
"15": "It is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70 % . On 21 April 2014 , Cadbury India changed its name to Mondelez India Foods Limited . In 2017 , Cadbury / Mondelez agreed to pay a $13 million FCPA penalty for making illicit payments to government officials to obtain licenses and approvals to build a factory in Baddi . Malta ( edit ) In 2012 , Alf Mizzi & Sons Marketing ( Ltd ) took over the importation and distribution of Cadbury , as well as several other Mondelez brands . Most of the Cadbury products are imported directly from the UK . The advertising of the brand was taken over by Sloane Ltd. , which proved to be highly successful in creating market specific commercials , reaching more of the Maltese population than ever through digital advertising . Advertising ( edit ) The Cadbury signature logo is derived from the signature of William Cadbury . It was adopted as the worldwide logo in the 1970s . Cadbury famously trademarked the colour purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995 and 2004 . However , the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé . Executive pay ( edit ) In 2008 , Todd Stitzer , Cadbury 's CEO , was paid a £ 2,665,000 bonus . Combined with his annual salary of £ 985,000 and other payments of £ 448,000 this gives a total remuneration of over £ 4 million . Accounting ( edit ) In July 2007 , Cadbury Schweppes announced that it would be outsourcing its transactional accounting and order capture functions to Shared Business Services ( SBS ) centres run by a company called Genpact ( a businesses services provider ) in India , China , and Romania . This was to affect all business units and be associated with US and UK functions being transferred to India by the end of 2007 , with all units transferred by mid-2009 . Depending on the success of this move , other accounting Human Resources functions may follow . This development is likely to lead to the loss of several hundred jobs worldwide , but also to several hundred jobs being created , at lower salaries commensurate with wages paid in developing countries .",
"16": "Products ( edit ) Main article : List of Cadbury products Major chocolate brands produced by Cadbury include the bars Dairy Milk , Crunchie , Caramel , Wispa , Boost , Picnic , Flake , Curly Wurly , Chomp , and Fudge ; chocolate Buttons ; the boxed chocolate brand Milk Tray ; and the twist - wrapped chocolates Heroes . As well as Cadbury 's chocolate , the company also owns Maynards and Halls , and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassett 's brands or products such as Liquorice Allsorts , Jelly Babies , Flumps , Mints , Black Jack chews , Trident gum , and Softmints . Global sales of Cadbury products amounted to £ 491M in the 52 weeks to 16 August 2014 . A Cadbury Wispa chocolate bar that has been split in half . These are available in the UK .",
"17": "A Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel bar in its foil wrapper A Cadbury Flake split in half Notable product introductions include : 1866 : Cocoa Essence 1875 : Easter Eggs 1897 : Milk Chocolate and Fingers 1905 : Dairy Milk 1908 : Bournville 1914 : Fry 's Turkish Delight 1915 : Milk Tray 1920 : Flake 1923 : Creme Egg ( launched as Fry 's ) 1926 : Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut 1929 : Crunchie ( launched as Fry 's ) 1938 : Roses 1948 : Fudge 1958 : Picnic 1960 : Dairy Milk Buttons 1968 : Aztec 1970 : Curly Wurly 1974 : Snack 1976 : Double Decker 1976 : Starbar 1981 : Wispa ( relaunched 2007 ) 1985 : Boost 1987 : Twirl 1992 : Time Out 1995 : Wispa Gold ( relaunched 2009 and 2011 ) 1996 : Fuse ( promotional relaunched 2015 ) 2001 : Brunch Bar , Dream and Flake 2009 : Dairy Milk Silk 2010 : Dairy Milk Bliss 2011 : Big Race oreo 2012 : Marvellous Creations and Crispello 2014 : Pebbles 2014 : Bubbly 2016 : Cadbury Silk Oreo Health and safety controversies ( edit ) 2006 salmonella scare ( edit ) On 19 January 2006 , Cadbury Schweppes detected a rare strain of the Salmonella bacteria , affecting seven of its products . It has been said that it was caused by a leaking pipe . The leak occurred at its Marlbrook plant , in Herefordshire , which produces chocolate crumb mixture ; the mixture is then transported to factories at Bournville ( formerly Somerdale ) to be turned into milk chocolate . It was not until around six months after the leak was detected that Cadbury Schweppes officially notified the Food Standards Agency , which recalled more than a million chocolate bars .",
"18": "In December 2006 , the company announced that the cost of dealing with the contamination reached £ 30 million . In April 2007 , Birmingham City Council announced that it would be prosecuting Cadbury Schweppes in relation to three alleged offences of breaching food safety legislation . At that time , the Health Protection Agency identified 31 people who had been infected with Salmonella Montevideo . One of the alleged victims had to be kept on a hospital isolation ward for five days after eating a Cadbury 's caramel bar . An investigation that was carried by Herefordshire Council led to a further six charges being brought . The company pleaded guilty to all nine charges , and was fined one million pounds at Birmingham Crown Court -- the sentencing of both cases was brought together . Analysts have said the fine is not material to the group , with mitigating factors limiting the fine being that the company quickly admitted its guilt and said it had been mistaken that the infection did not pose a threat to health . 2007 recalls ( edit ) On 10 February 2007 , Cadbury recalled a range of products due to a labelling error . The products were produced in a factory handling nuts , potential allergens , but this was not made clear on the packaging . As a precaution , all items were recalled . On 14 September 2007 , Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warning , recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars . A printing mistake at Somerdale Factory resulted in the omission of tree nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars . 2008 melamine contamination in China ( edit ) On 29 September 2008 , Cadbury withdrew all of its 11 chocolate products made in its three Beijing factories , on suspicion of contamination with melamine . The recall affected the mainland China markets , Taiwan , Hong Kong and Australia . Products recalled included Dark Chocolate , a number of products in the ' Dairy Milk ' range and Chocolate Éclairs . 2009 hydrogenation ( edit ) Cadbury continues to use hydrogenated oils in many of its signature products . Although trans fats are present , the nutrition labels round the values down to zero .",
"19": "2014 pork traces in Malaysia ( edit ) Cadbury recalled two chocolate products after it was tested positive for traces of pork DNA , namely Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut and Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond . The traces were found during a periodic check for non-halal ingredients in food products by the Ministry of Health in Malaysia which on 24 May 2014 said two of three samples of the company 's products may contain pork traces . On 2 June 2014 , Malaysia 's Department of Islamic Development ( JAKIM ) declared that the sample did not contain pig DNA , as claimed in earlier reports . This statement was made after new tests were conducted . JAKIM reportedly said in a statement that they tested 11 samples of Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut , Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond and other products from the company 's factory but none of them tested positive for pork . The investigation followed reports that unscheduled checks had shown that two chocolates produced by Mondelez International Inc. , the parent company of Cadbury , violated Islamic law and led to a boycott of all its products in the country . 2017 `` Easter '' controversy ( edit ) In 2017 the Church of England condemned the company and the National Trust for rebranding their annual `` Easter Egg Trails '' to `` Cadbury Egg Hunts '' . Prime Minister Theresa May called the rebranding `` absolutely ridiculous '' , however Cadbury dismissed the criticism , a spokesperson saying `` It is clear to see that within our communications we visibly state the word Easter . It is included a number of times across promotional materials . '' An ensuing controversy followed in Australia , where Cadbury was accused of removing the word ' Easter ' from the packaging of its Easter eggs . Cadbury Australia rebutted that Easter was mentioned on `` the back of pack '' , and that its eggs were obviously Easter eggs . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal London portal Companies portal Food portal Cadbury World , Birmingham Cadbury World , Dunedin Eyebrows ( advertisement ) Gorilla ( advertisement ) General : Big Chocolate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Company Profile for Cadbury PLC ( CBY ) '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Top 10 confectionery brands globally '' . Confectionary News . Jump up ^ `` GTA 5 : a Great British export '' . The Telegraph . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim ( 2002 ) . `` Sweets : A History of Temptation '' . p. 255 . Bantam Press ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Warrant Holders : Cadbury '' . Royalwarrant.org . Jump up ^ Paton , Maynard ( 2 January 2004 ) . `` Twenty Years Of The FTSE 100 '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury PLC ( UK ) : Offer by Kraft Foods Inc . ( USA ) declared Wholly Unconditional -- Changes In FTSE Indices '' . FTSE Group . 2 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dellheim , Charles ( February 1987 ) . `` The Creation of a Company Culture : Cadburys , 1861 -- 1931 '' . The American Historical Review . Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association . 92 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 1862781 . JSTOR 1862781 . PMID 11612055 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Geoffrey ( 1984 ) . `` Multinational Chocolate : Cadbury Overseas , 1918 -- 39 '' . Business History . 26 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 76 . doi : 10.1080 / 00076798400000004 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Mintz , Sidney ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets . Oxford University Press . p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Chocolate principles to live by '' . p. 159 . MJF Books / Fine Communications , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Sales by Public Auction '' . Supplement to The South Australian Register . Adelaide , Australia .",
"21": "8 February 1853 . 3 cases Cadbury ' s Cocoa and Chocolate ^ Jump up to : Fitzgerald , Robert ( 2005 ) . `` Products , Firms and Consumption : Cadbury and the Development of Marketing , 1900 -- 1939 '' . Business History . 47 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 531 . doi : 10.1080 / 00076790500132977 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` New Cadbury World Display Highlights Bournville Workers ' Courage During WW1 '' . Edge Magazine . 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ascribed to Cadbury plc. ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` A history of Cadbury 's sweet success '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Robert ( 2007 ) . Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution , 1862 -- 1969 . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02378 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The history of Cadbury Schweppes '' . Birminghamuk.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Smith ; Michael Rowlinson ( 1990 ) . Reshaping Work : The Cadbury Experience . Cambridge University Press . pp. 78 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32304 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cadbury , Deborah ( 2010 ) . Chocolate Wars : The 150 - Year Rivalry Between the World 's Greatest Chocolate Makers . PublicAffairs . pp. 267 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 925 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Chris ; Rowlinson , Michael ( 1990 ) . Reshaping Work : The Cadbury Experience . Cambridge University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32304 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hendry , John ( 1999 ) . European Cases in Strategic Management .",
"22": "Cengage Learning . p. 83 . ISBN 1 - 86152 - 577 - X . Jump up ^ Chris Smith ; Michael Rowlinson ( 1990 ) . Reshaping Work : The Cadbury Experience . Cambridge University Press . pp. 78 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32304 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chris Smith ; Michael Rowlinson ( 1990 ) . Reshaping Work : The Cadbury Experience . Cambridge University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32304 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chris Smith ; Michael Rowlinson ( 1990 ) . Reshaping Work : The Cadbury Experience . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32304 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hendry , John ( 1999 ) . European Cases in Strategic Management . Cengage Learning . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 1 - 86152 - 577 - X . Jump up ^ The Hershey Company Fact Book 2016 . The Hershey Company . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Holson , Laura M. ( 18 September 2000 ) . `` Cadbury to Pay $1.45 Billion For Snapple '' . The New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Crown Cola Company '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury plans to split business '' -- BBC News , 14 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury plc Demerger '' ( Press release ) . Cadbury plc. 7 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury to sell Australian drinks arm '' . Financial Times . 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury factories shed 700 jobs '' . BBC News .",
"23": "3 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Sweet deal as Tangerine buys Monkhill , Yorkshire Post , 18 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Cadbury Dairy Milk returns to Cocoa Butter only recipe -- Official Press Release , August 2009 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Cadbury Dairy Milk to go Fairtrade in 2010 -- Choclovers.com , August 2009 Jump up ^ Severin Carrell , Scotland correspondent ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Kraft pledges to honour Cadbury 's Fairtrade sourcing commitments at Guardian.co.uk '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury snubs £ 10.2 bn Kraft move '' . BBC News . 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury rejects hostile Kraft bid '' . BBC News . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ MacAlister , Terry ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Do n't try to make a quick buck from Cadbury , Mandelson tells Kraft '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury agrees Kraft takeover bid '' . BBC News . London : BBC . 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Tim ( 16 January 2010 ) . `` Get your hands off our sweets ! '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JP Morgan , BofA gear up to fund Hershey 's Cadbury bid '' . The Business Standard . Jump up ^ Andrejczak , Matt ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Hershey : No plans for Cadbury bid '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ de la Merced , Michael J. & Nicholson , Chris V. ( 19 January 2010 ) .",
"24": "`` Kraft to Acquire Cadbury in Deal Worth $19 Billion '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Jannarone , John ; Curtin , Matthew ( 16 January 2010 ) . `` Hershey 's Chocolate Dreams '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Keep Cadbury Independent -- UK and Irish workers unite to stop Kraft swallowing Cadbury '' . UniteTheUnion.com . Archived from the original on 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clegg attacks Brown over RBS funding for Cadbury bid '' . BBC News . 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Debt - heavy Kraft could put 30,000 Cadbury jobs at risk , warns Unite '' . Unitetheunion.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Wood , Zoe & Treanor , Jill ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` £ 2m a day cost of Cadbury deal -- plus £ 12m for the boss '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Costello , Miles ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` Big investors call for inquiry into banks ' fees for M&A work '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Weisenthal , Joe ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley Win Big In Kraft - Cadbury 's '' . The Business Insider . Jump up ^ Taylor , Peter ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Bankers the big winners in Kraft 's tilt for Cadbury '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Ruth ( 22 November 2009 ) . `` RBS kept client Cadbury in the dark as it prepared to back Kraft 's hostile bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clegg attacks Brown over RBS funding for Cadbury bid '' . BBC News . 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury deal near end , Kraft CEO sees sleep '' . Reuters. 2 February 2010 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Cadbury shares to be de-listed BBC News . 5 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bonfield was appointed a non-executive director of Kingfisher plc in February 2010 '' . Jump up ^ Cadbury top bosses to step down BBC News . 3 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` Cadbury 's Bristol plant to close by 2011 '' . BBC News . 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Warde , Miles ( 16 March 2010 ) . `` Cadbury Keynsham workers ' sacked twice ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury 's marketing director to quit '' . Newstatesman.com. 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Lotte group set to acquire Wedel in Poland from Kraft Confectionarynews.com 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Factbox - Kraft to split into two companies '' . Reuters. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Kraft to split into two companies '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondelez International Details Cost - Reduction Progress and Strategies to Accelerate Growth ; Reaffirms 2015 Outlook and 2016 Margin Target '' . Mondelez International . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stock , Rob ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Mondelez 's global $4 billion cost - cutting drive behind Dunedin Cadbury factory closure '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondelez 's results beat on better pricing , cost cuts '' . Reuters. 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terms of Use '' . Cadbury . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Heap , Richard . Cadbury 's schlep . Property Week . 6 July 2007 .",
"26": "Retrieved on 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mondelez UK Limited '' . Companies House . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Update on progress made since Kraft Foods acquired Cadbury Archived 4 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Kraft Foods . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved on 6 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Muspratt , Caroline ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` Cadbury swaps Mayfair for Uxbridge '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Savills pre-lets new HQ building at record rent for prestigious business park Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Reports and Accounts 2007 . Savills plc . Retrieved on 27 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Jon . `` Cadbury owner Mondelez announces £ 75m upgrade of Bournville factory '' . Birmingham Post . Jump up ^ `` 160 jobs lost as Cadbury scraps the Pink Snack bar '' . thejournal.ie. 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hersheys History '' . Hersheys.com . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Narula , Svati Kirsten . `` How Cadbury lost the right to sell its own chocolate in the US '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Motts Company History '' . Motts.com . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Advertising - South Australian Register ( Adelaide , SA : 1839 - 1900 ) - 8 Feb 1853 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CADBURY - FRY - PASCALL LIMITED . CLAREMONT . - Examiner ( Launceston , Tas. : 1900 - 1954 ) - 5 Jun 1922 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ www.iconinc.com.au , Icon. Inc - . `` Cadbury in Australia '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` NEW INDUSTRY FOR TASMANIA CHOCOLATE AND COCOA FACTORY . - CLAREMONT SITE CHOSEN . A BIG SCHEME OUTLINED . - The Mercury ( Hobart , Tas. : 1860 - 1954 ) - 26 May 1920 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Chocolate Factory Hobart '' . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Schweppes Confectionery Plant '' . Packaging Gateway . Archived from the original on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury in Australia '' . Cadbury.com.au . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadburys launches new chocolate range '' . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury to shed 80 jobs in Hobart '' . SBS. 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shine , Rhiannon ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Pauline Hanson 's call for boycott of halal - certified Easter eggs could cost jobs , union warns '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury to slash jobs in Hobart '' . Sky News Australia . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halal Products '' . Mondelez Australia Pty Ltd. 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pauline Hanson says ' boycott Cadbury ' urging supporters to buy ' non-halal ' Easter eggs '' . Yahoo7 News . 11 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Windsor , Ben ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Pauline Hanson : ' Go and buy some non-halal Easter eggs ' '' . SBS . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Cadbury New Zealand . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial ( 17 February 2017 ) .",
"28": "`` The last blow to Cadbury '' . Otago Daily Times . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson , Richard '' . New Zealand Business Hall of Fame . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The bitter aftertaste to Cadbury 's closing '' . Otago Daily Times . New Zealand Media and Entertainment . 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Dene ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` 350 jobs to go as Cadbury closes '' . Otago Daily Times . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Rotherham , Fiona ; Underhill , Jonathan ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Cadbury workers had no fore - warning Dunedin factory to close '' . National Business Review . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury World to remain open in Dunedin '' . Otago Daily Times . 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury factory closure confirmed '' . The New Zealand Herald . 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` $3 m pledged to save Dunedin Cadbury factory '' . The New Zealand Herald . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeilly , Hamish ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Choc shock as Dunedin fundraising campaign drops Cadbury bid '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeilly , Hamish ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Dunedin push to become premium chocolate maker '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury production moving to Australia '' . Otago Daily Times . 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury production moving to Australia '' . The New Zealand Herald . 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Krafts Tang India plan '' . The Hindu Business Line . 19 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury India Ltd . -- Company Overview '' . Cadbury India . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury India Ltd . -- Company Overview '' . Cadburyindia.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Singh , Namrata ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` Cadbury India puts in place new top brass '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Businessworld -- NO . 22 : CADBURY INDIA '' . Businessworld.in. 24 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury India -- Cadbury Schweppes Profile -- History of Cadbury India '' . Iloveindia.com. 21 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury India -- Change of name '' . Press Trust of India . 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SEC.gov Spotlight on Foreign Corrupt Practices Act '' . www.sec.gov . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondelez in $13 million SEC settlement tied to India payments '' . Reuters. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cadbury , Deborah ( 2010 ) . Chocolate Wars : The 150 - Year Rivalry Between the World 's Greatest Chocolate Makers . PublicAffairs . pp. 269 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 925 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Trade mark number UK0002020876A '' . Intellectual Property Office .",
"30": "Jump up ^ information@ipo.gov.uk , Intellectual Property Office , Concept House , Cardiff Road , Newport , NP10 8QQ . `` Intellectual Property Office - By number results '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ConfectioneryNews.com . `` Cadbury left black & blue in latest Nestlé battle over the color purple '' . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court rules against Cadbury in purple trade mark appeal '' . 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Stitzer Profile '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Schweppes awards contract to Genpact '' . Scottgolas . typepad.com. 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Addy , Rod ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Top 10 UK chocolate brands '' . foodmanufacture.co.uk . Addy . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury launches CDM Silk '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cadbury recall after health fears -- BBC News , 23 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Cadbury faces salmonella action -- BBC News , 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Rob ( 23 April 2007 ) . `` Lawyer for Salmonella Victims Responds to Potential Legal Action against Cadburys '' . Sheffield : Irwin Mitchell . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cadbury admits salmonella charges -- BBC News , 15 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Cadbury admits salmonella charges -- BBC News , 3 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cadbury gets 1 mln pound salmonella fine -- Yahoo ! News , 16 July 2007 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ Cadbury recall Easter eggs Daily Mail , 10 February 2007 Jump up ^ Cadbury 's recall dairy milk double choc bars Foods Standards Agency , 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Withdraws China Chocolate on Melamine Concern '' . Reuters . Flex News . 28 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ng Kang - chung , `` Cadbury recalls 11 products after tests reveal melamine '' , Page A1 , South China Morning Post ( 30 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Deadly fats : why are we still eating them ? '' . London : The Independent . 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pig DNA - tainted Cadbury chocolates were produced locally : Malaysia '' . Channel Newsasia. 26 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pork in Cadbury 's : Malaysian chocolate recalled after DNA traces found '' . The Guardian . London . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Varandani , Suman ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Malaysia 's Top Islamic Body JAKIM Says Cadbury Chocolates Do Not Contain Pork While Muslim Consumer Group Remains Unconvinced '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury and National Trust accused of ' airbrushing faith ' by Church of England for dropping ' Easter ' from egg hunt '' . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May wades into ' Easter egg hunt ' row despite apparently thin grasp of story '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Vanessa ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Federal MP questions why manufacturers take ' Easter ' out of their chocolate egg packaging '' . News Ltd . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . `` Dumoulin reference page '' . Dumoulin Coating Pans France . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 August 2007 .",
"32": "Further reading ( edit ) Bradley , John ( 2008 ) . Cadbury 's Purple Reign : The Story Behind Chocolate 's Best - Loved Brand . John Wiley and Sons Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 72524 - 5 . Cadbury , Deborah ( 2010 ) . Chocolate Wars : The 150 - Year Rivalry Between the World 's Greatest Chocolate Makers . PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 820 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadbury . Official website Mondelēz International The Cadbury Papers , 1884 -- 1970 Cadbury Mondelēz International brands Nabisco brands and other snacks Arrowroot Barni Barnum 's Animals Belvita Better Cheddars Bimo Cheese Nips Chips Ahoy !",
"33": "Club Social Comet Enjoy Life Fig Newtons Filipinos Fudgee - O Ginger Snaps Good Thins Handi - Snacks Honey Maid In a Biskit Kinh Do Lefèvre - Utile ( LU ) Lorna Doone Mallomars Mikado Nilla Nutter Butter Oreo Peek Freans Premium Crackers Prince Rice Thins Ritz Crackers SnackWells Sociables Social Tea Stoned Wheat Thins Teddy Grahams Tiger Trakinas Triscuit TUC Vegetable Thins Wheat Thins Wheatsworth Cadbury brands 5 star chocolate Astros Bassett 's Boost Bournville Bournvita Brunch Bar Buttons Carambar Caramello Koala Caramilk Chappies Cherry Ripe Chomp Clusters Creme Egg Creme Egg Twisted Crispy Crunch Crunchie Curly Wurly Dairy Milk ( Caramel , Fruit & Nut ) Double Decker Dream Eclairs Fingers Flake Freddo Fry 's Chocolate Cream Fry 's Turkish Delight Fudge Fuse Green & Black 's Heroes Jelly Babies Kent Koko Kréma La Pie qui Chante Mantecol Maynards Milk Tray Mini Eggs Moro Mr.",
"34": "Big Old Gold Palitos de la selva Pascall Picnic Poulain Roses Shots Snack Snowflake Starbar The Natural Confectionery Company Time Out Trebor Twirl Vichy Pastilles Wispa Yowie Gums Beemans gum Bubbaloo Bubblicious Certs Chiclets Clorets Dentyne Dentyne Mints Dirol Freshen Up Gum Hollywood Chewing Gum Malabar Sour Patch Kids Stimorol Stride Swedish Fish Trident Wunderbar Chocolates Alpen Gold Baker 's Chocolate Côte d'Or Daim Freia Freia Melkesjokolade Kvikk Lunsj Lacta Marabou Milka O'Boy Poiana Prince Polo Terry 's Terry 's All Gold Terry 's Chocolate Orange Toblerone Twist Coffee ( Jacobs Douwe Egberts ) Douwe Egberts Gevalia HAG Jacobs Kenco L'OR Moccona Pilão Senseo Super Tassimo Other brands Clight Eden Halls Philadelphia Royal 90 Brasil Sottilette Tang Discontinued Bonkers candy Cameo cookies In the United States , these products are manufactured and marketed by The Hershey Company under a prior licensing agreement . Selected Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family By Appointment to HM The Queen Abels Moving Services Ainsworths Angostura Limited AkzoNobel Autoglym Axminster Carpets Bendicks Bentley Motors Bollinger Britvic BT Burberry Cadbury Carphone Warehouse Castrol Charbonnel et Walker DAKS DHL Express Dorma Ede & Ravenscroft Fortnum & Mason Frank Smythson Gieves & Hawkes H.P. Bulmer Henry Poole & Co J.",
"35": "Barbour and Sons James Purdey and Sons Jaguar Cars John Lewis John Lobb Land Rover Louis Roederer Mappin & Webb Martini & Rossi Minky Molton Brown Moët & Chandon Nestlé Procter & Gamble UK Richer Sounds Roberts Radio Ryvita Schweppes Spode Steinway & Sons Tanqueray Twinings Unilever UK Vauxhall Motors Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin Waitrose Weetabix Wilkin & Sons William Drake Wolsey Worcestershire Medal Service By Appointment to HRH The Duke of Edinburgh Boots Opticians DAKS Ede & Ravenscroft Frank Smythson Gieves & Hawkes Hatchards Holland & Holland J. Barbour and Sons James Purdey and Sons John Lobb Land Rover Lyle & Scott Penhaligon 's Truefitt & Hill By Appointment to HRH The Prince of Wales Ainsworths Aston Martin Autoglym Bentley Motors Burberry Crabtree & Evelyn DAKS Ede & Ravenscroft Frank Smythson Gieves & Hawkes Holland & Holland J. Barbour and Sons Jaguar Cars James Purdey and Sons John Lobb Land Rover Laphroaig Linn Products Minky Penhaligon 's Peter Jones Ritz Hotel Roberts Radio Shepherd Neame Taylors of Harrogate Turnbull & Asser Vauxhall Motors Waitrose Weetabix Winsor & Newton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"36": "php?title=Cadbury&oldid=822159226 '' Categories : Cadbury Mondelēz International British brands Chocolate companies Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom Food manufacturers of the United Kingdom Mondelēz brands Food and drink companies established in 1824 Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange Companies based in the London Borough of Hillingdon British Royal Warrant holders 1824 establishments in England British companies established in 1824 2010 acquisitions Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use British English from May 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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ethiopia flight 961 crashes in to the sea
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[
"23 November 1996"
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{
"0": "Ethiopian Airlines flight 961 - wikipedia Ethiopian Airlines flight 961 Jump to : navigation , search Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 The aircraft involved in the accident is seen here at Frankfurt am Main Airport in 1993 Hijacking summary Date 23 November 1996 Summary Fuel exhaustion due to hijacking , water landing Site Grande Comore , Comoros Passengers 163 ( including 3 hijackers ) Crew 12 Fatalities 125 ( including 3 hijackers ) Injuries ( non-fatal ) 46 Survivors 50 Aircraft type Boeing 767 - 260ER Operator Ethiopian Airlines Registration ET - AIZ Flight origin Bole International Airport Addis Ababa , Ethiopia 1st stopover Jomo Kenyatta Int'l Airport Nairobi , Kenya 2nd stopover Maya - Maya Airport Brazzaville , Republic of the Congo Last stopover Murtala Mohammed Int'l Airport Lagos , Nigeria Destination Port Bouet Airport Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 , a Boeing 767 - 200ER , was hijacked on 23 November 1996 , en route from Addis Ababa to Nairobi on an Addis Ababa -- Nairobi -- Brazzaville -- Lagos -- Abidjan service , by three Ethiopians seeking asylum in Australia . The plane crash - landed in the Indian Ocean near Grande Comore , Comoros Islands , due to fuel exhaustion ; 125 of the 175 passengers and crew on board died , along with the hijackers . The official accident report stated that four of the survivors were uninjured . The incident is one of the few documented water landing attempts of a widebody airliner with survivors . Until the 11 September 2001 attacks , it was the deadliest hijacking involving a single aircraft , and the second deadliest hijacking after the 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Aircraft 2 Description 2.1 Hijacking 2.2 Crash landing 2.3 Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies 2.4 Investigation 3 Fate of the passengers and crew 3.1 Notable passengers 4 Maps 5 Aftermath 6 In the media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Aircraft ( edit ) The aircraft involved in the accident was a Boeing 767 - 260ER , registration ET - AIZ , c / n 23916 , that had its maiden flight on 17 September 1987 . Powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT9D - 7R4E engines , it was delivered new to Ethiopian Airlines on 22 October 1987 . Except for a short period between May 1991 ( 1991 - 05 ) and February 1992 ( 1992 - 02 ) when it was leased to Air Tanzania , the airplane spent its life in the Ethiopian Airlines fleet . It was 9 years old at the time the incident took place . Captain Leul Abate ( 42 ) , an experienced pilot with over 11,500 total flight hours , was the pilot - in - command . The first officer on the flight was Yonas Mekuria ( 34 ) . He had flown more than 6,500 hours . The flight had been delayed in order to allow a connecting flight to feed passengers . The aircraft took off at 08 : 09 UTC . Description ( edit ) Hijacking ( edit ) At about 08 : 29 UTC , when the aircraft , referred to as Zulu by Ethiopian Airlines ' pilots , after the last letter of its registration , was still flying over Ethiopian airspace , three Ethiopian men charged the cockpit and hijacked the aircraft after taking an axe and a fire extinguisher from the cockpit . According to a special Airdisaster.com report , `` One of the men ran down the aisle toward the cockpit , shouting statements that could not be understood , and his two accomplices followed soon after . '' The Airdisaster report described the men as `` young ( mid-twenties ) , inexperienced , psychologically fragile , and intoxicated . ''",
"2": "Ethiopian state - operated radio later identified the hijackers as two unemployed high - school graduates and a nurse ; their names were Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh , Mathias Solomon Belay , and Sultan Ali Hussein ( they did not say who had which description ) . The men threatened to blow the plane up in flight if the pilots did not obey their demands . The hijackers said that there were eleven of them when in fact there were only three . After assaulting and forcing first officer Yonas Mekuria into the cabin , they made an announcement . Over the intercom , they declared in Amharic , French and English that if anyone tried to interfere , they had a bomb and they would use it to blow up the plane . Authorities later determined that the purported bomb was actually a covered bottle of liquor . The hijackers demanded the plane be flown to Australia . Leul tried to explain they had only taken on the fuel needed for the scheduled flight and thus could not even make a quarter of the journey , but the hijackers did not believe him . One of them took a copy of the airline 's in - flight magazine Selamta to the cockpit and turned to the fleet page then pointed out to a photo of the 767 stating that the maximum flying time of the airplane was 11 hours . Instead of flying towards Australia , the captain followed the African coastline southward . The hijackers noticed that land was still visible and forced the pilot to steer east . Leul secretly headed for the Comoro Islands , which lie midway between Madagascar and the African mainland . Crash landing ( edit ) Sequence showing the ditching of the aircraft ; this was recorded by a South African tourist . The plane was nearly out of fuel as it approached the island group , but the hijackers continued to ignore the captain 's warnings . Out of options , Leul began to circle the area , hoping to land the plane at the Comoros ' main airport . This forced Leul to land at more than 175 knots ( 324 km / h ; 201 mph ) . Leul tried to make an emergency landing at Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport on Grande Comore , but a fight with the hijackers at the last minute caused him to lose his visual point of reference , leaving him unable to locate the airport .",
"3": "While still fighting with the hijackers , he tried to ditch the aircraft in shallow waters 500 yards ( 457 m ) off Le Galawa Beach Hotel , near Mitsamiouli at the northern end of Grande Comore island . Leul attempted to land parallel with the waves instead of against the waves in an effort to smooth the landing . Seconds prior to contacting the water the aircraft was banked left some ten degrees ; the left engine and wingtip struck the water first . The engine acted as a scoop and struck a coral reef , slowing that side of the aircraft quickly and causing the Boeing 767 to suddenly tilt left . The rest of the aircraft then entered the water unevenly , causing it to break apart . Except for the rear part of the airframe , the broken portions of the fuselage sank rapidly . Many passengers died because they inflated their life jackets in the cabin , causing them to be trapped inside by the rising water . Island residents and tourists , including a group of scuba divers and some French doctors on vacation , came to the aid of crash survivors . A tourist recorded a video of ET - AIZ crashing . She said that she had begun taping because she initially believed that the 767 formed a part of an air show for tourists . Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies ( edit ) Survivors were initially taken to Mitsamiouli Hospital . The crash site was less than 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) away from this hospital . The passengers were transferred to El - Maarouf Regional Hospital Centre ( Centre Hospitalier National El Maarouf ) in Moroni the same day . The two French who survived and 19 injured were transported to Réunion . In Réunion , one of the injured died , making the death toll 125 . Excluding those transported to Réunion , survivors were transported to Nairobi and South Africa . At the time there was no mortuary in Moroni , so cold rooms were used to store 124 bodies . Investigation ( edit ) On 3 December 1996 the Direction Generale de l'Aviation Civile des Comores of the Comoros agreed to delegate the investigation of ET961 to the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority ( ECAA ) . The Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( AAIB ) analysed the flight recorders .",
"4": "Fate of the passengers and crew ( edit ) The final accident report includes a listing of surviving and deceased passengers and crew . All 12 crew members were Ethiopians . Six survived , including the pilot and copilot . The passengers originated from 36 countries . The passenger manifest ( including hijackers but not crew members ) follows : Nationality Number on board Survivors Austria 0 Belgium 0 Benin 0 Cameroon 0 Canada 0 Chad 0 Republic of the Congo 5 Ivory Coast 0 Djibouti Egypt 0 Ethiopia 19 France Germany 0 Hungary 0 India 20 6 Israel 8 Italy Japan Kenya 14 6 South Korea 0 Lesotho Liberia 0 Mali 12 Nigeria 23 Pakistan 0 Sierra Leone 0 Somalia 0 Sri Lanka 9 0 Sweden 0 Switzerland 0 Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom 7 United States 5 Yemen 0 Zaire 0 Total 163 44 Seat map showing deceased and surviving passengers and crew The deceased passenger count includes the three hijackers . Of the passengers , 42 originated in Bombay , including : 3 Americans 9 Nigerians 9 Sri Lankans 19 Indians The rest of the passengers originated in Addis Ababa . Of the 175 passengers and crew members , 125 were killed , including the three hijackers . According to the accident report , all six surviving crew members and 38 passengers received serious injuries , two passengers received minor injuries , and four passengers received no injuries . One passenger , an Ethiopian , was identified as a child on the manifest ; this passenger was among the dead . Many of the passengers who died survived the initial crash , but they had disregarded or did not hear Leul 's warning not to inflate their life jackets inside the aircraft , causing them to be pushed against the ceiling of the fuselage by the inflated life jackets when water flooded in . Unable to escape , they drowned .",
"5": "An estimated 60 to 80 passengers , strapped to their seats , presumably drowned . Leul and Yonas both survived . For his actions , Leul was awarded the Flight Safety Foundation Professionalism in Flight Safety Award . Notable passengers ( edit ) Among those killed was Mohamed Amin , a wartime photojournalist and publisher of Selamta , Ethiopian Airlines ' in - flight magazine . He was believed to be standing near the entrance to the cockpit arguing and negotiating with the hijacker presumed to be guarding the cockpit during the final moments of the flight . Brian Tetley , Amin 's colleague , also died . CIA officer Leslianne Shedd , who was posted to Ethiopia , died in the crash . At the CIA 's 2012 Annual Memorial Ceremony to Honor Fallen Colleagues , the Agency recalled survivors of the crash telling the CIA that `` Leslianne ... spent her final moments comforting those around her . '' Franklin Huddle , the U.S. Consul General of Bombay at the time , and his wife Chanya `` Pom '' Huddle both survived the crash . Huddle said that he chose to fly on Ethiopian Airlines while planning a safari trip to Kenya because of the airline 's reputation ; it was one of the few airlines in Africa to have Federal Aviation Administration certification . Huddle wanted a flight during the day , reasoning that flying during the day was `` safer . '' He credits his and his wife 's survival to a last - minute upgrade to business class . Other passengers who perished on the aircraft included Lt. Gen. ( Ret . ) Antal Annus , the Hungarian ambassador to Kenya and a French foreign ministry official . Maps ( edit ) Addis Ababa Nairobi Crash site Brazzaville Lagos Abidjan Location of the crash and the airports Crash site Crash site in the Comoros Aftermath ( edit ) A memorial service was held in Galawa on 30 November 1996 . The incident has become a well - known hijacking because of the videotape . This was one of very few large airliner water landings , and was the first hijacked water landing . Both the captain and first officer of the flight received aviation awards , and both continued to fly for Ethiopian Airlines .",
"6": "In the media ( edit ) The crash was featured in three episodes of Mayday ( Air Emergency , Air Crash Investigation ) . The first appearance was in season 1 to explain what might have happened if Air Transat Flight 236 had ditched instead of landing in a nearby airport . In season 3 , an episode ( `` Ocean Landing '' ) covered the events of Flight 961 in detail . Most recently , it featured in the season 10 episode covering US Airways Flight 1549 , to explain the risks of that crew 's decision to ditch in the Hudson River . It was also featured in a 2010 episode of the Biography Channel series I Survived ... , in which a survivor told his story of what happened on the plane . See also ( edit ) Ethiopia portal Aviation portal 1990s portal Air Canada Flight 143 Air Transat Flight 236 Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents Guangzhou aircraft collision List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft List of airline flights that required gliding References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1996 spawns worst - ever accident totals '' . Flightglobal . Flight International . 15 January 1997 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . The 23 November 1996 , hijack of an Ethiopian Airlines 767 resulted in the death of 128 people when the pilots were forced to ditch the aircraft near the Comoros Islands . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 9 / 99 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on 24 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lendon , Brad ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 .",
"7": "^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopian hijacking results in worst - ever fatalities '' . Flight International : 8 . 4 -- 10 December 1996 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corrections '' . The New York Times . 27 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boeing 767 -- MSN 23916 '' . Airfleets.net . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accident information : Boeing 767 Ethiopian Airlines ET - AIZ '' . Airfleets.net . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Oceanon November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 3 ( 9 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` African Hijack '' / `` Ocean Landing , '' Mayday series ' , season 3 , episode 13 ^ Jump up to : `` Special Report : Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 '' . Airdisaster.com . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p.",
"8": "1 ( 7 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Government Names Ethiopian Airlines Hijackers '' . Minnesota Daily . 5 December 1996 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Two unemployed high school graduates and a nurse were identified Wednesday as the hijackers of a jet that crashed off the Comoros Islands last month ... The Ethiopian men were identified as Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh , Mathias Solomon Belay and Sultan Ali Hussein . Officials did not say which was the nurse or how old they were . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 4 ( 10 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blomfield , Adrian ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` Beirut : 90 feared dead as Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash '' . CNN . 26 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 17 January 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 25 ( 31 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority .",
"9": "4 May 1998 . p. 80 / 99 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 81 / 99 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 6 / 99 ( Preface ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 17 ( 23 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p . Appendix E ( Page 1 of 6 ) , p. 61 ( PDF document 67 / 99 ) - List of Surviving Crew Members ( Table 1 ) , List of Fatally Injured Crew Members ( Table 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p .",
"10": "Appendix E ( Pages 2 -- 6 of 6 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ McNeil Jr. , Donald G. ( 25 November 1996 ) . `` Terror in the Air , and Frantic Rescue From the Sea '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 10 ( PDF 16 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines B767 ( ET - AIZ ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros , in the Indian Ocean on November 23 , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority . 4 May 1998 . p. 66 ( 72 / 99 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plane is hijacked ; crashes in Ocean off east Africa '' . The New York Times . 24 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50 '' . Moroni : CNN . 23 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Safety Foundation Award in Flight Professionalism '' . Flight Safety Foundation . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Episode Seven , Mo & Me : Part 1 , Part 2 Jump up ^ `` Mohamed Amin , 53 , Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia '' . The New York Times . 26 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 .",
"11": "Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CIA Holds Annual Memorial Ceremony to Honor Fallen Colleagues '' ( Press release ) . Central Intelligence Agency . 22 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Leslianne Shedd was serving a highly successful tour in Ethiopia when , in November 1996 , hijackers forced down her plane over the Indian Ocean , killing over 125 people . Survivors of that flight tell us that Leslianne -- an outstanding young woman -- spent her final moments comforting those around her . Jump up ^ `` ' I Thought I Had Finished My Life ' -- Tale Depicts Drunken Abductors Who Fought With Pilot -- Survivors Tell of Terror As Jetliner Tumbles Across Ocean 's Surface '' . The Seattle Times . 25 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Resting Place , '' ( ) Brown University Alumni Magazine Jump up ^ Cohen , Tom ( 25 November 1995 ) . `` I was sinking fast ... I had to get out '' . The Independent . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Bizarre ordeal recounted in Ethiopian Airlines crash '' . Moroni : CNN . 24 November 1996 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 37 -- Franklin / Jeff and Frank / Connie '' . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved January 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 . Final Incident Report ( Archive ) - Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority - Includes list of passengers , surviving and deceased `` Milestones . '' TIME. 9 December 1996 . -- Announcement of deaths of Mohammed Amin and Brian Tetley `` Rescuers continue search for victims of hijacked plane . '' ( Archive ) Associated Press at the Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . 1996 . The Hijacking of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 ( Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation -- 1996 , FAA ) ( Archive ) Video clip of the crash",
"12": "Ethiopian Airlines Subsidiaries ASKY Airlines History Accidents and incidents Flight 372 ( 1960 ) Flight 708 ( 1972 ) Flight 604 ( 1988 ) Flight 961 ( 1996 ) Flight 409 ( 2010 ) Flight 702 ( 2014 ) Services Ethiopian Airlines destinations People Leul Abate Airliner accidents and incidents involving ditching Pan Am Flight 526A ( 1952 ) Swissair Convair CV - 240 ( 1954 ) KLM Flight 633 ( 1954 ) Pan Am Flight 845 / 26 ( 1955 ) Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2 ( 1956 ) Pan Am Flight 6 ( 1956 ) Aeroflot Tupolev Tu - 124 ( 1963 ) Japan Airlines Flight 2 ( 1968 ) ALM Flight 980 ( 1970 ) Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 ( 1996 ) 2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash ( 2000 ) Whyalla Airlines Flight 904 ( 2000 ) Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 ( 2002 ) Laoag International Airlines Flight 585 ( 2002 ) Tuninter Flight 1153 ( 2005 ) US Airways Flight 1549 ( 2009 ) Angara Airlines Flight 5007 ( 2011 ) ← 1995 Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996 ( 1996 ) 1997 → Jan 8 Air Africa crash Feb 6 Birgenair Flight 301 Feb 29 Faucett Flight 251 Apr 3 USAF CT - 43 crash May 11 ValuJet Flight",
"13": "592 Jun 9 Eastwind Airlines Flight 517 Jun 13 Garuda Indonesia Flight 865 Jul 6 Delta Air Lines Flight 1288 Jul 15 Belgian Air Force Hercules crash Jul 17 TWA Flight 800 Aug 3 1995 -- Aug 16 1996 Airstan incident Aug 19 Spair Airlines Flight 3601 Aug 29 Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801 Sep 3 Hemus Air Flight 7081 Oct 2 Aeroperú Flight 603 Oct 31 TAM Airlines TAR Flight 402 Nov 7 ADC Airlines Flight 86 Nov 12 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision Nov 19 United Express Flight 5925 Nov 23 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 Dec 9 Dirgantara Air Service Flight 5940 Dec 24 New Hampshire Learjet crash Coordinates : 11 ° 22.0 ′ S 43 ° 18.0 ′ E / 11.3667 ° S 43.3000 ° E / - 11.3667 ; 43.3000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_961&oldid=821701992 '' Categories : 1996 in the Comoros 1996 in Ethiopia Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 767 Airliner accidents and incidents caused by fuel exhaustion Aircraft hijackings Airliner accidents and incidents caused by hijacking Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996 Aviation accidents and incidents in the Comoros Airliner accidents and incidents involving ditching Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents Filmed deaths Terrorist incidents in Ethiopia Terrorist incidents in 1996 Mass murder in 1996 November 1996 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7175456993713717070
|
what does istj mean in a personality test
|
[
"Introverted Sensing (Si)",
"Extroverted Thinking (Te)",
"Introverted Feeling (Fi)",
"Extroverted Intuition (Ne)"
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"0": "ISTJ - wikipedia ISTJ Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Myers -- Briggs personality type . For the Socionics ISTj , see Logical Sensory Introvert . ISTJ ( By functions ; Introverted Sensing ( Si ) , Extroverted Thinking ( Te ) , Introverted Feeling ( Fi ) and Extroverted Intuition ( Ne ) ) is an abbreviation used in the publications of the Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) to refer to one of sixteen personality types . The MBTI assessment was developed from the work of prominent psychiatrist Carl G. Jung in his book Psychological Types . Jung proposed a psychological typology based on the theories of cognitive functions that he developed through his clinical observations . From Jung 's work , others developed psychological typologies . Jungian personality assessments include the MBTI assessment , developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs , and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter , developed by David Keirsey . Keirsey referred to ISTJs as Inspectors , one of the four types belonging to the temperament he called the Guardians . ISTJs account for about 10 -- 14 % of the population . Contents ( hide ) 1 The MBTI instrument 2 ISTJ characteristics 2.1 Type description 2.2 Learning 2.3 Working 3 Cognitive functions 3.1 Dominant : Introverted sensing ( Si ) 3.2 Auxiliary : Extraverted thinking ( Te ) 3.3 Tertiary : Introverted feeling ( Fi ) 3.4 Inferior : Extraverted intuition ( Ne ) 3.5 Shadow functions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The MBTI instrument ( edit ) The MBTI preferences indicate the differences in people based on the following : How they focus their attention or get their energy ( extraversion or introversion ) How they perceive or take in information ( sensing or intuition ) How they prefer to make decisions ( thinking or feeling ) How they orient themselves to the external world ( judgment or perception ) By using their preference in each of these areas , people develop what Jung and Myers called psychological type . This underlying personality pattern results from the dynamic interaction of their four preferences , in conjunction with environmental influences and their own individual tendencies .",
"1": "People are likely to develop behaviors , skills , and attitudes based on their particular type . Each personality type has its own potential strengths as well as areas that offer opportunities for growth . The MBTI tool consists of multiple choice questions that sort respondents on the basis of the four `` dichotomies '' ( pairs of psychological opposites ) . Sixteen different outcomes are possible , each identified by its own four - letter code , referred to by initial letters . ( N is used for iNtuition , since I is used for Introversion ) . The MBTI is approximately 75 % accurate according to its own manual . I -- Introversion preferred to extraversion : ISTJs tend to be quiet and reserved . They generally prefer interacting with a few close friends rather than a wide circle of acquaintances , and they expend energy in social situations ( whereas extroverts gain energy ) . S -- Sensing preferred to intuition : ISTJs tend to be more concrete than abstract . They focus their attention on the details rather than the big picture , and on immediate realities rather than future possibilities . T -- Thinking preferred to feeling : ISTJs tend to value objective criteria above personal preference . When making decisions , they generally give more weight to logic than to social considerations . J -- Judgment preferred to perception : ISTJs tend to plan their activities and make decisions early . They derive a sense of control through predictability . ISTJ characteristics ( edit ) Type description ( edit ) ISTJs are logical , organized , sensible , and earnest traditionalists who enjoy keeping their lives and environments well - regulated . Typically reserved and serious individuals , they earn success through their thoroughness and extraordinary dependability . They are capable of shutting out distractions in order to take a practical , logical approach to their endeavors , and are able to make the tough decisions that other types avoid . Realistic and responsible , ISTJs are often seen as worker bees striving steadily toward their goals . Despite their dependability and good intentions , however , ISTJs can experience difficulty in understanding and responding to the emotional needs of others . Although they often focus on their internal world , ISTJs prefer dealing with the present and the factual . They are detail - oriented and weigh various options when making decisions , although they generally stick to the conventional . ISTJs are well - prepared for eventualities and have a good understanding of most situations .",
"2": "They believe in practical objectives , and they value traditions and loyalty . For the Keirsey description , see Inspector ( role variant ) . Learning ( edit ) ISTJs learn best and apply themselves to subjects that they deem practical and useful . They bring painstaking attention to detail in their work and will not rest until a concept is fully learned or a job is well completed . As learners , ISTJs tend to need materials , directions , and teachers to be precise and accurate if they are to trust the information that is presented . They prefer concrete and useful applications and will tolerate theory only if it leads to these ends . They like learning activities that allow them time to reflect and think . Material that seems too easy or too enjoyable leads ISTJs to be skeptical of its merit . Because of their practical outlook , ISTJs clearly delineate between work and play . Therefore , their ideal learning environment is task - oriented , has a clear schedule , and has a clear and precise assignment . Working ( edit ) ISTJs respect facts . They hold a tremendous store of data within themselves , gathered through their Sensing function . They may have difficulty valuing a theory or idea that differs from their own perspective . However , if they are shown the importance or relevance of the idea by someone whom they respect or care about , the idea becomes a fact that the ISTJ will internalize and vigorously support . ISTJs often work for long periods , devoting their energy to tasks that they see as important to fulfilling a goal . However , they resist putting energy into things that do n't make sense to them , or for which they ca n't see a practical application . They prefer to work alone but can work well in teams when the situation demands it . They like to be accountable for their actions , and they enjoy positions of responsibility . They have little use for theory or abstract thinking , unless the practical application is clear . In general , ISTJs are capable , logical , reasonable , and effective individuals with a deeply driven desire to promote security and peaceful living . They can be highly effective at achieving their goals -- whatever those may be . Cognitive functions ( edit ) A diagram of the cognitive functions of each type . A type 's background color represents its Dominant function , and its text color represents its Auxiliary function .",
"3": "Drawing upon Jungian theory , Isabel Myers proposed that for each personality type , the cognitive functions ( sensing , intuition , thinking , and feeling ) form a hierarchy . This hierarchy represents the person 's default pattern of behavior . The Dominant function is the personality type 's preferred role , the one they feel most comfortable with . The secondary Auxiliary function serves to support and expand on the Dominant function . If the Dominant is an information gathering function ( sensing or intuition ) , the Auxiliary is a decision making function ( thinking or feeling ) , and vice versa . The Tertiary function is less developed than the Dominant and Auxiliary , but it matures over time , rounding out the person 's abilities . The Inferior function is the personality type 's fatal weakness . This is the function they are least comfortable with . Like the Tertiary , the Inferior function strengthens with maturity . Jung and Myers considered the attitude of the Auxiliary , Tertiary , and Inferior functions to be the opposite of the Dominant . In this interpretation , if the Dominant function is extraverted , then the other three are introverted , and vice versa . However , many modern practitioners hold that the attitude of the Tertiary function is the same as the Dominant . Using the more modern interpretation , the cognitive functions of the ISTJ are as follows : Dominant : Introverted sensing ( Si ) ( edit ) Si collects data in the present moment and compares it with past experiences , a process that sometimes evokes the feelings associated with memory , as if the subject were reliving it . Seeking to protect what is familiar , Si draws upon history to form goals and expectations about what will happen in the future . Using Si , ISTJs thrive on deep analysis of their surroundings . Auxiliary : Extraverted thinking ( Te ) ( edit ) Te organizes and schedules ideas and the environment to ensure the efficient , productive pursuit of objectives . Te seeks logical explanations for actions , events , and conclusions , looking for faulty reasoning and lapses in sequence . ISTJs use this function to actively process and evaluate their perceptions . Tertiary : Introverted feeling ( Fi ) ( edit ) Fi filters information based on interpretations of worth , forming judgments according to criteria that are often intangible . Fi constantly balances an internal set of values such as harmony and authenticity .",
"4": "Attuned to subtle distinctions , Fi innately senses what is true and what is false in a situation . Fi allows ISTJs to turn their analysis to themselves and others , to understand their feelings and the causes thereof . Inferior : Extraverted intuition ( Ne ) ( edit ) Ne finds and interprets hidden meanings , using `` what if '' questions to explore alternatives , allowing multiple possibilities to coexist . This imaginative play weaves together insights and experiences from various sources to form a new whole , which can then become a catalyst to action . While ISTJs are capable of rapid and dogged information processing and number crunching , they often have difficulty with , or simply dismiss , abstract concepts without immediate concrete applications . Shadow functions ( edit ) Later personality researchers ( notably Linda V. Berens ) added four additional functions to the descending hierarchy , the so - called `` shadow '' functions to which the individual is not naturally inclined but which can emerge when the person is under stress . The shadow processes `` operate more on the boundaries of our awareness ... We usually experience these processes in a negative way , yet when we are open to them , they can be quite positive . '' For the ISTJ these shadow functions are ( in order ) : Extraverted sensing ( Se ) : Se focuses on the experiences and sensations of the immediate , physical world . With an acute awareness of the present surroundings , it brings relevant facts and details to the forefront and may lead to spontaneous action . Introverted thinking ( Ti ) : Ti seeks precision , such as the exact word to express an idea . It notices the minute distinctions that define the essence of things , then analyzes and classifies them . Ti examines all sides of an issue , looking to solve problems while minimizing effort and risk . It uses models to root out logical inconsistency . Extraverted feeling ( Fe ) : Fe seeks social connections and creates harmonious interactions through polite , considerate , and appropriate behavior . Fe responds to the explicit ( and implicit ) wants of others , and may even create an internal conflict between the subject 's own needs and the desire to meet the needs of others . Introverted intuition ( Ni ) : Attracted to symbolic actions or devices , Ni synthesizes seeming paradoxes to create the previously unimagined .",
"5": "These realizations come with a certainty that demands action to fulfill a new vision of the future , solutions that may include complex systems or universal truths . See also ( edit ) Inspector ( role variant ) Keirsey Temperament Sorter Guardian temperament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Myers - Briggs Foundation : The 16 MBTI Types '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keirsey.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` CAPT '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Myers , Isabel Briggs ( 1998 ) . Introduction to Type : A Guide to Understanding your Results on the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator . Mountain View , CA : CPP , Inc . Jump up ^ Myers , Isabel Briggs ; Mary H. McCaulley ( 1985 ) . Manual : A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( 2nd ed . ) . Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologist Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 027 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Minds : Extraversion vs. Introversion '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Minds : Sensing vs. Intuiting '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Minds : Thinking vs. Feeling '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Minds : Judging vs. Perceiving '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator General Profile ISTJ '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Myers - Briggs Foundation '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Barron - Tieger , Barbara ; Tieger , Paul D. ( 1995 ) .",
"6": "Do what you are : discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 84522 - 1 . Jump up ^ Myers , Isabel Briggs ; Mary H. McCaulley ( 1985 ) . Manual : A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( 2nd ed . ) . Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 027 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Introverted sensing '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Extraverted thinking '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Introverted feeling '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Extraverted intuition '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` CognitiveProcesses.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` CognitiveProcesses.com The 16 Type Patterns '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Extraverted Sensing '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Introverted Thinking '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Extraverted Feeling '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Processes : Introverted Intuition '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 .",
"7": "External links ( edit ) The Myers & Briggs Foundation : The 16 MBTI Types http://personalityjunkie.com/istj/ https://www.truity.com/personality-type/istj http://www.personalitypage.com/ISTJ.html Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator INFP INFJ INTJ ISFJ INTP ISTJ ISTP ISFP ENFP ENFJ ENTJ ESFP ENTP ESTJ ESFJ ESTP Analytical psychology People Aušra Augustinavičiūtė Marie - Louise von Franz Sigmund Freud Carl Jung David Keirsey Isabel Myers Katharine Cook Briggs Concepts Archetype Collective unconscious Personal unconscious Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISTJ&oldid=790681278 '' Categories : MBTI types Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 10 : 46 . About Wikipedia",
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who does the voice of ash in sing
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"0": "Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia Sing ( 2016 American film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sing Theatrical release poster Directed by Garth Jennings Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Garth Jennings Starring Matthew McConaughey Reese Witherspoon Seth MacFarlane Scarlett Johansson John C. Reilly Taron Egerton Tori Kelly Music by Joby Talbot Edited by Gregory Perler Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $634.1 million Sing is a 2016 American computer - animated musical comedy - drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater . The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; and punk - rock porcupine Ash . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dance routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 ( money he does not have ) , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute but agrees to see a private screening of the show . Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When one of the acts quits , and another is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray .",
"2": "After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub . The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite an interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . ''",
"3": "Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . Voice cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . Seth MacFarlane as Mike , an arrogant street musician mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice . Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite singing voice and severe stage fright . Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband .",
"4": "Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . Brad Morris as Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . The voices of Rosita 's piglet children were provided by Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings , the children of Garth Jennings , the film 's writer and director . Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide `` additional voices '' , continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other 's films . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 .",
"5": "Home Media ( edit ) Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $363.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $634.1 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . Critical response ( edit ) On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 168 reviews , and an average rating of 6.5 / 10 .",
"6": "The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness .",
"7": "Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing Best Original Song `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Animated Film Best Soundtrack Album Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Jojo Villanueva Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon Most Wanted Pet Favorite Soundtrack Sing Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel , tentatively titled Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) .",
"8": "`` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Garth Jennings on Getting Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson to Provide Voices in ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . December 27 , 2016 .",
"10": "Sing * ( Ill / Uni ) 4,022 locations , 4 - day $54.9 M , 3 - day : $35.2 M , 4 - day : $13 , 7K average , Total : $75.5 M , 1 wk Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Search `` Sing '' . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 .",
"11": "Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSing ( 2016 American film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Sing on IMDb Sing at The Big Cartoon DataBase Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr.",
"12": "Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Films directed by Garth Jennings The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) Sing ( 2016 ) 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=837851173 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s musical comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films American films Animated films about animals Films about competitions Films set in a theatre Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Garth Jennings Jukebox musical films Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 12 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"13": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who scored the most points in their nba career
|
[
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar",
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar",
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar",
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar",
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
] |
{
"0": "List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scoring Leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 ,",
"1": "1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 31,038 1,143 27.2 11,280 1,616 6,862 8 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,",
"2": "531 10 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.",
"3": "8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 English , Alex Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) 25,417 1,054 24.1 9,088 1,341 5,900 20 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 West , Jerry Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 24,868 1,405 17.7 8,990 2,106 4,782 23 Ewing ,",
"4": "Patrick Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Dantley ,",
"5": "Adrian Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,082 982 22.5 8,038 463 5,543 32 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Greer , Hal Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,",
"6": "586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,913 771 27.1 7,093 1,433 5,294 37 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Robinson , David David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,776 1,196 17.4 7,938 173 4,727 40 Gervin , George George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Richmond ,",
"7": "Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Jamison , Antawn Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 Stockton , John John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 King , Bernard Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 ,",
"8": "1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Davis , Walter Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Cummings , Terry Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Lanier , Bob Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 .",
"9": "Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring Leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player points leader Total points Career points record Total points Single - season points record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,",
"10": "898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,",
"11": "105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,",
"12": "426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,",
"13": "527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,",
"14": "289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,",
"15": "617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - Year Leader Points Active Player Points Leader Total points Career Points Record Total points Single Season Points Record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 .",
"16": "External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=837297065 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 23 : 16 . About Wikipedia",
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with a land area of 54 314 square miles where does wisconsin rank among the 50 states
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[
"25"
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{
"0": "List of U.S. States and territories by population density - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by population density Jump to : navigation , search Shaded map of states demonstrating population density ( 2013 ) Map of states scaled proportional to population ( 2015 ) New Jersey is the most densely - populated state Being home to the most populous city in the country , New York ranks 7th ( among the states ) in overall density Washington is ranked 24th in density among the states . Despite a fairly average population density , Vermont has one of the smallest populations due to its small overall area Idaho 's overall population has increased rapidly in recent decades , but its population density relative to other states is low About half of the population of Alaska lives in the Anchorage metropolitan area Puerto Rico ranks as the third most densely - populated area in the U.S. This article includes a sortable table listing the 50 United States , territories , and the District of Columbia by population density , population rank , and land area . It also includes a sortable table of Density by states , divisions , regions and territories by population rank and land area , and a sortable table for Density by states , divisions , regions and territories in square miles and square kilometers . Population density is calculated as resident population divided by total land area . Resident population is from the United States Census Bureau estimates for July 1 , 2015 ( for the 50 states , the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico ) , and from the 2015 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs for the other territories . In the second table , territories data ( except Puerto Rico ) is from the 2010 Census . Total land area is from the 2010 Census . The population density of the United States is relatively low compared to many other developed countries due to its size . For example , the population density of the U.S. is one - twelfth that of the Netherlands and one - fifteenth that of South Korea .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 2015 Density population rank and land area ( states , territories , and DC ) 2 2013 Density by states , divisions , regions and territories in square miles and square kilometers 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 2015 Density population rank and land area ( states , territories , and DC ) ( edit ) 2015 Density by population rank and land area ( states , territories , and the District of Columbia ) hide State Pop . dens . Rank Pop . dens . Rank 50 states Density ( Pop . / mi ) Density ( Pop . / km ) Pop . Rank 2015 population Land Rank Land area ( mi ) Land area ( km ) District of Columbia 01 ! 1 -- ! -- 7004110110000000000 ♠ 11,011 7003425100000000000 ♠ 4,251 50 ! 50 25 ! 672,228 56 ! 56 61.05 158.1 New Jersey 02 ! 2 01 ! 1 7003121800000000000 ♠ 1,218 7002470000000000000 ♠ 470 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,958,013 46 ! 46 7,354 19,046.8 Puerto Rico 03 ! 3 -- ! -- 7003104600000000000 ♠ 1,046 7002404000000000000 ♠ 404 29 ! 29 ! 3,680,058 49 ! 49 3,515 9,103.8 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 02 ! 2 7003102100000000000 ♠ 1,021 7002394000000000000 ♠ 394 44 ! 44 59 ! 1,056,298 51 ! 51 1,034 2,678.0 Massachusetts 05 ! 5 03 !",
"2": "3 7002871000000000000 ♠ 871 7002336000000000000 ♠ 336 15 ! 15 29 ! 6,794,422 45 ! 45 7,800 20,201.9 Guam 06 ! 6 -- ! -- 7002808000000000000 ♠ 808 7002314000000000000 ♠ 314 53 ! 53 ! 169,885 52 ! 52 210 543.9 US Virgin Islands 07 ! 7 -- ! -- 7002799000000000000 ♠ 799 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 54 ! 54 ! 106,906 54 ! 54 133.73 346.4 Connecticut 08 ! 8 04 ! 4 7002741000000000000 ♠ 741 7002286000000000000 ♠ 286 30 ! 30 45 ! 3,590,886 48 ! 48 4,842 12,540.7 American Samoa 09 ! 9 -- ! -- 7002721000000000000 ♠ 721 7002279000000000000 ♠ 279 55 ! 55 25 ! 55,538 55 ! 55 77 199.4 Maryland 10 ! 10 05 ! 5 7002618000000000000 ♠ 618 7002238000000000000 ♠ 238 19 ! 19 33 ! 6,006,401 42 ! 42 9,707 25,141.0 Delaware 11 ! 11 06 ! 6 7002485000000000000 ♠ 485 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 46 ! 46 61 ! 945,934 50 ! 50 1,949 5,047.9 New York 12 ! 12 07 !",
"3": "7 7002420000000000000 ♠ 420 7002162000000000000 ♠ 162 04 ! 4 16 ! 19,795,791 30 ! 30 47,126 122,055.8 Florida 13 ! 13 08 ! 8 7002378000000000000 ♠ 378 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145 03 ! 3 15 ! 20,271,272 26 ! 26 53,625 138,888.1 Northern Mariana Islands 14 ! 14 -- ! -- 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 56 ! 56 25 ! 55,070 53 ! 53 179 463.6 Pennsylvania 15 ! 15 09 ! 9 7002286000000000000 ♠ 286 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,802,503 32 ! 32 44,743 115,883.8 Ohio 16 ! 16 10 ! 10 7002284000000000000 ♠ 284 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,614,373 35 ! 35 40,861 105,829.5 California 17 ! 17 11 ! 11 7002251000000000000 ♠ 251 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 01 ! 1 10 ! 39,144,818 03 ! 3 155,959.34 403,932.8 Illinois 18 ! 18 12 ! 12 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,859,995 24 !",
"4": "24 55,519 143,793.5 Hawaii 19 ! 19 13 ! 13 7002222000000000000 ♠ 222 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 41 ! 41 56 ! 1,431,603 47 ! 47 6,423 16,635.5 Virginia 20 ! 20 14 ! 14 7002212000000000000 ♠ 212 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 12 ! 12 26 ! 8,382,993 36 ! 36 39,490.09 102,278.9 North Carolina 21 ! 21 15 ! 15 7002206000000000000 ♠ 206 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 09 ! 9 23 ! 10,042,802 29 ! 29 48,617.91 125,919.8 Indiana 22 ! 22 16 ! 16 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 16 ! 16 30 ! 6,619,680 38 ! 38 35,826 92,788.9 Georgia 23 ! 23 17 ! 17 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 08 ! 8 22 ! 10,214,860 21 ! 21 57,513 148,958.0 Michigan 24 ! 24 18 ! 18 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 10 ! 10 24 ! 9,922,576 22 ! 22 56,539 146,435.3 South Carolina 25 ! 25 19 !",
"5": "19 7002162000000000000 ♠ 162 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,896,146 40 ! 40 30,061 77,857.6 Tennessee 26 ! 26 20 ! 20 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,600,299 34 ! 34 41,235 106,798.2 New Hampshire 27 ! 27 21 ! 21 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 42 ! 42 57 ! 1,330,608 44 ! 44 8,953 23,188.2 Kentucky 28 ! 28 22 ! 22 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,425,092 37 ! 37 39,486 102,268.3 Louisiana 29 ! 29 23 ! 23 7002108000000000000 ♠ 108 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,670,724 33 ! 33 43,204 111,897.8 Washington 30 ! 30 24 ! 24 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 13 ! 13 27 ! 7,170,351 20 ! 20 66,456 172,120.2 Wisconsin 31 ! 31 25 ! 25 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,771,337 25 !",
"6": "25 54,158 140,268.6 Texas 32 ! 32 26 ! 26 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 02 ! 2 12 ! 27,469,114 02 ! 2 261,232 676,587.8 Alabama 33 ! 33 27 ! 27 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,858,979 28 ! 28 50,645 131,169.9 Missouri 34 ! 34 28 ! 28 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 18 ! 18 32 ! 6,083,672 18 ! 18 68,742 178,041.0 West Virginia 35 ! 35 29 ! 29 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 39 ! 39 54 ! 1,844,128 41 ! 41 24,038 62,258.1 Minnesota 36 ! 36 30 ! 30 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 21 ! 21 35 ! 5,489,594 14 ! 14 79,627 206,233.0 Vermont 37 ! 37 31 ! 31 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 51 ! 51 66 ! 626,042 43 ! 43 9,217 23,871.9 Mississippi 38 ! 38 32 !",
"7": "32 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 33 ! 33 48 ! 2,992,333 31 ! 31 46,923 121,530.0 Arizona 39 ! 39 33 ! 33 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,828,065 06 ! 6 113,594 294,207.1 Arkansas 40 ! 40 34 ! 34 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 34 ! 34 49 ! 2,978,204 27 ! 27 52,035 134,770.0 Oklahoma 41 ! 41 35 ! 35 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 28 ! 28 43 ! 3,911,338 19 ! 19 68,595 177,660.2 Iowa 42 ! 42 36 ! 36 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 31 ! 31 46 ! 3,123,899 23 ! 23 55,857 144,669.0 Colorado 43 ! 43 37 ! 37 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 22 ! 22 36 ! 5,456,574 08 ! 8 103,642 268,431.5 Maine 44 ! 44 38 ! 38 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 43 ! 43 58 ! 1,329,328 39 !",
"8": "39 30,843 79,883.0 Oregon 45 ! 45 39 ! 39 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 27 ! 27 42 ! 4,028,977 10 ! 10 95,988 248,607.8 Utah 46 ! 46 40 ! 40 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 32 ! 32 47 ! 2,995,919 12 ! 12 82,170 212,819.3 Kansas 47 ! 47 41 ! 41 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 35 ! 35 50 ! 2,911,641 13 ! 13 81,759 211,754.8 Nevada 48 ! 48 42 ! 42 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 36 ! 36 51 ! 2,890,845 07 ! 7 109,781 284,331.5 Nebraska 49 ! 49 43 ! 43 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 38 ! 38 53 ! 1,896,190 15 ! 15 76,824 198,973.2 Idaho 50 ! 50 44 ! 44 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 40 ! 40 55 ! 1,654,930 11 ! 11 82,643 214,044.4 New Mexico 51 ! 51 45 !",
"9": "45 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 37 ! 37 52 ! 2,085,109 05 ! 5 121,298 314,160.4 South Dakota 52 ! 52 46 ! 46 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 47 ! 47 62 ! 858,469 16 ! 16 75,811 196,349.6 North Dakota 53 ! 53 47 ! 47 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 48 ! 48 63 ! 756,927 17 ! 17 69,001 178,711.8 Montana 54 ! 54 48 ! 48 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 45 ! 45 60 ! 1,032,949 04 ! 4 145,546 376,962.4 Wyoming 55 ! 55 49 ! 49 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 52 ! 52 67 ! 586,107 09 ! 9 97,093 251,469.7 Alaska 56 ! 56 50 ! 50 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 49 ! 49 64 ! 738,432 01 ! 1 570,641 1,477,953.4 2013 Density by states , divisions , regions and territories in square miles and square kilometers ( edit ) hide Legend Division totals -- 9 divisions for 50 states and DC Region totals -- 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each ) Individual territories Total U.S.",
"10": "Territories 50 states + DC and District of Columbia Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau Last col . shows larger region which contains entity in col. 2 2013 Density by states , divisions , regions and territories in square miles and square kilometers hide Rank State / Territory / Division / Region Density ( Pop . / mi ) Density ( Pop . / km ) Geog . sort 01 ! 1 65 ! District of Columbia 01 ! 10,588.8 01 ! 4,088.4 13 ! MdAtl 02 ! 2 30 ! New Jersey 02 ! 1,210.1 02 ! 467.2 08 ! MdAtl 03 ! 3 69 ! Puerto Rico 03 ! 1,055.9 03 ! 407.7 66 ! Terr . 04 ! 4 39 ! Rhode Island 04 ! 1,017.1 04 ! 392.7 01 ! NEng 71 ! -- 71 ! Territories 05 ! 991.0 05 ! 382.6 71 ! USA 05 ! 5 21 ! Massachusetts 06 ! 858.0 06 ! 331.3 02 ! NEng 06 ! 6 70 ! U.S. Virgin Islands 07 ! 792.2 07 ! 305.9 67 ! Terr . 07 ! 7 67 ! Guam 08 ! 759.6 08 ! 293.3 68 ! Terr . 08 ! 8 07 ! Connecticut 09 ! 742.6 09 ! 286.7 03 ! NEng 09 ! 9 66 ! American Samoa 10 ! 726.1 10 ! 280.4 69 ! Terr . 10 ! 10 20 ! Maryland 11 ! 610.8 11 !",
"11": "235.8 14 ! MdAtl 11 ! 11 08 ! Delaware 12 ! 475.1 12 ! 183.4 15 ! MdAtl 12 ! 12 32 ! New York 13 ! 417.0 13 ! 161.0 09 ! MdAtl 51 ! 1 53 ! Mid-Atlantic 14 ! 416.5 14 ! 160.8 11 ! NEast 13 ! 13 09 ! Florida 15 ! 364.6 15 ! 140.8 16 ! SAtl 60 ! 1 61 ! Northeast 16 ! 345.5 16 ! 133.4 12 ! USA 14 ! 14 68 ! Northern Mariana Islands 17 ! 295.5 17 ! 114.1 70 ! Terr . 15 ! 15 38 ! Pennsylvania 18 ! 285.5 18 ! 110.2 10 ! MdAtl 16 ! 16 35 ! Ohio 19 ! 283.2 19 ! 109.3 34 ! ENC 17 ! 17 05 ! California 20 ! 246.1 20 ! 95.0 58 ! Pac 52 ! 2 55 ! New England 21 ! 233.2 21 ! 90.0 07 ! NEast 53 ! 3 57 ! South Atlantic 22 ! 233.1 22 ! 90.0 22 ! South 18 ! 18 13 ! Illinois 23 ! 232.0 23 ! 89.6 35 ! ENC 19 ! 19 11 ! Hawaii 24 ! 218.6 24 ! 84.4 59 ! Pac 20 ! 20 46 ! Virginia 25 ! 209.2 25 !",
"12": "80.8 17 ! SAtl 21 ! 21 33 ! North Carolina 26 ! 202.6 26 ! 78.2 18 ! SAtl 54 ! 4 51 ! East North Central 27 ! 192.1 27 ! 74.2 39 ! MWest 22 ! 22 14 ! Indiana 28 ! 183.4 28 ! 70.8 36 ! ENC 23 ! 23 22 ! Michigan 29 ! 175.0 29 ! 67.6 37 ! ENC 24 ! 24 10 ! Georgia 30 ! 173.7 30 ! 67.1 19 ! SAtl 25 ! 25 40 ! South Carolina 31 ! 158.8 31 ! 61.3 20 ! SAtl 26 ! 26 42 ! Tennessee 32 ! 157.5 32 ! 60.8 23 ! ESC 27 ! 27 29 ! New Hampshire 33 ! 147.8 33 ! 57.1 04 ! NEng 61 ! 2 62 ! South 34 ! 136.3 34 ! 52.6 33 ! USA 28 ! 28 17 ! Kentucky 35 ! 111.3 35 ! 43.0 24 ! ESC 29 ! 29 18 ! Louisiana 36 ! 107.1 36 ! 41.3 28 ! WSC 30 ! 30 49 ! Wisconsin 37 ! 106.0 37 ! 40.9 38 ! ENC 55 ! 5 52 ! East South Central 38 ! 105.0 38 ! 40.5 27 ! South 31 ! 31 47 ! Washington 39 ! 104.9 39 !",
"13": "40.5 60 ! Pac 32 ! 32 43 ! Texas 40 ! 103.1 40 ! 40.8 29 ! WSC 33 ! 33 01 ! Alabama 41 ! 95.4 41 ! 36.9 25 ! ESC 62 ! 3 60 ! Midwest 42 ! 90.0 42 ! 34.7 48 ! USA 65 ! -- 64 ! 50 States + DC 43 ! 89.5 43 ! 34.6 65 ! NAmer 56 ! 6 59 ! West South Central 44 ! 89.1 44 ! 34.4 32 ! South 34 ! 34 25 ! Missouri 45 ! 87.9 45 ! 33.9 40 ! WNC 35 ! 35 48 ! West Virginia 46 ! 77.1 46 ! 29.8 21 ! SAtl 36 ! 36 23 ! Minnesota 47 ! 68.1 47 ! 26.3 41 ! WNC 37 ! 37 45 ! Vermont 48 ! 68.0 48 ! 26.3 05 ! NEng 38 ! 38 24 ! Mississippi 49 ! 63.7 49 ! 24.6 26 ! ESC 39 ! 39 03 ! Arizona 50 ! 58.3 50 ! 22.5 49 ! Mtn 57 ! 7 56 ! Pacific 51 ! 57.4 51 ! 22.2 63 ! West 40 ! 40 15 ! Arkansas 53 ! 56.9 53 ! 21.8 32 ! WSC 41 ! 41 15 ! Oklahoma 53 ! 56.1 53 !",
"14": "21.3 32 ! WSC 42 ! 42 15 ! Iowa 54 ! 54.8 54 ! 21.2 42 ! WNC 43 ! 43 06 ! Colorado 55 ! 50.8 55 ! 19.6 50 ! Mtn 63 ! 4 63 ! West 57 ! 49.5 57 ! 19.1 12 ! USA 44 ! 44 19 ! Maine 56 ! 43.1 56 ! 16.6 06 ! NEng 58 ! 8 58 ! West North Central 58 ! 41.1 58 ! 15.9 47 ! MWest 45 ! 45 37 ! Oregon 59 ! 40.9 59 ! 15.8 61 ! Pac 46 ! 46 16 ! Kansas 60 ! 35.4 60 ! 13.7 43 ! WNC 47 ! 47 44 ! Utah 61 ! 35.3 61 ! 13.6 51 ! Mtn 59 ! 9 54 ! Mountain 62 ! 26.7 62 ! 10.3 57 ! West 48 ! 48 28 ! Nevada 63 ! 25.4 63 ! 9.8 52 ! Mtn 49 ! 49 27 ! Nebraska 64 ! 24.3 64 ! 9.4 44 ! WNC 50 ! 50 12 ! Idaho 65 ! 19.5 65 ! 7.5 53 ! Mtn 51 ! 51 31 ! New Mexico 66 ! 17.2 66 ! 6.6 54 ! Mtn 52 ! 52 41 ! South Dakota 67 ! 11.1 67 !",
"15": "4.3 45 ! WNC 53 ! 53 34 ! North Dakota 68 ! 10.5 68 ! 4.0 46 ! WNC 54 ! 54 26 ! Montana 69 ! 7.0 69 ! 2.7 55 ! Mtn 55 ! 55 50 ! Wyoming 70 ! 6.0 70 ! 2.3 56 ! Mtn 56 ! 56 02 ! Alaska 71 ! 1.3 71 ! 0.5 62 ! Pac See also ( edit ) Book : United States Big Eight States Outline of the United States Index of United States - related articles United States Demographics of the United States List of United States cities by population density U.S. state List of U.S. states List of U.S. states by African - American population List of U.S. states by area List of U.S. states by coastline List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union List of U.S. states by elevation List of U.S. states by fertility rate List of U.S. states by GDP ( nominal ) List of U.S. states by GDP per capita ( nominal ) List of U.S. states by historical population List of U.S. states by income equality List of U.S. states by population List of U.S. states by population growth rate List of U.S. states by time zone List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita Geography portal North America portal United States portal References ( edit ) Resident Population Data - 2010 Census . United States Census Bureau . Last accessed January 10 , 2011 . ( 1 ) 2015 List of Countries by Population Density ( for territories ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 31 December 2017 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . 2015 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . December 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://statisticstimes.com/population/countries-by-population-density.php 2015 - List of Countries by Population Density . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates '' . 2010 United States Census . United States Census Bureau . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ United Nations World Population Prospects Archived December 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.onlinecalifornia.us/countyarea.shtml External links ( edit ) Find more aboutpopulation densityat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes",
"17": "Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from ``",
"18": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population_density&oldid=837084633 '' Categories : Lists by population density Lists of states of the United States United States demography - related lists Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Ελληνικά فارسی Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Basa Jawa Magyar Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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who plays charles on have and have nots
|
[
"Nick Sager",
"Nick Sagar",
"Nick Sagar",
"Nick Sager",
"Nick Sagar"
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{
"0": "The Haves and the Have Nots ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Haves and the Have Nots ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the 2011 play , see The Haves and the Have Nots ( play ) . The Haves and the Have Nots Genre Soap opera Crime thriller Created by Tyler Perry Written by Tyler Perry Directed by Tyler Perry Starring Tika Sumpter Crystal Fox Renee Lawless Tyler Lepley Aaron O'Connell Peter Parros Angela Robinson Gavin Houston Eva Tamargo John Schneider Jaclyn Betham Shari Headley Allison McAtee Danielle Deadwyler Brett Davis Jon Chaffin Presilah Nunez Nicholas James Antoinete Robertson Theme music composer Elvin Ross Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 113 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Mark E. Swinton Will Areu Camera setup Multiple camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i HDTV 1080i Original release May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Production website The Haves and the Have Nots is an American crime drama and soap opera created , executive produced , written , and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The show premiered on May 28 , 2013 on the Oprah Winfrey Network . It is the first scripted television series to air on the network . Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back - to - back on its premiere night . Each episode is one hour long . Variety has recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as `` OWN 's most popular series to date . ''",
"1": "In addition , the drama series has been acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , manipulations , and a bitch slap or two . '' The series set ratings record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere and the highest overall ratings in the network 's history . The second season premiered on January 7 , 2014 . To date , the series is still OWN 's highest rated broadcast . The mid-season 2 finale , aired on March 11 , 2014 , was the most watched broadcast in OWN 's history , and also came in first among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for the night it aired . The mid-season 2 premiere aired on May 27 , 2014 . The third season of the series premiered on January 6 , 2015 . The second half premiered on June 30 , 2015 . The fourth season of the series premiered on January 5 , 2016 and the second half premiered on June 21 , 2016 and aired through September 6 , 2016 . The fifth season premiered on January 3 , 2017 and ended with the mid-season finale on March 14 , 2017 . On January 30 , 2017 , the series was given an additional 44 - episode order . The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20 , 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12 , 2017 . On November 21 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a sixth season , which premiered on January 9 , 2018 . On March 13 , 2018 , OWN announced of the show 's return of the sixth season to premiere on May 1 , 2018 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 The Haves 2.2 The Have Nots 2.3 Other main characters 2.4 Recurring characters 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Angela Robinson ( Veronica Harrington ) 3.3 Ratings and broadcast history 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich , powerful , and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . The Young family is headed by Hanna , a single mother who works as the Cryer family 's maid and also serves as the best friend and confidante of the lady of the house , Katheryn . Included as part of The Have Nots is another maid of the Cryer family 's , Celine Gonzales . While the Young family versus the Cryer and Harrington families lead polar opposite lifestyles in terms of social class , economics , social status , and surroundings , they are each similar in that they lead exceedingly dysfunctional lifestyles . Each of the three families experience similarly overwhelming hardships and plights . Often , the plights , predicaments , and hardships that the three families encounter are of a juicy , scandalous , and controversial nature . Among the serious issues that have been tackled on the program to date have included : infidelity , cancer , substance abuse , homosexuality , suicide , prostitution , poverty , rape , law / crime , abortion , religion / Christianity , politics , and mental health . All of the main characters in the program have proven to be devious , immoral , vile , or at least nasty in their behaviors at one point or another , if not regularly . The show 's cast is multiracial : one of the upper class families are Caucasian American and the other is African American ; the poor family is also African American ; in addition to this , there is a poor maid who 's Hispanic .",
"3": "To that end , when Angela Robinson ( the actress who plays Veronica Harrington ) was interviewed about her new role on the series in late June 2013 , she stated , `` This is one of the only shows on television with a diverse cast that looks like America : Black , White , Latino , straight , gay , rich , and poor . '' The characters are filled with experiences , typically of a serious and shocking nature , that they attempt to keep secret from one another ; however , their secrets tend to dramatically come to light when all is said and done . Cast and characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Tika Sumpter Candace Young Main Crystal Fox Hanna Young Main Renee Lawless Katheryn Cryer Main Tyler Lepley Benjamin `` Benny '' Young Main Jaclyn Betham Amanda Cryer Main Does not appear Aaron O'Connell Wyatt Cryer Main Peter Parros David Harrington Main Angela Robinson Veronica Harrington Main Gavin Houston Jeffrey Harrington Main Eva Tamargo Celine Gonzales Main John Schneider James `` Jim '' Cryer Main Allison McAtee Margaret `` Maggie '' Day Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Does not appear Shari Headley Jennifer Sallison Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Does not appear Jon Chaffin Warlock `` War '' Lewis Does not appear Guest Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Brett Davis Mitchell `` Mitch '' Malone Does not appear Recurring Main Presilah Nunez Erica Does not appear Guest Main Danielle Deadwyler La'Quita `` Quita '' Maxwell Does not appear Guest Main Recurring Guest Nicholas James Justin Lewis Does not appear Main Nick Sagar Charles Frederickson Main Antoinette Robertson Melissa Does not appear Recurring Main The Haves ( edit ) The Cryer family James `` Jim '' Cryer ( John Schneider ) : The take - charge but destructively thoughtless patriarch of the Cryer family , and a Savannah criminal courts judge who has his eyes set on becoming Governor of Georgia .",
"4": "A major reason for Jim 's rising to where he 's at professionally and socioeconomically is because of Katheryn 's family . Although a kind - hearted and sensitive man at heart , Jim 's urges , vices , greed , and self - preservation often get the better of him and cause him to act rashly , disloyally , destructively inconsiderate , and even abusively as far as his rank and power . Given his position as a wealthy judge in high society , Jim has certain dirty measures at his disposal from which to gain the upper hand on anyone that crosses him . Jim often uses the catchphrase `` I 'll handle it '' as a signal of his taking to such measures . His wife , Katheryn , is all too well aware of his power to gain the upper hand and fight dirty , sometimes even instructing Jim to resort to his foul play tactics by telling him to `` handle it . '' Jim 's power plays and abuse are generally used when desperate times call for desperate measures . Although they 're moves that are devoid of all scruples , he has typically only used them as scare tactics unless gravely offended by an act . These drastic lengths Jim has gone to typically call for the bringing in of reinforcements and people who owe him debts ; for example , he has a history of setting his secret army of thugs ( `` The Malones '' ) in action so as to get his way in particularly trying circumstances . Jim has a gruff , abrasive nature about him and can be headstrong and obstinate in getting things done . Highlighting Jim 's dirtiness , he has knowingly covered for his son Wyatt 's constructive manslaughter of a 6 - year - old girl and serious injury of Hanna 's son Benny . All the while doing this , he contemptuously informed Hanna of his intentions of being dishonest as to Wyatt 's culpability in the matter ; he then followed this by having Hanna falsely arrested and jailed . Jim is also philandering and two - timing , having a long , elaborate history of cheating on his wife . He and Katheryn are n't close anymore because of it . However , they present themselves to the public as having a strong and loving marriage . No sooner than they 're left in private , however , do they both shift into their surly attitudes towards one another , exchanging sardonic remarks between each other .",
"5": "Among the many women Jim has had affairs with is Candace . Out of all the women he has had affairs with ( one of which was his own employee , Celine Gonzales , who wants him back ) , Jim finds himself most intrigued by Candace , acting with reckless abandonment in his extramarital affairs with her . Jim is incorrigible and always seems to submit to his vices and negative ways . While Jim is harsh and rough in his parenting of Wyatt ( who seems to have the scruples that his father lacks ) , he 's more gentle and tactful in his parenting of his daughter Amanda , because of how `` fragile '' he perceives her to be . It is later revealed that Jim has two more children with Celine , a grown son named `` Carlos '' and a 7 - year - old boy named after Jim . Despite his anger at Hanna , after she puts him in his place , he does allow her to comfort him after he breaks down in Amanda 's room . Much later , Jim finds out that Veronica Harrington had Wyatt raped in prison . Thoroughly enraged after his confrontation with her husband , David , Jim orders a bloodbath , with Officer Terrell , Professor Cannon ( Amanda 's rapist ) , and Veronica being the targets of his latest revenge . One of Jim 's arch - enemies is assistant District Attorney , Jennifer Sallison . Katheryn Cryer ( née Hargrave ) ( Renee Lawless ) : Katheryn is Jim 's deeply warm , sensitive , caring but highly passive - aggressive wife . Katheryn often displays her anger , hatred , bitterness , and stress in a suppressed but still very detectable fashion . She is filled with melancholy , rancor , and sullen indignation primarily as result of the various trials and tribulations brought upon her as it relates to her family , particularly her husband . Due to Katheryn 's overwhelming stress , un-forthcoming nature , and tendency to hold her feelings in , she has been known to express herself in ways that are unhealthy , passive - aggressive , at times even volatile and explosive . Her reputation in the community has been a major reason for her restraint and unhealthy expressions of pent - up rage . A prime example of this is in Katheryn 's attempts to keep her bout with breast cancer away from everyone .",
"6": "As a result , she was constantly snapping on her maid , Hanna , but once she finally opened up to Hanna about what was going on , the two developed a close bond . An heiress , Katheryn was born into one of Savannah 's oldest and wealthiest families , considered to be old - money ( her father was also revealed to be an alcoholic during an argument with Jim ) . Very intuitive , she always has some idea of what 's going on without things being directly revealed to her , especially with regards to her close friends and family . At the same time , Katheryn often feigns ignorance to certain matters that she 's well - aware of . As an example , she once secretly revealed to Hanna that she only remains married to Jim as part of one big passive - aggressive scheme to make his life more miserable . She well understands that her family and she herself keep a lot of secrets from each other , largely due to their very public position in high society . Katheryn has two best friends : 1 ) One is Hanna . This is despite Katheryn discovering that Hanna 's daughter is Candace , a fact that Hanna herself revealed to Katheryn. 2 ) The other is Veronica , although Katheryn has detected other seedy sides to Veronica and thus does n't consider her the closest friend . Moreover , Katheryn remains unaware that Veronica had her son raped in prison , however when Katheryn does find out about Veronica revolting act , she decides that Veronica should be afraid of her by shooting DA Jennifer Sallison right in front of her and then taunting her mind games of who she really is , thus potentially destroying their relationship . While Katheryn is discontented in her dysfunctional family life and particularly her marriage to Jim ( knowing all too well of his many affairs ) , she often does n't let on as such . Rather , she 's two - faced , acting romantically content and loving with Jim when around strangers but bitter and saturnine with Jim when in private . Much of her discontentment , sullenness , and pessimism stems from Jim 's constant adultery ; her battles with breast cancer ; and the sexual abuse of her children and their resultant corruption .",
"7": "Katheryn has an inclination to refer to Jim 's long line of mistresses by the numerical and chronological order in which Jim has messed around with them as opposed to their given names , passive - aggressively highlighting her contempt . She greatly despises Candace , whom she calls `` Nine , '' because of the upheaval Candace has caused with her affair with Jim and her friendship with Amanda . She also has sheer animosity towards her other employee , Celine ( whom she calls `` Four '' ) , due to her past affair with Jim and also for the disrespect that Celine shows towards Hanna . Unlike Jim , she was much harder on her now - deceased daughter Amanda , but more gentle and tactful with Wyatt , though she will not tolerate his more extreme behaviors . Because of her position in high society and connections with people in power , Katheryn is more than able to help friends in need , such as her best friend Hanna . Almost two years after losing Amanda to suicide , Katheryn had almost lost Wyatt to his own demons . In this case , he was presumed dead after a drug overdose , but was later revealed to still be alive and was only unconscious for 32 hours . In the season 4 finale `` Promises Kept , '' after being pushed to her limits ; from Jeffery tells her that his mother arranged for Wyatt to be raped to not getting control of his inheritance , Katheryn shoots D.A. Jennifer Sallison multiple times in the stomach , killing her while she and Veronica are at her house having a meeting and wants Veronica to get her off . In the Season 5 premiere , Katheryn is well - aware of Veronica 's early life and knows she is not as powerful as she appears to be and threats to have the bank , where she is a board member , foreclose everything if Veronica ever tries to mess with her and vows to make her pay after she arranged for Wyatt to be raped in prison . At first she does n't want to visit her comatose son , but eventually does . At the mid-season finale , Katheryn finally makes good on her threat to leave Jim , and she does , leaving him in the shell of the now empty house , she also moves all the furnishings . She also plans to sell the house . Wyatt Cryer ( Aaron O'Connell ) : Wyatt is the son of Jim and Katheryn .",
"8": "In the first episode , it 's learned that Wyatt is so incorrigible in his vices that he 's on his third stint in rehab for drug abuse and alcoholism . Wyatt 's current rehabilitation program is run by the Harrington family and is on an outpatient basis on the condition that he is monitored 24 / 7 by Jeffery Harrington . Very hostile and ill - natured , Wyatt is constantly copping attitude and making snippy remarks , even in moments in which his redeeming sides are shown . In his redeeming moments , he has shown that he 'll take up for those whom he considers his friends , such as Jeffery . In general , however , Wyatt is antagonistic towards Jeffery and knows that he 's gay . Wyatt also had suspicions of his father having an affair with Candace before it was ultimately confirmed . Often , he spewed innuendos at Candace over this , making insinuations as to her lust for older men . Jim is able to subjugate Wyatt with his regular tough , sometimes even abusive treatment of him , deterring Wyatt from confronting him on these matters . In the Season 1 finale , Wyatt informs Jeffery in cutting and unsparing fashion that he 's neither gay nor bisexual , and is uninterested in him . Following that , he gets strung out on heroin ; while intoxicated , he is involved in a fatal hit and run which kills a six - year - old girl named Lizzie and critically injures Hanna 's son Benny , leaving him on life support . Wyatt is eventually arrested for vehicular homicide ( Lizzie 's death ) after confessing to the hit - and - run , which shows that he does have more of a conscience than his corrupt father . Katheryn decides that Wyatt should be held responsible for his actions and compels Jim not to protect Wyatt anymore . Early in Season 3 , Wyatt confirms that Jim was indeed cheating by seeing his dad 's texts with his constant mistresses over the years . After getting drunk , he confronts Celine about his half - brother , Carlos , and then has a fight with his mother . Wyatt is later devastated to find out that his sister is dead .",
"9": "In `` In Crisis , '' Jim and Wyatt have a huge fight in the kitchen where Wyatt reveals all the affairs that Jim has had over the years ( besides the known ones with Celine and Candace , it is revealed that Jim has had affairs with Wyatt 's various babysitters as well as his high school math teacher ) and also discloses that Jim was out with Celine when he ( Wyatt ) was being molested at camp . In the mid-season finale , Wyatt is preparing to go to prison for vehicular homicide . While in prison , though , Wyatt is raped by an inmate on the orders of Veronica Harrington . In the Season 3 finale , Wyatt turns his parents over to the authorities with the help of Jeffery , and he strikes a deal with Jennifer , the district attorney . The deal is that Wyatt and Jeffery will both be given immunity if they testify at their parents ' trial . In Season 4 , as Wyatt prepares to testify , Jennifer helps him get his inheritance - $12 million - in an attempt to avoid his parents and get his own place if they get out of jail . Sadly though , it was revealed that Wyatt succumbed to his drug addictions again , and had `` died '' of a drug overdose . Later , though , it was revealed Wyatt is still alive and was unconscious for 32 hours after his overdose . He fully awakens from his coma in the fifth season premiere . It was revealed that he was born in Wyoming , when his parents were on a ski trip . Amanda Cryer ( Jaclyn Betham ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Amanda was Jim and Katheryn 's naïve college - aged daughter who was friends with her father 's mistress , Candace . Until the Season 2 finale , Amanda is unaware that Candace was her father 's mistress . Amanda has had issues with self - harm and suicide in the past , having engaged in cutting herself . It has been hinted in the series that the reasons for Amanda 's battles with self - harm may stem from some traumatic sex abuse incident from her distant past , involving Wyatt and a priest . Compounded with this , she was raped by Professor Cannon , one of her law school teachers in Season 1 's `` The Criminal . ''",
"10": "Amanda is portrayed as very fragile , self - doubting , and unassertive , lacking self - confidence and afraid to speak up for herself , except when there 's something wrong with her . She is also portrayed as innocent , unsuspecting , and naive . Despite her suicidal past and self - doubting nature , Amanda is also bright , cheery , warm , affable , and easy to talk to . Shortly before her death , Amanda , with Candace 's support , was in the process of suing her parents for her inheritance from her grandfather . Before her death , it was revealed that Amanda was going through some very deep - seated emotional / psychological problems that she needed medication for . Resulting from this problem , her temperament became touchy , mercurial , and often nutty . She even stalked Cannon , going so far as to stab him in broad daylight in her final encounter with him . Her problems were grim enough to the point that she was nearing an emotional breakdown . Amanda 's mental problems became increasingly worse as time went on , and she purchased a gun and struck up a sort of relationship with Quincy , Candace 's former lover . In the Season 2 finale , she sang her `` Eeny meeny miney moe '' song while running through the house with the gun , which she pointed at Wyatt and Katheryn . The season ended with her laughing just before a gunshot is fired . Her fate is left unresolved until episode four of Season 3 , `` Amanda 's Room , '' in which Hanna discovers Amanda dead in her room . At the end of the subsequent episode , `` The Press Conference , '' a reporter announces that Amanda has died in an apparent suicide . In the next episode , `` A Tragic Day , '' her death was held to be a homicide , but was later proven that Amanda had indeed committed suicide . However , in the season 4 episode `` An Accident '' , D.A. Jennifer Salliston revealed to David ( Peter Parros ) the possibility that Amanda 's death was a homicide .",
"11": "The Harrington family Veronica Harrington ( Angela Robinson ) : Although refined , composed , and classy on the surface , Veronica ( wife of David and mother of Jeffrey ) is actually an extremely no - holds - barred , vicious , malicious , cold , calculating , coercive , manipulative , overbearing , antagonistic , and catty snob underneath it all . She 's used to delivering zingers in her trademarked cool , calm , collected yet trenchant , stinging , and outwitting fashion . Very obdurate , she has proven to be set in her anti-gay and diabolic ways . Resulting from the character 's very one - of - a-kind brand of villainy and vile levels she 's proven more than willing to stoop to , Veronica has been advertised by OWN and various media outlets as `` The Ice Queen . '' Veronica is a success story who has lived a rags - to - riches life : she started out in poor , struggling conditions , living from the dangerous projects , which speaks to her self - proclaimed `` tough hood '' side ; however , through hard work and determination , she has fought her way up into luxury and the elite . Adding to her advancements in life , Veronica is a recovered pill addict , her addiction spawning from an abortion she feels has haunted her throughout her whole life . She later started up the drug rehab program that Wyatt 's enrolled in . Although Veronica 's from South Side , Chicago , she is Ivy League educated . Further , she had a stint as a practicing attorney from which she drew an indomitable and highly proficient reputation ; it is in this forum where Veronica 's sharp intelligence is portrayed as intimidating and formidable . She gains Hanna 's favor after helping Benny through a legal predicament , a job which Veronica reluctantly took up for free at Katheryn 's request ( Katheryn informed Hanna that Veronica `` owes ( her ) big time '' for some unmentioned act ) . Veronica has expressed vitriolic intolerance of her son Jeffrey 's homosexuality , often reducing him to feelings of grief and sorrow .",
"12": "As examples , she has harassingly instructed and coerced Jeffery to get a girlfriend ; sabotaged Jeffery 's relations with Wyatt ; impassionedly told Jeffrey that she rather the survival of her sons that did n't make it due to an abortion and miscarriages than a homosexual like himself ; asserted that Jeffery 's being gay is a punishment from God ; etc . As of the second season , Veronica 's controlling behavior , intolerance , and overall devilry has gotten so extreme that it 's prompted her husband , David , to move out of their home until she changes her ways . Veronica has gotten to the point where she blames Jeffery for his father 's presumed dalliance with Maggie Day , his and Jim 's campaign manager . In the episode `` In Crisis , '' Katheryn tries to tell Veronica that Jeffery is gay , but she refuses to accept this and sharply so ; this solidifies the fact that Veronica is n't , nor was she ever , a true friend to Katheryn . Veronica tries to get Hanna out of Katheryn 's life , but Katheryn rather prefers Hanna 's friendship and company over her , much to Veronica 's dismay . In the mid-season finale , Veronica 's life is crashing down around her , with Jeffrey telling her off for arranging for him to impregnate Melissa with his child so he 'd be forced to marry her , as well as David insisting on getting her psychiatric help . She later helps Benny bail out of jail again , seduces him and gives him her car , then she finally snaps and tries to burn David to death while he 's sleeping in bed . Veronica begins a relationship with Benny , to the dismay of his mother , Hanna . Also , Veronica has become increasingly vindictive and malicious , having ordered an inmate to rape Wyatt while he 's in prison ; this infuriated Jim enough to the point where he attempts to strangle her and later calls for her death . She , along with her husband , Jim and Katheryn were arrested for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice . It was revealed that Veronica had killed Maggie . She felt that even though she was cheating on David with Benny , nobody else could have David except her .",
"13": "This has disgusted David to the point where he had finally had enough of Veronica and he filed divorce papers against her , for her adultery , as well as her purely venomous doings . He even had her forcibly removed from his car . In the Season 5 Premiere , much of Veronica 's early and current life is revealed by Katheryn : her mother was a prostitute , her father played numbers and women , her four siblings all hate her and it is implied that she slept with Katheryn 's elderly father for a scholarship when she was in college . It is also revealed that she is not as powerful as she appears to be : her mortgages are worth more than her net worth , makes payments and she 's in debt with the bank where Katheryn is a board member . David Harrington ( Peter Parros ) : David is the level - headed , grim , and gravelly - voiced husband of Veronica and father of Jeffrey who often acts as a voice of reason . He is a judge and is also Jim 's business partner and friend . He spends most of his time trying to clean up Jim 's messes and cover up for his ( Jim 's ) extramarital affairs as his career path is currently aligned with Jim 's . As a result of trying to clean up Jim 's messes at every other turn , David has gotten himself into serious plights and predicaments of his own . In an effort to frame Candace to avenge Jim , David unintentionally framed Candace 's brother and Hanna 's son Benny ; consequently , Benny was arrested and incarcerated for drug possession , which resulted in a large , complex mess that David at the center of . David has once implicitly admitted to having extramarital affairs , but this has not as of yet been a focus of the series . Conversely , when asked by Maggie in season 2 , he denies ever having an affair . In one episode , Veronica suspects David of having an affair with Candace , but this was later invalidated . She later then accused David of having an affair with Maggie , but this was also invalidated . David frequently admonishes Veronica whenever he perceives her behavior as getting out of control , such as in the case of her bigotry towards their gay son , Jeffrey . In contrast to Veronica , David has shown acceptance of their son Jeffery and disapprobation and shame of his wife .",
"14": "David goes so far as moving out of the house he shares with Veronica because of her cattiness and nastiness towards Jeffery . In season 3 , he is caught with Maggie and Veronica blames Jeffery for what she perceives as his father 's infidelity . David is finally convinced by Candace that Veronica is dangerous and extremely wicked , especially after he finds out from her that his wife ordered Quincy , Candace 's former paramour , to brutalize Jeffery . David 's own life is placed in jeopardy when Veronica proceeds to dump gasoline around their bed and attempts to burn him to death . Though he awakens to escape in time , he learns of Veronica 's involvement in his near - death and tells no one but Jim of what transpired . He also learns of his wife 's ordering of Wyatt being raped by an inmate . This has really caused David to really question Veronica and her evil ways . David and Jim 's friendship has sundered when the latter strangles Veronica upon realizing that she had ordered a rapist to rape his son , Wyatt . Later on , David , along with Veronica , Jim and Katheryn were arrested for tampering with evidence and obstruction of Justice . Landon and Maggie leak some information which succeeds in getting David out of jail , where he finds out about Veronica 's relationship with Benny Young . Jeffery Harrington ( Gavin Houston ) : Jeffery is David and Veronica 's son . He is Wyatt 's 24 / 7 substance abuse counselor in the Harrington family 's drug rehab program . Much to Wyatt 's displeasure , Jeffery 's counseling is full of preachy remarks and frequent urgings for Wyatt to open up about his feelings . A topical matter in the series has been Jeffery 's sexual orientation . Closeted throughout much of the first season , Jeffery spends most of his time immersed in his job of monitoring Wyatt . Although the two grew up with each other , Jeffery finds that the more time he spends with Wyatt , the more he seems to develop feelings for him . Still , Jeffery struggles to remain the consummate professional and suppresses his attraction to Wyatt while in the presence of others but not before attempting to thwart every plan that Wyatt had to reconcile with his ex-girlfriend Laura .",
"15": "Unbeknownst to Jeffery , Wyatt already strongly suspected Jeffery of being gay ( before Jeffery came out ) and as a result would oftentimes behave snappishly and hostilely towards him . Although suspected by almost everyone close to him , Jeffery does n't come out about his sexuality until the final episode of the first season , `` No More Hiding . '' In this episode , Jeffery desperately brings the matter to his parents ' attention , resulting in a compassionate reaction from his father and a harshly disapproving and disappointed reaction from his mother . In the second season , Jeffery gains Candace 's support and also gains an admirer from afar in a man named Landon , who works for Maggie Day , the campaign manager of his dad 's friend , Jim Cryer . Jeffery considers an interest in Landon , despite his mother 's homophobia and her constant manipulations : His mother , at one point , goes so far as coercing Jeffery into treating a woman he has no interest in as his girlfriend otherwise be thrown in jail . In Season 3 , Veronica goes so far as to blame Jeffery for his father 's presumed dalliance with his campaign manager , Maggie Day . In `` A Tragic Day , '' a drunk Wyatt tries to put the moves on Jeffery . In the episode `` In Crisis , '' Jeffery is brutally assaulted by Quincy , Candace 's former paramour , on his mother 's orders . In the season finale , Jeffery learns that his mother arranged for him to get Melissa pregnant so he 'd be forced to marry her ; this causes him to finally stand up to his mother and leave the house . He then proceeds to bed Landon , the man he wants , and finally feels free to be the person he wants to be at long last . Later on , Jeffrey and Candace fight her ex-paramour , Quincy , stabbing him to death , Jeffrey is arrested for this , and is sexually harassed by an officer named Justin . However , he and Justin do reach an understanding . The Have Nots ( edit ) The Young family & Celine Gonzales Candace `` Candy '' Young ( Tika Sumpter ) : Candace is Hanna 's estranged daughter , Benny 's older half - sister , and Jim 's latest mistress who 's less than half his age .",
"16": "She is portrayed as a roguish , crafty jezebel with a very mischievous , flippant , saucy , presumptuous , and extremely nervy attitude . Often , Candace subjugates others through her many forms of manipulation ; extortion ; low blows ; and dirt she 's able to obtain on people . Unprincipled and unscrupulous , Candace has pulled many cons ; has acted as a prostitute and a mistress ; has engaged in elaborate forms of blackmail ; etc . Candace also has many redeeming qualities about her however , such shown in her genuine love and concern for her brother , Benny , her friend Jeffery and her late friend Amanda . In addition , she is very gay - friendly and has assisted Jeffery through his struggles in dealing with his mother 's anti-gay behaviors , and she 's done so in her typical bold fashion . She has also shown that underneath all of her bitterness , animosity and hostility for her mother that she loves her at the end of the day , once purchasing her a brand new car without her knowing about it . Candace has expressed a discontentment with growing up with nothing and the dysfunctional family life she feels was brought on by her mother 's bad choices and sexual immoralities . She is covetous and aspiring of the wealth and riches that the Cryer family possesses . She will go to any and all lengths to partake in it . Most inauspiciously for Jim , Candace was also friends with his daughter Amanda . Katheryn disdains Candace , passive - aggressively labeling her as `` Nine '' ( after the number of mistresses Jim has had ) . Candace was guiding Katheryn and Jim 's daughter , Amanda , in suing them for Amanda 's inheritance before Amanda 's death . Candace has also opened up to Jeffery about how she learned her many artifices and maneuvers from a deceased mentor / close comrade of hers , who was a transvestite . It has been revealed in the series that Candace has a baby whose whereabouts and status are unknown . Quincy , the father of her baby , is released from prison by Veronica to take control over Candace . Candace 's mother frequently harasses Candace to bring her this baby .",
"17": "She later reveals to her mother that the baby was dead , killed by Quincy . However , it 's later discovered that the baby , a now young boy named Quincy Jr. ( or Q , as he is called ) is alive . Moreover , it 's also revealed in season 3 that one of Hanna 's ex-boyfriends raped Candace . In the scene Hanna passionately expresses her remorse , though up until that point Hanna had been verbally , emotionally and even physically abusive towards her daughter throughout the entire series . In the Season 3 finale , Candace and Jeffery eventually stab Quincy to death , and in Season 4 , Candace attempts to hide evidence that he was killed . Quincy reawakens after days of unconsciousness , and despite pleas for help , Candace refuses to help Quincy . Candace eventually gets Benny to help her hide evidence of Quincy 's murder in the Season 4 episode `` Immunity . '' Hanna Young ( Crystal Fox ) : Hanna is Benny and Candace 's mother , and the Cryer 's maid . She raised her two children as a single mother . Hanna is very soulful , religious , nurturing , grandmotherly , persevering , and compassionate , though has a harshly overreactive , draconian , rancorous , virulent , vituperative , and even violent side about her as well . Haggard and long - suffering , she often displays the effects of overwhelming stress , overwork , and worry in her behavior . Still , she is very much a trouper who is uncomplaining , assiduous , and always hard - working . Compounded with this , Hanna is also trustworthy and reliable and can be confided in about anything ; this has won her the respect of her superiors and even a close bond with her boss Katheryn . Hanna is often confronted with many hardships and obstacles , but she has relied on her strong Christian faith to pull through . Hanna has an unprincipled , reckless distant past with regards to her sexual behavior . For example , Hanna had sex with a married man named Tony Watson ( though unknowingly , as Tony neglected to share this information ) which lead to the birth of Benny . Another example , Hanna had one - night stand which left her pregnant with Candace .",
"18": "In addition , one of Hanna 's ex-boyfriends raped her daughter Candace , which is indicated as possibly explaining some of her daughter 's own sexually reckless ways . Hanna maintains , however , that God has long forgiven her for her reckless sexual past , rendering this all null and void in her mind . Thick - skinned and even - tempered , Hanna is typically slow to offense and anger , though the two people she shows no patience for is her daughter Candace and Benny 's absentee father , treating the both of them with great amounts of venom and vituperation . Hanna regularly shows deep - seated disgust with Candace because of her unethical choices and sexual immoralities . Because of Hanna 's own sexual immoralities and constant emotional and physical abuse especially of her daughter , she often comes across as sanctimonious and holier - than - thou . On the other hand , Hanna is deeply proud of her son because of his more upright choices and hard work ethic . Despite her deep - seated acrimony for her daughter , Hanna has proven that she will protect and defend her daughter when push comes to shove , such as shown when she learned of the Cryers physically abusing Candace . During the second season , Hanna was in contention with Tony about keeping Benny on life support after the hit - and - run accident , and fell prey to her evil employer Jim . Hanna quits her job as a housekeeper in the Cryer home due to Jim 's conniving , and later reunites with her best friend Katheryn , who wants her to come back to her job as her housekeeper ; Hanna agrees but only after Benny is settled in . She returns to work , and is the one who discovers Amanda dead in her bedroom . She also becomes more snarky and confrontational with Celine , having finally had enough with Celine 's nasty ways . Previously , Hanna was regularly bullied and abused by Celine with little to no response . Currently , Hanna is overjoyed at finally having her grandson , Q , in her life , and is filing for custody of her grandson . Benjamin `` Benny '' Young ( Tyler Lepley ) : Benny is Hanna 's son and Candace 's half - brother . He operates a tow truck company . In comparison to his conniving sister , he is less prone to cause trouble for his mother .",
"19": "Benny is personable , dutiful , and hard - working . He 's very tough and overprotective and takes his role as man of the house very seriously , sometimes recklessly and foolhardily so . He has unconditional love and care for his mother and sister and is willing to put his own life on the line to avenge or defend them . Benny 's also often caught in the middle of his mother 's and Candace 's acrimonious relationship with each other . Despite the fact that his mother has completely given up on Candace , Benny still shows he loves and believes in Candace . Secretly behind his mother 's back , Benny has close ties to Candace and keeps in contact with her . This involvement in Candace 's affairs has landed Benny in prison . In the episode `` No More Hiding , '' Benny sharply called out his mother for her treatment of Candace , reminding Hanna that she herself has a colorful history of sexual immoralities . It is also in this episode that Benny learns that his father is Tony and shames his mother upon discovering this for keeping that information from him . In the season one finale , Benny is changing a tire when he is dramatically run down by a strung out Wyatt Cryer , which leaves him in a coma and on life support . He is ultimately removed from life support and supposedly passes away , leaving his mother and sister to grieve him . However , it is revealed that he still has some brain activity indicating he 's still alive after being moved to a private hospital from the county general hospital ( which was revealed to have been the doing of Katheryn , who also pays the bill for Benny 's hospital stay ) . Benny eventually makes a full recovery . By mid-season 3 , Benny slowly discovers why his family is so dysfunctional . For example , the rape of young Candace at the hands of one of his mother 's boyfriends , and his estranged father 's actions while he was on life support . In the season finale , Benny discovered that Quincy had hit his mother , and in a fit of rage proceeds to take vengeance and wreak all havoc on Quincy . He also begins an affair with Veronica Harrington , who bails him out . After he bails Quincy out , he proceeds to thrash him again and then frame him for drug charges .",
"20": "He also finally locates his nephew , Q , and brings him to Hanna . So overjoyed is she that she has her grandchild , that she promptly initiates custody proceedings for him . Celine Gonzales ( Eva Tamargo ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Celine is a former maid in the Cryer home and ex-friend of Hanna . She was originally depicted as a casual , relaxed woman , often fostering a friendly , informal atmosphere . She was also depicted as savvy and well - informed , and gossipy , given to divulging useful inside information about life at the Cryer 's to Hanna . However , as time passed on and Hanna appeared to become closer to Katheryn and gain favor within the Cryer household , Celine 's demeanor changed : she began to take on more jealous , bullying and antagonistic behaviors , largely towards Hanna and later towards Katheryn as well . Prior to the dissolution of their friendship , Celine reveals through conversation with Hanna that she is currently married to a man named Humberto and that the marriage is troubled and distant , if not all together dysfunctional . Despite her marriage , Celine happens to be another one of Jim 's former mistresses and due to a lack of knowledge of Jim 's infatuation with Candace , she continually tried to rekindle her relationship with Jim . Each of her attempts to seduce him were met with rejection which also adds to her aggravation . Because of her history with Jim , Katheryn disdains Celine and passive - aggressively refers to her as `` Four '' , the number she comes up among Jim 's long line of mistresses ( in similar fashion to the way Katheryn refers to Candace as `` Nine '' ) . Katheryn has stated that she allows Celine to stick around under employment for passive - aggressive purposes as she revels in the grief she suffers from Jim 's rejections . Though in the season 2 episode `` Family Issues , '' the two seem to have their first major confrontation when Katheryn sharply calls out Celine for only pretending to telephone Hanna so as to get her ( Hanna ) into trouble with Katheryn . Katheryn informs that she 's well aware of Celine 's shenanigans towards her friend in more ways than one and that she 'll be fired if she keeps it up .",
"21": "However , Celine shuts down Katheryn by letting her know that she wo n't be firing her what with how much she values her reputation and all the information she ( Celine ) has on her ( Katheryn ) family . ( Because of what she knows , she forges an arrangement , one which Katheryn does not approve of , which keeps her job sacrosanct ) In season 3 , it 's revealed that Celine and Jim have two sons . One is a near grown son named Carlos as well as a seven - year - old named Jim , Jr . Shortly prior to Amanda 's death , Celine enjoyed needling Katheryn . In the season 3 episode `` A Tragic Day '' , Katheryn wildly snapped on Celine and fires her . She does n't go down without a fight , though , which enrages Katheryn so much that she throws a vase at Celine . Celine is finally thrown out of the house in the episode `` April 7 , 1979 '' when Katheryn gets into yet another fight with the former housekeeper . In the next episode , Celine gets into an argument with Hanna about a parking space , and Hanna , who finally sees Celine for the conniving and scheming woman that she really is , firmly tells her that she was fired . Finally , Jim tells Celine that she is fired and for her to leave the house . Celine leaves . She makes one more appearance before Amanda 's funeral , but was thrown out . Jim visits Celine and stuns her with the announcement that he had never loved her , that she was only good for one thing , sex . She would receive child support for their youngest son , but he refers to the child as a bastard . The amount would be quite small , as he is using his power as a judge to set the amount . She does not return for the fourth season . Other main characters ( edit ) These main characters do not appear in the opening sequence like the shows title characters ( `` The Haves '' : The Cryers and The Harringtons and `` The Have Nots '' : The Youngs and Celine ) , but also receive star billing . D.A.",
"22": "Jennifer Sallison ( Shari Headley ) : ( Season 4 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) : The district attorney who has been gunning for the Cryers and the Harringtons for some time . After a striking a deal with Wyatt for immunity for both him and Jeffery at the end of Season 3 , she finally manages to arrest the Cryer and Harrington families for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice . She also succeeds in getting Wyatt 's inheritance for him , which is sure to anger his parents . In the Season 4 finale , Katheryn pulls out a gun and fatally shoots Jennifer multiple times , thus killing her . It turns out that Jennifer 's body was being disposed of by the Malone family , while being wrapped in plastic wrap with a note that says her name and `` Cryer Victim '' . Her body was left at a television system by the Malone 's as a way for their head boss and grandmother , Mama Rose , to pressure Jim even harder into tracking down War . Margaret `` Maggie '' Day ( Allison McAtee ) : ( Season 4 ; recurring Seasons 2 -- 3 ) A campaign manager hired by Jim 's staff , who has feelings for David . She and her assistant , Landon ( whom is attracted to David 's son Jeffrey ) , manage to get David released and he learns of Veronica 's infidelity . In the mid-season 4 premiere , she was shot multiple times in the stomach by a gunman , being mistaken as Veronica , whom Jim intended to be killed . David witnesses her and the gunman 's bodies covered in sheets at the crime scene of the shooting and mistakes her as Veronica . It was later revealed that Veronica set Maggie up to die herself . LaQuita `` Quita '' Maxwell ( Danielle Deadwyler ) : ( Season 4 ; Guest in Season 3 ; recurring season 5 ) Quincy 's sister who had been watching over Quincy 's son before Benny rescued him . She acts as an antagonist throughout the series ' run towards several characters , particularly Candace due to the mysterious absence of her brother Quincy . Justin Lewis ( Nicholas James ) : ( Season 4 -- present ) A suspicious officer , who comes to Candace 's house , minutes after Quincy had been stabbed , to check out a noise complaint from his mother , Candace 's neighbor .",
"23": "At one point , he tries to rape Jeffrey . At another point , he threatens to kill Jeffrey after harassing him . He later becomes more nicer and enters a sexual relationship with Jeffery . Melissa ( Antoinette Robertson ) : ( Season 6 - present ; recurring , Seasons 2 -- 5 ) Melissa is a young lady who Veronica set up for Jeffery to date . In season three , she was impregnated by Jeffery after getting him to have sex with her while watching `` Gay Porn '' . In season four , Veronica set up for Jeffery and Melissa to move In together and get married , but Jeffery refused to go along with the plan . In the Season Five Mid-Finale , she attempts suicide in their bed when she learns that her father died from her mother . Warrick `` Warlock / War '' Lewis ( Jon Chaffin ) : ( Season 4 ; Guest in Season 2 ; recurring seasons 3 , 5 ) A friend of Candace , who helps extort money from Jim , but learns that Candace lied about the amount . He becomes the main villain of the show , after Quincy and starts to threaten and verbally and physically abuse Candace , going so far as to threaten to kill Benny and sexually assault Candace against a fence at Benny 's tow yard , which Mitch witnesses . Mitch has him thrown in jail , by putting drugs in his car which do n't belong to him and he at first thinks it is Candace who set him up . He is unfortunately let of out jail by Jim and on the look out to kill Candace , once again . In the Season 5 mid-finale , it is revealed that he is working with Erica . In the mid-season premiere , Warlock was seen shooting Quincy Jr. in his search for Candace . After Candace learns that War had shot her son , War is found dead by the Malones at their restaurant after Candace had him delivered there . Mitchell `` Mitch '' Malone ( Brett Davis ) : ( Season 4 -- present ; recurring season 3 ) A friend of Benny 's , who is recruited to work at Benny 's new tow truck business . Mitch is later revealed to be related to the Malone crime family , but chooses to live a straight and narrow life .",
"24": "After suspecting War as bad news and witnessing War sexually assault Candace at the tow yard , he protects her and Benny , by throwing War in jail , putting drugs in his car to make it look as if they were his . Erica ( Presilah Nunez ) : ( Season 4 -- present ; guest in season 3 ) A woman who sold Benny her boyfriend 's car after a bad break - up . It turns out that she and Candace are working together . She becomes a love interest to David ( originally as a set - up ) , igniting a feud between her and his wife Veronica . In the Season Five Mid-Finale , it is revealed that she is working with Warlock and hopes for Candace 's downfall . Charles Frederickson ( Nick Sager ) : ( Season 5 -- present ) The president - elect and the love interest to Candace , whom she uses to help her get her money back . Recurring characters ( edit ) Tony Watson ( Patrick Faucette ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ; Guest in season 3 ) Tony is Benny 's estranged father whom he does n't find out is his father until it is accidentally revealed by his mom . Benny only knew his as `` Mr. Watson '' , before finding out , because he goes to church with him and Hanna . Hanna had a one - night - stand with Tony , which resulted in her pregnancy with Benny . In the second season , Tony tries to get Benny taken off life support , so that he could have his kidneys , not showing any sincere feelings of remorse and compassion for his son 's well - being . In the third season , when Hanna reveals to Benny that Tony tried to take him off life support , Benny had Tony to come over and explain why . Tony , feeling guilty , says he did n't want his son to have to worry about not being able to walk and suffering through pain . Laura ( Susie Abromeit ) : ( Season 1 ) Laura is Wyatt 's longtime girlfriend , who he had not seen since rehab . When she and Wyatt reunites , Jeffery becomes jealous and tries to keep her away , and lies to Wyatt , telling him she 's dating someone else , whom she has n't seen since highschool .",
"25": "Once Jeffery is revealed to Wyatt by Laura , Laura calls out Jeffery for his behavior calling him a mean , cruel person . Quincy Maxwell ( Medina Islam ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ; Guest in Season 4 ) Quincy is one of the main antagonists of the Young family . He had once had a relationship with Candace , with whom he produced a child , Quincy Daylon `` Q '' Young . Hanna does n't like Quincy because he kept her grandson away from her , and Benny does n't like Quincy for all the trouble he has caused . Quincy was also known for harassing the Harrington family , after Veronica let him out of prison to wreak havoc on Candace . On Veronica 's orders , Quincy beats up her son , Jeffery , because he would not tell him where Candace was . In the third mid-season finale , Benny discovers that Quincy had slapped his mother , tracks him down at a strip club , rams his car into Quincy 's , and then proceeds to thrash Quincy for his crimes towards his family . Eventually , Benny again does physical damage to Quincy and finally succeeds in getting his nephew away from his degenerate father and brings him to Hanna . Quincy reappears at his sister 's apartment clearly injured and is told that not having Quincy is going to effect her welfare benefits . While there the police show up after she is suspected of child abuse and instead leaves the card of the social worker and does n't properly check to see if there are other children being abused in her custody . Quincy later appears at the hospital after tracking down the social worker and assaults her while young Q looks on terrified . Then he leaves and security is increased for the next time he shows up , he also , runs a car through Hanna 's home burning down the place she has worked all her life to be able to afford . He eventually finds Candace 's home and attacks her until he is stabbed to death by both her and Jeffrey after he arrives with the latter delivering the final blow . In the second episode of season 4 , he awakes briefly , pleading to Candace for help , who refuses and lets him completely die . Professor Cannon ( Robert Pralgo ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ; Guest in Season 3 ) Cannon is Candace and Amanda 's law professor .",
"26": "In Season 1 's `` The Criminal , '' Cannon agrees to give Amanda a makeup exam after seeing her sexy makeover . Later , he comes by her and Candace 's apartment and makes unwelcome advances towards Amanda , even threatening to fail her if she does n't sleep with him . He then proceeds to rape Amanda . Amanda later takes to stalking Cannon , breaking into his house twice and threatening him with a gun . In their final encounter , Amanda stabs Cannon in his shoulder in broad daylight . In Season 3 , Jim and Katheryn finally find out that Cannon raped their daughter and confront the professor . Jim brutally assaults his late daughter 's rapist until Katheryn tells him to stop . Later on , Jim orders for Cannon to be killed along with Officer Terrell and Veronica . Landon ( Kristian Kordula ) : ( Season 2 -- present ) Landon is a guy who works at the campaign office and has feelings for Jeffery , who also has feelings for him , but still feels something for Wyatt . He and Jeffery met at a gay bar , in the second season . In season three , Landon sleeps with Jeffery , after Jeffery decides he 's free to be whoever he wants to be . In season four , after finding out his Friend / Boss Maggie was murdered at Veronica 's house , In the twelfth episode , he lashes out at Jeffery and decides to leave town . He returns later in season five working for Charles . Byron ( Leith Burke ) : ( Season 2 ; Guest in Season 3 ) Byron is a homicide detective . He meets Hanna in the second season and becomes one of her close friends . When Hanna finds out that he was working with Jim to protect Wyatt , she become furious with him , and when he shows up at the party , in the third - season premiere she orders him to leave . Darlene ( Dasha Chadwick ) : ( Season 2 ) is an old friend and classmate of Benny 's . She works at the county hospital where Benny was placed to by Katheryn . Michael ( Jerome Brooks ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ; Guest in Season 4 ) Michael is the grandfather of Lizzie , The girl killed by Wyatt Cryer . He becomes a close friend to Hanna and they both comfort each other dealing with each other their situation .",
"27": "In The third season , he starts having feelings for Hanna and seduces her into having sex with him , in the third episode of the third season , until being interrupted and caught by Benny who is shown to be horrified and disgusted . Carlos ( Gerald Celasco ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Carlos ls Jim Cryer 's estranged son whom he shares with Celine . Carlos reveals to Jim that he is his son in the season 2 finale . He tries to convince his mother that Jim does n't Love or care about her , Jim or his little brother , but she disagrees and claims that he only loves her and not his wife , Katheryn . Brandon Wallace / `` Oscar '' ( Philip Boyd ) : ( Season 3 -- present ) Oscar is a strange guy who Candace notices spoting her at the sarandon hotel . He shows interest in Candace and wants to get to know her , but she continues to reject him , until he reveals his life story to her , telling her about his wife 's death and how after her death , he would sleep with any woman , to keep from mourning . After this , him and Candace have sex and both start to fall in love with each other . When Candace realizes she has no money in her Bank account , she confronts him about it and he shows his true colors and admits that he took the money and only used her for sex , which breaks her heart . As she attempts to right him , Quincy comes in and fights him off of her , and he then runs away . Pearl ( Maree Cheatham ) : ( Season 4 -- present ) : Pearl is Justin 's mother and Candace 's nosy neighbor who lives in front of her and watched everything that goes on . She also revealed that she saw Quincy go into Candace 's house and never come out . Alliyah Delong ( Yaani King ) : ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Alliyah Delong is a social worker for Child welfare . She helps Hanna get custody of Quincy Jr. much to Candace 's dismay . When Candace suspects Alliyah of working for Oscar , she calls her friend Erica over so that they can both confront her .",
"28": "When Alliyah claims she does n't know anything about Oscar or about him giving her money , Candace and Erica begin to beat her up , until she tells the truth . She then admits that Oscar gave her 25 Thousand Dollars . Candace orders Alliyah to give her the money back and give her custody of her son Quincy Jr . Daylon ( Quincy Brown ) : ( Season 4 ) A friend of Quita who helps her try to track down Quincy . He and Quita get arrested after getting caught breaking into Candace 's house . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Angela Robinson ( Veronica Harrington ) ( edit ) As a central and very one - of - a-kind antagonist in the program , the `` Veronica Harrington '' character has drawn increasing attention in the media , promoted as `` the ice queen with ice water running through her veins . '' An NBC News article characterized the character as an `` insecure woman that everyone loves to hate '' and `` a bougie buppie , diabolical diva who slept her way to the top of Savannah 's high society . '' In August 2015 , the Broadway veteran actress playing the role , Angela Robinson , was dubbed by an NBC News article as `` Tyler Perry 's breakout star '' from her role in The Haves and The Have Nots . Described in her on - air role as a `` villainess , '' she was hailed as `` slowly becoming a household name and gaining a cult - like following from the hit series . '' The actress was reported as becoming choked up in an August 2015 conference call when a journalist asked her : `` How does it feel being the most hated ( black female character ) on prime time television this summer ? '' The actress was reported as having to take a moment to compose herself before answering the question . Ratings and broadcast history ( edit ) The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday , May 28 , 2013 , at 9 / 8c on the Oprah Winfrey Network . The Haves and the Have Nots is the first scripted television series to air on OWN . Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back to back on its premiere night .",
"29": "Each episode of the series runs for an hour ( 42 minutes plus commercials ) . The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network . During the show 's first season , The Haves and the Have Nots received numerous widely publicized series highs in ratings , including with its July 30 episode , its August 6 episode , its August 13 episode , its August 27 episode , and most notably with its season 1 finale on September 3 . The season 1 finale of The Haves And the Have Nots was the third most watched telecast in OWN history , bested only by an interview with Whitney Houston 's daughter Bobbi Kristina and episodes of Oprah 's Next Chapter featuring Lance Armstrong . Within its first season alone , Variety had recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as `` OWN 's most popular series to date . '' Also within only its first season , The Haves and the Have Nots had been critically acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , manipulations and a bitch slap or two . '' Recognizing the show 's increasing popularity , OWN renewed the drama series for a 2nd season midway into the first season . The 2nd season was originally to consist of 16 episodes and bring the series to 32 in total by the completion of season 2 ; however on August 21 , it was announced that the network had ordered 4 additional episodes for the 2nd season , which will bring the series to 36 episodes in total by season 2 's completion . Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday , January 7 , 2014 . Continuing on with its ratings records from season 1 , the show debuted its 2nd season with series and network high ratings . Throughout season 2 , the soap has achieved several more series highs . On February 4 , 2014 , for example , the drama series came in as the most watched television program in all of cable television with an estimated 3.4 million viewers .",
"30": "Among all of OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February 4 , 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . The Haves and the Have Nots episode in question is `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , the mid-season 2 finale of The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers , surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for Oprah Winfrey 's interview with Bobbi Kristina . Not only was the episode the most watched broadcast in all of OWN history but it came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 3 premiered on January 6 , 2015 . Production of season 3 began in August 2014 following a 25 episode order which will bring the episode count to 61 through 2015 . In May 2015 , it was reported that the 3rd season of `` The Haves and the Have Nots '' was primetime 's # 1 original cable series among African - American women and total viewers , regularly attracting more than three million viewers . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Gracie Awards Outstanding Female Actor -- One to Watch Angela Robinson Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' .",
"31": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida actress is holding her own on OWN '' . Florida Courier . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` John Schneider Among Actors Cast In Tyler Perry 's Two OWN Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` The Haves and the Have Nots -- Cast '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Robinson : Broadway Veteran and Tyler Perry 's Breakout Star '' . nbcnews.com . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Haves and the Have Nots -- OWN '' . Casting Call Hub . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : Tyler Perry Premiere Gives OWN a Record Launch '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Solid Debut For Tyler Perry 's ' The Haves And Have Nots ' On OWN '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Rises to Series High on OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Sets Another Series High '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS Hits Season High -- BWWTVWorld '' . Tv.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Hits Scripted Record for OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 1 , 1970 ) . `` OWN 's ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' Finale Ratings High , TNT 's ' Cold Justice ' Premiere Strong '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` OWN 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets Record With Fall Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim . `` Aaron O'Connell & Gavin Houston On ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Gay Story '' . thebacklot.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Doubles the Episode Order for ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' for a Total Season Order of 32 Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Loves Soaps . We Loves Soaps LLC . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.deadline.com/2014/01/owns-the-haves-the-have-nots-returns-with-series-network-high/ Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic .",
"33": "`` OWN 's ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' Returns With Series & Network High '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's ' The Have and Have Nots ' Casting Call for New Season '' . auditionsfree.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OWN orders 20 new episodes of ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' through 2015 '' . Theb3.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' + ' Love Thy Neighbor ' Return This June ~ Sneak Peeks ( Watch ) '' . eurweb . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Cicely Tyson , Maggie Gyllenhall , Olivia Munn , Mae Whitman , and Orange is the New Black , Amongst Others To Be Honored at the Alliance For Women in Media 's Foundation 's 40th Anniversary Gracies Awards on May 19 '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : thegracies.org . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Haves and the Have Nots on IMDb The Haves and the Have Nots page at Tyler Perry Official website Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ?",
"34": "Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Oprah Winfrey Network original programming Current Greenleaf ( since 2016 ) If Loving You Is Wrong ( since 2014 ) Iyanla : Fix My Life ( since 2012 ) Oprah 's Master Class ( since 2011 ) Oprah : Where Are They Now ?",
"35": "( since 2012 ) Queen Sugar ( since 2016 ) Super Soul Sunday ( since 2011 ) The Haves and the Have Nots ( since 2013 ) The Paynes ( since 2018 ) Welcome to Sweetie Pie 's ( since 2011 ) Former 6 Little McGhees ( 2012 -- 14 ) Addicted to Food ( 2011 ) All My Children ( 2013 ) America 's Money Class with Suze Orman ( 2012 ) Anna & Kristina 's Grocery Bag ( 2011 ) Belief ( 2015 ) Beverly 's Full House ( 2012 ) Blackboard Wars ( 2013 ) Breaking Down the Bars ( 2011 ) Carson Nation ( 2011 ) Deion 's Family Playbook ( 2014 - 15 ) Deliver Me ( 2011 ) Extreme Clutter with Peter Walsh ( 2011 -- 12 ) Finding Sarah ( 2011 ) Flex & Shanice ( 2014 - 16 ) For Peete 's Sake ( 2016 - 17 ) Golden Sisters ( 2013 ) Houston Beauty ( 2013 ) It 's Not You , It 's Men ( 2016 ) Life with La Toya ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lindsay ( 2014 ) Lives on Fire ( 2012 ) Livin ' Lozada ( 2015 - 16 ) Love Thy Neighbor ( 2013 - 17 ) Lovetown ,",
"36": "USA ( 2012 ) Married to the Army : Alaska ( 2012 ) Mom 's Got Game ( 2014 ) Mystery Diagnosis ( 2011 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Oprah Prime ( 2012 - 2015 ) Oprah 's Lifeclass ( 2011 - 2014 ) Our America with Lisa Ling ( 2011 -- 14 ) Party at Tiffany 's ( 2011 ) Police Women of Dallas ( 2013 ) Raising Whitley ( 2013 - 16 ) Ryan and Tatum : The O'Neals ( 2011 ) Season 25 : Oprah Behind The Scenes ( 2011 ) Staten Island Law ( 2013 ) The Dr. Laura Berman Show ( 2011 ) The Gayle King Show ( 2011 ) The Judds ( 2011 ) The Rosie Show ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Why Not ? with Shania Twain ( 2011 ) Your OWN Show : Oprah 's Search for the Next TV Star ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_(TV_series)&oldid=837874160 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American television soap operas English - language television programs OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network original programs Television series based on plays Television shows set in Savannah , Georgia Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"37": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is nathan's hotdog eating contest held
|
[
"at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City",
"at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City",
"at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City",
"at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City",
"at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City"
] |
{
"0": "Nathan 's hot dog Eating contest - wikipedia Nathan 's hot dog Eating contest Jump to : navigation , search Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest Nathan 's Wall of Fame of contest winners , 2006 . Status Active Genre Hot dog competitive eating competition Date ( s ) July 4 Frequency Annually Venue Nathan 's Famous Corporation Location ( s ) Brooklyn , New York City Country United States Inaugurated July 4 , 1916 ( 1916 - 07 - 04 ) The Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition . It is held each year on Independence Day at Nathan 's Famous Corporation 's original , and best - known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island , a neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York City . The contest has gained public attention in recent years due to the stardom of Takeru Kobayashi and Joey Chestnut . The defending champion is Joey Chestnut , who ate 72 hot dogs in the 2017 contest . He beat out Carmen Cincotti and the 2015 champ , Matt Stonie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 Awards 3 History 3.1 Controversies 3.2 Results ( color - coded by belt color ) 4 Media coverage 4.1 Live TV 4.2 Film and TV programs 4.3 Newspapers 5 Tactics and training 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Rules ( edit ) Nathan 's original Coney Island location Major League Eating ( MLE ) , formerly known as the International Federation of Competitive Eating ( IFOCE ) , has sanctioned the event since 1997 . Today , only entrants currently under contract by MLE can compete in the contest . The field of about 20 contestants typically includes the following : the defending champion ; winners of a regional qualifying contest for that season ; individuals qualifying as one of two wildcards ( highest two average qualifier scores without winning a single qualifier ) ; and those invited by special invitation of the MLE . ( See `` Controversies '' section below . )",
"1": "The competitors stand on a raised platform behind a long table with drinks and Nathan 's Famous hot dogs in buns . Most contestants have water on hand , but other kinds of drinks can and have been used . Condiments are allowed , but usually are not used . The hot dogs are allowed to cool slightly after grilling to prevent possible mouth burns . The contestant that consumes ( and keeps down ) the most hot dogs and buns ( HDB ) in ten minutes is declared the winner . The length of the contest has changed over the years , previously 12 minutes , and in some years , only three and a half minutes ; since 2008 , 10 minutes . Spectators watch and cheer the eaters on from close proximity . A designated scorekeeper is paired with each contestant , flipping a number board counting each hot dog consumed . Partially eaten hot dogs count and the granularity of measurement is eighths of a length . Hot dogs still in the mouth at the end of regulation count if they are subsequently swallowed . Yellow penalty cards can be issued for `` messy eating , '' and red penalty cards can be issued for `` reversal of fortune '' , which results in disqualification . If there is a tie , the contestants go to a 5 - hot - dog eat - off to see who can eat that many more quickly . Further ties will result in a sudden - death eat - off of eating one more hot dog in the fastest time . After the winner is declared , a plate showing the number of hot dogs eaten by the winner is brought out for photo opportunities . Awards ( edit ) The winner of the men 's competition is given possession of the coveted international `` bejeweled '' mustard - yellow belt . The belt is of `` unknown age and value '' according to IFOCE co-founder George Shea and rests in the country of its owner . In 2011 , Sonya Thomas won the inaugural women 's competition and its `` bejeweled '' pink belt . Various other prizes have been awarded over the years . For example , in 2004 Orbitz donated a travel package to the winner . Starting in 2007 , cash prizes have been awarded to the top finishers .",
"2": "History ( edit ) The Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held at the original location on Coney Island most years since about 1972 , usually in conjunction with Independence Day . According to legend , on July 4 , 1916 , four immigrants held a hot dog eating contest at Nathan 's Famous stand on Coney Island to settle an argument about who was the most patriotic . The contest has supposedly been held each year since then except 1941 ( `` as a protest to the war in Europe '' ) and 1971 ( as a protest to political unrest in the U.S. ) . A man by the name of Jim Mullen is said to have won the first contest , although accounts vary . One account describes Jimmy Durante ( who was not an immigrant ) as competing in that all - immigrant inaugural contest , which was judged by Eddie Cantor and Sophie Tucker . Another describes the event as beginning `` in 1917 , and pitted Mae West 's father , Jack , against entertainer Eddie Cantor . '' In 2010 , however , promoter Mortimer `` Morty '' Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt . The legend grew over the years , to the point where The New York Times and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year , although no evidence of the contest exists . As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season , several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day ; Memorial Day contests were scheduled for 1972 , 1975 , and 1978 , and a second 1972 event was held on Labor Day . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the competition was dominated by Japanese contestants , particularly Takeru Kobayashi , who won six consecutive contests from 2001 - 2006 . In 2001 , Kobayashi transformed the competition and the world of competitive eating by downing 50 hot dogs -- smashing the previous record ( 25.5 ) . The Japanese eater introduced advanced eating and training techniques that shattered previous competitive eating world records . The rise in popularity of the event coincided with the surge in popularity of the worldwide competitive eating circuit .",
"3": "On July 4 , 2011 , Sonya Thomas became the champion of the first Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest for Women ( previously women had competed against the men , except in one competition that was apparently held in 1975 ) . Eating 40 hot dogs in 10 minutes , Thomas earned the inaugural Pepto - Bismol - sponsored pink belt and won $10,000 . In recent years , a considerable amount of pomp and circumstance have surrounded the days leading up to the event , which has become an annual spectacle of competitive entertainment . The event is presented on an extravagant stage complete with colorful live announcers and an overall party atmosphere . The day before the contest is a public weigh - in with the mayor of New York City . Some competitors don flamboyant costumes and / or makeup , while others may promote themselves with eating - related nicknames . On the morning of the event , they have a heralded arrival to Coney Island on the `` bus of champions '' and are called to the stage individually during introductions . In 2013 , six - time defending champion Joey Chestnut was escorted to the stage in a sedan chair . The competition draws many spectators and worldwide press coverage . In 2007 , an estimated 50,000 came out to witness the event . In 2004 a three - story - high `` Hot Dog Eating Wall of Fame '' was erected at the site of the annual contest . The wall lists past winners , and has a digital clock which counts down the minutes until the next contest . Despite substantial damage suffered at Nathan 's due to Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 , the location was repaired , reopened , and the 2013 event was held as scheduled . ESPN has long enjoyed solid ratings from its broadcast of the Hot Dog Eating Contest on Independence Day , and on July 1 , 2014 , the network announced it had extended its agreement with Major League Eating and will broadcast the contest through 2024 . The event continues to be recognized for its power as a marketing tool . Controversies ( edit ) Controversies usually revolve around supposed breaches of rules that are missed by the judges .",
"4": "For example , NY1 television news editor Phil Ellison reviewed taped footage of the 1999 contest and thought that Steve Keiner started eating at the count of one , but the judge , Mike DeVito -- himself the champion of the 1990 , 1993 , and 1994 contests -- was stationed directly in front of Keiner and disputed it , saying it was incorrect . Keiner ate 21 1 / 2 dogs , as shown on the Wall of Fame located at Nathan 's flagship store at the corner of Surf and Stillwell avenues in Coney Island . This controversy was created by George Shea , the chief publicist for Nathan 's , because it created much more publicity for the contest . Shea assured Keiner at the end of the contest that he would clear the confusion up but never did . Keiner never participated in any advertising or contests set up by Shea because of this . Another controversy occurred in 2003 when former NFL player William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry competed as a celebrity contestant . Though he had won a qualifier by eating twelve hot dogs , he ate only four at the contest , stopping after just five minutes . Shea stated that the celebrity contestant experiment will likely not be repeated . At the 2007 contest , the results were delayed to review whether defending champion Takeru Kobayashi had vomited ( also known as a `` Roman method incident '' or `` reversal of fortune '' ) in the final seconds of regulation . Such an incident results in the disqualification of the competitor under the rules of the IFOCE . The judges ruled in Kobayashi 's favor . A similar incident occurred involving Kobayashi in 2002 in a victory over Eric `` Badlands '' Booker . Takeru Kobayashi has not competed in the contest since 2009 due to his refusal to sign an exclusive contract with Major League Eating , which is the current sanctioning body of the contest . In 2010 , he was arrested by police after attempting to jump on the stage after the contest was over and disrupt the proceedings . On August 5 , 2010 , all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn . Despite his six consecutive victories in their annual event , Nathan 's removed Kobayashi 's image from their `` Wall of Fame '' in 2011 .",
"5": "Kobayashi again refused to compete in 2011 , but instead conducted his own hot dog eating exhibition , claiming to have consumed 69 HDB , seven more than Joey Chestnut accomplished in the Nathan 's contest . The sports website Deadspin deemed Kobayashi 's solo appearance `` an improbably perfect ' up yours ' to the Nathan 's hot dog eating contest . '' . Results ( color - coded by belt color ) ( edit ) Year Winner Hot dogs incl . buns ( HDB ) Contest duration Notes 2017 MEN 'S Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 72 10 min . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 41 2016 MEN 'S Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 70 10 min . Joey Chestnut won the mustard - colored belt for the ninth time , eating 70 hot dogs and buns . Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB . Sudo won her third consecutive women 's title . At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in Washington , D.C. on June 25 , Chestnut set the record of 73 in an official qualifier . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 381⁄2 2015 MEN 'S Matt `` Megatoad '' Stonie 62 10 min . Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut , eating 62 HDB to Joey 's 60 . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 38 2014 MEN 'S Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 61 10 min . Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie , who finished second with 56 HDB . Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 44 HDB ) finished in 3rd . This became Joey 's 8th consecutive win . Sudo dethroned Thomas , the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women 's division . Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter - century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan 's competitions .",
"6": "WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 34 2013 MEN 'S Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 69 10 min . Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB . Matt `` Megatoad '' Stonie ( 51HDB ) finished second . Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 50 HDB ) finished in 3rd . WOMEN 'S Sonya `` The Black Widow '' Thomas 363⁄4 2012 MEN 'S Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 68 10 min . Chestnut tied his previous record , previously set in 2009 . He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles . Thomas set a new women 's record . Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 52.25 ) and Patrick `` Deep Dish '' Bertoletti ( 51 ) finish second and third once again , this time with Janus edging out for second place . Matt Stonie , who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB . WOMEN 'S Sonya `` The Black Widow '' Thomas 45 2011 MEN 'S Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 62 10 min . Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time . Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title . Sonya Thomas ( 40 HDB ) won the inaugural women 's event . Patrick `` Deep Dish '' Bertoletti ( 53 ) and Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 45 ) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row . WOMEN 'S Sonya `` The Black Widow '' Thomas 40 Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 54 10 min . Chestnut ( 54 ) , Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 45 ) , and Patrick `` Deep Dish '' Bertoletti ( 37 ) round out the top three . 2009 Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 68 10 min . Chestnut ( 68 HDB ) beat his previous record in ten minutes , setting new event , U.S. , and world records .",
"7": "Kobayashi ( 641⁄2 HDB ) set a Japanese record . Patrick `` Deep Dish '' Bertoletti ( 55 HDB ) finished third . Sonya `` The Black Widow '' Thomas ( 41 HDB ) broke the female record . 2008 Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 59 ( Eat - off : 5 ) 10 min . ( Eat - off : untimed ; completed in 50 sec . ) Event , Japanese , U.S. , and world records set ( 59 HDB ) . First event using new ten - minute time limit and first tie and eat - off since 1980 . Chestnut & Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation . In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of five HDB in 50 seconds . Kobayashi , losing by seven seconds , finishes second . Tim `` Eater X '' Janus finished third with 42 . 2007 Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut 66 12 min . Having broken the world and U.S. records with 591⁄2 HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2 , 2007 , Chestnut ( 66 HDB ) finishes first , setting new event , U.S. and world records . Defeating Kobayashi ( 63 HDB ) for the first time . Fifth place Sonya Thomas ( 39 HDB ) sets female record . 2006 Takeru `` The Prince '' / `` The Tsunami '' Kobayashi 533⁄4 12 min . Winner Kobayashi sets event , Japanese and world records . Second place Joey Chestnut ( 52 HDB ) , sets U.S. record . Sonya `` The Black Widow '' Thomas ( 37 ) finishes third . 2005 Takeru `` The Prince '' / `` The Tsunami '' Kobayashi 49 12 min . 2nd : Sonya `` The Black Widow '' Thomas ( 37 ) sets U.S. record , Women 's record . Future winner Joey `` Jaws '' Chestnut finishes third with 32 . Takeru `` The Prince '' / `` The Tsunami '' Kobayashi 531⁄2 12 min .",
"8": "Event , Japanese and world records set . 2nd : Nobuyuki Shirota ( 38 ) , Sonya Thomas ( 32 HDB ) sets the female and U.S. records . 2003 Takeru `` The Prince '' / `` The Tsunami '' Kobayashi 441⁄2 12 min . Sonya Thomas ( 25 HDB ) sets the female record . 2nd : Ed `` Cookie '' Jarvis ( 301⁄2 , American record ) , 3rd : Eric `` Badlands '' Booker ( 29 ) . Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance . William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry competes , but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes . 2002 Takeru `` The Prince '' / `` The Tsunami '' Kobayashi 501⁄2 12 min . Event , Japanese and world records set . Takeru `` The Prince '' / `` The Tsunami '' Kobayashi 50 12 min . 20 competitors total . All - time world records set . 2nd : Eric `` Badlands '' Booker ( 26 ) , 3rd : Oleg Zhornitskiy ( 25 ) . 2000 Kazutoyo `` The Rabbit '' Arai 25 + 12 min . The contest was won by a 100 - pound 32 year old mattress salesman from Saitama , Japan . The prizes were `` the coveted mustard - yellow International Belt , a huge red trophy , and 20 pounds of Nathan 's hot dogs . '' Misao `` The Big Banana '' Fujita ( also known as `` Wild Beast '' ) of Japan was the runner - up and consumed 24 hot dogs . A woman , Takako `` Armageddon '' / `` The Sweet Queen '' Akasaka of Japan , was the third - place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs . 41 year old locomotive machinist Steve Addicks of Finksburg , Maryland was the fourth - place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs . 391 - pound , 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of Atlantic City , New Jersey `` finished in the middle of the pack '' and consumed 15 hot dogs . `` Dozens '' of contestants participated .",
"9": "A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 . Another describes this as the 85th annual contest . 1999 Steve `` Ralph '' / `` The Terminator '' Keiner 21 1 / 2 12 min . The contest was won by a 317 - pound , 50 - year - old man from Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey . The prize was the bejeweled mustard - colored belt . Footage recorded by NY1 appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges . Charles `` Hungry '' Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz , both of Brooklyn , were the runners - up and consumed 20 hot dogs each . Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired . 134 - pound , reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs . Former champion Mike DeVito also participated . 1998 Hirofumi `` The Black Hole of Kōfu '' / `` The Tokyo Terror '' Nakajima 19 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 135 - pound , 23 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu , Japan . The prizes were `` the coveted mustard - yellow International Belt , a huge red trophy , and 20 pounds of Nathan 's hot dogs . '' 16 contestants participated . Second place : Dominic `` Hot Dog '' Vaccaro ( 17 ) . Hirofumi `` The Black Hole of Kōfu '' / `` The Tokyo Terror '' Nakajima 241⁄2 12 min . Although Nathan 's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring `` a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth , '' Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 135 - pound , 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu , Japan . The prizes were `` a large emerald and brass trophy , a Mustard - Yellow International Belt , and a 20 - pack take - out order for Nathan 's hot dogs . ''",
"10": "100 - pound , 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama , Japan was the runner - up and consumed 24 hot dogs . 330 - pound , 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third - place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs . 23 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Hirofumi `` The Black Hole of Kōfu '' / `` The Tokyo Terror '' Nakajima December 4 231⁄4 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 300 - pound man from Queens . The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard - yellow belt and a trophy , if not more . Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner - up and consumed 20 hot dogs . 200 - pound , 42 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was also a contestant. 20 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 , except for 1939 , 1940 , and 1941 -- this time held under the moniker `` Battle of the Burroughs . '' A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's ( and TV Tokyo ) , but was held at Central Park instead of at its traditional location . It was won by a 144 - pound , 22 - year - old man from Japan ; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition . The prizes were the bejeweled mustard - yellow belt and $2,000 . 320 - pound , 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of New York was the runner - up . Only those 2 contestants participated . Ed `` The Animal '' / `` The Maspeth Monster '' Krachie Independence Day 22 12 min . 1995 Ed `` The Animal '' / `` The Maspeth Monster '' Krachie Independence Day 191⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by a 350 - pound NYNEX engineer from Queens.",
"11": "205 - pound , 33 year old Salomon Brothers vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of Manalapan Township , New Jersey was the runner - up and consumed 19 hot dogs . Mike `` The Scholar '' DeVito Independence Day 20 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 32 year old accountant . Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner - up . 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third - place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Mike `` The Scholar '' DeVito Unknown date 18 30 min . The contest was won by a former champion , a Wall Street brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township , New Jersey . The prize was 365 hot dogs . Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 141⁄2 hot dogs . Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed 71⁄2 hot dogs . 18 men and 2 women participated . The reigning champion , 290 - pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn , `` canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency '' and was unable to defend his title . Instead , he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career , something that he would later have a modest success in . A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest , held regularly since 1916 . A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's ( and recorded by TV Tokyo ) , but was held under the Brooklyn Bridge instead of at its traditional location . It was won by reigning champion DeVito . Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard - colored belt `` created by the descendants of Fabergé '' that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan 's ( presumably at the February 11 , 1986 competition ) ; however , the earliest that the belt 's existence is known to be documented in a press account from the time is 1996 . A woman , Orio Ito of Japan , was the runner - up and consumed 16 hot dogs . Only those 2 contestants participated .",
"12": "Mike `` The Scholar '' DeVito Independence Day 17 12 min . Frankie `` Hollywood '' / `` Large '' Dellarosa Independence Day 19 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion . Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner - up and consumed 17 hot dogs . 1991 Frankie `` Hollywood '' / `` Large '' Dellarosa Independence Day 21 12 min . The contest was won by a 270 - pound , 23 year old engineer and part - time Hofstra University football coach from Queens . The prize was `` a 3 - foot trophy , topped with an athlete , plate , and hot dog . He also received hats , cups , and a year 's supply of hot dogs . '' 20 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest , this time held under the motto `` No Guts , No Glory . '' Mike `` The Scholar '' DeVito Jay Green Independence Day 15 12 min . The contest was tied by the reigning champion , from Brooklyn , ( Green ) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules , and a 28 year old from Staten Island ( DeVito ) . There was apparently no tie - breaking eat - off . A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest . Jay Green Independence Day 151⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 215 - pound , 31 year old dry wall contractor , who , as per contest rules , was declared `` retired '' after the competition for being a two - time winner . 24 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest . Jay Green Independence Day 10 12 min . The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn . 13 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest . Don Wolfman Independence Day 131⁄2 10 min . 29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner - up and consumed 131⁄4 hot dogs . A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest .",
"13": "1986 Mark Heller Independence Day 151⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 245 - pound man . Robert Gerber was the runner - up and consumed 13 hot dogs . 24 men participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest , held regularly since 1916 . An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's . It was won by a 264 - pound , 21 - year - old student from Tokyo , Japan . Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner - up and consumed 91⁄2 hot dogs . Only those 2 contestants participated . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Hiroaki Tominaga February 11 101⁄2 10 min . 1985 Oscar Rodriguez Independence Day 113⁄4 12 min . The contest was won by a 21 - year - old man . More than 40 contestants participated . 1984 Birgit Felden Independence Day 91⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 130 - pound , 17 year old West German women 's judo team member from Cologne ; she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition . Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest . 17 year old U.S. women 's judo team member Jean Kanokogi ( and daughter of Ryohei and Rusty Kanokogi ) of Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 8 hot dogs . 20 men and 4 women participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest . Emil Gomez Independence Day 101⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 210 - pound , 25 year old accountant from the Bronx . His brother , Andre , was the runner - up and consumed 10 hot dogs . 11 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest . 1982 Steven Abrams July 5 11 + Unknown The contest was held on July 5 since Independence Day fell on a Sunday and was won by a 26 year old from Queens .",
"14": "He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog . 1981 Thomas DeBerry Independence Day 11 Unknown The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island , Brooklyn . He `` downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue . '' It is not immediately clear if the contest 's duration was five minutes long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after five minutes , because he was in a hurry to attend the barbecue . 1980 Joe Baldini Paul Siederman Independence Day 93⁄4 + ( Eat - off : 31⁄2 ) 10 min . ( Eat - off : 3 min . ) The contest was tied by a 190 - pound , 25 year old ( Baldini ) and a 260 - pound , 21 year old ( Siederman ) , both unemployed men from Brooklyn . Each then tied again after a tie - breaking eat - off . The prizes were `` two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags . '' Reigning champion Jim Mattner was the third - place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs . 28 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest . 1979 Jim Mattner Independence Day 14 Unknown The contest was won by a stockbroker from Queens . He consumed a `` record '' 14 hot dogs . 1978 Manel Hollenback Kevin Sinclair Independence Day 10 61⁄2 min . The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180 - pound , 18 year old basketball player from Newark , New Jersey ( Hollenback ) and a 75 - pound , 10 - year - old student ( Sinclair ) . There was apparently no tie - breaking eat - off . 28 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917 , except for 1942 and 1944 . WOMEN 'S Martha Rosenbloom Memorial Day Unknown Unknown An all - female contest was scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared `` Miss Coney Island ; '' the contest was won by a 19 year old Brooklyn College student .",
"15": "Roberto Muriel Independence Day 10 31⁄2 min . The first 1974 contest was held on April 7 ( opening day for Coney Island 's summer season activities ) and was won by a 22 year old Manhattan Community College student from Astoria , Queens ; the prize was a trophy . Six contestants participated . The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185 - pound , 24 year old from Brooklyn ; the prize was `` a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it . '' A third 1974 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's but was held in Atlantic City , New Jersey on July 31 . It was won by an 18 year old Nathan 's employee from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania named Jay Tierney . He consumed a `` world 's hot dog eating record '' 19 hot dogs in 5 minutes ; the prize was `` a raise -- all the hot dogs he could eat throughout the summer . '' 30 year old Carmen Cordero of Atlantic City was the runner - up . John Connolly April 7 9 21⁄2 min . 1973 Unknown Independence Day Unknown Unknown A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day ( designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog ) and refereed by the `` 1973 Hot Dog Queen , '' but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public . 1972 Melody Andorfer Labor Day 12 5 min . The first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a Brooklyn College student ; the prize `` was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs . '' The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105 - pound , 18 - year - old female community activist from Astoria , Queens ; 260 - pound , 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 10 hot dogs . Eight men and 8 women participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest . Jason Schechter Memorial Day 14 31⁄2 min .",
"16": "1967 Walter Paul June 30 127 * Unknown The contest was held on June 30 ( designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog ) and was won by a 400 - pound , 32 year old truck driver . The prize was `` a trophy proclaiming him the world 's champion hot dog eater . '' He consumed the hot dogs over the period of `` one hour flat . '' It is not immediately clear if the contest 's duration was one hour long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after one hour , and it is also not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs . * -- Note : though Walter Paul 's 1967 feat is documented in at least two UPI press accounts from the time , he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest 's then - record 17 hot dogs consumed ; several other people have similarly been credited for records of 131⁄2 , 171⁄2 , or 181⁄2 hot dogs consumed . The following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and , as such , may not be credible and are not included in the Results table above : `` Several years '' before 1986 : unspecified contestant , 131⁄2 1979 : unspecified contestant , 171⁄2 1978 : Walter Paul ( described as being from Coney Island , Brooklyn ) , 17 1968 : Walter Paul ( described as `` a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker '' ) , 17 1959 : Peter Washburn ( described as `` a one - armed Brooklyn Carnival worker '' ) , 181⁄2 or 17 1959 : Paul Washburn ( described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn ) , 171⁄2 1959 : Walter Paul ( described as a 260 - pound man from Brooklyn ) , 17 1957 : Paul Washburn , 171⁄2 Media coverage ( edit ) Live TV ( edit ) In 2003 , ESPN aired the contest for the first time on a tape - delayed basis . Starting in 2004 , ESPN began airing the contest live .",
"17": "Since 2005 , Paul Page has been ESPN 's play - by - play announcer for the event , accompanied by color commentator Richard Shea . In 2011 , the women 's competition was carried live on ESPN3 , followed by the men 's competition on ESPN . In 2012 , ESPN signed an extension to carry the event through 2017 . In 2014 , ESPN signed an agreement to carry the competition on its networks for 10 years until 2024 . Television history Year Network Announcers Viewers 2003 ESPN ESPN Gary Miller , Richard Shea 926,000 viewers 2005 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 860,000 viewers 2006 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 1.46 million viewers 2007 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea 1.632 million viewers 2008 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 2009 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Dominic `` Hot Dog '' Vaccaro 1.340 million viewers ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Todd Harris 1.677 million viewers 2011 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.949 million viewers 2012 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.299 million viewers 2013 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.14 million viewers 2014 ESPNEWS Paul Page , Richard Shea , Cari Champion 402,000 viewers 2015 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.129 million viewers 2016 ESPN.com Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.3 million ( tape delay on ESPN ) 2017 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.11 million Film and TV programs ( edit ) The Nathan 's contest has been featured in these documentaries and TV programs : `` A Different Story '' ( July 4 , 1996 ) - Jeannie Moos covers the contest on CNN `` Red , White , and Yellow '' ( 1998 ) `` A Hot Dog Program : An All - American ,",
"18": "Culinary Cruise Through Hot Dog History '' ( 1999 ) `` Gut Busters '' ( 2002 ) Made for TV - Discovery Channel `` Footlong '' ( 2002 ) - not the 2003 short film of the same name `` The Tsunami - Takeru Kobayashi '' ( 2003 ) Japanese `` Crazy Legs Conti : Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating '' ( 2004 ) `` The Most Extreme '' , `` Big Mouths '' episode ( 2004 ) ( Animal Planet ) Cheap Seats , ( 2004 ) `` True Life '' ( 2006 ) MTV documentary series Hungry ( 2013 ) documentary film ; contract dispute between Nathan 's Famous and Kobayashi Newspapers ( edit ) News sources typically use puns in head - lines and copy referring to the contest , such as `` ' Tsunami ' is eating contest 's top dog again , '' `` could n't cut the mustard '' ( A.P. ) , `` Nathan 's King ready , with relish '' ( Daily News ) and `` To be frank , Fridge faces a real hot - dog consumer '' ( ESPN ) . Reporter Gersh Kuntzman of the New York Post has been covering the event since the early 1990s and has been a judge at the competition since 2000 . Darren Rovell , of ESPN , has competed in a qualifier . Tactics and training ( edit ) Each contestant has his or her own eating method . Takeru Kobayashi pioneered the `` Solomon Method '' at his first competition in 2001 . The Solomon method consists of breaking each hot dog in half , eating the two halves at once , and then eating the bun . `` Dunking '' is the most prominent method used today . Because buns absorb water , many contestants dunk the buns in water and squeeze them to make them easier to swallow , and slide down the throat more efficiently . Other methods used include the `` Carlene Pop , '' where the competitor jumps up and down while eating , to force the food down to the stomach . `` Buns & Roses '' is a similar trick , but the eater sways from side to side instead . `` Juliet - ing '' is a cheating method in which players simply throw the hot dog buns over their shoulders .",
"19": "Contestants train and prepare for the event in different ways . Some fast , others prefer liquid - only diets before the event . Takeru Kobayashi meditates , drinks water and eats cabbage , then fasts before the event . Several contestants , such as Ed `` Cookie '' Jarvis , aim to be `` hungry , but not too hungry '' and have a light breakfast the morning of the event . See also ( edit ) Food portal New York City portal Sports portal Glutton Bowl Krystal Square Off Horsemen of the Esophagus Man v. Food Wing Bowl References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Hot Dog Eating Contest ( Live Television Broadcast ) '' . 2011 - 07 - 04 . ESPN . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Whitney Holtzman ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Nathan 's evens playing field '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Facts '' . Nathan 's Famous Hot Dogs . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 215 ) . Jump up ^ `` America is 204 years old '' . Boca Raton ( Fla . ) News ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . July 4 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 222 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` No , He Did Not Invent the Publicity Stunt '' by Sam Roberts , New York Times , August 18 , 2010 `` . The New York Times . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( May 28 , 1972 ) . `` Yesterday Was for Traveling , Strolling , Eating and Relaxing '' .",
"20": "New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Howard Thompson ( May 26 , 1975 ) . `` Going Out Guide '' . New York Times ( p. 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Two share prize '' . Ellensburg ( Wash . ) Daily Record ( p. 11 ) . May 31 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` 105 - Pound Girl Eats 12 Hot Dogs to Win Contest '' . St. Joseph ( Mo . ) News - Press ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . September 3 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Jen Chung . `` Sonya Thomas , The First Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest Women 's Champion ! '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Locks In Hot Dog Eating Contest through 2024 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's Famous Contest is Fourth of July Marketing Magic '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Page2 - Accusations hurled at hot dog contest '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010 : Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year '' . Bleacher Report . 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joey ' Jaws ' Chestnut Wins Nathan 's July Fourth Hot Dog Eating Contest '' . Daily News . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobayashi Arrested After Chestnut 's Hot Dog Win '' . NBC Sports . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Takeru Kobayashi Sets World Record With 69 Hot Dogs , Joey Chestnut Wins 2011 Nathan 's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest '' . Weirdnews.aol.com .",
"21": "Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Contact Luke O'Brien : Email the author Comment Twitter ( 2011 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Kobayashi Somehow Sets A New , Totally Unofficial Hot Dog Eating Record '' . Deadspin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs , 17 more than Matt Stonie , to win Nathan 's title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jump up ^ 2003 ESPN.com report Jump up ^ `` Horsemen of the Esophagus '' . Theatlantic.com. 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jason Fagone ( 2006 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 31 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Early eating world 's best deciding match ! '' . tv-tokyo.co.jp. 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest '' . abcnews.go.com . July 4 , 2000 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( July 5 , 1999 ) . `` Holiday Parades March By , But the Heat Is Just Settling In '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Michael Finnegan ( July 6 , 1999 ) . `` Nathan 's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Michael R. Blood ( July 3 , 1999 ) . `` Hot Dog Champ Relishes Title Defense '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Dogging It -- Our columnist bites into a big problem : Why can the Japanese down more dogs than any American ? '' . gershkuntzman.homestead.com . July 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Jeanne King ( July 5 , 1998 ) . `` Japanese retains hot dog competition title '' . Reuters .",
"22": "^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 15 ) . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Goes Faster , ' Furter in Hot Dog Contest '' . Los Angeles Times . July 5 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest '' . cnn.com . July 4 , 1996 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's 4th July Hot Dog Contest ( caption ) '' . gettyimages.com . July 4 , 1996 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy Connor ( July 1 , 1996 ) . `` Sliwa makes bid for frank - eating title '' . United Press International . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . Macmillan ( p. 63 ) . Jump up ^ Scott Neuman ( December 4 , 1996 ) . `` Japan snatches top dog title from U.S '' . United Press International . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Goodman ( July 5 , 1997 ) . `` Ex-Hot Dog Eating Chomp Ca n't Cut Coney Mustard '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : David Stout ( July 5 , 1995 ) . `` New Jersey Daily Briefing : A Coup in Hot Dog Land '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronicle '' . New York Times . July 5 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title '' . United Press International . July 4 , 1993 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' .",
"23": "St. Martin 's Press ( p. 62 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Dellarosa '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest '' . cnn.com . July 4 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` Engineer wolfs way to dog title '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 1 ) . July 5 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` On the Fourth , Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill '' . New York Times . July 5 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` A day to relish ( caption ) '' . Norwalk ( Conn . ) Hour ( p. 3 ) . July 5 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest '' . Schenectady ( N.Y. ) Gazette ( p. 12 ) . July 5 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 runner - up is hot dog king '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 14 ) . July 5 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Americans mark July 4 with parades , fireworks '' . Eugene ( Ore . ) Register - Guard ( sec. C , p. 10 ) . July 4 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Winner a hot dog '' . Eugene ( Ore . ) Register - Guard ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . July 7 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi '' . Salt Lake City Deseret News ( sec . A , p. 3 ) . February 13 -- 14 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Jilian Mincer ( July 5 , 1985 ) .",
"24": "`` Miss Liberty Offstage , Buy City Has A Popping 4th '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` German Scores in Frankfurter Contest '' . Daytona Beach ( Fla . ) Morning Journal ( sec . D , p. 3 ) . July 5 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` America waves flag to celebrate Fourth '' . Bangor ( Maine ) Daily News ( p. 1 ) . July 5 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's hot in the Big Apple '' . Poughkeepsie ( N.Y. ) Journal ( p. 8 ) . July 5 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( July 6 , 1982 ) . `` Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day 's Pleasures '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( July 5 , 1981 ) . `` Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest '' . Bend ( Ore . ) Bulletin ( p. 25 ) . July 5 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 221 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nine hot dogs get him a trophy '' . Wilmington ( Del . ) Morning News ( p. 22 ) . April 12 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Still Hungry '' . St. Joseph ( Mo . ) Gazette ( sec . B , p. 2 ) . July 5 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Hot dog eating record set '' . Wilmington ( N.C. ) Morning Star ( p. 26 ) . August 2 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( July 4 , 1973 ) . `` Old - Time One - Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here '' . New York Times ( p. 38 ) .",
"25": "Jump up ^ `` Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title '' . Milwaukee Journal ( p. 2 ) . July 1 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 14 ) . July 2 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Extra ! Man bites dog -- 15 of ' em '' . Tyrone ( Pa . ) Daily Herald ( p. 6 ) . July 7 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Griffin ( p. 61 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dog Contest sticks with ESPN to 2017 '' . ESPN.com. 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina . `` Nathan 's Hot Dog Contest ensures its future as Fourth of July tradition with new ESPN deal '' USA Today July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` The Hideous Masters of Gluttony : July 6 , 2007 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everything But the Game : 2007 - 07 - 08 '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potpourri Friday , July 9 , 2010 '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More Ratings : Hot Dog Contest , Formula 1 , Track & Field '' . Sportsmediawatch.com. 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' + ' Futurama ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' House Hunters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 .",
"26": "^ Jump up to : Paulsen ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings Roundup : Hot Dog Contest , NASCAR Xfinity , Tour de France '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen . Ratings Roundup : Wimbledon , Hot Dog Contest , Senior Golf . Sportsmediawatch . July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Athletes with appetite '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . Two Dozen Hot Dogs Please , and No , They 're Not to Go by Anthony Ramirez Sports Illustrated feature on the 2006 contest External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest . Official website ( hide ) Competitive eating Notable eaters Patrick Bertoletti Eric Booker Dale Boone Joey Chestnut Crazy Legs Conti Erik Denmark Michael DeVito Jed Donahue Charles Hardy Tim Janus Steve Keiner Joe LaRue Carlene LeFevre Rich LeFevre Don Lerman Kevin Lipsitz Rick The Manager Bozo Miller David O'Karma Molly Schuyler Bob Shoudt Matt Stonie L.A. Beast Brian Subich Miki Sudo Sonya Thomas Furious Pete Peter Dowdeswell Theetta Rappai Takako Akasaka Takeru Kobayashi Gal Sone Competitions and organizations Association of Independent Competitive Eaters Hurl !",
"27": "International Federation of Competitive Eating Major League Eating Nathan 's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest National Buffalo Wing Festival Wing Bowl World Pie Eating Championship Defunct competitions The Glutton Bowl Krystal Square Off Yankee Doodle Coffee Shop Doodle Challenge Media Crazy Legs Conti : Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating Eat This Book Horsemen of the Esophagus Major League Eating : The Game Man v. Food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan%27s_Hot_Dog_Eating_Contest&oldid=812760520 '' Categories : Competitions in the United States Competitive eating Coney Island Culture of Brooklyn Independence Day ( United States ) Hot dogs Recurring events established in 1916 Sports entertainment Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Galego 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 18 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who wrote the book my country my life
|
[
"L. K. Advani, an Indian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004, and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha",
"L. K. Advani",
"L. K. Advani",
"L. K. Advani, an Indian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004, and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha",
"L. K. Advani"
] |
{
"0": "My Country My life - wikipedia My Country My life Jump to : navigation , search My Country , My Life 1st ed. cover Author Lal Krishna Advani Country India Language English Subject Autobiography Publisher Rupa & Co . Publication date March 19 , 2008 ( hardback ) Pages 1040 ISBN 978 - 81 - 291 - 1363 - 4 OCLC 221287960 LC Class DS481. A28 A66 2008 My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L.K. Advani , an Indian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 , and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha . The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam , the eleventh President of India . The book has 1,040 pages and narrates autobiographical accounts and events in the life of Advani . It became the best seller book in the non-fiction category and Advani joined Archer as a bestseller author . The book website claims the book sold an excess of 1,000,000 copies . The book alongside mentions the event in Indian politics and India 's history from 1900 till date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary and themes 1.1 Phase One - Sindh and India - An unbreakable bond ( 1927 - 47 ) 1.2 Phase Two - Journey from Sindh to Rajasthan ( 1947 - 57 ) 1.3 Phase Three - Entry into National Politics ( 1957 - 77 ) 1.4 Phase Four - BJP Spectacular Rise ( 1977 - 97 ) 1.5 Phase Five - India Strong & Self Confident ( 1997 - 2007 ) 2 Reaction 3 References 4 External links Summary and themes ( edit ) My Country My Life is a selfportrait of India 's leading political personality -- L.K. Advani . This book covers , chronologically , most of all the major and minor events in the life of Advani . My Country My Life presents L.K.",
"1": "Advani 's memoirs in five phases . Phase one - Sindh and India - an unbreakable bond ( 1927 - 47 ) ( edit ) It describes Advani 's early life in Sindh , narrating the heart - rending story of India 's blood - soaked partition into two separate countries -- India and Pakistan -- when Britain 's colonial rule came to an end . He was one of the millions of people who migrated from Pakistan to India -- and also from India to Pakistan . After giving a fascinating socio - spiritual history of Sindh , Advani describes his life at home and school in Karachi ( which he calls his ' favourite city ' ) . He also writes about two transformative influences on his life : the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) , a nationalist organization which he joined as a swayamsevak ( volunteer ) at the age of 14 , and Swami Ranganathananda , head of the Ramakrishna Math in Karachi and an erudite exponent of the philosophy of Swami Vivekananda , whom Advani first met in Karachi . Phase two - journey from Sindh to Rajasthan ( 1947 - 57 ) ( edit ) It deals with Advani 's life as an RSS pracharak ( organiser ) in Rajasthan and as an activist of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh . An important section in this phase deals with the mutually respectful relationship between Mahatma Gandhi and the RSS . Advani convincingly counters the vile propaganda by the Indian Left that the RSS was behind the assassination of the Mahatma in January 1948 . Phase three - entry into National politics ( 1957 - 77 ) ( edit ) It deals with Advani 's evolution as a political leader in New Delhi . ' I was asked , ' he writes , ' by Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya , the main ideologue , guide and organiser of the Jana Sangh , to shift my base to Delhi and work as a political aide to Atal Bihari Vajpayee , who had just been elected to the Lok Sabha for the first time . It is during these two decades that I gained advanced experience in political organisation , political strategy and leadership . '",
"2": "A particularly riveting section in this phase is the description of the imposition of the draconian Emergency Rule by the then Prime Minister of India , Indira Gandhi , in June 1975 . Along with tens of thousands of pro-democracy leaders and activists belonging to Opposition parties , Advani spent nineteen months in jail . This phase describes , at considerable length , the sad saga of the Emergency and the thrilling tale of the triumph of democracy . It also demonstrates how the then prime minister , Indira Gandhi tried to destroy the basic structure of the Constitution , a wrongdoing which her party , the Indian National Congress , has never honestly debated or apologized for . Phase four - BJP spectacular rise ( 1977 - 97 ) ( edit ) It is the period when Advani emerged as an important national leader . It describes his sterling work in Parliament , and also as the Minister of Information & Broadcasting in the Janata Government ( 1977 -- 79 ) , in dismantling the legal edifice of dictatorship created during the Emergency . It also provides a penetrating account of the disintegration of the Janata Party and the formation of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) . A particularly engaging section of this phase is a narration of the BJP 's active participation in the movement for the reconstruction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya . Advani writes : ' ( It ) soon snowballed into the largest mass movement in the history of independent India . The spectacular public response to my Ram Rath Yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya in September -- October 1990 far exceeded my own expectations . Just as the struggle against the Emergency opened my eyes to the Indian people 's unflinching faith in democracy , the Ayodhya movement opened my eyes to the deep - rooted influence of religion in the lives of Hindus of all castes and sects across the country . The phase ends with a captivating narration of another important political campaign in Advani 's life -- the Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra , which marked the Golden Jubilee of India 's Independence . Phase five - India strong & self confident ( 1997 - 2007 ) ( edit ) It is a period of major accomplishments in Advani 's political career .",
"3": "The BJP 's spectacular rise , since 1989 , culminated in the formation , in March 1998 , of the first truly non-Congress coalition government at the Centre under Atal Bihari Vajpayee 's leadership . After a renewed mandate in 1999 , the government of the BJP - led National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) served the nation with great dedication and distinction for six years . This phase also provides a candid and self - critical assessment of the unanticipated defeat of the NDA in the May 2004 parliamentary elections . ' I have not the slightest doubt , ' Advani says , ' that , as in the past , the BJP will bounce back again . ' The highlights of this part of the book are the Vajpayee government 's determined fight against Pakistan - supported cross-border terrorism fueled by religious extremism , India 's triumph in the Kargil War , the Vajpayee - Advani duo 's efforts to normalise relations with Pakistan , the hopes and frustrations at the Agra Summit between Vajpayee and General Pervez Musharraf , and Advani 's historic journey to Pakistan in June 2005 . About the controversy generated by this visit , he says , ' I have no regrets . ' Reaction ( edit ) Writing in the Hindustan Times , Vir Sanghvi remarks that the book is significant note for what it says , but for what it does n't . He says , `` Advani 's strengths and weaknesses are captured in his new book , My Country My Life , ( Rupa ) . It is a readable , rewarding and often racy account of his political career . Written from the heart , it is part - memoir and part - manifesto '' . Lata Jagtiani in her detailed book review says : `` One may or may not agree with the BJP 's view of the direction that India should take in the future , but there are no two opinions , after reading the autobiography , that there are very few in Indian politics with the mettle and character of Advani . Perhaps this book will serve as an inspiration to many who are deeply for the nation but do n't know the high cost and also the high value of power '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Asian News International ( 20 March 2008 ) .",
"4": "`` Advani 's autobiography ' My Country , My Life ' released '' . Oneindia.in . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Advani joins Archer as bestseller author Jump up ^ `` Advani ` s memoir hits the jackpot '' . Mycountrymylife.com. 2008 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LK before he leaps - Vir Sanghvi '' . Hindustantimes.com. 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.boloji.com/bookreviews/153.htm External links ( edit ) My Country , My Life Official site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Country_My_Life&oldid=752624952 '' Categories : 2008 books Political autobiographies Indian autobiographies 21st - century Indian books Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം संस्कृतम् Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2016 , at 09 : 30 . About Wikipedia",
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what does it mean to be on parole
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[
"a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period",
"temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period"
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{
"0": "Parole - wikipedia Parole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Parole ( disambiguation ) . Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule Self - incrimination Double jeopardy Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Discharge Guidelines Totality Dangerous offender Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff Life licence Miscarriage of justice Exoneration Pardon Sex offender registration Sexually violent predator legislation Related areas of law Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Civil procedure Portals Law Criminal justice US courts Not in English / Welsh courts Scottish courts English / Welsh courts Canadian courts UK courts Parole is a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period , originating from the French parole ( `` voice , spoken words '' ) . The term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word . This differs greatly from amnesty or commutation of sentence in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences , and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole . Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law , not voting in an election , refraining from drug and alcohol use , avoiding contact with the parolee 's victims , obtaining employment and keeping required appointments with a parole officer . Should the parolee have legal dependents , namely minor children , they are also required to show cause of being a dedicated caregiver . A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds . Some justice systems , such as the United States federal system , place defendants on supervised release after serving their entire prison sentence ; this is not the same as parole . In Colorado , parole is an additional punishment after the entire prison sentence is served , called `` mandatory parole '' , per § 18 - 1.3 - 401 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( V ) ( B ) .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development of modern parole 2 Canada 3 China 4 Israel 5 Italy 6 New Zealand 7 United States 7.1 Early history 7.2 Modern history 7.3 Difference between parole and mandatory supervision 7.4 US immigration law 8 Prisoners of war 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Development of modern parole ( edit ) Alexander Maconochie , a Scottish geographer and captain in the Royal Navy , introduced the modern idea of parole when , in 1840 , he was appointed superintendent of the British penal colonies in Norfolk Island , Australia . He developed a plan to prepare them for eventual return to society that involved three grades . The first two consisted of promotions earned through good behaviour , labour , and study . The third grade in the system involved conditional liberty outside of prison while obeying rules . A violation would return them to prison and they would start all over again through the ranks of the three - grade process . He reformed its ticket of leave system , instituting what many consider the world 's first parole system . Prisoners served indeterminate sentences from which they could be released early if they showed evidence of rehabilitation through participation in a graded classification system based on a unit of exchange called a mark . Prisoners earned marks through good behavior , lost them through bad behavior , and could spend them on passage to higher classification statuses ultimately conveying freedom . In an instance of multiple discovery , in 1846 , Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy proposed the idea of parole ( which he termed `` preparatory liberations '' ) to the Civil Tribunal at Reims . Canada ( edit ) In general , in Canada , prisoners are eligible to apply for full parole after serving one - third of their sentences . Prisoners are also eligible to apply for day parole , and can do this before being eligible to apply for full parole . Any prisoner whose sentence is less than two years is sent to a correctional facility in the province or territory that convicted him or her , whilst anyone sentenced to serve no less than two years will be sent to a federal correctional facility . Parole is an option for most prisoners . However , parole is not guaranteed , particularly for prisoners serving life or indeterminate sentences .",
"2": "In cases of first - degree murder , one can apply for parole after 25 years if convicted of a single murder . However , if convicted of multiple murder ( either first or second - degree ) , the sentencing judge has the option to make parole ineligibility periods consecutive - thereby extending parole ineligibility beyond 25 years and , in rare cases , beyond a normal life - span . China ( edit ) In China , prisoners are often granted medical parole or compassionate release , which releases them on the grounds that they must receive medical treatment which can not be provided for in prison . Occasionally , medical parole is used as a no - publicity way of releasing an accidentally imprisoned convict . The Chinese legal code has no explicit provision for exile , but often dissidents are released on the grounds that they need to be treated for a medical condition in another country , and with the understanding that they will be reincarcerated if they return to China . Dissidents who have been released on medical parole include Ngawang Chophel , Ngawang Sangdrol , Phuntsog Nyidron , Takna Jigme Zangpo , Wang Dan , Wei Jingsheng , Gao Zhan and Fang Lizhi . Israel ( edit ) Until 2001 , parole in Israel was possible only after the prisoner had served two thirds of their sentence . On 13 February 2001 the Knesset passed a bill , brought forward by Reuven Rivlin and David Libai , which allowed the early release of prisoners who had served half of their prison term . The law was originally intended to help ease overcrowding in prisons . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Libertà condizionata Libertà condizionata is covered by Article 176 of the Italian Penal Code . A prisoner is eligible if he has served at least 30 months ( or 26 years for life sentences ) , and the time remaining on his sentence is less than half the total ( normally ) , a quarter of the total ( if previously convicted or never convicted ) or five years ( for sentences greater than 7.5 years ) . In 2006 , 21 inmates were granted libertà condizionata .",
"3": "New Zealand ( edit ) See also : New Zealand Parole Board In New Zealand , inmates serving a short - term sentence ( up to two years ) are automatically released after serving half their sentence , without a parole hearing . Inmates serving sentences of more than two years are normally seen by the New Zealand Parole Board after serving one - third of the sentence , although the judge at sentencing can make an order for a minimum non-parole period of up to two - thirds of the sentence . Inmates serving life sentences usually serve a minimum of 10 years , or longer depending on the minimum non-parole period , before being eligible for parole . Parole is not an automatic right and it was declined in 71 percent of hearings in the year ending 30 June 2010 . Many sentences include a specific non-parole period . United States ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Penologist Zebulon Brockway introduced parole when he became superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in Elmira , New York . To manage prison populations and rehabilitate those incarcerated , he instituted a two - part strategy that consisted of indeterminate sentences and parole releases . Modern history ( edit ) In the United States , courts may specify in a sentence how much time must be served before a prisoner is eligible for parole . This is often done by specifying an indeterminate sentence of , say , `` 15 to 25 years '' , or `` 15 years to life '' . The latter type is known as an indeterminate life sentence ; in contrast , a sentence of `` life without the possibility of parole '' is known as a determinate life sentence . On the federal level , Congress abolished parole in the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 ( Pub . L. No. 98 - 473 § 218 ( a ) ( 5 ) , 98 Stat. 1837 , 2027 ( repealing 18 U.S.C.A. § 4201 et seq . ) ) . Federal prisoners may , however , earn a maximum of 54 days good time credit per year against their sentence ( 18 U.S.C.A. § 3624 ( b ) ) . In most states , the decision of whether an inmate is paroled is vested in a paroling authority such as a parole board .",
"4": "Mere good conduct while incarcerated in and of itself does not necessarily guarantee that an inmate will be paroled . Other factors may enter into the decision to grant or deny parole , most commonly the establishment of a permanent residence and immediate , gainful employment or some other clearly visible means of self - support upon release ( such as Social Security if the prisoner is old enough to qualify ) . Many states now permit sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( such as for murder and espionage ) , and any prisoner not sentenced to either this or the death penalty will eventually have the right to petition for release ( one state -- Alaska -- maintains neither the death penalty nor life imprisonment without parole as sentencing options ) . Before being granted the privilege of parole , the inmate meets with members of the parole board and is interviewed , The parolee also has a psychological exam . The inmate must first agree to abide by the conditions of parole set by the paroling authority . While in prison , the inmate signs a parole certificate or contract . On this contract are the conditions that the inmate must follow . These conditions usually require the parolee to meet regularly with his or her parole officer or community corrections agent , who assesses the behavior and adjustment of the parolee and determines whether the parolee is violating any of his or her terms of release ( typically these include being at home during certain hours which is called a curfew , maintaining steady employment , not absconding , refraining from illicit drug use and , sometimes , abstaining from alcohol ) , attending drug or alcohol counseling , and having no contact with their victim . The inmate gives an address which is verified by parole officers as valid before the inmate is released to parole supervision . Upon release , the parolee goes to a parole office and is assigned a parole officer . Parole officers make unannounced visits to parolees ' houses or apartments to check on them . During these home visits officers look for signs of drug or alcohol use , guns or illegal weapons , and other illegal activities . Should parolees start to use drugs or alcohol , they are told to go to drug or alcohol counseling and Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous meetings . Should they not comply with conditions on the parole certificate a warrant is issued for their arrest . Their parole time is stopped when the warrant is issued and starts only after they are arrested .",
"5": "They have a parole violation hearing within a specified time , and then a decision is made by the parole board to revoke their parole or continue the parolee on parole . In some cases , a parolee may be discharged from parole before the time called for in the original sentence if it is determined that the parole restrictions are no longer necessary for the protection of society ( this most frequently occurs when elderly parolees are involved ) . Service members who commit crimes while in the U.S. military may be subject to court martial proceedings under the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) . If found guilty , they may be sent to federal or military prisons and upon release may be supervised by U.S. Federal Probation officers . Parole is a controversial political topic in the United States . According to the U.S. Department of Justice , at least sixteen states have abolished parole entirely , and four more have abolished parole for certain violent offenders . During elections , politicians whose administrations parole any large number of prisoners ( or , perhaps , one notorious criminal ) are typically attacked by their opponents as being `` soft on crime '' . The U.S. Department of Justice ( DOJ ) stated in 2005 that about 45 % of parolees completed their sentences successfully , while 38 % were returned to prison , and 11 % absconded . These statistics , the DOJ says , are relatively unchanged since 1995 ; even so , some states ( including New York ) have abolished parole altogether for violent felons , and the federal government abolished it in 1984 for all offenders convicted of a federal crime , whether violent or not . Despite the decline in jurisdictions with a functioning parole system , the average annual growth of parolees was an increase of about 1.5 % per year between 1995 and 2002 . A variant of parole is known as `` time off for good behavior '' , or , colloquially , `` good time '' . Unlike the traditional form of parole -- which may be granted or denied at the discretion of a parole board -- time off for good behavior is automatic absent a certain number ( or gravity ) of infractions committed by a convict while incarcerated ( in most jurisdictions the released inmate is placed under the supervision of a parole officer for a certain amount of time after being so released ) . In some cases `` good time '' can reduce the original sentence by as much as one - third .",
"6": "It is usually not made available to inmates serving life sentences , as there is no release date that can be moved up . Difference between parole and mandatory supervision ( edit ) Some states in the United States have what is known as `` mandatory supervision '' , whereby an inmate is released before the completion of their sentence due to legal technicalities which oblige the offender justice system to free them . In the federal prison system , and in some states such as Texas , inmates are compensated with `` good time '' , which is counted towards time served . For example , if an inmate served five years of a ten - year prison term , and also had five years of `` good time '' , they will have completed their sentence `` on paper '' , obliging the state to release them unless deemed a threat to society in writing by the parole board . Where parole is granted or denied at the discretion of a parole board , mandatory supervision does not involve a decision making process : one either qualifies for it or does not . Mandatory supervision tends to involve stipulations that are more lenient than those of parole , and in some cases place no obligations at all on the individual being released . U.S. immigration law ( edit ) Main article : Parole ( United States immigration ) In US immigration law , the term parole has two meanings related to allowing persons to enter or leave the United States without the normally required documentation . Prisoners of War ( edit ) Parole is `` the agreement of persons who have been taken prisoner by an enemy that they will not again take up arms against those who captured them , either for a limited time or during the continuance of the war . '' The US Department of Defense defines parole more broadly : `` Parole agreements are promises given the captor by a POW to fulfill stated conditions , such as not to bear arms or not to escape , in consideration of special privileges , such as release from captivity or lessened restraint . '' The practice of paroling enemy troops began thousands of years ago , at least as early as the time of Carthage . Parole allowed the prisoners ' captors to avoid the burdens of having to feed and care for them while still avoiding having the prisoners rejoin their old ranks once released ; it could also allow the captors to recover their own men in a prisoner exchange . Hugo Grotius , an early international lawyer , favorably discussed prisoner of war parole .",
"7": "During the American Civil War , both the Dix -- Hill Cartel and the Lieber Code set out rules regarding prisoner of war parole . Francis Lieber 's thoughts on parole later reappeared in the Declaration of Brussels of 1874 , the Hague Convention , and the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War . In the United States , current policy prohibits US military personnel who are prisoners of war from accepting parole . The Code of the United States Fighting Force states : `` I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy . '' The position is reiterated by the Department of Defense . `` The United States does not authorize any Military Service member to sign or enter into any such parole agreement . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parole . Parol evidence rule Ticket of leave Release on temporary licence Rehabilitation Policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joel Samaha ( 2006 ) . Criminal Justice . Belmont , CA : Thomson / Wadsworth . ISBN 9780534645571 . OCLC 61362411 . Jump up ^ John V. Barry , `` Maconochie , Alexander ( 1787 -- 1860 ) '' , Australian Dictionary of Biography , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University , accessed 4 April 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Joan Petersilia , When Prisoners Come Home : Parole and Prisoner Reentry . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Hansner , Community Corrections . Los Angeles : Sage , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gray Cavendar , Parole : A Critical Analysis . Port Washington : Kennikat Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Normandeau , André . `` Pioneers in Criminology : Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy ( 1802 - 1894 ) '' . The Journal of Criminal Law , Criminology , and Police Science . Northwestern University School of Law . 60 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 32 . Historical innovations are often created independently and almost simultaneously . This seems to be the case about the origins of parole , especially in view of factors of time and means of communication .",
"8": "In effect , Maconochie developed his scheme in the years 1840 - 1844 as governor of Norfolk Island , a famous penal colony east of Australia , whereas Bonneville 's ideas came out in the years 1846 - 1847 . Our knowledge of the slowness of communications at the time , especially in such a sector of activity , leaves us with the impression that Bonneville really did not know about Maconochie 's proposal . Jump up ^ Bonneville de Marsangy , Arnould ( January 29 , 1868 ) . `` Twenty - Third Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Prison Association of New York for 1867 '' . C. Van Benthuysen & Sons . pp. 165 -- 178 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Release - Fact Sheet '' . Government of Canada . 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Release '' . Correctional Services Canada . 2014 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Michael ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Justin Bourque handed harshest sentence since Canada 's last execution more than 50 years ago '' . National Post . Jump up ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/winnipeg-killing-machine-who-targeted-homeless-men-gets-three-life-sentences-no-parole Jump up ^ `` China Grants Convicted Scholars Medical Parole '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` US lawmakers demand China grant dissident medical parole '' . Agence France - Presse. 2005 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cases and Eligibility '' . Paroleboard.govt.nz . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 27 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ http://www.paroleboard.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/477515/NZPB_Annual_Report_09_10.pdf Jump up ^ Criminal Justice - Joel Samaha - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ In re Jeanice D. , 28 Cal . 3d 210 ( 1980 ) ( `` 25 years to life '' is indeterminate life sentence implying that minor convicted of first - degree murder was eligible for commitment to California Youth Authority rather than determinate life sentence which would require incarceration in regular prison ) . Jump up ^ In 1984 Congress abolished parole for federal crimes committed beginning November 1987 . The U.S. Parole Commission was enabled to continue operations for prisoners still eligible for parole , that is , who committed crimes before November 1987 . `` Parole system in transition assailed as unfair '' . Newsday , May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` `` Good Time Credit '' for Federal Prisoners . '' Families Against Mandatory Minimums . Retrieved on May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2 Bouvier 's Law Dictionary 2459 ( 1914 ) Jump up ^ US Department of Defense Directive 1300.7 , Training and Education Measures Necessary to Support the Code of Conduct ( 23 December 88 ) . Jump up ^ Herbert C. Fooks , Prisoners of War 297 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Hugo Grotius , De Jure Belli ac Pacis ( 1625 ) , reprinted in 2 Classics of International Law 853 - 54 ( J. Scott ed. 1925 ) . Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom 791 ( 1988 ) ; U.S. Army General Orders No. 100 ( 24 April 1863 ) , reprinted in R.S. Hartigan , Lieber 's Code and the Law of War 45 -- 71 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Annex to Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land , Art . 10 ( 1907 ) and Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War , Art .",
"10": "21 ( 1949 ) , both reprinted in Documents on the Laws of War 216 ( A. Roberts & R. Guelff ( ed . ) , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States , Exec . Order No. 10,631 , 20 Fed . Reg. 6057 , 3 C.F.R. 1954 -- 58 Comp. 266 ( 1955 ) , as amended by Exec . Order No. 12,017 , 42 Fed . Reg. 57941 ( 1977 ) ; and Exec . Order No. 12,633 , 53 Fed . Reg. 10355 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ DoD Directive 1300.7 , Enclosure 2 , Para . B3a ( 5 ) . External links ( edit ) Look up parole in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .",
"11": "California Reentry Program - Helping parolees re-enter society Term to Life Prisoner Support How Parole Board hearings work ( Directgov , England and Wales ) Community Corrections ( Probation and Parole ) Bureau of Justice Statistics ( 1 ) ( Rule of Parole in India ) ( 2 ) ( Government of India ) NDL : 00565053 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parole&oldid=814680106 '' Categories : Criminal law Legal terminology Parole Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 07 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the east india company take control of india
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{
"0": "East India Company - wikipedia East India Company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta ( British businessman ) . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved , after being mostly nationalised in 1858 Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , formed to trade with the East Indies ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent .",
"1": "Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da India had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 , which amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 .",
"2": "The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3.",
"3": "8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the capture of the great Portuguese Carrack Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores ( 1592 ) . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ships rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch an adventurer merchant who along with his companions had made a remarkable fifteen year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia was also of significance .",
"4": "Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . Formation ( edit ) On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again , a year later on 31 December and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon . After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two `` factories '' - one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas ( Spice Islands ) before leaving .",
"5": "They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth 's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly , with new horizons opened for the English . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java comprised an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies .",
"6": "Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations .",
"7": "It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Within the first two decades of the 17 century , the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , ( VOC ) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships . It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40 % annual dividend . The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17 and 18 centuries over spices from the Spice Islands . Spices , at the time , could only be found on these islands , such as pepper , ginger , nutmeg , cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage .",
"8": "The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo - Dutch Wars between them : 1652 - 1654 , 1665 - 1667 , 1672 - 1674 and 1780 - 1784 . The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive .",
"9": "Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure .",
"10": "English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates .",
"11": "An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament .",
"12": "The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 .",
"13": "Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 .",
"14": "By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India Company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent . As it increased in size the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers .",
"15": "The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war .",
"16": "The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , but in time the Bengal Army in particular was comprised largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army British officers , who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long the Indians ' service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius .",
"17": "There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India , by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling .",
"18": "This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the Company 's affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was Ram Mohan Roy , who learned English , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , Greek , and Latin . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help .",
"19": "This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India Company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis .",
"20": "Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c.",
"21": "16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India Company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence . It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance .",
"22": "This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 View of the Calcutta port in 1848 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India .",
"23": "Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . In the 1980s , a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company , which lasted until the 1990s . The corporate vestiges were again purchased by another group of investors who opened their first store in 2010 . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c.",
"24": "1800 The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire .",
"25": "In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad ( 1765 ) it collected taxes which It used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London . It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal . During the first century of the East India Company 's expansion in India , most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs .",
"26": "By the late 18 century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land , built railways , roads and bridges . The first railway of 21 mile ( 33.8 km ) , known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay ( Mumbai ) and Tannah ( Thane ) in 1849 . The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks : their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks , wars or calamities . The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs . In essence , it was a dual administration . Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting , diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies . The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies . The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come . In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since 1750 , its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands . The dual administration system came to an end . Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having the translated into English . He employed many Indians as officials . Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims . This is still used in Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law . Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process . His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached . See ( Impeachment of Warren Hastings ) Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington in 1781 , replaced Hastings . Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English . He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians . This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land owners to land renters . Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne .",
"27": "The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat , intimidation , bribery or outright war . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag .",
"28": "Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) .",
"29": "Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers , and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off .",
"30": "Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East Indiamen were large and strongly built and when the Royal Navy was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships . Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports . Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary .",
"31": "See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : List of East India Company directors Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments Economy of India under Company rule Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian independence movement General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-British-1600-1740#ref485999 ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The finances of the East India Company in India , c. 1766 - 1859 , John F. Richards '' . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Desai , Tripta ( 1984 ) . The East India Company : A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857 . Kanak Publications . p. 3 .",
"32": "^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . ^ Jump up to : Wernham , R.B ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 333 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leinwand 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Ralph Fitch : An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai ; and ' Ralph Fitch 's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586 - 1587 ' in : Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David , Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 . Chiang Mai , Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram Chandra ( 1980 ) . Early English Travellers in India : A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 45 . ISBN 9788120824652 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) .",
"33": "Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dulles ( 1969 ) , p106 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sir William . England 's quest of eastern trade ( 1933 ed . ) . London : A. & C. Black . p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ http://www.neatorama.com/2012/08/06/The-Nutmeg-Wars/ Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 15 : 18 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation .",
"35": "George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen ( 2009 ) . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5487 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) .",
"36": "Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 7 : 38 - 4 : 33 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank .",
"37": "Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ Rao , M.A. ( 1988 ) . Indian Railways , New Delhi : National Book Trust , p. 15 Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 19 : 11 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 17 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 16 : 00 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 9 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) .",
"40": "Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Dulles , Foster Rhea . Eastward ho ! The first English adventurers to the Orient ( 1969 ed . ) . Freeport , New York : Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 1256 - X . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) .",
"41": "Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Leinwand , Theodore B. ( 2006 ) . Theatre , Finance and Society in Early Modern England . Cambridge University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03466 - 1 . Misra , B.B. The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . ''",
"42": "Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. excerpt and text search The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian .",
"43": "The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p.",
"44": "148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y.",
"45": "Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co .",
"46": "Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Cite error : There are < ref group = Note > tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = Note ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=838456009 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874",
"47": "disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어",
"48": "Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the origins of the stations of the cross
|
[
"Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary",
"pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa",
"grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary"
] |
{
"0": "Stations of the Cross - wikipedia Stations of the Cross Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stations of the Cross ( disambiguation ) . The 12th Station of the Cross -- Jesus dies on the Cross . St. Raphael 's Cathedral , Dubuque , Iowa . Part of a series on Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church Jesus Christ in the Catacombs of Rome ( 4th century ) Devotions Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Holy Face Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration Holy Name Holy Hour Acts of Reparation Stations of the Cross Precious Blood Infant of Prague Prayers Anima Christi Shoulder Wound Morning offering Sacred Heart prayer Sacred Heart Consecration You are Christ Vianney 's prayer Perboyre 's prayer Montfort 's prayer Crucifix prayer Catholicism portal The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross , also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis , refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers . The stations grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary . The object of the stations is to help the Christians faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage through contemplation of the Passion of Christ . It has become one of the most popular devotions and the stations can be found in many Western Christian churches , including Anglican , Lutheran , Methodist , and Roman Catholic ones . Commonly , a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image , in order , stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections . This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent , especially on Good Friday , in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion . The style , form , and placement of the stations vary widely . The typical stations are small plaques with reliefs or paintings placed around a church nave . Modern minimalist stations can be simple crosses with a numeral in the centre .",
"1": "Occasionally the faithful might say the stations of the cross without there being any image , such as when the pope leads the stations of the cross around the Colosseum in Rome on Good Friday . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stations 2.1 Scriptural form 3 Modern usage 4 Debates 4.1 Place of Christ 's resurrection 5 Music 6 Literature 7 Via Dolorosa sites 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Three chapels of Verkiai Calvary Station of the Cross in the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima , in Portugal Outdoor station in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou Typical indoor placement along the nave ( Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ) The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa . Imitating holy places was not a new concept . For example , the religious complex of Santo Stefano in Bologna , Italy , replicated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other religious sites , including Mount of Olives and Valley of Josaphat . After the siege of 1187 , Jerusalem fell to Muslims . Forty years later Franciscans were allowed back into the Holy Land . Their founder , Saint Francis of Assisi , held the Passion of Christ in special veneration and was the first person to receive stigmata . In 1217 , St. Francis also founded the Custody of the Holy Land to guard and promote the devotion to holy places . Their efforts were recognized when Franciscans were officially proclaimed custodians of holy places by Pope Clement VI in 1342 . Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the 12 -- 14th centuries ( e.g. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce , Burchard of Mount Sion , James of Verona ) , mention a `` Via Sacra '' , i.e. a settled route that pilgrims followed , there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross , as we understand it .",
"2": "The earliest use of the word `` stations '' , as applied to the accustomed halting - places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem , occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim , William Wey , who visited the Holy Land in the mid-15th century , and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross . In 1521 , a book called Geystlich Strass ( German : `` spiritual road '' ) was printed with illustrations of the stations in the Holy Land . During the 15th and 16th centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land . The number of stations varied between seven and thirty ; seven was common . These were usually placed , often in small buildings , along the approach to a church , as in a set of 1490 by Adam Kraft , leading to the Johanneskirche in Nuremberg . A number of rural examples were established as attractions in their own right , usually on attractive wooded hills . These include the Sacro Monte di Domodossola ( 1657 ) and Sacro Monte di Belmonte ( 1712 ) , and form part of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy World Heritage Site , together with other examples on different devotional themes . In these the sculptures are often approaching life - size and very elaborate . Remnants of these are often referred to as calvary hills . In 1686 , in answer to their petition , Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches . In 1731 , Pope Clement XII extended to all churches the right to have the stations , provided that a Franciscan father erected them , with the consent of the local bishop . At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen . In 1857 , the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves , without the intervention of a Franciscan priest , and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church .",
"3": "Stations ( edit ) A set of the traditional 14 scenes from Portuguese Church , Kolkata A set of the traditional 14 scenes in Limoges enamel Outdoor set at Camp Zimmerman , an ecumenical retreat center rooted in the Methodist and Moravian traditions ( Gnadenhutten ) The 15th station ( Resurrection of Jesus ) in the Saint Mary Rawaseneng Prayer Garden , in the Monastery of Saint Mary Rawaseneng ( id ) complex , Temanggung , Indonesia The early set of seven scenes was usually numbers 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 and 14 from the list below . The standard set from the 17th to 20th centuries has consisted of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes : Pilate condemns Jesus to die Jesus accepts his cross Jesus falls for the first time Jesus meets his mother , Mary Simon of Cyrene helps carry the cross Veronica wipes the face of Jesus Jesus falls for the second time Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem Jesus falls for the third time Jesus is stripped of his clothes Jesus is nailed to the cross Jesus dies on the cross Jesus is taken down from the cross Jesus is placed in the tomb Although not traditionally part of the Stations , the Resurrection of Jesus is , in very rare instances , included as a fifteenth station . Scriptural form ( edit ) Main article : Scriptural Way of the Cross Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross , only eight have clear scriptural foundation . Stations 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels ( in particular , no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times ) and Station 13 ( representing Jesus 's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary ) seems to embellish the gospels ' record , which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him . To provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts , Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion , called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991 . He celebrated that form many times but not exclusively at the Colosseum in Rome .",
"4": "In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI approved an overlapping but distinct set of stations for meditation and public celebration ; they follow this sequence : Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane ; Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested ; Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin ; Jesus is denied by Peter ; Jesus is judged by Pilate ; Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns ; Jesus takes up his cross ; Jesus is helped by Simon of Cyrene to carry his cross ; Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus promises his kingdom to the repentant thief ; Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other ; Jesus dies on the cross ; and Jesus is laid in the tomb . Modern usage ( edit ) Station 5 : Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the Cross , Good Friday procession 2011 at Ulm , Germany In the Roman Catholic Church , the devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful , making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers , or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses . The stations themselves must consist of , at the very least , fourteen wooden crosses , pictures alone do not suffice , and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations . Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday . Originally , the pope himself carried the cross from station to station , but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength , John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill , while others carried the cross . Just days prior to his death in 2005 , Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel . Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations . Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics . The pope himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations . The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent , especially Good Friday . Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers . Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater .",
"5": "At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung . The Alleluia is also sung , except during Lent . Structurally , Mel Gibson 's 2004 film , The Passion of the Christ , follows the Stations of the Cross . The fourteenth and last station , the Burial , is not prominently depicted ( compared to the other thirteen ) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb . Debates ( edit ) Place of Christ 's Resurrection ( edit ) Some modern liturgists say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and / or the resurrection of Jesus , because Jesus ' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on Earth . Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus , and not as a complete picture of his life , death , and resurrection . Another point of contention , at least between some ranking liturgists vs. traditionalists , is ( the use of ) the `` New Way of the Cross '' being recited exclusively in the Philippines and by Filipinos abroad . The Stations of the Resurrection ( also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis , Way of Light ) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . Music ( edit ) Franz Liszt wrote a Via crucis for choir , soloists and piano or organ or harmonium in 1879 . In 1931 , French organist Marcel Dupré improvised and transcribed musical meditations based on fourteen poems by Paul Claudel , one for each station . Peter Maxwell Davies 's Vesalii Icones ( 1969 ) , for male dancer , solo cello and instrumental ensemble , brings together the Stations of the Cross and a series of drawings from the anatomical treatise De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) by the Belgian physician Andreas van Wesel ( Vesalius ) . In Davies 's sequence , the final `` station '' represents the Resurrection , but of Antichrist , the composer 's moral point being the need to distinguish what is false from what is real .",
"6": "David Bowie regarded his 1976 song `` Station to Station '' as `` very much concerned with the stations of the cross '' . Michael Valenti ( known primarily as a Broadway composer ) wrote , with librettist Diane Seymour , an oratorio depicting the fourteen Stations of the Cross entitled `` The Way '' . It was premiered in 1991 . Paweł_Łukaszewski wrote Via Crucis in 2000 and it was premiered by the Wrocław_Opera on Good Friday March 30 , 2018 and transmitted on TVP_Kultura . Stefano Vagnini 's 2002 modular oratorio , Via Crucis , a composition for organ , computer , choir , string orchestra and brass quartet , depicts the fourteen Stations of the Cross . In 2009 , U2 released Moment of Surrender , mentioning the Stations of the Cross . As the Stations of the Cross are prayed during the season of Lent in Catholic churches , each station is traditionally followed by a verse of the Stabat Mater , composed in the 13th century by Franciscan Jacopone da Todi . James Matthew Wilson 's poetic sequence , The Stations of the Cross , is written in the same meter as da Todi 's poem . Literature ( edit ) Dimitris Lyacos ' third part of the Poena Damni trilogy , The First Death , is divided in fourteen sections in order to emphasise the `` Via Dolorosa '' of its marooned protagonist during his ascent on the mount of the island which constitutes the setting of the work . Via Dolorosa sites ( edit ) These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened , according to tradition . These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today .",
"7": "1st Station , Jesus is condemned to death 2nd Station , Jesus carries his cross 3rd Station , Jesus falls for the first time 4th Station , Jesus meets his mother 5th Station , Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross 6th Station , Veronica wipes the face of Jesus 7th Station , Jesus falls for the second time 8th Station , Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem 9th Station , Jesus falls for the third time 10th Station , Jesus is stripped of his garments 11th Station , Crucifixion : Jesus is nailed to the cross 12th Station , Jesus dies on the cross 13th Station , Jesus is taken down from the cross 14th Station , Jesus is laid in the tomb See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stations of the Cross . Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ Life of Jesus in the New Testament Sayings of Jesus on the cross Seven Sorrows of Mary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lent '' ( PDF ) . Church of England . 236 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Holy Trinity Lutheran Church . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stations of the Cross '' . St. Michael 's Episcopal Church . 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ; Wilkins , Margaret Z. ( 11 September 2014 ) . Christians in the Twenty - First Century . Taylor & Francis . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54557 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's .",
"8": "Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ousterhout , Robert G. ( 1981 ) . `` The Church of Santo Stefano : A `` Jerusalem '' in Bologna `` . Gesta. 2 ( 20 ) : 311 . doi : 10.2307 / 766940 . ISSN 0016 - 920X . JSTOR 766940 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel Gibbons , Mary ( 1995 ) . Giambologna : Narrator of the Catholic Reformation . University of California Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 9780520082137 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1914 ) . The Stations of the Cross : an account of their history and devotional purpose . London : Burns & Oates . pp. 20 -- 21 , 46 . OCLC 843213 . ^ Jump up to : Schiller , Gertrud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , p. 82 , 1972 ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1907 ) . s.v. `` The Way of the Cross '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . In some contemporary Stations of the Cross , a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` Fr . William Saunders '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection , several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station , which commemorates the Resurrection .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II , Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum , Good Friday , 2000 Jump up ^ Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Way of the Cross at the Colosseum '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Way of the Cross '' . Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Review Archived 2012 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2004 Jump up ^ McBrien , Richard P. ; Harold W. Attridge ( 1995 ) . The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism . p. 1222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Composer 's note in the published score ( Boosey and Hawkes , B & H 20286 ) . Jump up ^ Cavanagh , David ( February 1997 ) . `` ChangesFiftyBowie '' . Q magazine : 52 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Falcon Valley Music Ed. , Stefano Vagnini , Via Crucis , Rome , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Stations of the Cross : Clarion Review '' . www.clarionreview.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) `` Way of the Cross '' article from The Catholic Encyclopedia A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays from the Official Vatican website .",
"10": "Scriptural Stations of the Cross from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . Catholicism portal Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday ,",
"11": "Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Stations_of_the_Cross&oldid=836987909 '' Categories : Stations of the Cross Christian iconography Christian terminology Cross symbols Crucifixion of Jesus in art Franciscan spirituality Roman Catholic Church art by subject Roman Catholic devotions Sorrowful Mysteries Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 01 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the water come from to fill lake eyre
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[
"Warburton River"
] |
{
"0": "Lake Eyre - Wikipedia Lake Eyre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the lake in South Australia . For the associated locality , see Lake Eyre , South Australia . Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre Composite Landsat 7 satellite image using shortwave infrared , near - infrared , and blue wavelengths A map of the Lake Eyre basin , with the lake at bottom left Location Northern South Australia Coordinates 28 ° 22 ′ S 137 ° 22 ′ E / 28.367 ° S 137.367 ° E / - 28.367 ; 137.367 Coordinates : 28 ° 22 ′ S 137 ° 22 ′ E / 28.367 ° S 137.367 ° E / - 28.367 ; 137.367 Lake type Endorheic Primary inflows Warburton River Primary outflows evaporation Basin countries Australia Surface area 9,500 km ( 3,668 sq mi ) ( max ) Average depth 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) ( every 3 years ) , 4 m ( 13 ft ) ( every decade ) Surface elevation − 9 m ( − 30 ft ) ( shoreline when full ) ; − 15 m ( − 49 ft ) ( lowest point when empty ) Lake Eyre ( / ˈɛər / AIR ) , officially known as Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre , contains the lowest natural point in Australia , at approximately 15 m ( 49 ft ) below sea level ( AHD ) , and , on the rare occasions that it fills , is the largest lake in Australia covering 9,500 km ( 3,668 sq mi ) . The shallow endorheic lake is the depocentre of the vast Lake Eyre basin and is found in Northern South Australia , some 700 km ( 435 mi ) north of Adelaide . When the lake is full , it has the same salinity level as the sea , but as the lake dries up and the water evaporates , salinity increases . The lake was named in honour of Edward John Eyre , who was the first European to see it , in 1840 .",
"1": "The lake 's official name was changed in December 2012 to combine the name `` Lake Eyre '' with the indigenous name , Kati Thanda . The native title over the lake and surrounding region is held by the Arabana people . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Salinity 3 Floods 3.1 2009 to 2011 3.2 2015 to 2016 4 Yacht club 5 Land speed record attempts 6 Wildlife 6.1 Birds 7 Protected area status 7.1 Statutory 7.2 Non-statutory 7.2. 1 Wetlands 7.2. 2 Important bird area 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Geography ( edit ) Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre salt crust Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre seen from an aircraft , showing pink colouration from algae Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre South Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre is located in the deserts of central Australia , in northern South Australia . The Lake Eyre Basin is a large endorheic system surrounding the lakebed , the lowest part of which is filled with the characteristic salt pan caused by the seasonal expansion and subsequent evaporation of the trapped waters . Even in the dry season there is usually some water remaining in Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre , normally collecting in over 200 smaller sub-lakes within its margins . The lake was formed by aeolian processes after tectonic upwarping occurred to the south subsequent to the end of the Pleistocene epoch . During the rainy season the rivers from the north - east part of the Lake Eyre Basin ( in outback ( south - west and central ) Queensland ) flow towards the lake through the Channel Country . The amount of water from the monsoon determines whether water will reach the lake and if it does , how deep the lake will get . The average rainfall in the area of the lake is 100 to 150 millimetres ( 3.9 to 5.9 in ) per year .",
"2": "The − 15 m ( − 49 ft ) altitude usually attributed to Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre refers to the deepest parts of the lake floor , in Belt Bay and the Madigan Gulf . The shoreline lies at − 9 m ( − 30 ft ) . The lake is the area of maximum deposition of sediment in the Lake Eyre Basin . Lake Eyre is divided into two sections which are joined by the Goyder Channel . These are known as Lake Eyre North , which is 144 kilometres ( 89 mi ) in length and 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) wide , and Lake Eyre South , which measures 65 by 24 kilometres ( 40 by 15 mi ) . The salt crusts are thickest ( up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) ) in the southern Belt Bay , Jackboot Bay and Madigan Gulf sub-basins of Lake Eyre North . Since 1883 , proposals have been made to flood Lake Eyre with seawater brought to the basin via a canal or pipeline . The purpose was , in part , to increase evaporation and thereby increase rainfall in the region downwind of an enlarged Lake Eyre . The added rainfall has been modeled as small . Due to the basin 's low elevation below sea level and the region 's high annual evaporation rate ( between 2,500 and 3,500 millimetres ( 98 and 138 in ) ) , such schemes have generally been considered impractical as it is likely that accumulation of salt deposits would rapidly block the engineered channel . At a rate of 1 cm ( 0.39 in ) evaporation per day , a 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) viaduct flowing a 0.5 m / s ( 1.6 ft / s ) would supply enough water to create a 100 km ( 39 sq mi ) sea . If brine water was not sent back to the ocean , it would precipitate 90,000 long tons ( 91,000 t ) of salt every year . Salinity ( edit ) The salinity in the lake increases as the 450 mm ( 18 in ) salt crust dissolves over a period of six months of a major flood resulting in a massive fish kill .",
"3": "When over 4 m ( 13 ft ) deep the lake is no more salty than the sea , but salinity increases as the water evaporates , with saturation occurring at about a 500 mm ( 20 in ) depth . The lake takes on a pink hue when saturated due to the presence of beta - carotene pigment caused by the algae Dunaliella salina . Floods ( edit ) Typically a 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) flood occurs every three years , a 4 m ( 13 ft ) flood every decade , and a fill or near fill a few times a century . The water in the lake soon evaporates with a minor or medium flood drying by the end of the following summer . Most of the water entering the lakes arrives via Warburton River . In strong La Niña years the lake can fill . Since 1885 this has occurred in 1886 -- 1887 , 1889 -- 1890 , 1916 -- 1917 , 1950 , 1955 , 1974 -- 1977 , and 1999 -- 2001 , with the highest flood of 6 m ( 20 ft ) in 1974 . Local rain can also fill Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre to 3 -- 4 m ( 9.8 -- 13.1 ft ) as occurred in 1984 and 1989 . Torrential rain in January 2007 took about six weeks to reach the lake but only placed a small amount of water into it . When recently flooded the lake is almost fresh and native freshwater fish , including bony bream ( Nematolosa erebi ) , the Lake Eyre Basin sub-species of golden perch ( Macquaria ambigua ) and various small hardyhead species ( Craterocephalus spp . ) can survive in it . 2009 to 2011 ( edit ) Lake Eyre in 1990 , as seen by STS - 35 The 2009 Lake Eyre flood peaked at 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) deep in late May , which is a quarter of its maximum recorded depth of 6 m ( 20 ft ) .",
"4": "9 km ( 2 cu mi ) of water crossed the Queensland -- South Australian border with most of it coming from massive floods in the Georgina River . However , owing to the very low rainfall in the lower reaches of these rivers ( contrasting with heavy rainfall in the upper catchments ) the greater proportion soaked into the desert or evaporated en route to the lake , leaving less than 4 km ( 0.96 cu mi ) in the lake which covered an area of 800 km ( 309 sq mi ) or 12 % of the total . As the flood did not start filling the lake 's deepest point ( Belt Bay ) until late March , little bird life appeared preferring instead to nest in the upper reaches of the Lake Eyre Basin , north of Birdsville , where large lakes appeared in January as a result of monsoonal rain . The high rainfall in summer 2010 sent flood water into the Diamantina , Georgina and Cooper Creek catchments of the Lake Eyre basin , with the Cooper Creek reaching the lake for the first time since 1990 . The higher rainfall has prompted many different birds to migrate back to the area for breeding . Heavy local rain in early March 2011 in the Stuart Creek and Warriner catchments filled Lake Eyre South , with Lake Eyre North about 75 per cent covered with water firstly from the Neales and Macumba Rivers , and later from the Warburton River . 2015 to 2016 ( edit ) In late 2015 , water began flowing into Lake Eyre following heavy rain in the north - east of the state . Yacht Club ( edit ) The Lake Eyre Yacht Club is a dedicated group of sailors who sail on the lake 's floods , including recent trips in 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2007 and 2009 . A number of 6 m ( 20 ft ) trailer sailers sailed on Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre in 1975 , 1976 , and 1984 when the flood depth reached 3 -- 6 m ( 9.8 -- 19.7 ft ) . In July 2010 The Yacht Club held its first regatta since 1976 and its first on Lake Killamperpunna , a freshwater lake on Cooper Creek .",
"5": "The Cooper had reached Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre for the first time since 1990 . When the lake is full , a notable phenomenon is that around midday the surface can often become very flat . The surface then reflects the sky in a way that leaves both the horizon and water surface virtually impossible to see . The commodore of the Lake Eyre Yacht Club has stated that sailing during this time has the appearance of sailing in the sky . Land speed record attempts ( edit ) Campbell plaque at Level Post Bay Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre has been a site for various land speed record attempts on its salt flats , especially those by Donald Campbell with the Bluebird - Proteus CN7 . Wildlife ( edit ) Phytoplankton in the lake includes Nodularia spumigena and a number of species of Dunaliella . Birds ( edit ) Birds such as pelicans and banded stilts are drawn to a filled lake from southern coastal regions of Australia , and from as far afield as Papua New Guinea . During the 1989 -- 1990 flood it was estimated that 200,000 pelicans , 80 % of Australia 's total population , came to feed & roost at Lake Eyre . Scientists are presently unable to determine how such birds appear able to detect the filling of the lake , even when hundreds or thousands of kilometres away from the basin . Protected area status ( edit ) Statutory ( edit ) The extent of the lake is covered by two protected areas declared by the Government of South Australia - the Kati Thanda - Lake Eyre National Park and the Elliot Price Conservation Park . Non-statutory ( edit ) Wetlands ( edit ) Lake Eyre is on the list of wetlands of national importance known as A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia . Important Bird area ( edit ) Lake Eyre has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) known as the Lake Eyre Important Bird Area because , when flooded , it supports major breeding events of the Banded stilt and Australian pelican , as well as over 1 % of the world populations of Red - necked avocets , Sharp - tailed sandpipers , Red - necked stints , Silver gulls and Caspian terns .",
"6": "See also ( edit ) Australia portal List of lakes of Australia Pluvial lake Eyre ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New name adopted for outback Lake Eyre '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Court awards native title over Lake Eyre '' . ABC News . Australia . 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Patrick ; C.S. Reynolds ( 2008 ) . The Lakes Handbook : Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation , Volume 2 . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 233 -- 235 . ISBN 1405141107 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lake Eyre . International Lake Environment Committee . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Laity , Julie J. ( 2009 ) . Deserts and Desert Environments . John Wiley & Sons . p. 112 . ISBN 1444300741 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , John P. ( 2007 ) . Lakes and Wetland . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 186 . ISBN 1615303200 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dulhunty , J.A. ( 1990 ) : Lake Eyre , In : M.J. Tyler , C.R. Twidale , M. Davis and C.B. Walker , Natural History of the North East Deserts . Royal Society of South Australia Inc . Pp. 101 - 4 . ISBN 0 - 9596627 - 5 - 8 Jump up ^ Badescu , V. , Cathcart , R.B. , Bolonkin , A.A. , Paulescu , M. and Gravila , P. ( 2013 ) Macro-engineering Australia 's Lake Eyre with imported seawater . International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 12 : 264 - 284 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Hope , Pandora & Nicholls , Neville & L. McGregor , John . ( 2004 ) . `` The rainfall response to permanent inland water in Australia '' Aust . Meteorol . Mag . Jump up ^ Badman , F.J. ( 1991 ) : Introduction . In : F.J. Badman , B.K. Arnold and S.L. Belt , A Natural History of the Lake Eyre Region . The South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service 's Northern Consultative Committee . P 1 . ISBN 0 646 07183 1 Jump up ^ The Plan To Fill Lake Eyre TROVE : The Sydney Morning Herald , 27 May 1954 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Robert J. ; The Australasian Summer Monsoon , Teleconnections , and Flooding in the Lake Eyre Basin ; published 1985 by Royal Geographical Society of Australasia , S.A. Branch ; ISBN 0 - 909112 - 09 - 6 Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Meteorology ; Annual Climate Summary ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Lake Eyre flooding attracts yachting club interest '' . ABC News . Australia . 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian Annual Climate Summary 2009 Jump up ^ Lake Eyre floods again , Australian Geographic , 15 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Flooding and storms fill outback lake '' . ABC News . Australia . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Eyre begins filling with water after soaking rains '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Lake Eyre Yacht Club . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Eyre - 9,690 km2 - Facts , Map , Activities '' . www.lakepedia.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinson , Sam ( May 2011 ) . `` Dry country '' . Sails Magazine ( 7 ) . Retrieved 30 March 2017 .",
"8": "`` Often you get becalmed in the middle of the lake at midday , and the surface is like a mirror , the water and the sky become one . You get a light sea fog and it 's almost like you 're floating in a cloud . It 's a very beautiful thing . '' Jump up ^ John Pearson ( author ) . Bluebird and the Dead Lake . Jump up ^ TCR , White ( 2005 ) . Why Does the World Stay Green ? : Nutrition and Survival of Plant - eaters . Csiro Publishing . p. 88 . ISBN 0643099816 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Birds set to return to Lake Eyre to breed as inland lakes fill with water ABC News , 6 January 2016 . Accessed 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kati Thanda - Lake Eyre National Park Map '' ( PDF ) . Department of Environment , Water and Natural Resources . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Eyles , Kathy ( 2001 ) . A Directory of important wetlands in Australia ( PDF ) ( 3 ed . ) . Environment Australia . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 54721 - 7 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Important Bird Areas factsheet : Lake Eyre '' . Birdata . Birdlife International . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Eyre . NASA Earth Observatory pages on Lake Eyre : Fluctuations of Lake Eyre , South Australia - 5 December 2002 Accessed 5 February 2014 . Lake Eyre , South Australia - 24 March 2003 Accessed 5 February 2014 . Lake Eyre Filling Peaks - 21 June 2009 Accessed 5 February 2014 . Lake Eyre Yacht Club website Accessed 5 February 2014 . Samela Harris : Lake Eyre pelican mystery Accessed 5 February 2014 . Dr Vincent Kotwicki : Floods of Lake Eyre Accessed 5 February 2014 . Salt ,",
"9": "an award - winning documentary about Lake Eyre by filmmaker Murray Fredericks ( hide ) List of lakes in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna GND : 4250553 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Eyre&oldid=827124827 '' Categories : Lakes of South Australia Endorheic lakes of Australia Lake Eyre basin Far North ( South Australia ) Extreme points of Australia Saline lakes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use Australian English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ",
"10": "Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 22 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the founder of google and when was it founded
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{
"0": "Google - Wikipedia Google Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the company . For the search engine , see Google Search . For other uses , see Google ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Googol . Google Inc . Google 's logo since 2015 Google 's headquarters , the Googleplex , in August 2014 Type Subsidiary Industry Internet Software Computer hardware Founded September 4 , 1998 ; 19 years ago ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) in Menlo Park , California , U.S. Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Headquarters Googleplex , Mountain View , California , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Sundar Pichai ( CEO ) Ruth Porat ( CFO ) Products List of Google products Number of employees 57,100 ( 2015 ) Parent Alphabet Inc. ( 2015 -- present ) Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries Website google.com Google Inc. is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet - related services and products . These include online advertising technologies , search , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University , in California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares , and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google ; he replaced Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet . The company 's rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) .",
"1": "It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets and Slides ) , email ( Gmail / Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google+ ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo / Duo ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn - by - turn navigation ( Google Maps / Waze ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , notetaking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end - to - end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber - optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi - Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi - Fi available around the world , with initial deployment in India . Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google is the most valuable brand in the world , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Financing , 1998 and initial public offering , 2004 1.2 Growth 1.3 2013 onward 1.4 Acquisitions and partnerships 1.4. 1 2000 -- 2009 1.4. 2 2010 -- present 1.5 Google data centers 1.6 Alphabet 2 Products and services 2.1 Advertising 2.2 Search engine 2.3 Enterprise services 2.4 Consumer services 2.4. 1 Web - based services 2.4. 2 Software 2.4. 3 Hardware 2.5 Internet services 2.6 Other products 2.7 APIs 2.8 Other websites 3 Corporate affairs and culture 3.1 Employees 3.2 Office locations and headquarters 3.2. 1 Mountain View 3.2. 2 New York City 3.2. 3 Other U.S. cities 3.2. 4 International locations 3.3 Doodles 3.4 Easter eggs and April Fools ' Day jokes 3.5 Philanthropy 3.6 Tax avoidance 3.7 Environment 3.8 Lobbying 3.9 Litigation 4 Criticism and controversy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Main article : History of Google Google 's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had little experience in HTML , the markup language used for designing web pages . Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford , California . While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page , the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites . They called this new technology PageRank ; it determined a website 's relevance by the number of pages , and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site .",
"3": "Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine `` BackRub '' , because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site . Eventually , they changed the name to Google ; the name of the search engine originated from a misspelling of the word `` googol '' , the number 1 followed by 100 zeros , which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information . Originally , Google ran under Stanford University 's website , with the domains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu . The domain name for Google was registered on September 15 , 1997 , and the company was incorporated on September 4 , 1998 . It was based in the garage of a friend ( Susan Wojcicki ) in Menlo Park , California . Craig Silverstein , a fellow PhD student at Stanford , was hired as the first employee . Financing , 1998 and initial public offering , 2004 Google 's first production server . Google was initially funded by an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim , co-founder of Sun Microsystems ; the money was given before Google was incorporated . Google received money from three other angel investors in 1998 : Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos , Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton , and entrepreneur Ram Shriram . After some additional , small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999 , a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7 , 1999 , with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital . Early in 1999 , Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite . They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million . He rejected the offer . Vinod Khosla , one of Excite 's venture capitalists , talked the duo down to $750,000 , but Bell still rejected it . Google 's initial public offering ( IPO ) took place five years later , on August 19 , 2004 . At that time Larry Page , Sergey Brin , and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years , until the year 2024 .",
"4": "At IPO , the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share . Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse , underwriters for the deal . The sale of $1.67 bn ( billion ) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 bn . By January 2014 , its market capitalization had grown to $397 bn . The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google , and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires . Yahoo ! , a competitor of Google , also benefitted because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place . There were concerns that Google 's IPO would lead to changes in company culture . Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires . As a reply to this concern , co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company 's culture . In 2005 , articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate , no evil philosophy . In an effort to maintain the company 's unique culture , Google designated a Chief Culture Officer , who also serves as the Director of Human Resources . The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on : a flat organization with a collaborative environment . Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees . In 2013 , a class action against several Silicon Valley companies , including Google , was filed for alleged `` no cold call '' agreements which restrained the recruitment of high - tech employees . The stock performed well after the IPO , with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31 , 2007 , primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market . The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors , as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds . GOOG shares split into GOOG Class C shares and GOOGL class A shares . The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG , and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1 .",
"5": "These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc. , Google 's holding company , since the fourth quarter of 2015 . Growth In March 1999 , the company moved its offices to Palo Alto , California , which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start - ups . The next year , Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin 's initial opposition toward an advertising - funded search engine . In order to maintain an uncluttered page design , advertisements were solely text - based . This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com , an Idealab spin - off created by Bill Gross . When the company changed names to Overture Services , it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company 's pay - per - click and bidding patents . Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo ! and renamed Yahoo ! Search Marketing . The case was then settled out of court ; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo ! in exchange for a perpetual license . In 2001 , Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism . The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor . In 2003 , after outgrowing two other locations , the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics , at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View , California . The complex became known as the Googleplex , a play on the word googolplex , the number one followed by a googol zeroes . The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects . Three years later , Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million . By that time , the name `` Google '' had found its way into everyday language , causing the verb `` google '' to be added to the Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary , denoted as : `` to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet '' . The first use of `` Google '' as a verb in pop culture happened on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in 2002 . In 2005 , The Washington Post reported on a 700 percent increase in third - quarter profit for Google , largely thanks to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers , magazines , and television to the Internet .",
"6": "In January 2008 , all the data that passed through Google 's MapReduce software component had an aggregated size of 20 petabytes per day . In 2009 , a CNN report about top political searches of 2009 noted that `` more than a billion searches '' are being typed into Google on a daily basis . In May 2011 , the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time , an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 ( 931 million ) . The year 2012 was the first time that Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue , which topped the $38 billion that was generated the previous year . In January 2013 , then - CEO Larry Page commented , `` We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36 % year - on - year , and 8 % quarter - on - quarter . And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year -- not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half . '' 2013 onward Screenshot of the Google homepage in 2015 Google announced the launch of a new company , called Calico , on September 19 , 2013 , to be led by Apple , Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson . In the official public statement , Page explained that the `` health and well - being '' company would focus on `` the challenge of ageing and associated diseases '' . Google celebrated its 15 - year anniversary on September 27 , 2013 , and in 2016 it celebrated its 18th birthday with an animated Doodle shown on web browsers around the world . although it has used other dates for its official birthday . The reason for the choice of September 27 remains unclear , and a dispute with rival search engine Yahoo ! Search in 2005 has been suggested as the cause . The Alliance for Affordable Internet ( A4AI ) was launched in October 2013 ; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organisations that also includes Facebook , Intel , and Microsoft . Led by Sir Tim Berners - Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world , where only 31 % of people are online .",
"7": "Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5 % of monthly income . The corporation 's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion , a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter . Google 's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total , with an increase in the number of users ' clicks on advertisements . According to Interbrand 's annual Best Global Brands report , Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world ( behind Apple Inc . ) in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 , with a valuation of $133 billion . In September 2015 , Google engineering manager Rachel Potvin revealed details about Google 's software code at an engineering conference . She revealed that the entire Google codebase , which spans every single service it develops , consists of over 2 billion lines of code . All that code is stored on a code repository available to all 25,000 Google engineers , and the code is regularly copied and updated on 10 Google data centers . To keep control , Potvin said Google has built its own `` version control system '' , called `` Piper '' , and that `` when you start a new project , you have a wealth of libraries already available to you . Almost everything has already been done . '' Engineers can make a single code change and deploy it on all services at the same time . The only major exceptions are that the PageRank search results algorithm is stored separately with only specific employee access , and the code for the Android operating system and the Google Chrome browser are also stored separately , as they do n't run on the Internet . The `` Piper '' system spans 85 TB of data . Google engineers make 25,000 changes to the code each day , and on a weekly basis change approximately 15 million lines of code across 250,000 files . With that much code , automated bots have to help . Potvin reported , `` You need to make a concerted effort to maintain code health . And this is not just humans maintaining code health , but robots too . '' Bots are n't writing code , but generating a lot of the data and configuration files needed to run the company 's software .",
"8": "`` Not only is the size of the repository increasing , '' Potvin explained , `` but the rate of change is also increasing . This is an exponential curve . '' As of October 2016 , Google operates 70 offices in more than 40 countries . Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Acquisitions and partnerships Main article : List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 2000 -- 2009 In 2001 , Google acquired Deja News , the operators of a large archive of materials from Usenet . Google rebranded the archive as Google Groups , and by the end of the year , it had expanded the history back to 1981 . In April 2003 , Google acquired Applied Semantics , a company specializing in making software applications for the online advertising space . The AdSense contextual advertising technology developed by Applied Semantics was adopted into Google 's advertising efforts . In 2004 , Google acquired Keyhole , Inc . Keyhole 's eponymous product was later renamed Google Earth . in 2005 . Google acquired Urchin Software in April 2005 , using their Urchin on Demand product ( along with ideas from Adaptive Path 's Measure Map ) to create Google Analytics in 2006 . In October 2006 , Google announced that it had acquired the video - sharing site YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock , and the deal was finalized on November 13 , 2006 . On April 13 , 2007 , Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion , transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies . The deal was approved despite anti-trust concerns raised by competitors Microsoft and AT&T . In addition to the many companies Google has purchased , the firm has partnered with other organizations for research , advertising , and other activities . In 2005 , Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) of offices . In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other 's video search services .",
"9": "In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then - popular social networking site MySpace . In 2007 , Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa , displacing the former sponsor AOL . NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus ' progress on Christmas Eve , using Google Earth to `` track Santa '' in 3 - D for the first time . In 2008 , Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high - resolution ( 0.41 m monochrome , 1.65 m color ) imagery for Google Earth . The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6 , 2008 . Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine 's photographs . 2010 -- present In 2010 , Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project , putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota . The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power , enough to supply 55,000 homes . The farms , which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources , will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits . NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty - percent stake in the project to get funding for its development . In February 2010 , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates . The order specifically states that Google Energy -- a subsidiary of Google -- holds the rights `` for the sale of energy , capacity , and ancillary services at market - based rates '' , but acknowledges that neither Google Energy nor its affiliates `` own or control any generation or transmission '' facilities . The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not - yet - built 240 - megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm . Also in 2010 , Google purchased Global IP Solutions , a Norway - based company that provides web - based teleconferencing and other related services . This acquisition enabled Google to add telephone - style services to its list of products . On May 27 , 2010 , Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob .",
"10": "This occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase . Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount . In July 2010 , Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years . On April 4 , 2011 , The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900 million for 6000 Nortel Networks patents . On August 15 , 2011 , Google made its largest - ever acquisition to - date when it announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe . In a post on Google 's blog , Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition was a strategic move to strengthen Google 's patent portfolio . The company 's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry - wide patent battle , as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC , Samsung , and Motorola . The merger was completed on May 22 , 2012 , after the approval of People 's Republic of China . This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola 's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies , to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies , mainly Apple and Microsoft , and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android . After the acquisition closed , Google began to restructure the Motorola business to fit Google 's strategy . On August 13 , 2012 , Google announced plans to lay off 4000 Motorola Mobility employees . On December 10 , 2012 , Google sold the manufacturing operations of Motorola Mobility to Flextronics for $75 million . As a part of the agreement , Flextronics will manufacture undisclosed Android and other mobile devices . On December 19 , 2012 , Google sold the Motorola Home business division of Motorola Mobility to Arris Group for $2.35 billion in a cash - and - stock transaction . As a part of this deal , Google acquired a 15.7 % stake in Arris Group valued at $300 million . In June 2013 , Google acquired Waze , a $966 million deal . While Waze would remain an independent entity , its social features , such as its crowdsourced location platform , were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps , Google 's own mapping service .",
"11": "On January 26 , 2014 , Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies , a privately held artificial intelligence company from London . DeepMind describes itself as having the ability to combine the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build general - purpose learning algorithms . DeepMind 's first commercial applications were used in simulations , e-commerce and games . As of December 2013 , it was reported that DeepMind had roughly 75 employees . Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million though it was not disclosed where the information came from . A Google spokesman would not comment of the price . The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google 's recent growth in the artificial intelligence and robotics community . On January 29 , 2014 , Google announced that it would divest Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $2.91 billion , a fraction of the original $12.5 billion price paid by Google to acquire the company . Google retained all but 2000 of Motorola 's patents and entered into cross-licensing deals . On September 21 , 2017 , HTC announced a `` cooperation agreement '' in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property , as well as smartphone talent , to Google for $1.1 billion . Google data centers As of 2016 , Google owned and operated nine data centers across North and South America , two in Asia , and four in Europe . In 2011 , the company had announced plans to build three data centers at a cost of more than $200 million in Asia ( Singapore , Hong Kong and Taiwan ) and said they would be operational within two years . In December 2013 , Google announced that it had scrapped the plan to build a data center in Hong Kong . In October 2013 , The Washington Post reported that the U.S. National Security Agency intercepted communications between Google 's data centers , as part of a program named MUSCULAR . This wiretapping was made possible because Google did not encrypt data passed inside its own network . Google began encrypting data sent between data centers in 2013 . Google 's most efficient data center runs at 95 ° F ( 35 ° C ) using only fresh air cooling , requiring no electrically powered air conditioning ; the servers run so hot that humans can not go near them for extended periods .",
"12": "An August 2011 report estimated that Google had about 900,000 servers in their data centers , based on energy usage . The report does state that `` Google never says how many servers are running in its data centers . '' In December 2016 , Google announced that starting in 2017 , it will power all of its data centers , as well as all of its offices , from 100 % renewable energy . The commitment will make Google `` the world 's largest corporate buyer of renewable power , with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts ( 2,600 megawatts ) of wind and solar energy '' . Google also stated that it does not count that as its final goal ; it says that `` since the wind does n't blow 24 hours a day , we 'll also broaden our purchases to a variety of energy sources that can enable renewable power , every hour of every day '' . Additionally , the project will `` help support communities '' around the world , as the purchase commitments will `` result in infrastructure investments of more than $3.5 billion globally '' , and will `` generate tens of millions of dollars per year in revenue to local property owners , and tens of millions more to local and national governments in tax revenue '' . Alphabet Main article : Alphabet Inc . On August 10 , 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet . Google became Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet . On September 1 , 2017 , Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a limited liability company , Google LLC , as a wholly owned subsidiary of XXVI Holdings Inc. , which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries , including Google LLC and other bets ... Products and services See also : List of Google products Advertising Google on ad - tech London , 2010 For the 2006 fiscal year , the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues . In 2011 , 96 % of Google 's revenue was derived from its advertising programs .",
"13": "In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests , Google uses technology from the company DoubleClick , to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history . In 2007 , Google launched `` AdSense for Mobile '' , taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market . Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website , for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page . Google advertisements can be placed on third - party websites in a two - part program . Google 's AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network , through a cost - per - click scheme . The sister service , Google AdSense , allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked . One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud , which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product , causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly . Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid . In February 2003 , Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana , a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship 's sewage treatment practices . Google cited its editorial policy at the time , stating `` Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals , groups , or organizations . '' The policy was later changed . In June 2008 , Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo ! , which would have allowed Yahoo ! to feature Google advertisements on its web pages . The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized because of antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice . As a result , Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008 . Search engine Main articles : Google Search and Google Images Google Search homepage as of December 2 , 2016 According to market research published by comScore in November 2009 , Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market , with a market share of 65.6 % . Google indexes billions of web pages , so that users can search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators .",
"14": "In 2003 , The New York Times complained about Google 's indexing , claiming that Google 's caching of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content . In this case , the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google in Field v. Google and Parker v. Google . The publication 2600 : The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that the web giant 's new instant search feature will not search . Google Watch has criticized Google 's PageRank algorithms , saying that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites . Google also hosts Google Books . The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews , and full books were allowed , into its new book search engine . The Authors Guild , a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors , filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this service . Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books . Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S. , the UK , Australia , and Canada . Furthermore , the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009 , asking it to remove the works of La Martinière ( Éditions du Seuil ) from its database . In competition with Amazon.com , Google sells digital versions of new books . On July 21 , 2010 , in response to Bing , Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at . Though web searches still appear in a batch per page format , on July 23 , 2010 , dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches . The `` Hummingbird '' update to the Google search engine was announced in September 2013 . The update was introduced over the month prior to the announcement and allows users ask the search engine a question in natural language rather than entering keywords into the search box . In August 2016 , Google announced two major changes related to its mobile search results . The first , removing the `` mobile - friendly '' label that highlighted pages were easy to read on mobile from its mobile search results page .",
"15": "The second , on January 10 , 2017 , the company will start punishing mobile pages that show intrusive interstitials when a user first opens a page and they will rank lower in its search results . In May 2017 , Google enabled a new `` Personal '' tab in Google Search , letting users search for content in their Google accounts ' various services , including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos . Enterprise services Main article : G Suite G Suite is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google 's services , including Gmail , Google Drive and Docs , Sheets , and Slides , with additional administrative tools , unique domain names , and 24 / 7 support . Google 's search appliance at the 2008 RSA Conference Google Search Appliance was launched in February 2002 , targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations . Google launched the Mini three years later , which was targeted at smaller organizations . Late in 2006 , Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition , providing customers with an advertising - free window into Google. com 's index . The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008 . Site Search customers were notified by email in late March 2017 that no new licenses for Site Search would be sold after April 1 , 2017 , but that customer and technical support would be provided for the duration of existing license agreements . On March 15 , 2016 , Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite , `` a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products , designed specifically for the needs of enterprise - class marketers . '' Among other things , the suite is designed to help `` enterprise class marketers '' `` see the complete customer journey '' , generate `` useful insights '' , and `` deliver engaging experiences to the right people '' . Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe , Oracle , Salesforce , and IBM .",
"16": "Consumer services Web - based services Google offers Gmail , and the newer variant Inbox , for email , Google Calendar for time - management and scheduling , Google Maps for mapping , navigation and satellite imagery , Google Drive for cloud storage of files , Google Docs , Sheets and Slides for productivity , Google Photos for photo storage and sharing , Google Keep for note - taking , Google Translate for language translation , YouTube for video viewing and sharing , and Google+ , Allo , and Duo for social interaction . Software Google develops the Android mobile operating system , as well as its smartwatch , television , car , and Internet of things - enabled smart devices variations . It also develops the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , an operating system based on Chrome . Hardware In January 2010 , Google released Nexus One , the first Android phone under its own , `` Nexus '' , brand . It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the `` Nexus '' branding until its eventual discontinuation in 2016 , replaced by a new brand called , Pixel . In 2011 , the Chromebook was introduced , described as a `` new kind of computer '' running Chrome OS . In July 2013 , Google introduced the Chromecast dongle , that allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions . In June 2014 , Google announced Google Cardboard , a simple cardboard viewer that lets user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality ( VR ) media . In April 2016 , Recode reported that Google had hired Rick Osterloh , Motorola Mobility 's former President , to head Google 's new hardware division . In October 2016 , Osterloh stated that `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end - to - end user experience '' , and Google announced several hardware platforms : The Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones with the Google Assistant , a next - generation contextual voice assistant , built - in . Google Home , an Amazon Echo - like voice assistant placed in the house that can answer voice queries , play music , find information from apps ( calendar , weather etc . ) , and control third - party smart home appliances ( users can tell it to turn on the lights , for example ) . Daydream View virtual reality headset that lets Android users with compatible Daydream - ready smartphones put their phones in the headset and enjoy VR content .",
"17": "Google Wifi , a connected set of Wi - Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi - Fi . Internet services In February 2010 , Google announced the Google Fiber project , with experimental plans to build an ultra-high - speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities . Following Google 's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company , Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet 's Access division . In April 2015 , Google announced Project Fi , a mobile virtual network operator , that combines Wi - Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal . In September 2016 , Google began its Google Station initiative , a project for public Wi - Fi at railway stations in India . Caesar Sengupta , VP for Google 's next billion users , told The Verge that 15,000 people get online for the first time thanks to Google Station and that 3.5 million people use the service every month . The expansion meant that Google was looking for partners around the world to further develop the initiative , which promised `` high - quality , secure , easily accessible Wi - Fi '' . By December , Google Station had been deployed at 100 railway stations , and in February , Google announced its intention to expand beyond railway stations , with a plan to bring citywide Wi - Fi to Pune . Other products Google launched its Google News service in 2002 , an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites . In March 2005 , Agence France Presse ( AFP ) sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia , a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News . In May 2011 , Google announced Google Wallet , a mobile application for wireless payments . In 2013 , Google launched Google Shopping Express , a delivery service initially available only in San Francisco and Silicon Valley . Google Alerts is a content change detection and notification service , offered by the search engine company Google . The service sends emails to the user when it finds new results -- such as web pages , newspaper articles , or blogs -- that match the user 's search term .",
"18": "In July 2015 Google released DeepDream , an image recognition software capable of creating psychedelic images using a convolutional neural network . Google introduced its Family Link service in March 2017 , letting parents buy Android Nougat - based Android devices for kids under 13 years of age and create a Google account through the app , with the parents controlling the apps installed , monitor the time spent using the device , and setting a `` Bedtime '' feature that remotely locks the device . In April 2017 , Google launched AutoDraw , a web - based tool using artificial intelligence and machine learning to recognize users ' drawings and replace scribbles with related stock images that have been created by professional artists . The tool is built using the same technology as QuickDraw , an experimental game from Google 's Creative Lab where users were tasked with drawing objects that algorithms would recognize within 20 seconds . In May 2017 , Google added `` Family Groups '' to several of its services . The feature , which lets users create a group consisting of their family members ' individual Google accounts , lets users add their `` Family Group '' as a collaborator to shared albums in Google Photos , shared notes in Google Keep , and common events in Google Calendar . At announcement , the feature is limited to Australia , Brazil , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Mexico , New Zealand , Russia , Spain , United Kingdom and United States . APIs Google APIs are a set of application programming interfaces ( APIs ) developed by Google which allow communication with Google Services and their integration to other services . Examples of these include Search , Gmail , Translate or Google Maps . Third - party apps can use these APIs to take advantage of or extend the functionality of the existing services . Other websites Google Developers is Google 's site for software development tools , APIs , and technical resources . The site contains documentation on using Google developer tools and APIs -- including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google 's developer products . Google Labs was a page created by Google to demonstrate and test new projects . Google owns the top - level domain 1e100.net which is used for some servers within Google 's network . The name is a reference to the scientific E notation representation for 1 googol , 1E100 = 1 × 10 .",
"19": "In March 2017 , Google launched a new website , opensource.google.com , to publish its internal documentation for Google Open Source projects . In June 2017 , Google launched `` We Wear Culture '' , a searchable archive of 3,000 years of global fashion . The archive , a result of collaboration between Google and over 180 museums , schools , fashion institutes , and other organizations , also offers curated exhibits of specific fashion topics and their impact on society . Corporate affairs and culture Eric Schmidt Then - CEO , now Chairman of Google Eric Schmidt with cofounders Sergey Brin and Larry Page ( left to right ) in 2008 . On Fortune magazine 's list of the best companies to work for , Google ranked first in 2007 , 2008 and 2012 and fourth in 2009 and 2010 . Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world 's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index . Google 's corporate philosophy includes principles such as `` you can make money without doing evil , '' `` you can be serious without a suit , '' and `` work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun . '' Employees As of the second quarter in 2015 , Google has 57,100 employees . Google has released that 30 percent of their employees are female , and 70 percent are male . A March 2013 report detailed that it had 10,000 developers based in more than 40 offices . Google 's employees are hired based upon a hierarchical system . Employees are split into six hierarchies based upon experience and can range `` from entry - level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six . '' After the company 's IPO in 2004 , founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1 . Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down , primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google . Before 2004 , Schmidt made $250,000 per year , and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000 . In March 2008 , Sheryl Sandberg , then vice-president of global online sales and operations , began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook .",
"20": "In 2009 , early employee Tim Armstrong left to become CEO of AOL . In July 2012 , Google 's first female engineer , Marissa Mayer , left Google to become Yahoo ! 's CEO . New employees are called `` Nooglers , '' and are given a propeller beanie cap to wear on their first Friday . As a motivation technique , Google uses a policy often called Innovation Time Off , where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20 % of their work time on projects that interest them . Some of Google 's newer services , such as Gmail , Google News , Orkut , and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors . In a talk at Stanford University , Marissa Mayer , Google 's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012 , showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off . Office locations and headquarters Google Mountain View campus garden Bicycles painted in the corporate color scheme are available for free use by any employee travelling around the Googleplex Mountain View Main article : Googleplex Google 's headquarters in Mountain View , California , is referred to as `` the Googleplex '' , a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings . The lobby is decorated with a piano , lava lamps , old server clusters , and a projection of search queries on the wall . The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles . Many employees have access to the corporate recreation center . Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines , locker rooms , washers and dryers , a massage room , assorted video games , table football , a baby grand piano , a billiard table , and ping pong . In addition to the recreation room , there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks , with special emphasis placed on nutrition . Free food is available to employees 24 / 7 , with the offerings provided by paid vending machines prorated based on and favoring those of better nutritional value . Google 's extensive amenities are not available to all of its workers . Temporary workers such as book scanners do not have access to shuttles , Google cafes , or other perks . New York City Google 's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team .",
"21": "In 2006 , Google moved into about 300,000 square feet ( 27,900 m ) of office space in New York City , at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan . The office was designed and built specially for Google , and houses its largest advertising sales team , which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships . The New York headquarters includes a game room , micro-kitchens , and a video game area . In 2010 , Google bought the building housing the headquarter , in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion , the biggest for a single building in the United States that year . In February 2012 , Google moved additional employees to the New York City campus , with a total of around 2,750 employees . Other U.S. cities By late 2006 , Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor , Michigan . In November 2006 , Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon 's campus in Pittsburgh , focusing on shopping - related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs . Other office locations in the U.S. include Atlanta , Georgia ; Austin , Texas ; Boulder , Colorado ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; San Francisco , California ; Seattle , Washington ; Reston , Virginia , and Washington , D.C. In October 2006 , the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 mega watts of electricity , enough to satisfy approximately 30 % of the campus ' energy needs . The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world . In addition , Google announced in 2009 that it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short , helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds . The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from Bob Widlar , an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor . In 2008 , Google faced accusations in Harper 's Magazine of being an `` energy glutton '' . The company was accused of employing its `` Do n't be evil '' motto and its public energy - saving campaigns to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy its servers require . International locations Internationally , Google has over 70 offices in more than 40 countries .",
"22": "It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world , namely Sydney ( birthplace location of Google Maps ) and London ( part of Android development ) . In November 2013 , Google announced plans for a new London headquarter , a notable 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees . Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal 's announcement in January , Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017 . The new building , if approved , will feature a rooftop garden with a running track , giant moving blinds , a swimming pool , and a multi-use games area for sports . In May 2015 , Google announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad , India . The new campus , reported to be the company 's largest outside the United States , will accommodate 13,000 employees . Doodles Main article : Google Doodle The first ever Google Doodle celebrating Burning Man , which was used on August 30 , 1998 . Since 1998 , Google has been designing special , temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays , events , achievements and people . The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998 . The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed . Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor , until Larry and Sergey asked then - intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000 . From that point onward , Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed `` Doodlers '' . Easter eggs and April Fools ' day jokes Main articles : List of Google April Fools ' Day jokes and List of Google Easter eggs Google has a tradition of creating April Fools ' Day jokes . On April 1 , 2000 , Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web . In 2007 , Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP , or Toilet Internet Service Provider , where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber - optic cable down their toilet .",
"23": "Also in 2007 , Google 's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper , allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them . In 2008 , Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent . In 2010 , Google changed its company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka , Kansas , whose mayor changed the city 's name to Google for a short amount of time in an attempt to sway Google 's decision in its new Google Fiber Project . In 2011 , Google announced Gmail Motion , an interactive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user 's webcam . Google 's services contain easter eggs , such as the Swedish Chef 's `` Bork bork bork , '' Pig Latin , `` Hacker '' or leetspeak , Elmer Fudd , Pirate , and Klingon as language selections for its search engine . The search engine calculator provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything from Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . When searching the word `` recursion '' , the spell - checker 's result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word , creating a recursive link . When searching for the word `` anagram , '' meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words , Google 's suggestion feature displays `` Did you mean : nag a ram ? '' In Google Maps , searching for directions between places separated by large bodies of water , such as Los Angeles and Tokyo , results in instructions to `` kayak across the Pacific Ocean . '' During FIFA World Cup 2010 , search queries including `` World Cup '' and `` FIFA '' caused the `` Goooo ... gle '' page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read `` Goooo ... al ! '' instead . Philanthropy Main article : Google.org In 2004 , Google formed the not - for - profit philanthropic Google.org , with a start - up fund of $1 billion . The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change , global public health , and global poverty . One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug - in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon .",
"24": "Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program 's executive director in 2004 , and the current director is Megan Smith . In 2008 , Google announced its `` project 10 '' which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites . After two years of silence , during which many wondered what had happened to the program , Google revealed the winners of the project , giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online . In 2011 , Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . In July 2012 , Google launched a `` Legalize Love '' campaign in support of gay rights . Tax avoidance Google uses various tax avoidance strategies . Out of the five largest American technology companies , it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues . The company accomplishes this partly by licensing technology through shell subsidiaries in tax havens such as Ireland , Bermuda , the Bahamas , and the Netherlands . This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google 's transfer pricing practices . Following criticism of the amount of corporate taxes that Google paid in the United Kingdom , Chairman Eric Schmidt said , `` It 's called capitalism . We are proudly capitalistic . '' During the same December 2012 interview , Schmidt `` confirmed that the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer . '' In 2013 , Schmidt responded to questions about taxes paid in the UK by pointing to the advertising fees Google charged UK companies as a source of economic growth . Google Vice President Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK . In January 2016 , Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £ 130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future . Environment Since 2007 , Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations . Google disclosed in September 2011 that it `` continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes '' , almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant .",
"25": "Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons , most due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers . Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010 . An average search uses only 0.3 watt - hours of electricity , so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5 % of the total electricity consumption by Google . In 2007 , Google launched a project centered on developing renewable energy , titled the `` Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal ( RE < C ) '' project . However , the project was cancelled in 2014 , after engineers Ross Koningstein and David Fork understood , after years of study , that `` best - case scenario , which was based on our most optimistic forecasts for renewable energy , would still result in severe climate change '' , writing that they `` came to the conclusion that even if Google and others had led the way toward a wholesale adoption of renewable energy , that switch would not have resulted in significant reductions of carbon dioxide emissions '' . In June 2013 , The Washington Post reported that Google had donated $50,000 to the Competitive Enterprise Institute , a libertarian think tank that calls human carbon emissions a positive factor in the environment and argues that global warming is not a concern . In July 2013 , it was reported that Google had hosted a fundraising event for Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe , who has called climate change a `` hoax '' . In 2014 Google cut ties with the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) after pressure from the Sierra Club , major unions and Google 's own scientists because of ALEC 's stance on climate change and opposition to renewable energy . Lobbying In 2013 , Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending , up from 213th in 2003 . In 2012 , the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections . Litigation Main article : Google litigation Google has been involved in a number of lawsuits including the High - Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation which resulted in Google being one of four companies to pay a $415 million settlement to employees . On June 27 , 2017 , the company received a record fine of € 2.42 billion from the European Union for `` promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results . ''",
"26": "Commenting on the penalty , New Scientist magazine said : `` The hefty sum -- the largest ever doled out by the EU 's competition regulators -- will sting in the short term , but Google can handle it . Alphabet , Google 's parent company , made a profit of $2.5 billion ( € 2.2 billion ) in the first six weeks of 2017 alone . The real impact of the ruling is that Google must stop using its dominance as a search engine to give itself the edge in another market : online price comparisons . '' The company disputed the ruling . Criticism and controversy Main articles : Criticism of Google and Censorship by Google Google 's market dominance has led to prominent media coverage , including criticism of the company over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance , search neutrality , copyright , censorship of search results and content , and privacy . Other criticisms include alleged misuse and manipulation of search results , its use of others ' intellectual property , concerns that its compilation of data may violate people 's privacy , and the energy consumption of its servers , as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly , restraint of trade , anti-competitive practices , and patent infringement . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase : `` Do the right thing '' . Google 's commitment to such robust idealism has been increasingly called into doubt due to a number of the firm 's actions and behaviours which appear to contradict this . Following media reports about PRISM , NSA 's massive electronic surveillance program , in June 2013 , several technology companies were identified as participants , including Google . According to leaks of said program , Google joined the PRISM program in 2009 . On August 8 , 2017 , Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout the company which argued that `` Google 's ideological echo chamber '' and bias clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion , and that it is also biological factors , not discrimination alone , that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions .",
"27": "Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore in violating company policy by `` advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace '' , and he was fired on the same day . New York Times columnist David Brooks argued Pichai had mishandled the case , and called for his resignation . Reportedly , Google 's influenced New America think tank to expel their Open Markets research group , after the group has criticized Google monopolistic power and supported the EU $2.7 B fine of Google . See also AngularJS Comparison of web search engines Do n't Be Evil Google ( verb ) Google Balloon Internet Google Catalogs Google China Google bomb Google Chrome Experiments Google Get Your Business Online Google logo Google Maps Google platform Google Street View Google tax Google Ventures -- venture capital fund Google X Life sciences division of Google X Googlebot -- web crawler Googlization List of Google apps for Android List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Apple , Inc . Outline of Google Reunion Ungoogleable Surveillance capitalism Calico Google portal Alphabet portal Internet portal Companies portal San Francisco Bay Area portal References Jump up ^ `` Company '' . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claburn , Thomas ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Google Founded By Sergey Brin , Larry Page ... And Hubert Chang ? ! ? '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Locations -- Google Jobs '' . Google.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Inc . Annual Reports '' . Google Inc . July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google is now the world 's most valuable brand '' . The Independent . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Alan ( January 12 , 2005 ) . `` An evening with Google 's Marissa Mayer '' . Alan Williamson .",
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"31": "Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Stefanie ; Kawamoto , Dawn ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` Google IPO at $2.7 billion '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Utz , Richard ( 2013 ) . `` The Good Corporation ? Google 's Medievalism and Why It Matters '' . Studies in Medievalism. 23 : 21 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Rivlin , Gary ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Relax , Bill Gates ; It 's Google 's Turn as the Villain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ; Wray , Richard ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` Search giant may outgrow its fans '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ranka , Mohit ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Google -- Do n't Be Evil '' . OSNews . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` Google 's culture czar '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kawamoto , Dawn ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit '' . ctv.ca . October 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Seth ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage - fixing lawsuit '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jay ( October 31 , 2007 ) .",
"32": "`` Google shares hit $700 '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : La Monica , Paul R. ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Bowling for Google '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` This could cost Google more than $500 million '' . CNBC . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pramuk , Jacob ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google to become part of new company , Alphabet '' . CNBC . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` 38 photos of Google 's rise from a Stanford dorm room to world domination '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A building blessed with tech success '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stross , Randall ( September 2008 ) . `` Introduction '' . Planet Google : One Company 's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know . New York : Free Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4691 - 7 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Launches Self - Service Advertising Program '' . News from Google . Google . October 23 , 2000 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( July 1 , 1998 ) . `` GoTo Going Strong '' . SearchEngineWatch . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelline , Jeff ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` Pay - for - placement gets another shot '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Olsen , Stephanie ( August 9 , 2004 ) . `` Google , Yahoo bury the legal hatchet '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US patent 6285999 , Page , Lawrence , `` Method for node ranking in a linked database '' , issued September 4 , 2001 , assigned to The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Jump up ^ Olsen , Stephanie ( July 11 , 2003 ) . `` Google 's movin ' on up '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics '' . Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal . San Jose : American City Business Journals . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krantz , Michael ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` Do You `` Google '' ? `` . Google , Inc . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bylund , Anders ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` To Google or Not to Google '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Robinson . `` The First Use of ' to Google ' on Television ? Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vise , David ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , Jeffrey ; Ghemawat , Sanjay ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` MapReduce : simplified data processing on large clusters '' . ACM Digital Library . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Czajkowski , Grzegorz ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Sorting 1PB with MapReduce '' . Official Google Blog . Google .",
"34": "Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Erick ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` Google Processing 20,000 Terabytes A Day , And Growing '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Eric ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Google unveils top political searches of 2009 '' . CNN . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Google 's new record , 1 billion visitors in May '' . It 's All Tech . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fiegerman , Seth ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Google Has Its First $50 Billion Year '' . Mashable . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jane Wakefield ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Google spin - off Calico to search for answers to ageing '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google celebrates 18th birthday with a Doodle - amid some confusion over the correct date '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Google Is 10 Years Old ? Finding The Real Google Birthday '' . searchengineland.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Andrea ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Is today really Google 's birthday ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Hall ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Google celebrates 15th birthday with interactive piñata ' doodle ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 7 , 2013 ) .",
"35": "`` Sir Tim Berners - Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results , Stock Passes $1000 Per Share '' . Android Police . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Google earnings up 12 % in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2013 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2014 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2015 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2016 - Best Global Brands '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Google is 2 billion lines of code - and it 's all in one place '' . Wired . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tarantola , Andrew ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Google 's codebase is ludicrously huge for good reason '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google locations '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` google.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` youtube.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` blogger.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google acquires Deja '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . February 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Drew ( February 12 , 2001 ) . `` Google saves Deja.com Usenet service '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital history saved '' . BBC News . BBC . December 14 , 2001 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , D. ( 2011 ) I 'm Feeling Lucky : The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 41699 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrissey , Brian ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Today in History : Google Buys Applied Semantics '' . Digiday . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bracetti , Alex ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The 15 Most Important Tech Acquisitions of All Time '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` AdSense Turns 10 : Reflections On Google 's Great Leap Beyond Search Ads '' . Marketing Land . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Acquires Keyhole Corp '' ( Press release ) . Google , Inc . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Google Has Acquired YouTube '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ; Peters , Jeremy W. ( October 9 , 2006 ) .",
"37": "`` Google to Acquire YouTube for $1.65 Billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( November 13 , 2006 ) . `` Google Closes YouTube Acquisition '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auchard , Eric ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Google closes YouTube deal '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ; Helft , Miguel ( April 14 , 2007 ) . `` Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auletta , Ken ( 2009 ) . Googled : The End of the World As We Know It . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 9780753522431 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( September 29 , 2005 ) . `` Can Google beat the new - office curse ? '' . CNET . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( December 28 , 2005 ) . `` What the Google - AOL deal means for users '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Interactive Media Enters Into Landmark Agreement with Google Inc . '' . News from Google . Google . August 7 , 2006 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Santa : NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas , Dec 1 , 2007 , Danny Sullivan '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the scenes : NORAD 's Santa tracker for Thur , Dec 21 , 2009 By Daniel Terdiman , CNET '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google : The 2007 Edition , Dec 24 , 2007 , Danny Sullivan '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shalal - Esa , Andrea ( September 6 , 2008 ) . `` GeoEye launches high - resolution satellite '' . Reuters . Washington . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google gives online life to Life mag 's photos '' . Associated Press . Mountain View , California . November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from Life magazine 's archives that have never been seen by the public before Jump up ^ Greg Stirling ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Google Hosting Time - Life Photo Archive , 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ; Sweet , Cassandra ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Google Invests in Two Wind Farms '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Energy can now buy and sell energy '' . Cnet.com . Jump up ^ Candace Lombardi ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` Google gets go - ahead to buy , sell energy '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd Woody ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility '' . Quartz . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Lee ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Google 's Latest Telephony Play '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Google Closes Acquisition of AdMob '' . AppScout . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google Acquires Mobile Display Ad Firm AdMob '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google buys power from Iowa wind farm '' . News.techworld.com . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bid for Nortel patents marks Google 's new push into mobile world '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . April 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsukayama , Hayley ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Google agrees to acquire Motorola Mobility '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility -- Google Investor Relations '' . Google . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Neil . `` Google CEO : ' Anticompetitive ' Apple , Microsoft forced Motorola deal '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google '' . BBC News . May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Page , Larry . `` Official Google Blog : Supercharging Android : Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility '' . Google Blog at Blogspot.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Google to buy Motorola Mobility for $12.5 B '' . CNet News . Jump up ^ `` Google to cut 4,000 Motorola Mobility jobs , shares rise '' . Reuters . August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Daniel ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Motorola 's retreat continues , sells factories in China and Brazil to Flextronics for $75 million '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ `` Flextronics acquires Motorola Mobility 's plants in China , Brazil '' . ZDNet . December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Dan ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Google sells Motorola Home set top box division to Arris for $2.35 billion '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Motorola Home Finds A New Home At Arris . Google Sells Broadband Unit For $2.35 B To Double Down On Mobile '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Dara ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Google reveals it spent $966 million in Waze acquisition '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Google Bought Waze For $1.1 B , Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helgren , Chris ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Jon ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind '' . PC World . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported $400 million '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( January 30 , 2014 ) .",
"41": "`` Google sells Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $2.91 billion '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balakrishnan , Saheli Roy Choudhury , Anita ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google agrees to buy part of HTC for $1.1 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google is buying part of HTC 's smartphone team for $1.1 billion '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google signs agreement with HTC , continuing our big bet on hardware '' . Google . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Data center locations '' . Google Data Centers . Google . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Google To Build Three Data Centers In Asia , Investment To Exceed $200 M '' . The Wall Street Journal . September 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google to Build Three Data Centers in Asia '' . Datacenterknowledge.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yun - Hee Kim . `` Google Scraps Plan to Build Hong Kong Data Center '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ Gellman , Barton ; Soltani , Ashkan ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` NSA infiltrates links to Yahoo , Google data centers worldwide , Snowden documents say '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ; Miller , Claire Cain ; Perlroth , Nicole ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` N.S.A. Said to Tap Google and Yahoo Abroad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` How the NSA 's MUSCULAR tapped Google 's and Yahoo 's private networks '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast .",
"42": "Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Claire Cain ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Angry Over U.S. Surveillance , Tech Giants Bolster Defenses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Humphries ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Google 's most efficient data center runs at 95 degrees '' . geek.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Report : Google Uses About 900,000 Servers '' . Data Center Knowledge . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hölzle , Urs ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` We 're set to reach 100 % renewable energy -- and it 's just the beginning '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Google . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Google says it will hit 100 % renewable energy by 2017 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Womack , Brian ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barr , Alistair ; Winkler , Rolf ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator '' .",
"43": "The New York Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company '' . Bloomberg.com . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form 10 - K -- Annual Report '' . SEC . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Inc , Form 10 - K , Annual Report , Filing Date Jan 26 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . secdatabase.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market '' . Google , Inc . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` Surfing on the sly with IE8 's new `` InPrivate '' Internet `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beal , Vangie . `` AdWords - Google AdWords '' . Webopedia . QuinStreet Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beal , Vangie . `` AdSense - Google AdSense '' . Webopedia . QuinStreet Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( July 25 , 2006 ) . `` Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats '' . news.cnet.com . CNET . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Google Somewhat Lifts Oceana Ad Ban '' . webpronews.com .",
"44": "Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Google AdSense Online Standard Terms and Conditions '' . Google AdSense . Jump up ^ Mclntyre , Douglas ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Yahoo and Google may dump their deal '' . Bloggingstocks.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Drummond , David ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Ending our agreement with Yahoo ! '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search Engine Rankings '' . December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Google 's Misleading Blog Post : The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index Are Very Different '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Stefanie ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Google cache raises copyright concerns '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Field v. Google , CV - S - 04 - 0413 - RCJ - LRL ( Nevada District Court January 19 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Parker v. Google , 04 - CV - 3918 ( Eastern Pennsylvania District Court March 10 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Bosker , Bianca ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Google Instant Censorship : The Strangest Terms Blacklisted By Google '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manjoo , Farhad ( August 29 , 2002 ) . `` Conspiracy Researcher Says Google 's No Good '' . AlterNet . Independent Media Institute . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , China ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Google hit with second lawsuit over Library project '' . InfoWorld .",
"45": "Jump up ^ Pettersson , Edvard ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Google Wins Preliminary Approval of Online Books Settlement '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Heather ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Google 's French Book Scanning Project Halted by Court '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` Preparing to Sell E-Books , Google Takes on Amazon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Marissa ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` This Week in Search 7 / 25 / 10 '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Samuel Gibbs ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Google introduces the biggest algorithm change in three years '' . Guardian . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Google will soon start punishing mobile sites that show hard - to - dismiss popups '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters '' . Search Engine Roundtable . RustyBrick . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Choose a Plan '' . G Suite by Google Cloud . Google . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Greg ( June 3 , 2008 ) .",
"46": "`` Google Rebrands Custom Search `` Business Edition '' As `` Google Site Search '' `` . Search Engine Land . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Darrow , Barb ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Google Plans To Discontinue Yet Another Product '' . Fortune . Time Inc . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Abner ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Google reportedly discontinuing paid Site Search in favor of ad - supported version '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muret , Paul ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Introducing the Google Analytics 360 Suite '' . Google . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jack ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Google Launches New Data Tools for Marketers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Google 's Inbox is A New Email App From The Gmail Team Designed Not To Be Gmail '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gayomali , Chris ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` When Gmail Launched On April 1 , 2004 , People Thought It Was A Joke '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year 's fitness goals '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real - Time Friend Tracking '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sottek , T.C. ( April 24 , 2012 ) .",
"47": "`` Google Drive officially launches with 5GB free storage , Google Docs integration '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+ , Now Offers Free , Unlimited Storage '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graziano , Dan ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Google launches Google Keep note - taking service ( video ) '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eadicicco , Lisa ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Google 's Translation App Is About To Get Much Better '' . Time . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamedy , Saba ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levy , Steven ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google debuts Allo , an AI - based chat app using its new assistant bot , smart replies and more '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google Duo makes mobile video calls fast and simple '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Erick ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking : Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( March 18 , 2014 ) .",
"48": "`` Google reveals Android Wear , an operating system for smartwatches '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ong , Josh ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Google announces Android TV to bring ' voice input , user experience and content ' to the living room '' . The Next Web . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Alex ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Google Announces Android Auto , Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of 2014 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Android Things is Google 's new OS for smart devices '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar ; Upson , Linus ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` A fresh take on the browser '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar ; Upson , Linus ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Introducing the Google Chrome OS '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegler , MG ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Droid You 're Looking For : Live From The Nexus One Event '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ion , Florence ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` From Nexus One to Nexus 10 : a brief history of Google 's flagship devices '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bohn , Dieter . `` The Google Phone : The inside story of Google 's bold bet on hardware '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 .",
"49": "Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar ; Upson , Linus ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` A new kind of computer : Chromebook '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Google reveals Chromecast : video streaming to your TV from any device for $35 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV '' . BBC News . BBC . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , James ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google 's cardboard virtual - reality goggles '' . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google Cardboard Is Google 's Awesomely Weird Answer To Virtual Reality '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Mark ; Fried , Ina ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Google is building a new hardware division under former Motorola chief Rick Osterloh '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pixel ' phone by Google ' announced '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Google Home is smart , loud , and kind of cute '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ; Kastrenakes , Jacob ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Google 's Daydream View VR headset goes on sale next month for $79 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Minnie ; Kelly , James ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Think big with a gig : Our experimental fiber network '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Erick ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Google Plans To Deliver 1Gb / sec Fiber - Optic Broadband Network To More Than 50,000 Homes '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Kevin ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Battle Over Google Fiber '' . The Information . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Alphabet is putting serious pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Nick ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Say hi to Fi : A new way to say hello '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , David ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Google launches ' Project Fi ' wireless service '' . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huet , Ellen ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Google Unveils Its ' Project Fi ' Wireless Service '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Google Station is a new platform that aims to make public Wi - Fi better '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heater , Brian ( December 29 , 2016 ) .",
"51": "`` After arriving at 100th railway station in India , Google 's WiFi is set to hit another 100 in 2017 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephen ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Google Station expands beyond rail stations to bring citywide WiFi to Pune , India '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Singh , Manish ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Indian city to become the first in the world to get Google Station public Wi - Fi network '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macht , Joshua ( September 30 , 2002 ) . `` Automatic for the People '' . Time . Jump up ^ Travis , Hannibal ( 2008 ) . `` Opting Out of the Internet in the United States and the European Union : Copyright , Safe Harbors , and International Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 55 : 391 -- 92 . SSRN 1221642 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Tara ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Google Unveils App for Paying With Phone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Somerville , Heather ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Google same - day delivery makes public debut '' . Mercury News . Jump up ^ `` What are Google Alerts ? '' . Google . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Use Google Alerts for a Live Job Search '' . The Under Cover Recruiter . Jump up ^ `` This Little Service Absolutely Crushes Google Alerts '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mordvintsev , Alexander ; Olah , Christopher ; Tyka , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` DeepDream -- a code example for visualizing Neural Networks '' . Google Research . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mordvintsev , Alexander ; Olah , Christopher ; Tyka , Mike ( 2015 ) .",
"52": "`` Inceptionism : Going Deeper into Neural Networks '' . Google Research . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Titcomb ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Google unleashes machine dreaming software on the public , nightmarish images flood the internet '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diwanji , Pavni ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Introducing the Family Link app : Helping families navigate technology together '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Google . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Google built a new app so your kids can have a Google account , too '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Google introduces Family Link , its own parental control software for Android '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Stefanie ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's AutoDraw turns your clumsy scribbles into art '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Titcomb , James ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new drawing app can turn your terrible sketches into works of art '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Claire ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Does Google 's AutoDraw AI grasp modern art better than you ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's AutoDraw uses machine learning to help you draw like a pro '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( May 23 , 2017 ) .",
"53": "`` Google adds easy , simple family sharing to Calendar , Keep , and Photos '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Google family groups make it easy to share photos , calendars , Keep , YouTube TV , and more '' . Android Police . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is 1e100.net '' . Google Support . Google . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Google launches new site to showcase its open source projects and processes '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Google presents its open - source goodies to the world '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bain , Marc ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google has built a stunning , searchable archive of 3,000 years of world fashion '' . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward , Maria ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Anna Wintour , Andrew Bolton , and More Celebrate the Launch of We Wear Culture '' . Vogue . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( January 22 , 2007 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` In good company '' . Fortune Magazine . Cable News Network . 155 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( February 4 , 2008 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` The 2008 list '' . Fortune Magazine . Cable News Network . 157 ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 .",
"54": "Jump up ^ `` The 2012 list '' . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( February 2 , 2009 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` The 2009 list '' . Fortune Magazine . Cable News Network . 159 ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( February 8 , 2010 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` The 2010 list '' . Fortune Magazine . Cable News Network . 161 ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Attractive Employers 2010 '' . Universum Global . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Philosophy '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bort , Julie ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Google 's hiring may have slowed , but it 's still adding thousands of new employees '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Claire Cain . `` Google Releases Employee Data , Illustrating Tech 's Diversity Challenge '' . Bits Blog . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Micco , John ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Continuous Integration at Google Scale '' ( PDF ) . EclipseCon 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakabayashi , Daisuke ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Google leaders stick with $1 salary '' . CNN Money . CNN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Liedtke , Michael ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` Facebook Raids Google for Executive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Another Googler goes to Facebook : Sheryl Sandberg becomes new COO '' . Venture Beat . March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rushie , Dominic ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Google executive Marissa Mayer to become Yahoo CEO in surprise move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Noogler chez Google '' ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Mediratta , Bharat ; Bick , Julie ( October 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Google Way : Give Engineers Room '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Marissa ( speaker ) ( June 30 , 2006 ) . Marissa Mayer at Stanford University ( Seminar ) . Martin Lafrance . Event occurs at 11 : 33 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20 % time . Jump up ^ `` About the Googleplex '' . Google . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marion Nestle ( July 2011 ) . `` What Google 's Famous Cafeterias Can Teach Us About Health '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Does Google Have A Class System For Googlers ? '' . SearchEngineLand . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Annie Georgia ( September 11 , 2012 ) .",
"56": "`` The Ultimate Office : Inside Google 's NYC Compound '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Peter ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Google to Buy New York Office Building '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gustin , Sam ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Google buys giant New York building for $1.9 billion '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Emily ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Google Web Grows in City '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Weier , Mary Hayes ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Inside Google 's Michigan Office '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Completes Pittsburgh Office , Holds Open House '' . WTAE . November 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Olson , Thomas ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Google search : Tech - minded workers '' . Trib Total Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google locations '' . Google . ^ Jump up to : Richmond , Riva ( October 17 , 2006 ) . `` Google plans to build huge solar energy system for headquarters '' . post1.net . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Official Google Blog : Mowing with goats '' . Google . May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegler , MG ( May 3 , 2009 ) .",
"57": "`` My Day With The Google Goats '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep Mow Lawns '' . National Semiconductor . Archived from the original on May 6 , 1999 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strand , Ginger . `` Keyword : Evil '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gillett , Rachel ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's what it 's REALLY like to work at Google , the ' world 's most attractive ' employer '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney '' . Google Careers . Google . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London '' . Google Careers . Google . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mirani , Leo ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Google 's new 1 - million - square - foot London office -- three years before it 's ready '' . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new London HQ is a ' landscraper ' with a rooftop garden '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian , Matt ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's ' innovative ' new London HQ features giant moving blinds '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US '' . Firstpost . Network 18 . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ `` Doodle 4 Google '' . Google.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival '' . Google.com . August 30 , 1998 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the people behind the Google Doodles '' . The Guardian . April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google MentalPlex '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Google TiSP '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Paper '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gmail Custom Time : Google makes custom time '' . Google . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Eric ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` A different kind of company name '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` April Fools : Google Changes Name to Topeka '' . CBS News . April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's GMail Motion launched April 1 '' . GMA News . April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Language Tools '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search Results for ' answer to life the universe and everything ' '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search Results for ' recursion ' '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` anagram search '' . Google , Inc .",
"59": "Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , John ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google celebrates World Cup with Gooooooooooal ! '' . CNET Asia . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Foundation '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Philanthropy Google 's Way : Not the Usual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project 10 to the 100th '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Burskirk , Elliot ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Google Struggles to Give Away $10 million '' . Wired . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Twohill , Lorraine ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` $10 million for Project 10 ^ 100 winners '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Jill ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Mathletes Receive & # 128 ; 1M Donation from Google '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google donating 1 million euros to IMO '' . January 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google launches ' Legalise Love ' gay rights campaign '' . PinkNews.co.uk . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Google slips $3.1 bn through ' Double Irish ' tax loophole . '' . The Register . Jump up ^ Leach , Anna ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` French gov ' plans to hand Google € 1bn tax bill ' -- report . '' . Theregister.co.uk . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Nikhil ; Wright , Oliver ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Google boss : I 'm very proud of our tax avoidance scheme '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Google chairman Eric Schmidt defends tax avoidance policies '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brid - Aine Parnell , May 17 , 2013 ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' I think you DO do evil , using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax ' . '' . Theregister.co.uk . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ John Gapper , January 23 , 2016 . `` Google strikes £ 130m back tax deal . '' . FT.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McGrath , Jack ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Google 's Green Initiative : Environmentally Conscious Technology '' . TechnoBuffalo . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Google Details , and Defends , Its Use of Electricity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Goal : Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal '' . Google . November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ Koningstein , Ross ; Fork , David ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` What It Would Really Take to Reverse Climate Change '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Anatomy of a Washington dinner : Who funds the Competitive Enterprise Institute ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Goldenberg ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Google hosts fundraiser for climate change denying US senator '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EVAN HALPER ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Google pulls out of conservative group amid environmentalist pressure '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamburger , Tom ; Gold , Matea ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Google , once disdainful of lobbying , now a master of Washington influence '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Joel ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Apple - Google $415 Million No - Poaching Accord Wins Approval '' . BloombergBusiness . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Google hit with record EU fine over Shopping service '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's € 2.4 bn fine is small change -- the EU has bigger plans '' . newscientist.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , Jesse ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Google 2.4 % Rate Shows How $60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Google ranked ' worst ' on privacy '' . BBC News . June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Google 's Gatekeepers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Google has ' outgrown ' its 14 - year old mission statement , says Larry Page '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Code of Conduct '' . Alphabet Investor Relations . Alphabet Inc . April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Alphabet replaces Google 's ' Do n't be evil ' with ' Do the right thing ' '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Holly ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Who 's more evil -- Facebook or Google ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Roxane ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Blog That Disappeared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Snowden : Leaks that exposed US spy programme '' . BBC News . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ; MacAskill , Ewen ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple , Google and others '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech . The New York Times , August 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out . The New York Times , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ diversitymemo.com Jump up ^ Friedersdorf , Conor . `` The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo '' .",
"63": "Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sundar Pichai Should Resign as Google 's C.E.O. '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times columnist David Brooks wants Google 's CEO to resign '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ( August 31 , 2017 ) , `` Google Critic Ousted From Think Tank Funded by the Tech Giant '' , The New York Times , pp. A1 , retrieved September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Tell Google : Stop Killing Monopoly Research '' . citizensagainstmonopoly.org . Further reading Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Mobile Wave : How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything . Perseus Books / Vanguard Press . ISBN 978 - 1593157203 . External links Find more aboutGoogleat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta - Wiki Official website ( Mobile ) Corporate homepage Google website at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 11 , 1998 ) Google at CrunchBase Google companies grouped at OpenCorporates Business data for Google , Inc. : Reuters SEC filings Google Overview Alphabet Inc .",
"64": "History List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Products Criticism Privacy concerns Censorship Easter eggs Do n't be evil Advertising AdMob Adscape AdSense AdWords Analytics Contributor Partners DoubleClick DoubleClick for Publishers Wallet Communication Allo Alerts Apps Script Duo Calendar Contacts Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Hangouts Inbox Sync Text - to - Speech Translate Transliteration Voice Software Assistant Lens Chrome for Android for iOS Chrome Web Store Apps Extensions Cloud Print Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Gboard Goggles IME Japanese Pinyin Photos Keep News & Weather Now OpenRefine Search Operating systems Android version history software development Android Auto Android Pay Android TV Android Wear Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia Programming languages Dart Go Sawzall Platforms Account Authenticator Body Books Library Project Caja Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Cast Chromecast Cloud Platform App Engine BigQuery Bigtable Compute Engine Storage Contact Lens Custom Search Daydream Earth Engine Fit GFS Firebase G Suite Classroom Home Jamboard Marketplace Native Client Nexus OnHub OpenSocial Primer Pixel Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Public DNS URL Shortener Wallet Wifi Development tools AJAX APIs App Inventor Closure Tools CS First Developers Dialogflow Flutter GData Googlebot Guava Guice GWS KML Kythe MapReduce Mediabot Sitemaps Summer of Code Web Toolkit Search Console Website Optimizer Swiffy Publishing Blogger Bookmarks Drive Docs , Sheets , Slides ,",
"65": "Forms Drawings My Maps Sites Fusion Tables Domains FeedBurner Map Maker YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Red Vevo Zagat Search ( timeline ) Appliance Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Usenet Videos Algorithms PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird Features Personalized Real - Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search Analysis Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault Discontinued Aardvark Answers Ara Browser Sync Base Buzz Checkout Chrome Frame Click - to - Call Cloud Connect Code Search Currents Desktop Dictionary Directory Dodgeball Fast Flip Friend Connect Gears Glass Glass OS GOOG - 411 Google TV Jaiku Knol Health iGoogle Image Labeler Labs Latitude Lively Mashup Editor Notebook Offers Orkut Pack Page Creator Panoramio Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik PowerMeter Q & A Reader Script Converter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Squared Talk Updater Urchin Videos Wave Web Accelerator Toolbar Other Art Project Calico Current Chrome Experiments Code - in Code Jam Developer Day Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Self - driving car Earth Outreach Fiber GV `` Google '' Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google.",
"66": "org Lunar X Prize Project Fi Material Design Motorola Mobility reCAPTCHA WiFi X Events Science Fair Searchology I / O Developer Day Code Jam Highly Open Participation Contest Code - in Projects Loon Tango Sunroof Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Googleplex Logo Doodle4Google Google Doodles People Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Shirley M. Tilghman Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hölzle Vint Cerf Hal Varian Gayglers Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Related AI Challenge Bomb GmailFS `` Google : Behind the Screen '' ( 2006 documentary ) Google : The Thinking Factory ( 2008 documentary ) Google and the World Brain ( 2013 documentary ) Goojje Monopoly City Streets Unity Category Portal Alphabet Inc . Divisions Access Calico CapitalG DeepMind Google GV Jigsaw Nest Sidewalk Verily X Waymo People Arthur D. Levinson Astro Teller David Krane Eric Schmidt Ruth Porat Sundar Pichai Tony Fadell Andrew Conrad Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Category Portal Task Force Links to related articles Open Handset Alliance Mobile operators Bouygues Telecom China Mobile China Telecommunications Corporation China Unicom KDDI Nepal Telecom NTT DoCoMo SoftBank Mobile Sprint Corporation T - Mobile Telecom Italia Telefónica Telus Vodafone Software companies Access Ascender Corporation eBay Google Myriad Group Nuance Communications NXP Software Omron PacketVideo SVOX VisualOn Semiconductor companies AKM Semiconductor , Inc .",
"67": "ARM Holdings Audience Broadcom CSR plc ( joined as SiRF ) Cypress Semiconductor Freescale Semiconductor Gemalto Intel Marvell Technology Group MediaTek MIPS Technologies Nvidia Qualcomm Qualcomm Atheros Renesas Electronics ST - Ericsson ( joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms ) Synaptics Texas Instruments Handset makers Acer Inc .",
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|
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{
"0": "Dominican war of independence - wikipedia Dominican war of independence Jump to : navigation , search See also : Dominican Restoration War Dominican War of Independence Schooner `` Separación Dominicana '' during the Battle of Tortuguero , by Adolfo García Obregón . Date 1844 -- 1856 Location Hispaniola Result Dominican victory Expulsion of Haitian government Dominican Independence Belligerents Dominican Republic Haiti Commanders and leaders Pedro Santana Antonio Duvergé Felipe Alfau Juan B. Cambiaso Juan B. Maggiolo Juan Acosta Manuel Mota José Ma . Cabral José Ma . Imbert J. J. Puello Pedro E. Pelletier Charles Hérard Jean - Louis Pierrot Faustin Soulouque Pierre Paul Auguste Brouard Gen. Souffrand Gen. St. - Louis Jean Francois Casualties and losses Haiti lost more than three times as many slain as did the Dominican Republic ( hide ) Dominican War of Independence Fuente del Rodeo Cabeza de Las Marías Azua Santiago El Memiso Tortuguero Fort Cachimán Estrelleta Beler El Número Las Carreras Santomé Sabana Larga The Dominican Independence War gave the Dominican Republic autonomy from Haiti on February 27 , 1844 . Before the war , the island of Hispaniola had been united under the Haitian government for a period of 22 years when the newly independent nation , then known as the Republic of Spanish Haiti , was invaded by Haiti in 1822 . Previously known as the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo , the criollo class within the country overthrew the Spanish crown in 1821 before unifying with Haiti a year later . At the time Haiti had been more economically and militarily powerful and had a population 8 to 10 times larger than the former Spanish colony , having been the richest colony in the western hemisphere before the Haitian Revolution . Dominican military officers agreed to merge the newly independent nation with Haiti , as they sought for political stability under the Haitian president Jean - Pierre Boyer , and were attracted to Haiti 's perceived wealth and power at the time .",
"1": "However , due to the Haitian government 's mismanagement , heavy military disputes , and an economic crisis the Haitian government became increasingly unpopular . A conspiracy of Dominicans in Santo Domingo called La Trinitaria hastened the end of the Haitian occupation . In 1844 , the members of La Trinitaria chose El Conde , the prominent `` Gate of the Count '' in the old city walls , as the rallying point for their insurrection against the Haitian occupiers . On the morning of 24 February 1844 , El Conde rang with the shots of the plotters , who had emerged from their secret meetings to openly challenge the Haitians . Their efforts were successful , and for the next ten years , Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country 's independence from their Haitian neighbors . In March 1844 , a 30,000 - strong two - pronged attack was successfully repelled by a poorly equipped and undertrained Dominican army under the command of the wealthy rancher Gen. Pedro Santana . Four years later , it took a Dominican flotilla harassing Haitian coastal villages , land reinforcements in the south , and a British and French naval blockade to force the determined Haitian emperor into a one - year truce . In the most thorough and intense encounter of all , Dominican irregulars armed with swords sent Haitian troops into flight on all three fronts in 1855 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ephemeral Independence 2 Unification of Hispaniola ( 1822 - 1844 ) 2.1 Resistance 3 War of Independence 4 Notes 5 References Background José Núñez de Cáceres . At the beginning of the 1800s , the colony of Santo Domingo , which had once been the headquarters of Spanish power in the New World was in its worst decline . Spain during this time was embroiled in the Peninsular War in Europe , and other various wars to maintain control of the Americas . With Spain 's resources spread among its global interest , Santo Domingo became neglected . This period is referred to as the España Boba era . The population of the Spanish colony stood at approximately 80,000 with the vast majority being European descendants and free people of color .",
"2": "Santo Domingo 's plantation economy never truly flourished , because of this the black slave population had been significantly lower than that of the neighboring Saint - Domingue , which was nearing a million slaves before the Haitian Revolution . Ephemeral independence Late in 1821 the leader José Núñez de Cáceres proclaimed Santo Domingo 's adhesion to the new `` Republic of Gran Colombia '' , created by Simón Bolívar , but the determination of the island elite to perpetuate their privileged status by maintaining intact all colonial - era institutions such as social hierarchy , land titles , and slavery doomed this limited experiment in liberty to failure two months later . Unification of Hispaniola ( 1822 - 1844 ) Main article : Unification of Hispaniola Jean - Pierre Boyer , the mulatto ruler of Haiti A group of Dominican politicians and military officers had expressed interest in uniting the entire island , while they sought for political stability and support under Haiti , which at the time was still seen as having a great deal of wealth and power . Haiti had been by far the richest colony in the western hemisphere and was known as the Pearl of the Antilles . Haiti 's president , Jean - Pierre Boyer , conducted the third military campaign of Santo Domingo , this one was met with resistance , partly due to the previous invasion experiences , and because of Haiti 's overpowering military strength at the time . The population of Haiti had a ratio of 8 : 1 compared to the Dominican population of 1822 . On February 9 , 1822 , Boyer formally entered the capital city , Santo Domingo , where he was met and received by Núñez who handed to him the keys of the Palace . Boyer then proclaimed : `` I have not come into this city as a conqueror but by the will of its inhabitants '' . The island was thus united from `` Cape Tiburon to Cape Samana in possession of one government . '' Eventually the Haitian government became extremely unpopular throughout the country . The Dominican population grew increasingly impatient with Haiti 's poor management and perceived incompetence , and the heavy taxation that was imposed on their side . The country was hit with a severe economic crisis after having been forced to pay a huge indemnity to France .",
"3": "A debt was accrued by Haiti in order to pay for their own independence from the European nation ; this would give rise to many anti-Haitian plots . Resistance An assembly of the Trinitarios . In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte , an educated nationalist , founded a resistance movement called La Trinitaria ( `` The Trinity '' ) along with Ramón Matías Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez . It was so named because its original nine members had organized themselves into cells of three . The cells went on to recruit as separate organizations , maintaining strict secrecy , with little or no direct contact among themselves , in order to minimize the possibility of detection by the Haitian authorities . Many recruits quickly came to the group , but it was discovered and forced to change its name to La Filantrópica ( `` The Philanthropic '' ) . The Trinitarios won the loyalty of two Dominican - manned Haitian regiments . In 1843 the revolution made a breakthrough : they worked with a liberal Haitian party that overthrew President Jean - Pierre Boyer . However , the Trinitarios ' work in the overthrow gained the attention of Boyer 's replacement , Charles Rivière - Hérard . Rivière - Hérard imprisoned some Trinitarios and forced Duarte to leave the island . While gone , Duarte searched for support in Colombia and Venezuela , but was unsuccessful . Upon returning to Haiti , Hérard , a mulatto , faced a rebellion by blacks in Port - au - Prince . The two regiments of Dominicans were among those used by Hérard to suppress the uprising . In December 1843 the rebels told Duarte to return since they had to act quickly because they were afraid the Haitians had learned of their insurrection plans . When Duarte had not returned by February , because of illness , the rebels decided to take action anyway with the leadership of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez , Ramón Matías Mella , and Pedro Santana , a wealthy cattle - rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army of peons who worked on his estates . War of independence Duarte , briefly a member of the governing junta , for a time commanded an armed force as well .",
"4": "He was temperamentally unsuited for generalship , however , and the junta eventually replaced him with General José María Imbert . One of the three main leaders of the Trinitaria movement that ignited the war in 1844 was army General Francisco Sánchez . Other of the three main leaders of the Trinitaria movement that ignited the war in 1844 was army General Ramón Mella , but he and the other Trinitarians soon lost political control to General Pedro Santana , who commanded the army 's victories in the field . On February 27 , 1844 , some 100 Dominicans seized the fortress of Puerta del Conde in the city of Santo Domingo , and the following day the Haitian garrison surrendered . As these Haitian troops withdrew to the west side of the island , they pillaged and burned . Mella headed the provisional governing junta of the new Dominican Republic . On March 14 , Duarte finally returned after recovering from his illness and was greeted in celebration . Haitian Commander , Charles Rivière - Hérard , sent three columns totaling 30,000 men to crush the Dominican uprising . In the south , Hérard was checked by Dominican forces led by Pedro Santana at Azua on March 19 . In the north , General Jean - Louis Pierrot and 15,000 Haitians were repelled in an attack on Santiago by the garrison commanded by José María Imbert . As the Haitians retreated , they laid waste to land . Meanwhile , at sea , the Dominican schooners Maria Chica ( 3 guns ) , commanded by Juan Bautista Maggiolo , and the Separación Dominicana ( 5 guns ) , commanded by Juan Bautista Cambiaso , defeated a Haitian brigantine Pandora ( unk guns ) plus schooners Le signifie ( unk guns ) and La Mouche ( unk guns ) off Tortuguero on April 15 . On June 17 , 1845 , the Dominicans , only a little over a year after winning independence from Haiti , invaded their former master in retaliation for Haitian border raids . The invaders captured two towns on the Plateau du Centre and established a bastion at Cachimán .",
"5": "Haitian President Jean - Louis Pierrot quickly mobilized his army and counterattacked on July 22 , driving the invaders from Cachimán and back across the frontier . In the first significant naval action between the Hispaniolan rivals , a Dominican squadron captured 3 small Haitian warships and 149 seamen off Puerto Plata on December 21 . On March 9 , 1849 , President Faustin Soulouque of Haiti led 10,000 troops in an invasion of the Dominican Republic . Dominican General ( and presidential contender ) Santana raised 6,000 soldiers and , with the help of several gunboats , routed the Haitian invaders at El Número on April 17 and at Las Carreras on April 21 -- 22 . In November 1849 , a small naval campaign was undertaken in which Dominican government schooners captured Anse - à - Pitres and one or two other villages on the southern coast of Haiti , which were sacked and burned by the Dominicans . The Dominicans also captured Dame - Marie , which they plundered and set on fire . By late 1854 the Hispaniolan nations were at war again . In November , 2 Dominican ships captured a Haitian warship and bombarded two Haitian ports . In November 1855 , Soulouque , having proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I of a Haitian empire which he hoped to expand to include the Dominican Republic , invaded his neighbor again , this time with a ravaging and looting army of 30,000 men marching in three columns . But again the Dominicans proved to be superior soldiers , defeating Soulouque 's army , which vastly outnumbered them . Notes ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Knight 2014 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Marley 2005 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Scheina 2003 . Jump up ^ The members of La Trinitaria . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ The battle opened with a cannon barrage and devolved into a hand - to - hand bloodbath . Neither side took prisoners .",
"6": "Jump up ^ As the remnants of the Haitian army retreated along the southern coastal road , they were under fire from a small Dominican squadron . The Haitians hastily burned the town of Azua and the hamlets of Neiba , San Juan , and Las Matas . Jump up ^ Schoenrich 1918 . Jump up ^ Léger 1907 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ It was the last Haitian invasion , but Haiti did not formally recognize the independence of the Dominican Republic until 1874 . References Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . Schoenrich , Otto ( 1918 ) . Santo Domingo : A Country with a Future . Library of Alexandria . Marley , David ( 2005 ) . Historic Cities of the Americas : An Illustrated Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . Scheina , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars . Potomac Books . Knight , Franklin W. ( 2014 ) . The Modern Caribbean . UNC Press Books . Léger , Jacques Nicolas ( 1907 ) . Haiti : Her History and Her Detractors . The Neale Publishing Company .",
"7": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_War_of_Independence&oldid=837243477 '' Categories : Wars of independence Conflicts in 1844 Conflicts in 1845 Conflicts in 1849 Conflicts in 1855 19th century in the Dominican Republic Wars involving the Dominican Republic Wars involving Haiti Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Hrvatski Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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5,
1,
0,
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[
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1122605495295045742
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how did early humans make use of stones during the prehistoric period
|
[
"start fires",
"hunt",
"bury their dead",
"to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead"
] |
{
"0": "Prehistoric technology - wikipedia Prehistoric technology Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Ancient technology be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2015 . Main article : History of technology A reconstruction of a Neanderthal male from the Neanderthal Museum Prehistoric technology is technology that predates recorded history . History is the study of the past using written records . Anything prior to the first written accounts of history is prehistoric , including earlier technologies . About 2.5 million years before writing was developed , technology began with the earliest hominids who used stone tools , which they may have used to start fires , hunt , and bury their dead . There are several factors that made the evolution of prehistoric technology possible or necessary . One of the key factors is behavioral modernity of the highly developed brain of Homo sapiens capable of abstract reasoning , language , introspection , and problem solving . The advent of agriculture resulted in lifestyle changes from nomadic lifestyles to ones lived in homes , with domesticated animals , and land farmed using more varied and sophisticated tools . Art , architecture , music and religion evolved over the course of the prehistoric periods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Old World 1.1 Stone Age 1.1. 1 Lower Paleolithic 1.1. 2 Middle Paleolithic 1.1. 3 Upper Paleolithic Revolution 1.1. 4 Mesolithic period 1.1.",
"1": "5 Neolithic Revolution 1.2 Bronze Age 1.3 Iron Age 2 New World 2.1 Lithic 2.2 Archaic 2.3 Formative 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Old World ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Stone Age ( edit ) The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used in the manufacture of implements with a sharp edge , a point , or a percussion surface . The period lasted roughly 2.5 million years , from the time of early hominids to Homo sapiens in the later Pleistocene era , and largely ended between 6000 and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking . The Stone Age lifestyle was that of hunter - gatherers who traveled to hunt game and gather wild plants , with minimal changes in technology . As the last glacial period of the current ice age neared its end ( about 12,500 years ago ) , large animals like the mammoth and bison antiquus became extinct and the climate changed . Humans adapted by maximizing the resources in local environments , gathering and eating a wider range of wild plants and hunting or catching smaller game .",
"2": "Domestication of plants and animals with early stages in the Old World ( Afro - Eurasia ) Mesolithic and New World ( American continent ) Archaic periods led to significant changes and reliance on agriculture in the Old World Neolithic and New World Formative stage . The agricultural life led to more settled existences and significant technological advancements . Although Paleolithic cultures left no written records , the shift from nomadic life to settlement and agriculture can be inferred from a range of archaeological evidence . Such evidence includes ancient tools , cave paintings , and other prehistoric art , such as the Venus of Willendorf . Human remains also provide direct evidence , both through the examination of bones , and the study of mummies . Though concrete evidence is limited , scientists and historians have been able to form significant inferences about the lifestyle and culture of various prehistoric peoples , and the role technology played in their lives . Lower Paleolithic ( edit ) The Lower Paleolithic period was the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age . It spans the time from around 2.5 million years ago when the first evidence of craft and use of stone tools by hominids appears in the current archaeological record , until around 300,000 years ago , spanning the Oldowan ( `` mode 1 '' ) and Acheulean ( `` mode 2 '' ) lithic technology . Early human ( hominid ) used stone tool technology , such as a hand axe that was similar to that used by primates , which are found to have intelligence levels of modern children aged 3 to 5 years . Intelligence and use of technology did not change much for millions of years . The first `` Homo '' species began with Homo habilis about 2.4 to 1.5 million years ago . Homo habilis ( `` handy man ' ) created stone tools called Oldowan tools . Homo ergaster lived in eastern and southern Africa about 2.5 to 1.7 million years ago and used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than its predecessor , Homo habilis , including having refined the inherited Oldowan tools and developed the first Acheulean bifacial axes .",
"3": "Homo erectus ( `` upright man '' ) lived about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago in West Asia and Africa and is thought to be the first hominid to hunt in coordinated groups , use complex tools , and care for infirm or weaker companions . Homo antecessor the earliest hominid in Northern Europe lived from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago and used stone tools . Homo heidelbergensis lived between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago and used stone tool technology similar the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus . European and Asian sites dating back 1.5 million years ago seem to indicate controlled use of fire by Homo erectus . A northern Israel site from about 690,000 to 790,000 years ago suggests that man could light fires . Homo heidelbergensis may have been the first species to bury their dead about 500,000 years ago . Middle Paleolithic ( edit ) The Middle Paleolithic period occurred in Europe and the Near East , during which the Neanderthals lived ( c. 300,000 -- 28,000 years ago ) . The earliest evidence ( Mungo Man ) of settlement in Australia dates to around 40,000 years ago when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island - hopping . The Bhimbetka rock shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India , some of which are approximately 30,000 years old . Homo neanderthalensis used Mousterian Stone tools that date back to around 300,000 years ago and include smaller , knife - like and scraper tools . They buried their dead in shallow graves along with stone tools and animal bones , although the reasons and significance of the burials are disputed . Homo sapiens , the only living species in the Homo genus , originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago . As compared to their predecessors , Homo sapiens had greater mental capability and ability to walk erect , which provided freed hands for manipulating objects and far greater use of tools . There was art created during this period . Intentional burial , particularly with grave goods , may be one of the earliest detectable forms of religious practice since it may signify a `` concern for the dead that transcends daily life . ''",
"4": "The earliest undisputed human burial so far dates back 130,000 years . Human skeletal remains stained with red ochre were discovered in the Skhul cave at Qafzeh , Israel with a variety of grave goods . Upper Paleolithic Revolution ( edit ) During the Upper Paleolithic Revolution , advancements in human intelligence and technology changed radically with the advent of Behavioral modernity between 60,000 and 30,000 years ago . Behavioral modernity is a set of traits that distinguish Homo sapiens from extinct hominid lineages . Homo sapiens reached full behavior modernity around 50,000 years ago due to a highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning , language , introspection , and problem solving . Aurignacian tools , such as stone bladed tools , tools made of antlers , and tools made of bones were created during this period . People began creating clothing . What appear to be sewing needles were found around 40,000 years ago and dyed flax fibers dated 36,000 BP were found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia . Human beings may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 190,000 years ago . Cultural aspects emerged , such as art of the Upper Paleolithic period , which included cave painting , sculpture such as the Venus figurines , carvings and engravings of bone and ivory . The most common subject matter was large animals that were hunted by the people of the time . The Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain and Côa Valley Paleolithic Art are examples of such artwork . Musical instruments such as flutes emerged during this period . Mesolithic period ( edit ) The Mesolithic period was a transitional era between the Paleolithic hunter - gatherers , beginning with the Holocene warm period around 11,660 BP and ending with the Neolithic introduction of farming , the date of which varied in each geographical region . Adaptation was required during this period due to climate changes that affected environment and the types of available food . Small stone tools called microliths , including small bladelets and microburins , emerged during this period . For instance , spears or arrows were found at the earliest known Mesolithic battle site at Cemetery 117 in the Sudan .",
"5": "Holmegaard bows were found in the bogs of Northern Europe dating from the Mesolithic period . Neolithic Revolution ( edit ) The Neolithic Revolution was the first agricultural revolution , representing a transition from hunting and gathering nomadic life to an agriculture existence . It evolved independently in six separate locations worldwide circa 10,000 -- 7000 years BP ( 8,000 -- 5,000 BC ) . The earliest known evidence exists in the tropical and subtropical areas of southwestern / southern Asia , northern / central Africa and Central America . There are some key defining characteristics . The Introduction of agriculture resulted in a shift from nomadic to more sedentary lifestyles , and the use of agricultural tools such as the plough , digging stick and hoe ( tool ) made agricultural labor more efficient . Animals were domesticated , including dogs . Another defining characteristic of the period was the emergence of pottery , and , in the late Neolithic period , the wheel was introduced for making pottery . Neolithic architecture included houses and villages built of mud - brick and wattle and daub and the construction of storage facilities , tombs and monuments . Copper metalworking was employed as early as 9000 BC in the Middle East ; and a copper pendant found in northern Iraq dated to 8700 BC . Ground and polished stone tools continued to be created and used during the Neolithic period . Numeric record keeping evolved from a system of counting using small clay tokens that began in Sumer about 8000 BC . Bronze Age ( edit ) A late Bronze Age sword or dagger blade . The Stone Age developed into the Bronze Age after the Neolithic Revolution . The Neolithic Revolution involved radical changes in agricultural technology which included development of agriculture , animal domestication , and the adoption of permanent settlements . The Bronze Age is characterised by metal smelting of copper and its alloy bronze , an alloy of tin and copper , to create implements and weapons . Polished stone tools continued to be used due to their abundance compared with the less common metals ( especially tin ) . This technological trend apparently began in the Fertile Crescent , and spread outward . Iron Age ( edit ) An axehead made of iron , dating from Swedish Iron Age . The Iron Age involved the adoption of iron or steel smelting technology , either by casting or forging .",
"6": "Iron replaced bronze , and made it possible to produce tools which were stronger , lighter and cheaper to make than bronze equivalents . The best tools and weapons were made from steel . Other societal changes often accompanied the introduction of iron , including practice changes in art , religion and agriculture . The Iron Age ends with the beginning of the historic periods , generally marked by the development of written language that enabled creation of historic records . The timing of the adoption of iron depended upon `` the availability of iron ore and the state of knowledge '' . Iron was smelted in Egypt about 6000 B.C. and iron replaced bronze in the Middle East about 1500 B.C. Chinese began casting iron about 5000 B.C. and their methods for casting iron was the precursor to modern steel manufacturing methods . Most of Asia , however , did not adopt production of iron until the historic period . In Europe , iron was introduced about 1100 B.C. and had replaced bronze for creating weapons and tools by 500 B.C. They made iron through the forging smelting process and integrated casting in the Middle Ages . Large hill forts or oppida were built either as a refuge in time of war , or sometimes as permanent settlements . Agricultural practices were made more efficient with more effective and varied iron tools . In Europe , the Iron Age is the last prehistoric period and is followed by the Middle Ages . Iron was extracted from metal ore starting about 2000 B.C. in Africa . New World ( edit ) Main article : Archaeology of the Americas The New World , or American , periods began with the crossing of the Paleo - Indians , Athabaskan , Aleuts and Eskimos along the Bering Land Bridge onto the North American continent . The Paleo - Indians were the first people who entered , and subsequently inhabited , the American continent during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period . Evidence suggests big - game hunters crossed the Bering Strait from Asia into North America over a land and ice bridge ( Beringia ) , that existed between 45,000 BCE -- 12,000 BCE , following herds of large herbivores far into Alaska .",
"7": "In their book , Method and Theory in American Archaeology , Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips defined five cultural stages for the Americas , including the three prehistoric Lithic , Archaic and Formative stages . The historic stages are the Classic and Post-Classic stages . Lithic ( edit ) The Lithic period occurred from 12,000 to 6,000 years before present and included the Clovis , Folsom and Plano cultures . Clovis culture was considered the first culture to use projectile points to hunt on the North American continent . Since then , a pre-Clovis site was found in Manis , Washington that found use of projectile points to hunt mastodons . Archaic ( edit ) The Archaic period in the Americas was dated from 8,000 to 2,000 years before present . People were hunters of small game , such as deer , antelope and rabbits , and gatherers of wild plants , moving seasonally to hunting and gathering sites . Late in the Archaic period , about 200 - 500 A.D. , corn was introduced into the diet and pottery - making became an occupation for storing and caring food . Formative ( edit ) The Formative stage followed the Archaic period in the Americas and continued until there was contact by European people . Some of the cultures from that period include that of the Ancient Pueblo People , Mississippian culture and Olmec cultures . Cultures of the Formative Stage are supposed to possess the technologies of pottery , weaving , and developed food production . Social organization is supposed to involve permanent towns and villages , as well as the first ceremonial centers . Ideologically , an early priestly class or theocracy is often present or in development . Gallery ( edit ) Reconstruction of how Homo erectus may have looked Model of a male Homo antecessor of Atapuerca mountains ( Ibeas Museum , Burgos , Spain ) Reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis Fire started using a bow drill Selection of prehistoric tools Aurochs on a cave painting in Lascaux , France See also ( edit ) List of prehistoric artworks Paleolithic Timeline of human prehistory Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ During the Paleolithic Age , archaic humans had a lifestyle which involved limited use of tools and few permanent settlements .",
"8": "The first major technologies , then , were tied to survival , hunting , and food preparation in this environment . Fire , stone tools and weapons , and clothing were technological developments of major importance during this period . Stone Age cultures developed music , and engaged in organized warfare . A subset of Stone Age humans , including Ngaro Aborigines , developed ocean - worthy outrigger canoe technology , leading to an eastward migration across the Malay archipelago , across the Indian ocean to Madagascar and also across the Pacific Ocean , which required knowledge of the ocean currents , weather patterns , sailing , celestial navigation , and star maps . The early Stone Age is described as Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic . The former is generally used to describe the early Stone Age in areas with limited glacial impact . The later Stone Age , during which the rudiments of agricultural technology were developed , is called the Neolithic period . During this period , polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks such as flint , jade , jadeite and greenstone , largely by working exposures as quarries , but later the valuable rocks were pursued by tunnelling underground , the first steps in mining technology . The polished axes were used for forest clearance and the establishment of crop farming , and were so effective as to remain in use when bronze and iron appeared . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassells , E. Steve . ( 1997 ) . The Archaeology of Colorado , Revised Edition . Boulder , Colorado : Johnson Books . pp. 6 - 14 . ISBN 1 - 55566 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0114_040114_siberianhumans.html ^ Jump up to : Gabora , Liane ; Russon , Anne . `` The Evolution of Intelligence . '' chapter in Sternberg , Robert J. ; Kaufman , Scott Barry . ( editors ) . ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence . Cambridge University Press . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51806 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leakey , Richard ( 1981 ) . The Making of Mankind . Dutton Adult . pp. 65 - 66 .",
"9": "ISBN 0 - 525 - 15055 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble . ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Fossils in Kenya Challenge Linear Evolution New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dalling , Robert . ( 2006 ) . The Story of Us Humans , From Atoms to Today 's Civilization . Lincoln : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 391176 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Black , Linda ; Krieger , Larry S. ; Naylor , Phillip C. ; Shabaka , Dahia Ibo. ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Boehm , Christopher . ( 1999 ) . Hierarchy in the forest : the evolution of egalitarian behavior . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39031 - 8 . Jump up ^ New discovery suggests Homo erectus originated from Asia Daily News & Analysis . June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew . ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Norfolk earliest known settlement in northern Europe . '' London : The Daily Telegraph Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab . ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Humans ' early arrival in Britain . '' BBC Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rightmire , G.P. ( 1998 ) . `` Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene : The Role of Homo heidelbergensis '' ( PDF ) . Evolutionary Anthropology. 6 ( 6 ) : 218 -- 227 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6505 ( 1998 ) 6 : 6 < 218 : : AID - EVAN4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 6 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Fire out of Africa : a key to the migration of prehistoric man . The Hebrew Museum of Jerusalem . October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Mystery of the Pit of Bones , Atapuerca , Spain : Species Homo heidelbergensis . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Skinner , A. ; Blackwell , B. ; Long , R. ; Seronie - Vivien , M.R. ; Tillier , A. - M. ; Blickstein , J. ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` New ESR dates for a new bone - bearing layer at Pradayrol , Lot , France '' . Paleoanthropology Society . Jump up ^ Scarre , Chris . ( 2009 ) . The Human Past : World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies . ( 2nd edition ) . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28781 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Evolving in their graves : early burials hold clues to human origins - research of burial rituals of Neanderthals . '' Findarticles.com December 15 , 2001 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sternberg , Robert J. ; Kaufman , Scott Barry . ( editors ) . ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence . Cambridge University Press . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51806 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Philip . ( 1991 ) . Uniquely Human . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 92183 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Philip Uniquely Human . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 92183 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mellars , Paul ( 2006 ) . `` Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca . 60,000 years ago ? A new model '' .",
"11": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 25 ) : 9381 -- 9386 . PMC 1480416 . PMID 16772383 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0510792103 . Jump up ^ Mellars , Paul ( 2006 ) . `` Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe : Deconstructing the Aurignacian '' . Evolutionary Anthropology. 15 : 167 -- 182 . doi : 10.1002 / evan. 20103 . Jump up ^ Travis , John . `` The Naked Truth ? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing . '' Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Balter , M ( 2009 ) . `` Clothes Make the ( Hu ) Man '' . Science . 325 ( 5946 ) : 1329 . PMID 19745126 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 325_1329a . Jump up ^ Kvavadze , E ; Bar - Yosef , O ; Belfer - Cohen , A ; Boaretto , E ; Jakeli , N ; Matskevich , Z ; Meshveliani , T ( 2009 ) . `` Supporting Online Material 30,000 - Year - Old Wild Flax Fibers '' . Science . 325 ( 5946 ) : 1359 . PMID 19745144 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1175404 . Jump up ^ Travis , John . ( 2003 ). `` The naked truth ? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing . '' Science News . 164 ( 8 ) : 118 . Jump up ^ Ian Shaw , Robert Jameson. ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Archaeology . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . pp. 394 , 396 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 17423 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dawn of Ancient Warfare . Ancient Military History . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Comstock , P. ( 1992 ) .",
"12": "Ancient European Bows , The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 2 . The Lyons Press . pp. 87 - 88 . ISBN 1 - 58574 - 086 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Anil ( 2010 ) . `` Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 87 : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Shaw , Robert Jameson. ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Archaeology . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . pp. 422 - 423 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 17423 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ian Shaw , Robert Jameson. ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Archaeology . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 17423 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ian Shaw , Robert Jameson. ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Archaeology . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . pp. 72 , 390 , 422 - 423 , 466 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 17423 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` CSA -- Discovery Guides , A Brief History of Copper . '' CSA.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Rayner , W. ( 2007 ) . Jewelrymaking through History : an Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33507 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schmandt - Besserat , Denise . ( 1997 ) . How Writing Came About . University of Texas Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77704 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Ann Kipfer ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology . Springer . pp. 257 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 46158 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica : A reference library of general knowledge . ( 1897 ) . Chicago : E.G. Melvin . Jump up ^ Theodore Wertime and J.D. Muhly , eds . The Coming of the Age of Iron ( New Haven , 1980 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spoerl , Joseph S. A Brief History of Iron and Steel Production ... Saint Anselm College . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pamela Crabtree ( 12 October 2000 ) . Medieval Archaeology : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 80181 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pamela Crabtree ( 12 October 2000 ) . Medieval Archaeology : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 80181 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cassells , E. Steve . ( 1997 ) . The Archaeology of Colorado , Revised Edition . Boulder , Colorado : Johnson Books . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55566 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of the Human Journey - The Genographic Project . '' Archived 2011 - 05 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . National Geographic Society . 1996 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Viegas , Jennifer . `` First Americans Endured 20,000 - Year Layover . '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Discovery News . Jump up ^ Willey , Gordon R. ( 1989 ) . Glyn Edmund Daniel and Christopher Chippindale ( eds . ) . The Pastmasters : Eleven Modern Pioneers of Archaeology . New York : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05051 - 1 . OCLC 19750309 . ^ Jump up to : Cassells , E. Steve . ( 1997 ) .",
"14": "The Archaeology of Colorado . ( revised edition ) . Boulder : Johnson Books . p. 9 . ISBN 9781 - 55566 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bhanoo , Sindya N. ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Big - Game Hunt Adds to Evidence of Early North American Settlement . '' New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kipfer , Barbara Ann . ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology . New York : Plenum Publisher . p. 341 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46158 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips ( 1957 ) . Method and Theory in American Archaeology . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89888 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Fagan , Brian ; Shermer , Michael ; Wrangham , Richard . ( 2010 ) . Science & Humanity : From Past to the Future . Los Angeles Times Festival of Books . Karlin , C. ; Julien , M. Prehistoric technology : a cognitive science ? University of Washington . Klein , Richard . ( 2009 ) . The Human Career : Human Biological and Cultural Origins , Third Edition . Palmer , Douglas . ( 1999 ) . Atlas of the Prehistoric World . Discovery Channel Books . Schick , Kathy Diane . ( 1994 ) . Making Silent Stones Speak : Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology . Tudge , Colin. ( 1997 ) . The Time Before History : 5 Million Years of Human Impact . Touchstone . Wescott , David . ( 2001 ) . Primitive Technology : A Book of Earth Skills . Wescott , David . ( 2001 ) . Primitive Technology II : Ancestral Skill - From the Society of Primitive Technology . Wrangham , Richard . ( 2010 ) . Catching Fire : How Cooking Made Us Human . Basic Books ; First Trade Paper Edition . Zimmer , Carl . ( 2007 ) .",
"15": "Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins. Harper Perennial . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPrehistoric technologyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Ancient human occupation of Britain Department of Prehistory of Europe , British Museum Index of Ancient Sites and Monuments , Ancient Wisdom Online Exhibits , University of California Museum of Paleontology Prehistoric Science and Technology , Ancient Wisdom Prehistoric Technology , Ancient Arts Prehistoric Technology , Access Science Prehistoric Technology , Royal Alberta Museum , Canada Prehistory for Kids Show me : Prehistory , Interactive , educational site Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History Timeline : 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE , Jeremy Norman Quinson 's Museum of Prehistory , France ( hide ) Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile",
"16": "points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut",
"17": "Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram",
"18": "Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S.",
"19": "sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Outlines General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_technology&oldid=787545685 '' Categories : History of technology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from December 2015 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools 한국어 Hrvatski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 00 : 32 .",
"20": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who wrote the text for jeanie with the light brown hair
|
[
"Stephen Foster",
"Stephen Foster",
"Stephen Foster",
"Stephen Foster",
"Stephen Foster"
] |
{
"0": "Jeanie with the light brown hair - wikipedia Jeanie with the light brown hair Jump to : navigation , search For the television show , see Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( anime ) . `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' Original sheet music cover Song Published 1854 Genre Parlor song Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Foster `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' is a parlor song by Stephen Foster ( 1826 -- 1864 ) . It was published by Firth , Pond & Co. of New York in 1854 . Foster wrote the song with his estranged wife Jane McDowell in mind . The lyrics allude to a permanent separation . `` Jeanie '' was a notorious beneficiary of the ASCAP boycott of 1941 . During this period , most modern music could not be played by the major radio broadcasters due to a dispute over licensing fees . The broadcasters used public - domain songs during this period , and according to a 1941 article in Time magazine , `` So often had BMI 's Jeannie ( sic ) With the Light Brown Hair been played that she was widely reported to have turned grey . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Lyrics 3 Other versions 4 In popular culture 5 References Background ( edit ) House in Hoboken , New Jersey where Foster is believed to have written Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair . In 1850 , Stephen Foster married Jane Denny McDowell , whose nickname was `` Jennie . '' The marriage was short - lived , however , as the pair suffered numerous conflicts and ultimately separated in 1853 . Perhaps in an attempt to win back his wife , Foster composed `` Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair '' in 1854 . The opening texts of each stanza support the speculation that the song was written with Jane in mind : `` I dream of Jeanie '' ( verse one ) ; `` I long for Jeanie '' ( verse two ) ; and `` I sigh for Jeanie '' ( verse three ) . Although the song remains one of Foster 's most beloved parlor ballads , it was not commercially successful . It was virtually unknown during its time and the initial ten thousand copies sold earned Foster only just over $200 in royalties .",
"1": "Foster , who experienced financial difficulty through most of his career , had to sell the rights to `` Jeanie '' ( as well as other songs , including `` Old Folks at Home '' ) to make ends meet . After his death , the rights to `` Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair '' reverted to Jane , and then to Foster 's daughter Marion in 1879 . Lyrics ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair I dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair , Borne , like a zephyr , on the summer air ; I see her tripping where the bright streams play , Happy as the daisies that dance on her way . Many were the wild notes her merry voice would pour . Many were the blithe birds that warbled them o'er : Oh ! I dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair , Floating , like a vapor , on the soft summer air . I long for Jeanie with the daydawn smile , Radiant in gladness , warm with winning guile ; I hear her melodies , like joys gone by , Sighing round my heart o'er the fond hopes that die : -- Sighing like the night wind and sobbing like the rain , -- Wailing for the lost one that comes not again : Oh ! I long for Jeanie , and my heart bows low , Never more to find her where the bright waters flow . I sigh for Jeanie , but her light form strayed Far from the fond hearts round her native glade ; Her smiles have vanished and her sweet songs flown , Flitting like the dreams that have cheered us and gone . Now the nodding wild flowers may wither on the shore While her gentle fingers will cull them no more : Oh ! I sigh for Jeanie with the light brown hair , Floating , like a vapor , on the soft summer air . Other versions ( edit ) Bing Crosby recorded the song on March 22 , 1940 for Decca Records with John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra . Violinist Jascha Heifetz transcribed the song for the violin and it became a signature piece for him for years . The transcription has been performed by many subsequent violinists .",
"2": "The song 's ubiquitous airplay in the 1940s led Spike Jones to create a parody , called `` I Dream of Brownie with the Light Blue Jeans . '' In the song , it turns out that `` Brownie '' is a wire - haired terrier . The instrumental interlude contains a number of references to other Stephen Foster songs . Les Brown 's 1941 big - band song , `` Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio '' , contained the quip , `` We dream of Joey with the light brown bat . '' The 1960 Bugs Bunny short From Hare To Heir , in which Bugs Bunny continually tries to provoke Yosemite Sam into losing his temper , features Bugs ' version `` I dream of Jeanie , she 's a light brown hare ... '' His version also appears in the cartoon Apes of Wrath . Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble sang a version of the song in an episode of The Flintstones titled , `` The House Guests '' , which originally aired on December 22 , 1961 . The lyrics they used were , `` My bosom buddy and my lifelong pal ... lah dee dee dah ... '' . They were trying to prove to Wilma and Betty that they could get along together without fighting while the Rubbles were forced to live with the Flintstones for a week due a water main break in the Rubbles ' house . The character of Laura Petrie , while under the influence of prescription tranquilizers and wine , sings a version of the song in the Season 4 episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show entitled `` Pink Pills and Purple Parents '' ( 1964 ) . The character , played by Mary Tyler Moore , sings the tune with the lyrics `` I dream of Laura with the light brown hair , floating like a zeppelin on the summer air . '' On The Alvin Show , David Seville , while courting a young woman , sang the song to her in a boat , much to the annoyance of Alvin and the Chipmunks , who retaliated with a silly and disrespectful spoof : `` We dream of Jeanie with the green - purple hair / She looks so funny , people stop and stare ... '' which insults Dave 's girlfriend and irritates Dave himself ... and as penance the Chipmunks are forced to sing the song repeatedly with the correct lyrics until they know them by heart .",
"3": "On the September 8 , 1966 episode of F Troop , `` The Singing Mountie '' , Paul Lynde as the title character sings the song to blonde Wrangler Jane as `` I Dream of Wrangler with the light yellow hair . '' Joan Baez paired the song with `` Danny Boy '' , for the medley `` I Dream of Jeanie / Danny Boy '' , which closes her 1975 album Diamonds & Rust . Stina Nordenstam includes an original reworking of the song in her 1998 People Are Strange album of covers . In popular culture ( edit ) The opening line notably got used as the basis for the title of the TV series I Dream of Jeannie . In the 1956 Bugs Bunny short `` Broomstick Bunny , '' a play on the title is used in the closing lines : `` Hello , air - raid headquarters ? Well , you 're not gon na believe this , but I just saw a genie with light brown hair chasing a flying sorceress . '' A few lines of the song 's first stanza are sung loudly , a cappella , in the Band of Brothers episode `` Bastogne '' by soldiers Joseph Liebgott , James Alley and an unnamed soldier in a foxhole , shortly before being shelled by Nazi artillery . In the John Cassavetes motion picture Faces , an important scene occurs which revolves around the singing of this song . The full title is used as the nickname for character Jeanie in Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , most notably several times in the episode `` The Cold Open '' . One of the Pink Panther animated cartoons is entitled Genie with the Light Pink Fur ; it is about a magic lamp that turns the Pink Panther into a genie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Connell , Joanne . `` Understanding Stephen Collins Foster , His World and Music '' , ProQuest . March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No Letup '' . Time Magazine . January 27 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( September 20 , 1998 ) . `` ON THE MAP ; Stephen Foster 's Old Hoboken Home '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browne , Blaine T. ; Cottrell , Robert C.",
"4": "( 2010 ) . Lives and Times : Individuals and Issues in American History : To 1877 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0742561922 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Pills and Purple Parents '' at IMDB ( hide ) Stephen Foster List of songs written by Stephen Foster Songs Minstrel songs Angelina Baker ( 1850 ) Camptown Races ( 1850 ) The Glendy Burk ( 1860 ) My Old Kentucky Home ( 1853 ) Oh ! Susanna ( 1848 ) Old Folks at Home ( Swanee River ) ( 1851 ) Parlor songs Ah !",
"5": "May the Red Rose Live Alway Open Thy Lattice Love Beautiful Dreamer ( 1864 ) Hard Times Come Again No More ( 1854 ) Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( 1854 ) Old Black Joe ( 1853 ) Willie Has Gone To War ( 1862 ) History and biographers History and biographies The Stephen Foster Collection and archive William Barclay Foster Eliza Clayland Tomlinson Foster Morrison Foster Horace Waters Harold Vincent Milligan Jane McDowell Foster Wiley Henrietta Crosman Evelyn Foster Morneweck Films , musicals , recordings Films Harmony Lane I Dream of Jeanie Swanee River Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( anime ) Musicals Stephen Foster - The Musical Hard Times Recordings Beautiful Dreamer : The Songs of Stephen Foster State Parks My Old Kentucky Home State Park Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park Stephen C. Foster State Park Other Stephen Foster Handicap Stephen Foster Memorial Stephen Foster Memorial Day Stephen Foster ( sculpture ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanie_with_the_Light_Brown_Hair&oldid=836942574 '' Categories : 1854 songs American songs Parlor songs Songs written by Stephen Foster Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Deutsch Español 한국어 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the basic steps of rational decision making include defining goals and
|
[
"Identification of alternative plans/policies",
"Evaluation of alternative plans/policies",
"Implementation of plans/policies",
"Monitoring of effects of plans/policies"
] |
{
"0": "Rational planning model - wikipedia Rational planning model Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rational planning model is a model of the planning process involving a number of rational actions or steps . Taylor ( 1998 ) outlines five steps , as follows : Definition of the problems and / or goals ; Identification of alternative plans / policies ; Evaluation of alternative plans / policies ; Implementation of plans / policies ; Monitoring of effects of plans / policies . The rational planning model is used in planning and designing neighborhoods , cities , and regions . It has been central in the development of modern urban planning and transportation planning . The model has many limitations , particularly the lack of guidance on involving stakeholders and the community affected by planning , and other models of planning , such as collaborative planning , are now also widely used . The very similar rational decision - making model , as it is called in organizational behavior , is a process for making logically sound decisions . This multi-step model and aims to be logical and follow the orderly path from problem identification through solution . Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making logically sound decisions that aims to follow the orderly path from problem identification through solution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 1.1 Verify , define , and detail the problem 1.2 Generate all possible solutions 1.3 Generate objective assessment criteria 1.4 Choose the best solution generated 1.5 Implement the preferred alternative 1.6 Monitor and evaluate outcomes and results 1.7 Feedback 2 Discourse of rational planning model used in policy making 2.1 Decision criteria for policy analysis -- Step 2 2.2 Decision methods for policy analysis -- Step 5 2.3 Case study of rational policy analysis 3 Requirements and limitations 4 Current status 5 See also 6 Sources 7 References Method ( edit ) Rational decision - making or planning follows a series of steps detailed below : Verify , define , and detail the problem ( edit ) Verifying , defining & detailing the problem ( problem definition , goal definition , information gathering ) .",
"1": "This step includes recognizing the problem , defining an initial solution , and starting primary analysis . Examples of this are creative devising , creative ideas , inspirations , breakthroughs , and brainstorms . The very first step which is normally overlooked by the top level management is defining the exact problem . Though we think that the problem identification is obvious , many times it is not . The rational decision making model is a group - based decision making process . If the problem is not identified properly then we may face a problem as each and every member of the group might have a different definition of the problem . Hence , it is very important that the definition of the problem is the same among all group members . Only then is it possible for the group members to find alternate sources or problem solving in an effective manner . Generate all possible solutions ( edit ) This step encloses two to three final solutions to the problem and preliminary implementation to the site . In planning , examples of this are Planned Units of Development and downtown revitalizations . This activity is best done in groups , as different people may contribute different ideas or alternative solutions to the problem . Without alternative solutions , there is a chance of arriving at a non-optimal or a rational decision . For exploring the alternatives it is necessary to gather information . Technology may help with gathering this information . Generate objective assessment criteria ( edit ) Evaluative criteria are measurements to determine success and failure of alternatives . This step contains secondary and final analysis along with secondary solutions to the problem . Examples of this are site suitability and site sensitivity analysis . After going thoroughly through the process of defining the problem , exploring for all the possible alternatives for that problem and gathering information this step says evaluate the information and the possible options to anticipate the consequences of each and every possible alternative that is thought of . At this point optional criteria for measuring the success or failure of the decision taken needs to be considered . Choose the best solution generated ( edit ) This step comprises a final solution and secondary implementation to the site . At this point the process has developed into different strategies of how to apply the solutions to the site . Based on the criteria of assessment and the analysis done in previous steps , choose the best solution generated . These four steps form the core of the Rational Decision Making Model .",
"2": "Implement the preferred alternative ( edit ) This step includes final implementation to the site and preliminary monitoring of the outcome and results of the site . This step is the building / renovations part of the process . Monitor and evaluate outcomes and results ( edit ) This step contains the secondary and final monitoring of the outcomes and results of the site . This step takes place over a long period of time . Feedback ( edit ) Modify future decisions and actions taken based on the above evaluation of outcomes . Discourse of rational planning model used in policy making ( edit ) The rational model of decision - making is a process for making sound decisions in policy making in the public sector . Rationality is defined as `` a style of behavior that is appropriate to the achievement of given goals , within the limits imposed by given conditions and constraints '' . It is important to note the model makes a series of assumptions in order for it to work , such as : The model must be applied in a system that is stable , The government is a rational and unitary actor and that its actions are perceived as rational choices , The policy problem is unambiguous , There are no limitations of time or cost . Indeed , some of the assumptions identified above are also pin pointed out in a study written by the historian H.A. Drake , as he states : In its purest form , the Rational Actor approach presumes that such a figure ( as Constantine ) has complete freedom of action to achieve goals that he or she has articulated through a careful process of rational analysis involving full and objective study of all pertinent information and alternatives . At the same time , it presumes that this central actor is so fully in control of the apparatus of government that a decision once made is as good as implemented . There are no staffs on which to rely , no constituencies to placate , no generals or governors to cajole . By attributing all decision making to one central figure who is always fully in control and who acts only after carefully weighing all options , the Rational Actor method allows scholars to filter out extraneous details and focus attention on central issues . Furthermore , as we have seen , in the context of policy rational models are intended to achieve maximum social gain . For this purpose , Simon identifies an outline of a step by step mode of analysis to achieve rational decisions .",
"3": "Ian Thomas describes Simon 's steps as follows : Intelligence gathering -- data and potential problems and opportunities are identified , collected and analyzed . Identifying problems Assessing the consequences of all options Relating consequences to values -- with all decisions and policies there will be a set of values which will be more relevant ( for example , economic feasibility and environmental protection ) and which can be expressed as a set of criteria , against which performance ( or consequences ) of each option can be judged . Choosing the preferred option -- given the full understanding of all the problems and opportunities , all the consequences and the criteria for judging options . In similar lines , Wiktorowicz and Deber describe through their study on ' Regulating biotechnology : a rational - political model of policy development ' the rational approach to policy development . The main steps involved in making a rational decision for these authors are the following : The comprehensive organization and analysis of the information The potential consequences of each option The probability that each potential outcome would materialize The value ( or utility ) placed on each potential outcome . The approach of Wiktorowicz and Deber is similar to Simon and they assert that the rational model tends to deal with `` the facts '' ( data , probabilities ) in steps 1 to 3 , leaving the issue of assessing values to the final step . According to Wiktorowicz and Deber values are introduced in the final step of the rational model , where the utility of each policy option is assessed . Many authors have attempted to interpret the above - mentioned steps , amongst others , Patton and Sawicki who summarize the model as presented in the following figure ( missing ) : Defining the problem by analyzing the data and the information gathered . Identifying the decision criteria that will be important in solving the problem . The decision maker must determine the relevant factors to take into account when making the decision . A brief list of the possible alternatives must be generated ; these could succeed to resolve the problem . A critical analyses and evaluation of each criterion is brought through . For example , strength and weakness tables of each alternative are drawn and used for comparative basis . The decision maker then weights the previously identified criteria in order to give the alternative policies a correct priority in the decision . The decision - maker evaluates each alternative against the criteria and selects the preferred alternative . The policy is brought through .",
"4": "The model of rational decision - making has also proven to be very useful to several decision making processes in industries outside the public sphere . Nonetheless , many criticisms of the model arise due to claim of the model being impractical and lying on unrealistic assumptions . For instance , it is a difficult model to apply in the public sector because social problems can be very complex , ill - defined and interdependent . The problem lies in the thinking procedure implied by the model which is linear and can face difficulties in extra ordinary problems or social problems which have no sequences of happenings . This latter argument can be best illustrated by the words of Thomas R. Dye , the president of the Lincoln Center for Public Service , who wrote in his book ` Understanding Public Policy _́ the following passage : There is no better illustration of the dilemmas of rational policy making in America than in the field of health ... the first obstacle to rationalism is defining the problem . Is our goal to have good health -- that is , whether we live at all ( infant mortality ) , how well we live ( days lost to sickness ) , and how long we live ( life spans and adult mortality ) ? Or is our goal to have good medical care -- frequent visits to the doctor , wellequipped and accessible hospitals , and equal access to medical care by rich and poor alike ? The problems faced when using the rational model arise in practice because social and environmental values can be difficult to quantify and forge consensus around . Furthermore , the assumptions stated by Simon are never fully valid in a real world context . However , as Thomas states the rational model provides a good perspective since in modern society rationality plays a central role and everything that is rational tends to be prized . Thus , it does not seem strange that `` we ought to be trying for rational decision - making '' . Decision criteria for policy analysis -- step 2 ( edit ) As illustrated in Figure 1 , rational policy analysis can be broken into 6 distinct stages of analysis . Step 2 highlights the need to understand which factors should be considered as part of the decision making process . At this part of the process , all the economic , social , and environmental factors that are important to the policy decision need to be identified and then expressed as policy decision criteria .",
"5": "For example , the decision criteria used in the analysis of environmental policy is often a mix of -- Ecological impacts -- such as biodiversity , water quality , air quality , habitat quality , species population , etc . Economic efficiency -- commonly expressed as benefits and costs . Distributional equity -- how policy impacts are distributed amongst different demographics . Factors that can affect the distribution of impacts include location , ethnicity , income , and occupation . Social / Cultural acceptability -- the extent to which the policy action may be opposed by current social norms or cultural values . Operational practicality -- the capacity required to actually operationalize the policy . Legality -- the potential for the policy to be implemented under current legislation versus the need to pass new legislation that accommodates the policy . Uncertainty -- the degree to which the level of policy impacts can be known . Some criteria , such as economic benefit , will be more easily measurable or definable , while others such as environmental quality will be harder to measure or express quantitatively . Ultimately though , the set of decision criteria needs to embody all of the policy goals , and overemphasising the more easily definable or measurable criteria , will have the undesirable impact of biasing the analysis towards a subset of the policy goals . The process of identifying a suitably comprehensive decision criteria set is also vulnerable to being skewed by pressures arising at the political interface . For example , decision makers may tend to give `` more weight to policy impacts that are concentrated , tangible , certain , and immediate than to impacts that are diffuse , intangible , uncertain , and delayed . '' ^ 8 . For example , with a cap - and - trade system for carbon emissions the net financial cost in the first five years of policy implementation is a far easier impact to conceptualise than the more diffuse and uncertain impact of a country 's improved position to influence global negotiations on climate change action . Decision methods for policy analysis -- step 5 ( edit ) Displaying the impacts of policy alternatives can be done using a policy analysis matrix ( PAM ) such that shown in Table 1 . As shown , a PAM provides a summary of the policy impacts for the various alternatives and examination of the matrix can reveal the tradeoffs associated with the different alternatives . Table 1 . Policy analysis matrix ( PAM ) for SO2 emissions control .",
"6": "Once policy alternatives have been evaluated , the next step is to decide which policy alternative should be implemented . This is shown as step 5 in Figure 1 . At one extreme , comparing the policy alternatives can be relatively simple if all the policy goals can be measured using a single metric and given equal weighting . In this case , the decision method is an exercise in benefit cost analysis ( BCA ) . At the other extreme , the numerous goals will require the policy impacts to be expressed using a variety of metrics that are not readily comparable . In such cases , the policy analyst may draw on the concept of utility to aggregate the various goals into a single score . With the utility concept , each impact is given a weighting such that 1 unit of each weighted impact is considered to be equally valuable ( or desirable ) with regards to the collective well - being . Weimer and Vining also suggest that the `` go , no go '' rule can be a useful method for deciding amongst policy alternatives ^ 8 . Under this decision making regime , some or all policy impacts can be assigned thresholds which are used to eliminate at least some of the policy alternatives . In their example , one criterion `` is to minimize SO2 emissions '' and so a threshold might be a reduction SO2 emissions `` of at least 8.0 million tons per year '' . As such , any policy alternative that does not meet this threshold can be removed from consideration . If only a single policy alternative satisfies all the impact thresholds then it is the one that is considered a `` go '' for each impact . Otherwise it might be that all but a few policy alternatives are eliminated and those that remain need to be more closely examined in terms of their trade - offs so that a decision can be made . Case study of rational policy analysis ( edit ) To demonstrate the rational analysis process as described above , let 's examine the policy paper `` Stimulating the use of biofuels in the European Union : Implications for climate change policy '' by Lisa Ryan where the substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels has been proposed in the European Union ( EU ) between 2005 -- 2010 as part of a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from road transport , increase security of energy supply and support development of rural communities .",
"7": "Considering the steps of Patton and Sawicki model as in Figure 1 above , this paper only follows components 1 to 5 of the rationalist policy analysis model : Defining The Problem -- the report identifies transportation fuels pose two important challenges for the European Union ( EU ) . First , under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention , the EU has agreed to an absolute cap on greenhouse gas emissions ; while , at the same time increased consumption of transportation fuels has resulted in a trend of increasing greenhouse gas emissions from this source . Second , the dependence upon oil imports from the politically volatile Middle East generates concern over price fluctuations and possible interruptions in supply . Alternative fuel sources need to be used & substituted in place of fossil fuels to mitigate GHG emissions in the EU . Determine the Evaluation Criteria -- this policy sets Environmental impacts / benefits ( reduction of GHG 's as a measure to reducing climate change effects ) and Economical efficiency ( the costs of converting to biofuels as alternative to fossil fuels & the costs of production of biofuels from its different potential sources ) as its decision criteria . However , this paper does not exactly talk about the social impacts , this policy may have . It also does not compare the operational challenges involved between the different categories of biofuels considered . Identifying Alternative Policies -- The European Commission foresees that three alternative transport fuels : hydrogen , natural gas , and biofuels , will replace transport fossil fuels , each by 5 % by 2020 . Evaluating Alternative Policies -- Biofuels are an alternative motor vehicle fuel produced from biological material and are promoted as a transitional step until more advanced technologies have matured . By modelling the efficiency of the biofuel options the authors compute the economic and environmental costs of each biofuel option as per the evaluation criteria mentioned above . Select The Preferred Policy -- The authors suggest that the overall best biofuel comes from the sugarcane in Brazil after comparing the economic & the environmental costs . The current cost of subsidising the price difference between European biofuels and fossil fuels per tonne of CO emissions saved is calculated to be € 229 -- 2000 . If the production of European biofuels for transport is to be encouraged , exemption from excise duties is the instrument that incurs the least transactions costs , as no separate administrative or collection system needs to be established .",
"8": "A number of entrepreneurs are producing biofuels at the lower margin of the costs specified here profitably , once an excise duty rebate is given . It is likely that growth in the volume of the business will engender both economies of scale and innovation that will reduce costs substantially . Requirements and limitations ( edit ) However , there are a lot of assumptions , requirements without which the rational decision model is a failure . Therefore , they all have to be considered . The model assumes that we have or should or can obtain adequate information , both in terms of quality , quantity and accuracy . This applies to the situation as well as the alternative technical situations . It further assumes that you have or should or can obtain substantive knowledge of the cause and effect relationships relevant to the evaluation of the alternatives . In other words , it assumes that you have a thorough knowledge of all the alternatives and the consequences of the alternatives chosen . It further assumes that you can rank the alternatives and choose the best of it . The following are the limitations for the Rational Decision Making Model : requires a great deal of time requires great deal of information assumes rational , measurable criteria are available and agreed upon assumes accurate , stable and complete knowledge of all the alternatives , preferences , goals and consequences assumes a rational , reasonable , non -- political world Current status ( edit ) While the rational planning model was innovative at its conception , the concepts are controversial and questionable processes today . The rational planning model has fallen out of mass use as of the last decade . Rather than conceptualising human agents as rational planners , Lucy Suchman argues , agents can better be understood as engaging in situated action . Going further , Guy Benveniste argued that the rational model could not be implemented without taking the political context into account . See also ( edit ) Rationality and power Sources ( edit ) See working paper # 2 at http://ewp.uoregon.edu/publications/working References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Nigel ( 1998 ) . Urban Planning Theory since 1945 . London : Sage Publications . pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Stephen P. ; Timothy A. Judge ( 2007 ) . Organizational Behavior ( 12th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . pp.",
"9": "156 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0132431569 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Michael P. ( 2002 ) . Planning Theory for Practitioners . Chicago : American Planning Association . pp. 175 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert ( 1976 ) . Administrative Behavior ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83582 - 7 . Jump up ^ Drake , H.A. , ed. ( 2002 ) . Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Ian , ed. ( 2007 ) . Environmental Policy : Australian Practice in the Context of Theory . Sydney : Federation Press . ISBN 1 - 86287 - 603 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wiktorowicz , Mary ; Deber , Raisa ( May 1997 ) . `` Regulating biotechnology : a rational - political Model of policy development '' . Health Policy Journal . 40 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 138 . doi : 10.1016 / S0168 - 8510 ( 96 ) 00889 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patton , C. , Sawicki , D. ( 1986 ) . Basic methods of policy analysis and planning . NJ : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 060948 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dye , Thomas R. ( 2007 ) . Understanding Public Policy ( 12th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 936948 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan M.G. ; Kandlikar M. ; Risbey J. ; Dowlatabadi H. ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Why Conventional Tools for Policy Analysis Are Often Inadequate for Problems of Global Change '' . Climatic Change . 41 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 271 -- 281 .",
"10": "doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005469411776 . Jump up ^ Loomis , John ; Helfand , Gloria ( 2001 ) . Environmental Policy Analysis for Decision Making . Kluwer Academic . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6500 - 3 . Jump up ^ Weimer & Vining 1989 Jump up ^ Ryan L. ; Convery F. ; Ferreira S. ( November 2006 ) . `` Stimulating the use of biofuels in the European Union : Implications for climate change policy '' . Energy Policy . 34 ( 17 ) : 3184 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2005.06. 010 . Jump up ^ Suchman , Lucy ( 2007 ) . Human - Machine Reconfigurations : Plans and Situation Action ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Benveniste , Guy ( 1994 ) . Mastering the Politics of Planning . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass .",
"11": "( hide ) Urban planning General Land use Planning Planning and zoning commission Growth management Development economics Social sciences Public policy Major branches Urban Land - use planning Comprehensive planning ( US ) Spatial planning ( Eur ) Planned cities Planned community / Model village Redevelopment Urban design Urbanism Rural Conservation development Preservation development Rural housing Village design statement ( UK ) Regional Regional Planning Association of America Environmental Environmental design Environmental impact assessment Environmental planning Recreation resource planning Sustainable development Transportation planning Transportation forecasting Trip distribution Rational planning model Transit - oriented development Professional transportation planner Urban freight distribution Economic Development Community economic development Concepts / theories Movements Athens Charter Car - free movement City Beautiful movement Dark - sky movement Garden city movement Indigenous planning New Urbanism Settlement movement Smart Growth Structuralism Transition towns Theories Collaborative planning Context theory Ekistics Intelligent urbanism Livable streets Market urbanism Radical planning Urban acupuncture Urban renewal Concepts Affordable housing Cityscape Cluster development Creative city Company town Complete Communities Eminent domain ( US ) Gentrification / Brusselization Infill Healthy cities / Healthy community design LEED - ND Mixed - use development Model cities New town Placemaking Planned community Planning gain Planning Permission ( U.K. )",
"12": "Suburbia Temporary use Third place Tract housing Urban decay Urban sprawl Urbanization Verticalization / High - rise urbanism Zoning People Theorists / practitioners Thomas Adams Donald Appleyard Edmund Bacon Guy Benveniste Colin Buchanan Daniel Burnham Peter Calthorpe Konstantinos Doxiadis Andrés Duany Patrick Geddes Ebenezer Howard Kevin A. Lynch Ian McHarg Clarence Perry James Rouse Clarence Stein Raymond Unwin List of urban theorists List of urban planners Critics Elizabeth Farrelly Jane Jacobs James Howard Kunstler Lewis Mumford Randal O'Toole Related disciplines Architecture Civil engineering Urban ecology Geography Land development Landscape architecture Marine spatial planning Public health Real estate development Index of urban planning articles List of planned cities List of planning journals Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rational_planning_model&oldid=803466780 '' Categories : Decision analysis Urban planning Transportation planning Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the design period known as art deco
|
[
"1910–1939"
] |
{
"0": "Art Deco - wikipedia Art Deco Jump to : navigation , search Art Deco Left to right , top to bottom : Grand Rex movie theatre in Paris ( 1932 ) , La Musicienne by Tamara de Lempicka ( 1929 ) , salon of Paul Reynaud in Paris ( 1934 ) , Chrysler Building in New York City ( 1930 ) and hood ornament `` Victoire '' by René Lalique ( 1928 ) Years active 1910 -- 1939 Country global Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , the Art Deco style became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .",
"1": "Art Deco is one of the first truly international styles , but its dominance ended with the beginning of World War II and the rise of the strictly functional and unadorned styles of modernism and the International Style of architecture that followed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Origins 2.1 Society of Decorative Artists ( 1901 -- 1913 ) 2.2 Théâtre des Champs - Élysées ( 1910 -- 1913 ) 2.3 Salon d'Automne ( 1912 -- 1913 ) 2.4 Cubist House ( 1912 ) 3 Influences 4 Style of luxury and modernity 5 International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ( 1925 ) 6 Skyscrapers 7 Late Art Deco 8 Painting 9 Sculpture 10 Graphic arts 11 Architecture 11.1 `` Cathedrals of Commerce '' 11.2 Movie palaces 11.3 Streamline Moderne 12 Decoration and motifs 13 Furniture 14 Design 15 Jewelry 16 Glass art 17 Metal art 18 Art Deco architecture around the world 18.1 Africa 18.2 Asia 18.2. 1 Mumbai 18.2. 1.1 Origin 18.2. 1.2 Features 18.2. 1.3 The Frozen Fountain 18.2.",
"2": "2 Notable Buildings 18.3 Central America and the Caribbean 18.4 South America 18.5 Europe 18.6 Canada , Mexico , and the United States 18.7 Australia and New Zealand 19 Preservation and Neo Art Deco 20 Gallery 21 See also 22 References 23 Bibliography 24 External links Naming ( edit ) Poster for the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes Art Deco took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 , though the diverse styles that characterize Art Deco had already appeared in Paris and Brussels before World War I . The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858 ; published in the Bulletin de la Société française de photographie . In 1868 , Le Figaro newspaper used the term objets d'art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de l'Opéra . In 1875 , furniture designers , textile , jewelry and glass designers and other craftsmen were officially given the status of artists by the French government . In response to this , the École royale gratuite de dessin ( Royal Free School of Design ) founded in 1766 under King Louis XVI to train artists and artisans in crafts relating to the fine arts , was renamed the National School of Decorative Arts ( l'École nationale des arts décoratifs ) . It took its present name of ENSAD ( École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs ) in 1927 . During the 1925 Exposition the architect Le Corbusier wrote a series of articles about the exhibition for his magazine L'Esprit Nouveau under the title , `` 1925 Expo : Arts Déco '' which were combined into a book , `` L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui '' ( Decorative Art Today ) . The book was a spirited attack on the excesses of the colorful and lavish objects at the Exposition ; and on the idea that practical objects such as furniture should have any decoration at all ; his conclusion was that `` Modern decoration has no decoration '' .",
"3": "The shorthand title `` Arts Deco '' that Le Corbusier used in the articles and book was adapted in 1966 for title of the first modern exhibit on the subject , called Les Années 25 : Art déco , Bauhaus , Stijl , Esprit nouveau , which covered the variety of major styles in the 1920s and 1930s . The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times ( London , 12 November ) , describing the different styles at the exhibit . Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major academic book on the style : Art Deco of the 20s and 30s . Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times ( 2 November 1966 ) and an essay named `` Les Arts Déco '' in Elle magazine ( November 1967 ) as examples of prior usage . In 1971 , Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts , which he details in his book about it , The World of Art Deco . Origins ( edit ) Society of decorative artists ( 1901 -- 1913 ) ( edit ) A fireplace screen by the Symbolist painter Odilon Redon now in the Musée d'Orsay , Paris ( 1908 ) The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists , who until late in the 19th century had been considered simply as artisans . The term `` arts décoratifs '' had been invented in 1875 , giving the designers of furniture , textiles , and other decoration official status . The Société des artistes décorateurs ( Society of decorative artists ) , or SAD , was founded in 1901 , and decorative artists were given the same rights of authorship as painters and sculptors . A similar movement developed in Italy . The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the decorative arts , the Esposizione international d'Arte decorative moderna , was held in Turin in 1902 . Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris , including Arts et décoration and L'Art décoratif moderne .",
"4": "Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français , and later in the Salon d'automne . French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts ; French designers felt challenged by the increasing exports of less expensive German furnishings . In 1911 , the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912 . No copies of old styles were to be permitted ; only modern works . The exhibit was postponed until 1914 , then , because of the war , postponed until 1925 , when it gave its name to the whole family of styles known as Déco . The Paris department stores and fashion designers also played an important part in the rise of Art Déco . Established firms including the luggage maker Louis Vuitton silverware firm Christofle , glass designer René Lalique , and the jewelers Louis Cartier and Boucheron , who all began designing products in more modern styles . Beginning in 1900 , the Department stores had recruited decorative artists to work in their design studios . The decoration of the 1912 Salon d'Automne had been entrusted to the department store Printemps . During the same year Printemps created its own workshop called `` Primavera '' . By 1920 Primavera employed more than three hundred artists . The styles ranged from the updated versions of Louis XIV , Louis XVI and especially Louis Philippe furniture made by Louis Süe and the Primavera workshop to more modern forms from the workshop of the Au Louvre department store . Other designers , including Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann and Paul Foliot refused to use mass production , and insisted that each piece be made individually by hand . The early art deco style featured luxurious and exotic materials such as ebony , and ivory and silk , very bright colors and stylized motifs , particularly baskets and bouquets of flowers of all colors , giving a modernist look .",
"5": "Théâtre des Champs - Élysées ( 1910 -- 1913 ) ( edit ) Antoine Bourdelle , La Danse , facade of the Théâtre des Champs - Elysées , Paris ( 1912 ) Théâtre des Champs - Élysées , by Auguste Perret , 15 avenue Montaigne , Paris , ( 1910 -- 13 ) . Reinforced concrete gave architects the ability to create new forms and bigger spaces . Interior of the Théâtre des Champs - Élysées , with Bourdelle bas - reliefs over the stage Dome of the Theater , with Art - Deco rose design by Maurice Denis The Théâtre des Champs - Élysées ( 1910 -- 1913 ) , by Auguste Perret was the first landmark Art Deco building completed in Paris . Previously reinforced concrete had been used only for industrial and apartment buildings , Perret had built the first modern reinforced concrete apartment building in Paris on rue Benjamin Franklin in 1903 - 04 . Henri Sauvage , another important future Art Deco architect , built another in 1904 at 7 rue Trétaigne ( 1904 ) . From 1908 to 1910 , the 21 - year old Le Corbusier worked as a draftsman in Perret 's office , learning the techniques of concrete construction . Perret 's building had clean rectangular form , geometric decoration and straight lines , the future trademarks of Art Deco . The decor of the theater was also revolutionary ; the facade was decorated with plaques of Art Deco sculpture by Antoine Bourdelle , a dome by Maurice Denis , paintings by Édouard Vuillard , and an Art Deco curtain Ker - Xavier Roussel . The theater became famous as the venue for many of the first performances of the Ballets Russes . Perret and Sauvage became the leading Art Deco architects in Paris in the 1920s .",
"6": "Salon d'Automne ( 1912 -- 1913 ) ( edit ) Set design for Sheherazade ( 1910 ) by Leon Bakst Table and chairs by Maurice Dufrene and carpet by Paul Follot at the 1912 Salon des artistes décorateurs Art Deco armchair made for art collector Jacques Doucet ( 1912 -- 13 ) Display of early Art Deco furnishings by the Atelier Français at the 1913 Salon d'Automne from Art et décoration magazine ( 1914 ) At its birth between 1910 and 1914 , Art Deco was an explosion of colors , featuring bright and often clashing hues , frequently in floral designs , presented in furniture upholstery , carpets , screens , wallpaper and fabrics . Many colorful works , including chairs and a table by Maurice Dufrene and a bright Gobelin carpet by Paul Follot were presented at the 1912 Salon des artistes décorateurs . In 1912 -- 1913 designer Alfred Karbowsky made a floral chair with a parrot design for the hunting lodge of art collector Jacques Doucet . The furniture designers Louis Süe and André Mare made their first appearance at the 1912 exhibit , under the name of the Atelier Française , combining colorful fabrics with exotic and expensive materials , including ebony and ivory . After World War I they became one of the most prominent French interior design firms , producing the furniture for the first - class salons and cabins of the French transatlantic ocean liners . The vivid colors of Art Deco came from many sources , including the exotic set designs by Leon Bakst for the Ballets Russes , which caused a sensation in Paris just before World War I. Some of the colors were inspired by the earlier Fauvism movement led by Henri Matisse ; others by the Orphism of painters such as Sonia Delaunay ; others by the movement known as the Nabis , and in the work of symbolist painter Odilon Redon , who designed fireplace screens and other decorative objects . Bright colors were a feature of the work of fashion designer Paul Poiret , whose work influenced both Art Deco fashion and interior design .",
"7": "Cubist house ( 1912 ) ( edit ) Main article : La Maison Cubiste Design for the facade of La Maison Cubiste ( Cubist House ) by Raymond Duchamp - Villon ( 1912 ) Raymond Duchamp - Villon , 1912 , La Maison Cubiste ( Cubist House ) at the Salon d'Automne , 1912 , detail of the entrance Le Salon Bourgeois , designed by André Mare inside La Maison Cubiste , in the decorative arts section of the Salon d'Automne , 1912 , Paris . Metzinger 's Femme à l'Éventail on the left wall Joseph Csaky , 1912 , Danseuse ( Femme à l'éventail , Femme à la cruche ) , original plaster , exhibited at the 1912 Salon d'Automne and the 1914 Salon des Indépendants , a Proto - Art Deco sculpture The art style known as Cubism appeared in France between 1907 and 1912 , influencing the development of Art Deco . The Cubists , themselves under the influence of Paul Cézanne , were interested in the simplification of forms to their geometric essentials : the cylinder , the sphere , the cone . In 1912 , the artists of the Section d'Or exhibited works considerably more accessible to the general public than the analytical Cubism of Picasso and Braque . The Cubist vocabulary was poised to attract fashion , furniture and interior designers . In the 1912 writings of André Vera . Le Nouveau style , published in the journal L'Art décoratif , he expressed the rejection of Art Nouveau forms ( asymmetric , polychrome and picturesque ) and called for simplicité volontaire , symétrie manifeste , l'ordre et l'harmonie , themes that would eventually become common within Art Deco ; though with time the Deco style was often extremely colorful and anything but simple . In the Art Décoratif section of the 1912 Salon d'Automne , an architectural installation was exhibited known as the La Maison Cubiste . The facade was designed by Raymond Duchamp - Villon . The decor of the house was by the firm of Louis Süe and André Mare , who had formed a company called the Atlelier Français in 1912 .",
"8": "La Maison Cubiste was a furnished installation with a facade , a staircase , wrought iron banisters , a bedroom , a living room -- the Salon Bourgeois , where paintings by Albert Gleizes , Jean Metzinger , Marie Laurencin , Marcel Duchamp , Fernand Léger and Roger de La Fresnaye were hung . Thousands of spectators at the salon passed through the full - scale model . Jacques Doucet 's hôtel particulier , 1927 . Picasso 's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon can be seen hanging in the background The facade of the house , designed by Duchamp - Villon , was not very radical by modern standards ; the lintels and pediments had prismatic shapes , but otherwise the facade resembled an ordinary house of the period . The rooms were furnished by Mare with neo-Louis XVI and Louis - Philippe style chairs and sofas that were updated with more angular features to make hem go with the Cubist paintings . The critic Emile Sedeyn described Mare 's work in the magazine Art et Décoration : `` He does not embarrass himself with simplicity , for he multiplies flowers wherever they can be put . The effect he seeks is obviously one of picturesqueness and gaiety . He achieves it . '' The Cubist element was provided by the paintings . Despite its tameness , the installation was attacked by some critics as extremely radical , which helped make for its success . This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show , New York , Chicago and Boston . Thanks largely to the exhibition , the term `` Cubist '' began to be applied to anything modern , from women 's haircuts to clothing to theater performances . The Cubist style continued within Art Deco , even as Deco branched out in many other directions .",
"9": "In 1927 , Cubists Joseph Csaky , Jacques Lipchitz , Louis Marcoussis , Henri Laurens , the sculptor Gustave Miklos , and others collaborated in the decoration of a Studio House , rue Saint - James , Neuilly - sur - Seine , designed by the architect Paul Ruaud and owned by the French fashion designer Jacques Doucet , also a collector of Post-Impressionist art by Henri Matisse and Cubist paintings ( including Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , which he bought directly from Picasso 's studio ) . Laurens designed the fountain , Csaky designed Doucet 's staircase , Lipchitz made the fireplace mantel , and Marcoussis made a Cubist rug . Besides the Cubist artists , Doucet brought in other Deco interior designers to help in decorating the house , including Pierre Legrain , who was in charge of organizing the decoration , and Paul Iribe , Marcel Coard , André Groult , Eileen Gray and Rose Adler to provide furniture . The decor included massive pieces made of macassar ebony , inspired by African art , and furniture covered with Morocco leather , crocodile skin and snakeskin , and patterns taken from African designs . Influences ( edit ) The exoticism of the Ballets Russes had a strong influence on early Deco . A drawing of the dancer Vaslav Nijinsky by Paris fashion artist Georges Barbier ( 1913 ) Illustration by Georges Barbier of a gown by Paquin ( 1914 ) . Stylized floral designs and bright colors were a feature of early Art Deco . Stairway in the hôtel particulier of fashion designer - art collector Jacques Doucet ( 1927 ) . Design by Joseph Csaky .",
"10": "The geometric forms of Cubism had an important influence on Art Deco Lobby of 450 Sutter Street in San Francisco by Timothy Pflueger , ( 1929 ) inspired by ancient Maya art The gilded bronze Prometheus at Rockefeller Center by Paul Manship ( 1934 ) , a stylized Art Deco update of classical sculpture ( 1936 ) A ceramic vase inspired by motifs of traditional African carved wood sculpture , by Emile Lenoble ( 1937 ) , Museum of Decorative Arts , Paris Art Deco was not a single style , but a collection of different and sometimes contradictory styles . In architecture , Art Deco was the successor to and reaction against Art Nouveau , a style which flourished in Europe between 1895 and 1900 , and also gradually replaced the Beaux - Arts and neoclassical that were predominant in European and American architecture . In 1905 Eugène Grasset wrote and published Méthode de Composition Ornementale , Éléments Rectilignes , in which he systematically explored the decorative ( ornamental ) aspects of geometric elements , forms , motifs and their variations , in contrast with ( and as a departure from ) the undulating Art Nouveau style of Hector Guimard , so popular in Paris a few years earlier . Grasset stressed the principle that various simple geometric shapes like triangles and squares are the basis of all compositional arrangements . The reinforced concrete buildings of Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage , and particularly the Theatre des Champs - Elysees , offered a new form of construction and decoration which was copied worldwide . In decoration , many different styles were borrowed and used by Art Deco . They included pre-modern art from around the world and observable at the Musée du Louvre , Musée de l'Homme and the Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie . There was also popular interest in archeology due to excavations at Pompeii , Troy , and the tomb of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun . Artists and designers integrated motifs from ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Greece , Rome , Asia , Mesoamerica and Oceania with Machine Age elements . Other styles borrowed included Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism , as well as Orphism , Functionalism , and Modernism in general .",
"11": "Art Deco also used the clashing colors and designs of Fauvism , notably in the work of Henri Matisse and André Derain , inspired the designs of art deco textiles , wallpaper , and painted ceramics . It took ideas from the high fashion vocabulary of the period , which featured geometric designs , chevrons , zigzags , and stylized bouquets of flowers . It was influenced by discoveries in Egyptology , and growing interest in the Orient and in African art . From 1925 onwards , it was often inspired by a passion for new machines , such as airships , automobiles and ocean liners , and by 1930 this influence resulted in the style called streamline moderne . Style of luxury and modernity ( edit ) The boudoir of fashion designer Jeanne Lanvin ( 1922 -- 25 ) now in the Museum of Decorative Arts , Paris Bath of Jeanne Lanvin , of Sienna marble , with decoration of carved stucco and bronze ( 1922 -- 25 ) An Art Deco study by the Paris design firm of Alavoine , now in the Brooklyn Museum ( 1928 -- 30 ) The Glass Salon , designed for Suzanne Talbot by Paul Ruaud , with furniture by Eileen Gray ( 1932 ) Art Deco was associated with both luxury and modernity ; it combined very expensive materials and exquisite craftsmanship put into modernistic forms . Nothing was cheap about Art Deco : pieces of furniture included ivory and silver inlays , and pieces of Art Deco jewellry combined diamonds with platinum , jade , and other precious materials . The style was used to decorate the first - class salons of ocean liners , deluxe trains , and skyscrapers . It was used around the world to decorate the great movie palaces of the late 1920s and 1930s . Later , after the Great Depression , the style changed and became more sober . A good example of the luxury style of Art Deco is the boudoir of the fashion designer Jeanne Lanvin , designed by Armand - Albert Rateau ( 1882 - 1938 ) made between 1922 - 25 . It was located in her house at 16 rue Barbet de Jouy , in Paris , which was demolished in 1965 . The room was reconstructed in the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris .",
"12": "The walls are covered with molded lambris below sculpted bas - reliefs in stucco . The alcove is framed with columns of marble on with bases and a plinth of sculpted wood . The floor is of white and black marble , and in the cabinets decorative objects are displayed against a background of blue silk . Her bathroom had a tub and washstand made of sienna marble , with a wall of carved stucco and bronze fittings . By 1928 the style had become more comfortable , with deep leather club chairs . The study designed by the Paris firm of Alavoine for an American businessman in 1928 - 30 , now in the Brooklyn Museum , had a unique American feature . Since it was constructed during Prohibition , when serving alcohol was prohibited , it included a secret bar hidden behind the panels . By the 1930s , the style had been somewhat simplified , but it was still extravagant . In 1932 the decorator Paul Ruoud made the Glass Salon for Suzanne Talbot . It featured a serpentine armchair and two tubular armchairs by Eileen Gray , a floor of mat silvered glass slabs , a panel of abstract patterns in silver and black lacquer , and an assortment of animal skins . International exhibition of modern decorative and industrial Arts ( 1925 ) ( edit ) Postcard of the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris ( 1925 ) Pavilion of the Galeries Lafayette Department Store at the 1925 Exposition The Hotel du Riche Collectioneur , pavilion of the furniture manufacturer Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann Salon of the Hôtel du Riche Collectionneur from the 1925 International Exposition of Decorative Arts , furnished by Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann , painting by Jean Dupas Main article : International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts The event that marked the zenith of the style and gave it its name was the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts which took place in Paris from April to October in 1925 . This was officially sponsored by the French government , and covered a site in Paris of 55 acres , running from the Grand Palais on the right bank to Les Invalides on the left bank , and along the banks of the Seine .",
"13": "The Grand Palais , the largest hall in the city , was filled with exhibits of decorative arts from the participating countries . There were 15,000 exhibitors from twenty different countries , including England , Italy , Spain , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Belgium , Japan , and the new Soviet Union , though Germany was not invited because of tensions after the war and the United States , misunderstanding the purpose of the exhibit , declined to participate . It was visited by sixteen million people during its seven - month run . The rules of the exhibition required that all work be modern ; no historical styles were allowed . The main purpose of the Exhibit was to promote the French manufacturers of luxury furniture , porcelain , glass , metal work , textiles and other decorative products . To further promote the products , all the major Paris department stores and major designers had their own pavilions . The Exposition had a secondary purpose in promoting products from French colonies in Africa and Asia , including ivory and exotic woods . The Hôtel du Riche Collectionneur was a popular attraction at the Exposition ; it displayed the new furniture designs of Emile - Jacques Ruhlmann , as well as Art Deco fabrics , carpets , and a painting by Jean Dupas . The interior design followed the same principles of symmetry and geometric forms which set it apart from Art Nouveau , and bright colors , fine craftsmanship rare and expensive materials which set it apart from the strict functionality of the Modernist style . While most of the pavilions were lavishly decorated and filled with hand - made luxury furniture , two pavilions , those of the Soviet Union and Pavilion du Nouveau Esprit , built by the magazine of that name run by Le Corbusier , were built in an austere style with plain white walls and no decoration ; they were among the earliest examples of modernist architecture .",
"14": "Skyscrapers ( edit ) The American Radiator Building in New York City by Raymond Hood ( 1924 ) Chrysler Building in New York City , by William Van Alen ( 1928 -- 30 ) New York City skyline ( 1931 - 1933 ) Crown of the General Electric Building ( also known as 570 Lexington Avenue ) by Cross & Cross ( 1933 ) 30 Rockefeller Center , now the Comcast Building , by Raymond Hood ( 1933 ) American skyscrapers marked the summit of the Art Deco style ; they became the tallest and most recognizable modern buildings in the world . They were designed to show the prestige of their builders through their height , their shape , their color , and their dramatic illumination at night . The first New York skyscraper , the Woolworth Building , in a neoclassical style , was completed in 1913 , and the American Telephone and Telegraph Building ( 1924 ) had ionic and doric columns and a classical Doric hypostyle with a frieze . The American Radiator Building by Raymond Hood ( 1924 ) combined Gothic and Deco modern elements in the design of the building . Black brick on the frontage of the building ( symbolizing coal ) was selected to give an idea of solidity and to give the building a solid mass . Other parts of the facade were covered in gold bricks ( symbolizing fire ) , and the entry was decorated with marble and black mirrors . Another early Art Deco skyscraper was Detroit 's Guardian Building , which opened in 1929 . Designed by modernist Wirt C. Rowland , the building was the first to employ stainless steel as a decorative element , and the extensive use of colored designs in place of traditional ornaments . The New York skyline was radically changed by the Chrysler Building in Manhattan ( completed in 1930 ) , designed by William Van Alen . It was a giant seventy - seven floor tall advertisement for Chrysler automobiles . The top was crowned by a stainless steel spire , and was ornamented by deco `` gargoyles '' in the form of stainless steel radiator cap decorations . The base of the tower , thirty - three stories above the street , was decorated with colorful art deco friezes , and the lobby was decorated with art deco symbols and images expressing modernity .",
"15": "The Chrysler Building was followed by the Empire State Building by William F. Lamb ( 1931 ) and the RCA Building ( now the Comcast Building ) in Rockefeller Center , by Raymond Hood ( 1933 ) which together completely changed the skyline of New York . The tops of the buildings were decorated with Art Deco crowns and spires covered with stainless steel , and , in the case of the Chrysler building , with Art Deco gargoyles modeled after radiator ornaments , while the entrances and lobbies were lavishly decorated with Art Deco sculpture , ceramics , and design . Similar buildings , though not quite as tall , soon appeared in Chicago and other large American cities . The Chrysler Building was soon surpassed in height by the Empire State Building , in a slightly less lavish Deco style . Rockefeller Center added a new design element : several tall building grouped around an open plaza , with a fountain in the center . Late Art Deco ( edit ) Lincoln Theater in Miami Beach , Florida by Thomas W. Lamb ( 1936 ) The Palais de Chaillot by Louis - Hippolyte Boileau , Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma from the 1937 Paris International Exposition Stairway of the Economic and Social Council in Paris , originally the Museum of Public Works , built for the 1937 Paris International Exposition by Auguste Perret ( 1937 ) High School in King City , California , built by Robert Stanton for the Works Progress Administration ( 1939 ) In 1925 two different competing schools coexisted within Art Deco : the traditionalists , who had founded the Society of Decorative Artists ; included the furniture designer Emile - Jacques Ruhlmann , Jean Dunard , the sculptor Antoine Bourdelle , and designer Paul Poiret ; they combined modern forms with traditional craftsmanship and expensive materials . On the other side were the modernists , who increasingly rejected the past and wanted a style based upon advances in new technologies , simplicity , a lack of decoration , inexpensive materials , and mass production . The modernists founded their own organization , The French Union of Modern Artists , in 1929 .",
"16": "Its members included architects Pierre Chareau , Francis Jourdain , Robert Mallet - Stevens , Corbusier , and , in the Soviet Union , Konstantin Melnikov ; the Irish designer Eileen Gray , and French designer Sonia Delaunay , the jewelers Jean Fouquet and Jean Puiforcat . They fiercely attacked the traditional art deco style , which they said was created only for the wealthy , and insisted that well - constructed buildings should be available to everyone , and that form should follow function . The beauty of an object or building resided in whether it was perfectly fit to fulfill its function . Modern industrial methods meant that furniture and buildings could be mass - produced , not made by hand . The Art Deco interior designer Paul Follot defended Art Deco in this way : `` We know that man is never content with the indispensable and that the superfluous is always needed ... If not , we would have to get rid of music , flowers , and perfumes ... ! '' However , Le Corbusier was a brilliant publicist for modernist architecture ; he stated that a house was simply `` a machine to live in '' , and tirelessly promoted the idea that Art Deco was the past and modernism was the future . Le Corbusier 's ideas were gradually adopted by architecture schools , and the aesthetics of Art Deco were abandoned . The same features that made Art Deco popular in the beginning , its craftsmanship , rich materials and ornament , led to its decline . The Great Depression that began in the United States in 1929 , and reached Europe shortly afterwards , greatly reduced the number of wealthy clients who could pay for the furnishings and art objects . In the Depression economic climate , few companies were ready to build new skyscrapers . Even the Ruhlmann firm resorted to producing pieces of furniture in series , rather than individual hand - made items .",
"17": "The last buildings built in Paris in the new style were the Museum of Public Works by Auguste Perret ( now the French Economic , Social and Environmental Council ) and the Palais de Chaillot by Louis - Hippolyte Boileau , Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma , and the Palais de Tokyo of the 1937 Paris International Exposition ; they looked out at the grandiose pavilion of Nazi Germany , designed by Albert Speer , which faced the equally grandiose socialist - realist pavilion of Stalin 's Soviet Union . After World War II the dominant architectural style became the International Style pioneered by Le Corbusier , and Mies Van der Rohe . A handful of Art Deco hotels were built in Miami Beach after World War II , but elsewhere the style largely vanished , except in industrial design , where it continued to be used in automobile styling and products such as juke boxes . In the 1960s , it experienced a modest academic revival , thanks in part to the writings of architectural historians such as Bevis Hillier . In the 1970s efforts were made in the United States and Europe to preserve the best examples of Art Deco architecture , and many buildings were restored and repurposed . Postmodern architecture , which first appeared in the 1980s , like Art Deco , often includes purely decorative features . Deco continues to inspire designers , and is often used in contemporary fashion , jewelry , and toiletries . Painting ( edit ) Tamara de Lempicka , 1929 , La Musicienne , oil on canvas , 161 × 96 cm Diego Rivera , 1932 -- 1933 , Detroit Industry , South Wall , Detroit Institute of Arts Detail of Time , 1941 , ceiling mural in lobby of Rockefeller Center by the Spanish painter Josep Maria Sert Reginald Marsh , 1936 , Workers sorting the mail , a mural in the U.S. Customs House in New York Rockwell Kent , 1938 , Art in the Tropics , mural in the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building There was no section set aside for painting at the 1925 Exposition . Art deco painting was by definition decorative , designed to decorate a room or work of architecture , so few painters worked exclusively in the style , but two painters are closely associated with Art Deco.",
"18": "Jean Dupas painted Art Deco murals for the Bordeaux Pavilion at the 1925 Decorative Arts Exposition in Paris , and also painted the picture over the fireplace in the Maison de la Collectioneur exhibit at the 1925 Exposition , which featured furniture by Ruhlmann and other prominent Art Deco designers . His murals were also prominent in the decor of the French ocean liner SS Normandie . His work was purely decorative , designed as a background or accompaniment to other elements of the decor . The other painter closely associated with the style is Tamara de Lempicka . Born in Poland in an aristocratic family , she emigrated to Paris after the Russian Revolution . There she became a student of the artist Maurice Denis of the movement called Les Nabis and the Cubist André Lhote and borrowed many elements from their styles . She painted almost exclusively portraits in a realistic , dynamic and colorful Art Deco style . In the 1930s a dramatic new form of Art Deco painting appeared in the United States . During the Great Depression , the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration was created to give work to unemployed artists . Many were given the task of decorating government buildings , hospitals and schools . There was no specific art deco style used in the murals ; artists engaged to paint murals in government buildings came from many different schools , from American regionalism to social realism ; they included Reginald Marsh , Rockwell Kent and the Mexican painter Diego Rivera . The murals were Art Deco because they were all decorative and related to the activities in the building or city where they were painted : Reginald Marsh and Rockwell Kent both decorated U.S. postal buildings , and showed postal employees at work while Diego Rivera depicted automobile factory workers for the Detroit Institute of Arts . Diego Rivera 's mural American Progress for Rockefeller Center featured an unauthorized portrait of Lenin . When Rivera refused to remove Lenin , the painting was destroyed and a new mural was painted by the Spanish artist Josep Maria Sert .",
"19": "Sculpture ( edit ) Christ the Redeemer by Paul Landowski , ( 1931 ) , Soapstone , Corcovado Mountain , Rio de Janeiro Dancer and Gazelles by Paul Manship , ( 1916 ) , bronze , Metropolitan Museum of Art Joseph Csaky , Tête ( front and side view ) , limestone , Kröller - Müller Museum , Otterlo ( c. 1920 ) Salon sculpture by Josef Lorenzl ( 1920 ) Speed by the American sculptor Harriet Whitney Frishmuth ( 1922 ) François Pompon , Ours blanc ( Polar Bear ) , Musée d'Orsay ( 1922 ) Demétre Chiparus , Tanara , bronze , ivory and onyx ( c. 1925 ) Ralph Stackpole 's sculpture group over the door of the San Francisco Stock Exchange ( 1930 ) Relief sculpture in the lobby of the former Daily Express Building in London ( 1932 ) Portal decoration Wisdom by Lee Lawrie , Rockefeller Center , New York ( 1933 ) Prometheus by Paul Manship , Rockefeller Center , New York ( 1937 ) Lee Lawrie , 1936 -- 37 , Atlas statue , in front of the Rockefeller Center in New York ( installed 1937 ) Air , by Aristide Maillol , in the Tuileries Gardens , Paris ( 1938 ) A giant replica of the Academy Awards statuette known as The Oscar , by George Stanley and Cedric Gibbons ( 1928 ) Monumento às Bandeiras , granite , by Victor Brecheret , at the Ibirapuera Park in São Paulo ( 1954 ) Most of the sculpture of the Art Deco period was , as the name suggests , purely decorative ; it was designed not for museums , but to ornament office buildings , government buildings , public squares , and private salons . It was almost always representational , usually of heroic or allegorical figures related to the purpose of the building ; the themes were usually chosen by the patron , and abstract sculpture for decoration was extremely rare . It was frequently attached to facade of buildings , particularly over the entrance .",
"20": "Allegorical sculptures of the dance and music by Antoine Bourdelle were the essential decorative feature of the earliest Art Deco landmark in Paris , the Théâtre des Champs - Elysées in Paris , in 1912 . The sculptor Aristide Maillol reinvented the classical ideal for his statue of the River ( 1939 ) , now at the Museum of Modern Art in New York . In the 1930s , a whole team of sculptors made sculpture for the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne at Chaillot . The buildings of the Exposition were covered with low - relief sculpture , statues . Alfred Janniot made the relief sculptures on the facade of the Palais de Tokyo . The Paris City Museum of Modern Art , and the esplanade in front of the Palais de Chaillot , facing the Eiffel Tower , was crowded with new statuary by Charles Malfray , Henry Arnold , and many others . In the United States , many European sculptors trained at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris , came to work ; they included Gutzon Borglum , sculptor of Mount Rushmore Lincoln Memorial . Other American sculptors , including Harriet Whitney Frishmuth , had studied with Auguste Rodin in Paris . The 1929 stock market crash largely destroyed the market for monumental sculpture , but one grand project remained ; the new Rockefeller Center . The American sculptors Lee Lawrie and Paul Manship designed heroic allegorical figures for facade and plaza . In San Francisco , Ralph Stackpole provided sculpture for the facade of the new San Francisco Stock Exchange building . One of the best known and certainly the largest Art Deco sculpture is the Christ the Redeemer by the French sculptor Paul Landowski , completed between 1922 and 1931 , located on a mountain top overlooking Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . François Pompon was a pioneer of modern stylized animalier sculpture . He was not fully recognized for his artistic accomplishments until the age of 67 at the Salon d'Automne of 1922 with the work Ours blanc , also known as The White Bear , now in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris . Many early Art Deco sculptures were small , designed to decorate salons .",
"21": "One genre of this sculpture was called the Chryselephantine statuette , named for a style of ancient Greek temple statues made of gold and ivory . One of the best - known Art Deco salon sculptors was the Romanian - born Demétre Chiparus , who produced colorful small sculptures of dancers . Other notable salon sculptors included Ferdinand Preiss , Josef Lorenzl , Alexander Kelety , Dorothea Charol and Gustav Schmidtcassel . Parallel with these more neoclassical sculptors , more avant - garde and abstract sculptors were at work in Paris and New York . The most prominent were Constantin Brâncuși , Joseph Csaky , Alexander Archipenko , Henri Laurens , Jacques Lipchitz , Gustave Miklos , Jean Lambert - Rucki , Jan et Joël Martel , Chana Orloff , and Pablo Gargallo . Graphic Arts ( edit ) Festival poster by Ludwig Hohlwein ( 1910 ) Program for the Ballets Russes by Leon Bakst ( 1912 ) Peter Behrens , Deutscher Werkbund exhibition poster ( 1914 ) A Vanity Fair cover by Georges Lepape ( 1919 ) Interpretation of Harlem Jazz I by Winold Reiss ( c. 1920 ) Cover of Harper 's Bazaar by Erté ( 1922 ) London Underground poster by Horace Taylor ( 1924 ) Moulin Rouge poster by Charles Gesmar ( 1925 ) Poster for Chicago World 's Fair ( 1933 ) The Art Deco style appeared early in the graphic arts , in the years just before World War I. It appeared in Paris in the posters and the costume designs of Leon Bakst for the Ballets Russes , and in the catalogs of the fashion designers Paul Poiret . The illustrations of Georges Barbier , and Georges Lepape and the images in the fashion magazine La Gazette du bon ton perfectly captured the elegance and sensuality of the style . In the 1920s , the look changed ; the fashions stressed were more casual , sportive and daring , with the woman models usually smoking cigarettes . American fashion magazines such as Vogue , Vanity Fair and Harper 's Bazaar quickly picked up the new style and popularized it in the United States .",
"22": "It also influenced the work of American book illustrators such as Rockwell Kent . In Germany , the most famous poster artist of the period was Ludwig Hohlwein , who created colorful and dramatic posters for music festivals , beers , and , late in his career , for the Nazi Party . During the Art Nouveau period , posters usually advertised theatrical products or cabarets . In the 1920s , travel posters , made for steamship lines and airlines , became extremely popular . The style changed notably in the 1920s , to focus attention on the product being advertised . The images became simpler , precise , more linear , more dynamic , and were often placed against a single color background . In France popular Art Deco designers included , Charles Loupot and Paul Colin , who became famous for his posters of American singer and dancer Josephine Baker . Jean Carlu designed posters for Charlie Chaplin movies , soaps , and theaters ; in the late 1930s he emigrated to the United States , where , during the World War , he designed posters to encourage war production . The designer Charles Gesmar became famous making posters for the singer Mistinguett and for Air France . Among the best known French Art Deco poster designers was Cassandre , who made the celebrated poster of the ocean liner SS Normandie in 1935 . In the 1930s a new genre of posters appeared in the United States during the Great Depression . The Federal Art Project hired American artists to create posters to promote tourism and cultural events . Architecture ( edit ) La Samaritaine department store , by Henri Sauvage , Paris , ( 1925 -- 28 ) Los Angeles City Hall by John Parkinson , John C. Austin , and Albert C. Martin , Sr.",
"23": ", ( 1928 ) Interior of the Palacio de Bellas Artes ( Palace of Fine Arts ) in Mexico City ( 1934 ) National Diet Building in Tokyo , Japan ( 1936 ) Mayakovskaya Metro Station in Moscow ( 1936 ) See also : Futurist architecture , List of Art Deco architecture , and Category : Art Deco architecture The architectural style of art deco made its debut in Paris in 1903 - 04 , with the construction of two apartment buildings in Paris , one by Auguste Perret on rue Trétaigne and the other on rue Benjamin Franklin by Henri Sauvage . The two young architects used reinforced concrete for the first time in Paris residential buildings ; the new buildings had clean lines , rectangular forms , and no decoration on the facades ; they marked a clean break with the art nouveau style . Between 1910 and 1913 , Perret used his experience in concrete apartment buildings to construct the Théâtre des Champs - Élysées , 15 avenue Montaigne . Between 1925 and 1928 he constructed the new art deco facade of the La Samaritaine department store in Paris . After the First World War , art deco buildings of steel and reinforced concrete began to appear in large cities across Europe and the United States . In the United States the style was most commonly used for office buildings , government buildings , movie theaters , and railroad stations . It sometimes was combined with other styles ; Los Angeles City Hall combined Art Deco with a roof based on the ancient Greek Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , while the Los Angeles railroad station combined Deco with Spanish mission architecture . Art Deco elements also appeared in engineering projects , including the towers of the Golden Gate Bridge and the intake towers of Hoover Dam . In the 1920s and 1930s it became a truly international style , with examples including the Palacio de Bellas Artes ( Palace of Fine Arts ) in Mexico City by Federico Mariscal ( es ) , the Mayakovskaya Metro Station in Moscow and the National Diet Building in Tokyo by Watanabe Fukuzo .",
"24": "The Art Deco style was not limited to buildings on land ; the ocean liner SS Normandie , whose first voyage was in 1935 , featured Art Deco design , including a dining room whose ceiling and decoration were made of glass by Lalique . `` Cathedrals of Commerce '' ( edit ) The Fisher Building in Detroit by Joseph Nathaniel French ( 1928 ) Lower lobby of the Guardian Building in Detroit by Wirt Rowland ( 1929 ) Lobby of 450 Sutter Street in San Francisco by Timothy Pflueger ( 1929 ) Lobby of the Chrysler Building by William Van Alen in New York City ( 1930 ) Elevator of the Chrysler Building ( 1930 ) The grand showcases of Art deco interior design were the lobbies of government buildings , theaters , and particularly office buildings . Interiors were extremely colorful and dynamic , combining sculpture , murals , and ornate geometric design in marble , glass , ceramics and stainless steel . An early example was the Fisher Building in Detroit , by Joseph Nathaniel French ; the lobby was highly decorated with sculpture and ceramics . ) The Guardian Building ( originally the Union Trust Building ) in Detroit , by Wirt Rowland ( 1929 ) , decorated with red and black marble and brightly colored ceramics , highlighted by highly polished steel elevator doors and counters . The sculptural decoration installed in the walls illustrated the virtues of industry and saving ; the building was immediately termed the `` Cathedral of Commerce '' . The Medical and Dental Building called 450 Sutter Street in San Francisco by Timothy Pflueger was inspired by Mayan architecture , in a highly stylized form ; it used pyramid shapes , and the interior walls were covered highly stylized rows of hieroglyphs . In France , the best example of an Art Deco interior during period was the Palais de la Porte Dorée ( 1931 ) by Albert Laprade , Léon Jaussely and Léon Bazin . The building ( now the National Museum of Immigration , with an aquarium in the basement ) was built for the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931 , to celebrate the people and products of French colonies .",
"25": "The exterior facade was entirely covered with sculpture , and the lobby created an Art Deco harmony with a wood parquet floor in a geometric pattern , a mural depicting the people of French colonies ; and a harmonious composition of vertical doors and horizontal balconies . Movie palaces ( edit ) Grauman 's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood ( 1922 ) Grand Rex movie theater in Paris ( 1932 ) Four - story high grand lobby of the Paramount Theater , Oakland ( 1932 ) Auditorium and stage of Radio City Music Hall , New York City ( 1932 ) Gaumont State Cinema in London ( 1937 ) The Paramount in Shanghai , China ( 1933 ) Many of the best surviving examples of Art Deco are movie theaters built in the 1920s and 1930s . The Art Deco period coincided with the conversion of silent films to sound , and movie companies built enormous theaters in major cities to capture the huge audience that came to see movies . Movie palaces in the 1920s often combined exotic themes with art deco style ; Grauman 's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood ( 1922 ) was inspired by ancient Egyptian tombs and pyramids , while the Fox Theater in Bakersfield , California attached a tower in California Mission style to an Art Deco hall . The largest of all is Radio City Music Hall in New York City , which opened in 1932 . Originally designed as a stage theater , it quickly transformed into a movie theater , which could seat 6,015 persons The interior design by Donald Deskey used glass , aluminum , chrome , and leather to create a colorful escape from reality The Paramount Theater in Oakland , California , by Timothy Pflueger , had a colorful ceramic facade a lobby four stories high , and separate Art Deco smoking rooms for gentlemen and ladies . Similar grand palaces appeared in Europe . The Grand Rex in Paris ( 1932 ) , with its imposing tower , was the largest movie theater in Europe . The Gaumont State Cinema in London ( 1937 ) had a tower modeled after the Empire State building , covered with cream - colored ceramic tiles and an interior in an Art Deco - Italian Renaissance style .",
"26": "The Paramount Theater in Shanghai , China ( 1933 ) was originally built as a dance hall called The gate of 100 pleasures ; it was converted to a movie theater after the Communist Revolution in 1949 , and now is a ballroom and disco . In the 1930s Italian architects built a small movie palace , the Cinema Impero , in Asmara in what is now Eritrea . Today , many of the movie theaters have been subdivided into multiplexes , but others have been restored and are used as cultural centers in their communities . Streamline moderne ( edit ) See also : Streamline Moderne Paris Building in the Pacquebot or ocean liner style , 3 boulevard Victor ( 1935 ) Pan-Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles ( 1936 ) The San Francisco Maritime Museum , was originally a public bath house ( 1936 ) The Marine Air Terminal at La Guardia Airport ( 1937 ) was the New York terminal for the flights of Pan Am Clipper flying boats to Europe The Hoover Building canteen in Perivale in the London suburbs , by Wallis , Gilbert and Partners ( 1938 ) The Ford Pavilion at the 1939 New York World 's Fair The nautical - style rounded corner of BBC Broadcasting House ( 1931 ) In the late 1930s , a new variety of Art Deco architecture became common ; it was called Streamline Moderne or simply Streamline , or , in France , the Style Paqueboat , or Ocean Liner style . Buildings in the style were had rounded corners , long horizontal lines ; they were built of reinforced concrete , and were almost always white ; and sometimes had nautical features , such as railings that resembled those on a ship . The rounded corner was not entirely new ; it had appeared in Berlin in 1923 in the Mossehaus by Erich Mendelsohn , and later in the Hoover Building , an industrial complex in the London suburb of Perivale . In the United States , it became most closely associated with transport ; Streamline moderne was rare in office buildings , but was often used for bus stations and airport terminals , such as terminal at La Guardia airport in New York City that handled the first transatlantic flights , via the PanAm clipper flying boats ; and in roadside architecture , such as gas stations and diners .",
"27": "In the late 1930s a series of diners , modeled after streamlined railroad cars , were produced and installed in towns in New England ; at least two examples still remain and are now registered historic buildings . Decoration and motifs ( edit ) Iron fireplace screen , Rose Iron Works , Cleveland ( 1930 ) Elevator doors of the Chrysler Building , by William Van Alen ( 1927 -- 30 ) Sunrise motif from the Wisconsin Gas Building ( 1930 ) Detail of mosaic facade of Paramount Theater ( Oakland , California ) ( 1931 ) Decoration in the Art Deco period went through several distinct phases . Between 1910 and 1920 , as Art Nouveau was exhausted , design styles saw a return to tradition , particularly in the work of Paul Iribe . In 1912 André Vera published an essay in the magazine L'Art Décoratif calling for a return to the craftsmanship and materials of earlier centuries , and using a new repertoire of forms taken from nature , particularly baskets and garlands of fruit and flowers . A second tendency of Art Deco , also from 1910 to 1920 , was inspired by the bright colors of the artistic movement known as the Fauves and by the colorful costumes and sets of the Ballets Russes . This style was often expressed with exotic materials such as sharkskin , mother of pearl , ivory , tinted leather , lacquered and painted wood , and decorative inlays on furniture that emphasized its geometry . This period of the style reached its high point in the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts . In the late 1920s and the 1930s , the decorative style changed , inspired by new materials and technologies . It became sleeker and less ornamental . Furniture , like architecture , began to have rounded edges and to take on a polished , streamlined look , taken from the streamline moderne style . New materials , such as chrome - plated steel , aluminum and bakelite , an early form of plastic , began to appear in furniture and decoration . Throughout the Art Deco period , and particularly in the 1930s , the motifs of the decor expressed the function of the building .",
"28": "Theaters were decorated with sculpture which illustrated music , dance , and excitement ; power companies showed sunrises , the Chrysler building showed stylized hood ornaments ; The friezes of Palais de la Porte Dorée at the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition showed the faces of the different nationalities of French colonies . The Streamline style made it appear that the building itself was in motion . The WPA murals of the 1930s featured ordinary people ; factory workers , postal workers , families and farmers , in place of classical heroes . Furniture ( edit ) Chair by Paul Follot ( 1912 -- 14 ) Armchair by Louis Süe ( 1912 ) and painted screen by André Mare ( 1920 ) Dressing table and chair of marble and encrusted , lacquered , and glided wood by Paul Follot ( 1919 - 1920 Corner cabinet of Mahogany with rose basket design of inlaid ivory by Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann ( 1923 ) Cabinet by Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann ( 1926 ) Cabinet design by Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann Cabinet covered with shagreen or sharkskin , by André Groult ( 1925 ) Furniture by Gio Ponti ( 1927 ) Desk of an administrator , by Michel Roux - Spitz for the 1930 Salon of Decorative Artists An Art Deco club chair ( 1930s ) Late Art Deco furniture and rug by Jules Leleu ( 1930s ) French furniture from 1910 until the early 1920s was largely an updating of French traditional furniture styles , and the art nouveau designs of Louis Majorelle , Charles Plumet and other manufacturers . French furniture manufacturers felt threatened by the growing popularity of German manufacturers and styles , particularly the Biedermeier style , which was simple and clean - lined . The French designer Frantz Jourdain , the President of the Paris Salon d'Automne , invited designers from Munich to participate in the 1910 Salon . French designers saw the new German style , and decided to meet the German challenge . The French designers decided to present new French styles in the Salon of 1912 . The rules of the Salon indicated that only modern styles would be permitted .",
"29": "All of the major French furniture designers took part in Salon : Paul Follot , Paul Iribe , Maurice Dufrene , André Groult , André Mare and Louis Süe took part , presenting new works that updated the traditional French styles of Louis XVI and Louis Philippe with more angular corners inspired by Cubism and brighter colors inspired by Fauvism and the Nabis . The painter André Mare and furniture designer Louis Suë both participated the 1912 Salon . After the War the two men joined together to form their own company , formally called the Compagnie des Arts Française , but usually known simply as Suë and Mare . Unlike the prominent art nouveau designers like Louis Majorelle , who personally designed every piece , they assembled a team of skilled craftsmen and produced complete interior designs , including furniture , glassware , carpets , ceramics , wallpaper and lighting . Their work featured bright colors and furniture and fine woods , such ebony encrusted with mother of pearl , abalone and silvered metal to create bouquets of flowers . They designed everything from the interiors of ocean liners to perfume bottles for the label of Jean Patou. The firm prospered in the early 1920s , but the two men were better craftsmen than businessmen . The firm was sold in 1928 , and both men left . The most prominent furniture designer at the 1925 Decorative Arts Exposition was Émile - Jacques Ruhlmann , from Alsace . He first exhibited his works at the 1913 Autumn Salon , then had his own pavilion , the `` House of the Rich Collector '' , at the 1925 Exposition . He used only most rare and expensive materials , including ebony , mahogany , rosewood , ambon and other exotic woods , decorated with inlays of ivory , tortoise shell , mother of pearl , Little pompoms of silk decorated the handles of drawers of the cabinets . His furniture was based upon 18th century models , but simplified and reshaped . In all of his work , the interior structure of the furniture was completely concealed . The framework usually of oak , was completely covered with an overlay of thin strips of wood , then covered by a second layer of strips of rare and expensive woods . This was then covered with a veneer and polished , so that the piece looked as if it had been cut out of a single block of wood .",
"30": "Contrast to the dark wood was provided by inlays of ivory , and ivory key plates and handles . According to Ruhlmann , armchairs had to be designed differently according to the functions of the rooms where they appeared ; living room armchairs were designed to be welcoming , office chairs comfortable , and salon chairs voluptuous . Only a small number of pieces of each design of furniture was made , and the average price of one of his beds or cabinets was greater than the price of an average house . Jules Leleu was a traditional furniture designer who moved smoothly into Art Deco in the 1920s ; he designed the furniture for the dining room of the Elysee Palace , and for the first - class cabins of the steamship Normandie . his style was characterized by the use of ebony , Macassar wood , walnut , with decoration of plaques of ivory and mother of pearl . He introduced the style of lacquered art deco furniture at the end of in the late 1920s , and in the late 1930s introduced furniture made of metal with panels of smoked glass . In Italy , the designer Gio Ponti was famous for his streamlined designs . In the United States , The costly and exotic furniture Ruhlmann and other traditionalists infuriated modernists , including the architect Le Corbusier , causing him to write a famous series of articles denouncing the arts décoratif style . He attacked furniture made only for the rich , and called upon designers to create furniture made with inexpensive materials and modern style , which ordinary people could afford . He designed his own chairs , created to be inexpensive and mass - produced . In the 1930s , furniture designs adapted to the form , with smoother surfaces and curved forms . The masters of the late style included Donald Deskey was one of the most influential designers ; he created the interior of the Radio City Music Hall . He used a mixture of traditional and very modern materials , including aluminum , chrome , and bakelite , an early form of plastic .",
"31": "Design ( edit ) Philips Art Deco radio set ( 1931 ) Chrysler Airflow sedan , designed by Carl Breer ( 1934 ) Grand dining room of the ocean liner SS Normandie ( 1935 ) , bas - reliefs by Raymond Delamarre Bugatti Aérolithe ( 1936 ) Electrolux Vacuum cleaner ( 1937 ) Streamlined railroad locomotive ( 1939 ) Main article : Streamline Moderne Streamline was a variety of Art Deco which emerged during the mid-1930s . It was influenced by modern aerodynamic principles developed for aviation and ballistics to reduce air friction at high velocities . The bullet shapes were applied by designers to cars , trains , ships , and even objects not intended to move , such as refrigerators , gas pumps , and buildings . One of the first production vehicles in this style was the Chrysler Airflow of 1933 . It was unsuccessful commercially , but the beauty and functionality of its design set a precedent ; meant modernity . It continued to be used in car design well after World War II . New industrial materials began to influence design of cars and household objects . These included aluminum , chrome , and bakelite , an early form of plastic . Bakelite could be easily molded into different forms , and soon was used in telephones , radios and other appliances . Ocean liners also adopted a style of Art Deco , known in French as the Style Paquebot , or `` Ocean Liner Style '' . The most famous example was the SS Normandie , which made its first transatlantic trip in 1935 . It was designed particularly to bring wealthy Americans to Paris to shop . The cabins and salons featured the latest Art Deco furnishings and decoration . The Grand Salon of the ship , which was the restaurant for first - class passengers , was bigger than the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles . It was illuminated by electric lights within twelve pillars of Lalique crystal ; thirty - six matching pillars lined the walls . This was one of the earliest examples of illumination being directly integrated into architecture . The style of ships was soon adapted to buildings .",
"32": "A notable example is found on the San Francisco waterfront , where the Maritime Museum building , built as a public bath in 1937 , resembles a ferryboat , with ship railings and rounded corners . The Star Ferry Terminal in Hong Kong also used a variation of the style . Jewelry ( edit ) Art Deco bracelet of gold , coral and jade ( 1925 ) ( Musée des Arts Décoratifs , Paris ) René Lalique ( 1925 -- 30 ) , molded glass pendants on silk cords Boucheron ( 1925 ) , a gold buckle set with diamonds and carved onyx , lapis lazuli , jade , and coral Cartier , ( 1930 ) , Mackay Emerald Necklace , emerald , diamond and platinum , Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History , USA In the 1920s and 1930s , designers including René Lalique and Cartier tried reduce the traditional dominance of diamonds by introducing more colorful gemstones , such as small emeralds , rubies and sapphires . They also placed greater emphasis on very elaborate and elegant settings , featuring less - expensive materials such as enamel , glass , horn and ivory . Diamonds themselves were cut in less traditional forms ; the 1925 Exposition saw a large number of diamonds cut in the form of tiny rods or matchsticks . The settings for diamonds also changed ; More and more often jewelers used platinum instead of gold , since it was strong and flexible , and could set clusters of stones . Jewelers also began to use more dark materials , such as enamels and black onyx , which provided a higher contrast with diamonds . Jewelry became much more colorful and varied in style . Cartier and the firm of Boucheron combined diamonds with colorful other gemstones cut into the form of leaves , fruit or flowers . to make brooches , rings , earrings , clips and pendants Far Eastern themes also became popular ; plaques of jade and coral were combined with platinum and diamonds , and vanity cases , cigarette cases and powder boxes were decorated with Japanese and Chinese landscapes made with mother of pearl , enamel and lacquer . Rapidly changing fashions in clothing brought new styles of jewelry .",
"33": "Sleeveless dresses of the 1920s meant that arms needed decoration , and designers quickly created bracelets of gold , silver and platinum encrusted with lapis - lazuli , onyx , coral , and other colorful stones ; Other bracelets were intended for the upper arms , and several bracelets were often worn at the same time . The short haircuts of women in the twenties called for elaborate deco earring designs . As women began to smoke in public , designers created very ornate cigarette cases and ivory cigarette holders . The invention of the wrist - watch before World War I inspired jewelers to create extraordinary decorated watches , encrusted with diamonds and plated with enamel , gold and silver . Pendant watches , hanging from a ribbon , also became fashionable . The established jewelry houses of Paris in the period , Cartier , Chaumet , Georges Fouquet , Mauboussin , and Van Cleef & Arpels all created jewellry and objects in the new fashion . The firm of Chaumet made highly geometric cigarette boxes , cigarette lighters , pillboxes and notebooks , made of hard stones decorated with jade , lapis lazuli , diamonds and sapphires . They were joined by many young new designers , each with his own idea of deco . Raymond Templier designed pieces with highly intricate geometric patterns , including silver earrings that looked like skyscrapers . Gerard Sandoz was only 18 when he started to design jewelry in 1921 ; he designed many celebrated pieces based on the smooth and polished look of modern machinery . The glass designer René Lalique also entered the field , creating pendants of fruit , flowers , frogs , fairies of mermaids made of sculpted glass in bright colors , hanging on cords of silk with tassels . The jeweler Paul Brandt contrasted rectangular and triangular patterns , and embedded pearls in lines on onyx plaques . Jean Despres made necklaces of contrasting colors by bringing together silver and black lacquer , or gold with lapis lazuli . Many of his designs looked like highly polished pieces of machines . Jean Dunand was also inspired by modern machinery , combined with bright reds and blacks contrasting with polished metal .",
"34": "Glass Art ( edit ) The Firebird by René Lalique ( 1922 ) Parrot vase by René Lalique ( 1922 ) A Daum vase with sculpted grapes ( 1925 ) Window for a steel mill office by Louis Majorelle ( 1928 ) Daum vase ( 1930 -- 35 ) Like the Art Nouveau period before it , Art Deco was an exceptional period for fine glass and other decorative objects , designed to fit their architectural surroundings . The most famous producer of glass objects was René Lalique , whose works , from vases to hood ornaments for automobiles , became symbols of the period . He had made ventures into glass before World War I , designing bottles for the perfumes of François Coty , but he did not begin serious production of art glass until after World War I. In 1918 , at the age of 58 , he bought a large glass works in Combs - la - Ville and began to manufacture both artistic and practical glass objects . He treated glass as a form of sculpture , and created statuettes , vases , bowls , lamps and ornaments . He used demi - crystal rather than lead crystal , which was softer and easier to form , though not as lustrous . He sometimes used colored glass , but more often used opalescent glass , where part or the whole of the outer surface was stained with a wash . Lalique provided the decorative glass panels , lights and illuminated glass ceilings for the ocean liners SS Ile de France in 1927 and the SS Normandie in 1935 , and for some of the first - class sleeping cars of the French railroads . At the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts , he had his own pavilion , designed a dining room with a table settling and matching glass ceiling for the Sèvres Pavilion , and designed a glass fountain for the courtyard of the Cours des Métier , a slender glass column which spouted water from the sides and was illuminated at night . Other notable Art Deco glass manufacturers included Marius - Ernest Sabino , who specialized in figurines , vases , bowls , and glass sculptures of fish , nudes , and animals . For these he often used an opalescent glass which could change from white to blue to amber , depending upon the light .",
"35": "His vases and bowls featured molded friezes of animals , nudes or busts of women with fruit or flowers . His work was less subtle but more colorful than that of Lalique . Other notable Deco glass designers included Edmond Etling , who also used bright opalescent colors , often with geometric patterns and sculpted nudes ; Albert Simonet , and Aristide Colotte and Maurice Marinot , who was known for his deeply etched sculptural bottles and vases . The firm of Daum from the city of Nancy , which had been famous for its Art Nouveau glass , produced a line of Deco vases and glass sculpture , solid , geometric and chunky in form . More delicate multicolored works were made by Gabriel Argy - Rousseau , who produced delicately colored vases with sculpted butterflies and nymphs , and Francois Decorchemont , whose vases were streaked and marbled . The Great Depression ruined a large part of the decorative glass industry , which depended upon wealthy clients . Some artists turned to designing stained glass windows for churches . In 1937 , the Steuben glass company began the practice of commissioning famous artists to produce glassware . Louis Majorelle , famous for his Art Nouveau furniture , designed a remarkable Art Deco stained glass window portraying steel workers for the offices of the Aciéries de Longwy , a steel mill in Longwy , France . Metal Art ( edit ) A grill with two wings called `` The Pheasants '' , made by Paul Kiss and displayed at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative and Industrial Arts Iron and copper grill called `` Oasis '' by Edgar Brandt , displayed at the 1925 Paris Exposition Metal grilles in the lobby of the Palais de la Porte Dorée in Paris by Raymond Subes ( 1931 ) Cocktail set of chrome - plated steel by Norman Bel Geddes ( 1937 ) Art Deco artists produced a wide variety of practical objects in the Art Deco style , made of industrial materials from traditional wrought iron to chrome - plated steel . The American artist Norman Bel Geddes designed a cocktail set resembling a skyscraper made of chrome - plated steel . Raymond Subes designed an elegant metal grille for the entrance of the Palais de la Porte Dorée , the centerpiece of the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition .",
"36": "The French sculptor Jean Dunand produced magnificent doors on the theme `` The Hunt '' , covered with gold leaf and paint on plaster ( 1935 ) . Art Deco architecture around the World ( edit ) Art Deco architecture began in Europe , but by 1939 there were examples in large cities on every continent and in almost every country . This is a selection of prominent buildings on each continent . ( For a comprehensive of existing buildings by country , see List of Art Deco architecture . ) Africa ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco architecture § Africa Cinema Impero in Asmara , Eritrea ( 1937 ) Fiat Tagliero Building in Asmara , Eritrea by Giuseppe Pettazzi ( 1938 ) St. Peter 's Cathedral in Rabat , Morocco ( 1938 ) Most Art Deco buildings in Africa were built during European colonial rule , and often designed by Italian and French architects . Asia ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco architecture § Asia New India Assurance Building in Mumbai , India ( 1936 ) Broadway Mansions in Shanghai , China ( 1934 ) Capitol Theater in Manila , Philippines by Juan Nakpil ( 1935 ) National Diet Building in Tokyo , Japan ( 1936 ) Kologdam Building in Bandung , Indonesia ( 1920 ) The Central Market in Phnom Penh , Cambodia ( 1937 ) Ankara railway station in Ankara , Turkey ( 1937 ) A large number of the Art Deco buildings in Asia were designed by European architects , but in the Philippines local architect Juan Nakpil was preeminent . Many art deco landmarks in Asia were demolished during the great economic expansion of Asia the late 20th century , but some notable enclaves of the architecture still remain , particularly in Shanghai and Mumbai . Mumbai ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Indian Institute of Architects , founded in Bombay in 1929 , played a prominent role in propagating the Art Deco movement . In November 1937 , this institute organized the ' Ideal Home Exhibition ' held in the Town Hall in Bombay which spanned over 12 days and attracted about one hundred thousand visitors . As a result , it was declared a success by the ' Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects ' .",
"37": "The exhibits displayed the ' ideal ' , or better described as the most ' modern ' arrangements for various parts of the house , paying close detail to avoid architectural blunders and present the most efficient and well - thought - out models . The exhibition focused on various elements of a home ranging from furniture , elements of interior decoration as well as radios and refrigerators using new and scientifically relevant materials and methods . Guided by their desire to emulate the west , the Indian architects were fascinated by the industrial modernity that Art Deco offered . The western elites were the first to experiment with the technologically advanced facets of Art Deco , and architects began the process of transformation by the early 1930s . Features ( edit ) Streamlining and Rounded Corners Rounded corners and streamlined designs influenced by the design of airplanes , ships , trains , and automobiles in the early 20th century , made buildings appear aerodynamic , fast , futuristic and sleek . This was done with the intention to make Art Deco buildings appear modern and sophisticated . Nautical features Being a port city , Bombay was influenced by the era 's new ocean liners : Bremen ( 1929 ) , Queen Mary ( 1936 ) and Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) . As a result of this enchantment with the luxury and grandeur that these ocean liners brought with them buildings were manifested with nautical features such as porthole windows , ship deck - style railings and observatory towers . The frozen fountain ( edit ) The motif of the frozen fountain , a historical symbol for eternal life was popularized by the French Glass designer Rene Lalique . Some of his best - known works were seen in his designs at the 1926 Paris exposition . This symbol soon became a prevalent feature in building facades and metal grills on Art Deco buildings across Bombay Influence of Indian Mythology and Tradition : While Art Deco buildings in Bombay were associated with futurism , as seen in their streamlined and sleek facades , certain buildings also integrated themes of traditional Indian mythology into their design . Depictions of toiling Indian farmers , Hindu gods and goddesses and figures from Indian mythology were often incorporated into facade reliefs . Egyptian and classical Elements The discovery of the tomb of King Tutakhamun in Egypt lead to a worldwide fascination with ancient Egyptian themes and symbols .",
"38": "Sphinxes , hard edged geometry and hieroglyphic styles made their way into the Indian urban Landscape . Influences of the features of traditional Greek and Roman temples could also be seen in buildings across Bombay . Tropical Imagery : Influenced by the city 's abundance of tropical vegetation , Bombay 's Art deco buildings are externally decorated with stylized forms of waves , sunburst rays , tropical flora and fauna which can be seen in porch railings , facades , metal balcony grilles , ornamental gates and porch railings . Eyebrows Eyebrows are projecting edges or `` shelves '' above a structures portico to shade from direct sunlight and keep the interior cool . These also highlighted the rhythmic horizontality of buildings . Architectural lettering Art Deco lettering on buildings took on the sleek and streamlined appeal of the structure of these buildings . Typefaces consisted of a combination of straight lines and segments of circles . Ziggurats and Zigzags In the 1930s , the height of buildings in Bombay was limited by strict developmental regulations over reclaimed land . In order to evoke allusions to the verticality of skyscrapers whilst being restricted in their height , Art Deco architects used the concept of stepping up and stepping back of roof lines , used to mimic a ziggurat ( a temple tower design adopted by Sumerians , Babylonians and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia ) . Use of new and efficient materials The Art Deco movement encouraged the replacement of materials such as stone , brick and concrete with steel columns , beams and reinforced concrete . The advent of Reinforced concrete in the early 1900s proved to be a boon in disguise providing a changeover to high - rise buildings to accommodate increasing population density in Bombay . Notable buildings ( edit ) `` In Malabar and Cumbala hills , attractive Art Deco homes were built for the rich '' . Other parts of the city such as Fort , Apollo Bunder , Colaba , Dadar , and Mahim also witnessed the construction of office buildings , homes and apartment buildings created to fit the style of Art Deco . Soon the construction of a forty foot wide road and a ten - foot wide pavement on Marine Drive began . This was accompanied by the construction of Art Deco apartment blocks looking out onto the Arabian Sea .",
"39": "The street behind these apartment blocks was lined with modern buildings of steel and concrete that were separated from the medieval Victorian structures by the Oval Maidan . The centerpieces of the Art Deco glorification of modernity were the grand new Cinema theatres : Regal , Eros and Metro . These were followed by the construction of the New Empire and Liberty cinemas , after the Second World War . Central America and the caribbean ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco architecture § Central America / Caribbean The Bacardi Building in Havana , Cuba ( 1930 ) The Hotel Nacional de Cuba in Havana , Cuba ( 1930 ) Havana art deco building The Plaza del Mercado de Ponce in Ponce , Puerto Rico ( 1941 ) Art Deco buildings can be found throughout Central America . A particularly rich collection is found in Cuba , built largely for the large number of tourists who came to the island from the United States . South America ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco architecture § South America Lacerda Elevator in Salvador , Bahia , Brazil ( 1930 ) Altino Arantes Building , in São Paulo , Brazil ( 1947 ) João Bricola building in São Paulo , Brazil Viaduto do Chá , São Paulo , Brazil ( 1938 ) Central do Brasil Station in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1943 ) Kavanagh building in Buenos Aires , Argentina ( 1934 ) Palacio Municipal and fountain , Laprida , Buenos Aires , Argentina The Art Deco in South America is present especially at the countries that received a great wave of immigration on the first half of the 20th century , with notable works at their richest cities , like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Buenos Aires in Argentina. The Kavanagh building in Buenos Aires ( 1934 ) , by Sánchez , Lagos and de la Torre , was the tallest reinforced concrete structure when it was completed , and a notable example of late Art Deco style . Europe ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco architecture § Europe Théâtre des Champs - Élysées in Paris , France ( 1910 -- 13 ) The Mossehaus with Art Deco elements by Erich Mendelsohn in Berlin , Germany ( c.",
"40": "1923 ) Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Brussels , Belgium ( 1925 ) Éden Theater in Lisbon , Portugal ( 1931 ) Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas , Lithuania ( 1936 ) Mayakovskaya Station in Moscow , Russia ( 1938 ) Rivoli Theater in Porto , Portugal ( 1937 ) Daily Express Building in Manchester , UK ( 1939 ) The architectural style first appeared in Paris with the Théâtre des Champs - Élysées ( 1910 -- 13 ) by Auguste Perret but then spread rapidly around Europe , until examples could be found in nearly every large city , from London to Moscow . In Germany two variations of Art Deco flourished in the 1920s and 30s : The Neue Sachlichkeit style and Expressionist architecture . Notable examples include Erich Mendelsohn 's Mossehaus and Schaubühne theater in Berlin , Fritz Höger 's Chilehaus in Hamburg and his Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz in Berlin , the Anzeiger Tower in Hannover and the Borsig Tower in Berlin . One of the largest Art Deco buildings in Western Europe is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg , Brussels . In 1925 , architect Albert van Huffel won the Grand Prize for Architecture with his scale model of the basilica at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris . Spain and Portugal have some striking examples of Art Deco buildings , particularly movie theaters . Examples in Portugal are the Capitólio Theater ( 1931 ) and the Éden Cine - Theater ( 1937 ) in Lisbon , the Rivoli Theater ( 1937 ) and the Coliseu ( 1941 ) in Porto and the Rosa Damasceno Theater ( 1937 ) in Santarém . An example in Spain is the Cine Rialto in Valencia ( 1939 ) . During the 1930s , Art Deco had a noticeable effect on house design in the United Kingdom , as well as the design of various public buildings . Straight , white - rendered house frontages rising to flat roofs , sharply geometric door surrounds and tall windows , as well as convex - curved metal corner windows , were all characteristic of that period .",
"41": "The London Underground is famous for many examples of Art Deco architecture , and there are a number of buildings in the style situated along the Golden Mile in Brentford . Also in West London is the Hoover Building , which was originally built for The Hoover Company and was converted into a superstore in the early 1990s . Canada , Mexico , and the United States ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco architecture § North America , List of Art Deco architecture § United States , and Art Deco in the United States The Price Building in Quebec City , Canada ( 1930 ) Vancouver City Hall in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ( 1935 ) Interior of the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City , Mexico ( 1934 ) The Verizon Building in New York City , US ( 1923 -- 27 ) Buffalo City Hall in Buffalo , US ( 1931 ) Bullocks Wilshire in Los Angeles , US ( 1929 ) Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge , US ( 1930 -- 32 ) Jefferson County Courthouse in Beaumont , US ( 1931 ) In Canada Art Deco structures that survive are mainly in the major cities ; Montreal , Toronto , Hamilton , Ontario , and Vancouver . They range from public buildings like Vancouver City Hall to commercial buildings ( College Park ) to public works ( R.C. Harris Water Treatment Plant ) . In Mexico , the most imposing Art Deco example is interior of the Palacio de Bellas Artes ( Palace of Fine Arts ) , finished in 1934 with its elaborate decor and murals . Examples of Art Deco residential architecture can be found in the Condesa neighborhood , many designed by Francisco J. Serrano . In the United States , Art Deco buildings are found from coast to coast , in all the major cities . It was most widely used for office buildings , train stations , airport terminals , and movie theaters ; residential buildings are rare . In the 1930s , the more austere streamline style became popular . Many buildings were demolished between 1945 and the late 1960s , but then efforts began to protect the best examples . The City of Miami Beach established the Miami Beach Architectural District to preserve the colorful collection of Art Deco buildings found there .",
"42": "Australia and new Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney , List of Art Deco buildings in Melbourne , List of Art Deco buildings in Tasmania , List of Art Deco buildings in Perth , and List of Art Deco architecture § Oceania Manchester Unity Building in Melbourne ( 1932 ) Sound Shell ( 1931 ) in Napier , New Zealand at night ANZAC War Memorial in Sydney ( 1934 ) Melbourne and Sydney Australia have several notable Art Deco buildings , including the Manchester Unity Building and the former Russell Street Police Headquarters in Melbourne , the Castlemaine Art Museum in Castlemaine , central Victoria and the Grace Building , AWA Tower and ANZAC War Memorial in Sydney . Several towns in New Zealand , including Napier and Hastings were rebuilt in Art Deco style after the 1931 Hawke 's Bay earthquake , and many of the buildings have been protected and restored . Napier has been nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site status , the first cultural site in New Zealand to be nominated . Wellington has retained a sizeable number of Art Deco buildings . Preservation and Neo Art Deco ( edit ) The Miami Beach Architectural District protects historic Art Deco buildings The U-Drop Inn , a roadside gas station and diner on U.S. Highway 66 in Shamrock , Texas ( 1936 ) , now an historic monument Art deco neighborhood in Havana , Cuba Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas , Nevada , a Neo-Art Deco building ( 2012 ) ) In many cities , efforts have been made to protect the remaining Art Deco buildings . In many U.S. cities , historic art deco movie theaters have been preserved and turned into cultural centers . Even more modest art deco buildings have been preserved as part of America 's architectural heritage ; an art deco cafe and gas station along Route 66 in Shamrock , Texas is an historic monument . The Miami Beach Architectural District protects several hundred old buildings , and requires that new buildings comply with the style . In Havana , Cuba , a large number of Art Deco buildings have badly deteriorated . Efforts are underway to bring the buildings back to their original color and appearance .",
"43": "In the 21st century , modern variants of Art Deco , called Neo Art Deco , have appeared in some American cities , inspired by the classic Art Deco buildings of the 1920s and 1930s . Examples include the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas , Nevada , which includes art deco features from Hoover Dam , fifty miles away , and from the Will Rogers Memorial Center in Fort Worth , Texas , an art deco landmark built in 1936 . Gallery ( edit ) Antoine Bourdelle , 1910 -- 12 , Apollon et sa méditation entourée des 9 muses ( The Meditation of Apollo and the Muses ) , bas - relief , Théâtre des Champs Elysées , Paris . This work represents one of the earliest examples of what became known as Art Deco sculpture 1941 Packard Custom Super Eight One - Eighty Formal sedan Pennsylvania RR 's S - 1 locomotive , designed by Raymond Loewy , at the 1939 New York World 's Fair `` Skyscraper Lamp '' designed by Arnaldo dell'Ira , 1929 Guardians of Traffic pylon on Hope Memorial Bridge in Cleveland ( 1932 ) Municipal Auditorium of Kansas City , Missouri : Hoit Price & Barnes , and Gentry , Voskamp & Neville , 1935 U.S. Works Progress Administration poster , John Wagner , artist , ca . 1940 `` Beau Brownie '' camera , Walter Dorwin Teague 1930 design for Eastman Kodak Former Teatro Eden , now Aparthotel Vip Eden in Lisbon , Portugal : Cassiano Branco and Carlo Florencio Dias , 1931 Parker Duofold desk set , c. 1930 1937 Cord automobile model 812 , designed in 1935 by Gordon M. Buehrig and staff Palacio de Bellas Artes , Mexico City , Federico Mariscal , completed 1934 Women 's Smoking Room at the Paramount Theatre , Oakland . Timothy L. Pflueger , architect , 1931 U.S.",
"44": "postage stamp commemorating the 1939 New York World 's Fair , 1939 Henryk Kuna , Rytm ( `` Rhythm '' ) , in Skaryszewski Park , Warsaw , Poland , 1925 Disused Snowdon Theatre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Opened 1937 , closed 1984 . Daniel J. Crighton , architect Union Terminal in Cincinnati , Ohio ; Paul Philippe Cret , Alfred T. Fellheimer , Steward Wagner , Roland Wank , 1933 Lobby , Empire State Building , New York City . William F. Lamb , opened 1931 Federal Art Project poster promoting milk drinking in Cleveland , 1940 Interior drawing , Eaton 's College Street department store , Toronto , Ontario , Canada Niagara Mohawk Building , Syracuse , New York . Melvin L. King and Bley & Lyman , architects , completed 1932 See also ( edit ) See also : the categories Art Deco architecture , Art Deco ships , Art Deco sculptures and memorials , Art Deco architects , Art Deco artists , Art Deco designers , and Art Deco sculptors . Art Deco jewelry ( 1910 -- 1939 ) Roaring Twenties 1920s in Western fashion Années folles 1933 Chicago World 's Fair Century of Progress 1936 Fair Park built for Texas Centennial Exposition Art Deco stamps Paris architecture of the Belle Époque Paris between the Wars ( 1919 -- 1939 ) Socialist realism , the Soviet version of Art Deco architecture . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Texier 2012 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Hillier 1968 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Benton et al. 2003 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Renaut , Christophe and Lazé , Christophe , Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier ( 2006 ) , Editions Jean - Paul Gisserot , pages 110 -- 116 Jump up ^ Benton , Benton and Wood & Art Déco ( 1910 -- 1939 ) 2010 , pp. 13 -- 28 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ `` M. Cunny présente une Note sur un procédé vitro - héliographique applicable aux arts décoratifs '' , Bulletin de la Société française de photographie , Société française de photographie . Éditeur : Société française de photographie ( Paris ) , 1858 , Bibliothèque nationale de France , département Sciences et techniques , 8 - V - 1012 , Bibliothèque nationale de France Jump up ^ `` Enfin , dans les ateliers , on travaille à l'achèvement des objets d'art décoratifs , qui sont très nombreux '' , Le Figaro , Éditeur : Figaro ( Paris ) , 1869 - 09 - 18 , no . 260 , Bibliothèque nationale de France Jump up ^ L'Art décoratif à Limoges , La Voix de la province : Revue littéraire , artistique , agricole et commerciale , 1862 , ( 1862 / 04 / 01 ( N1 ) - 1863 / 01 / 01 ( N12 ) ) , Bibliothèque francophone multimédia de Limoges , 2013 - 220524 , Bibliothèque nationale de France Jump up ^ Revue des arts décoratifs ( Paris ) , 1880 - 1902 , Bibliothèque nationale de France , département Sciences et techniques , 4 - V - 1113 Jump up ^ Le Corbusier , L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui , & Éditions Crès , Collection de `` L'Esprit Nouveau '' , Paris , 1925 , p. 70 - 81 . Jump up ^ David Raizman , Carma Gorman , Objects , Audiences , and Literatures : Alternative Narratives in the History of Design , Cambridge Scholars Publishing , Mar 26 , 2009 , ISBN 1443809462 Jump up ^ Richard Poulin , Graphic Design and Architecture , A 20th Century History : A Guide to Type , Image , Symbol , and Visual Storytelling in the Modern World , Rockport Publishers , 2012 , ISBN 1610586336 Jump up ^ Benton et al. 2003 , p. 430 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Hillier , Bevis ( 1971 ) . The World of Art Deco : An Exhibition Organized by The Minneapolis Institute of Arts , June - September 1971 . E.P. Dutton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 47680 - 1 . Jump up ^ Benton , Charlotte , Benton , Tim , Wood , Ghislaine , Art Déco dans le monde - 1910 - 39 , 2010 , Renaissance du Livre , ISBN 9782507003906 , pages 16 - 17 Jump up ^ Benton 2002 , pp. 165 - 170 . Jump up ^ Salon d'Automne 2012 , exhibition catalogue Jump up ^ Laurent , Stephane , `` L'artiste décorateur '' , in Art Deco , 1910 -- 1939 by Charlotte Benton , Tim Benton and Ghislain Wood ( 2002 ) , Renaissance du Livre , pages 165 -- 171 Jump up ^ Peter Collins , Concrete : The Vision of a New Architecture , New York : Horizon Press , 1959 Jump up ^ Poisson 2009 , pp. 318 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Descriptive text in the decorative arts display at the Musée d'Orsay , Paris ^ Jump up to : Arwas 1992 , p. 51 - 55 . Jump up ^ Erle Lora , Cézannes Composition : Analysis of His Form with Diagrams and Photographs of His Motifs , Forward by Richard Shiff , University of California Press , April 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ La Section d'or , 1912 - 1920 - 1925 , Cécile Debray , Françoise Lucbert , Musées de Châteauroux , Musée Fabre , exhibition catalogue , Éditions Cercle d'art , Paris , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Goss , Jared . `` French Art Deco '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ André Vera , Le Nouveau style , published in L'Art décoratif , January 1912 , pp.",
"47": "21 -- 32 Jump up ^ Eve Blau , Nancy J. Troy , `` The Maison Cubiste and the meaning of modernism in pre-1914 France '' , in Architecture and Cubism , Montreal , Cambridge , MA , London : MIT Press − Centre Canadien d'Architecture , 1998 , pp. 17 − 40 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 52328 - 0 Jump up ^ Nancy J. Troy , Modernism and the Decorative Arts in France : Art Nouveau to Le Corbusier , New Haven CT , and London : Yale University Press , 1991 , pp. 79 − 102 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 04554 - 9 Jump up ^ Christopher Green , Art in France : 1900 -- 1940 , Chapter 8 , Modern Spaces ; Modern Objects ; Modern People , 2000 Jump up ^ André Mare , Salon Bourgeois , Salon d'Automne , The Literary Digest , Doom of the Antique , November 30 , 1912 , p. 1012 Jump up ^ The Sun . ( New York , N.Y. ) , 10 Nov. 1912 . Chronicling America : Historic American Newspapers . Lib. of Congress Jump up ^ Ben Davis , `` Cubism '' at the Met : Modern Art That Looks Tragically Antique , Exhibition : `` Cubism : The Leonard A. Lauder Collection '' , Metropolitan Museum of Art , ArtNet News , 6 November 2014 Jump up ^ La Maison Cubiste , 1912 Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arwas 1992 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Arwas 1992 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Kubistische werken op de Armory Show Jump up ^ Detail of Duchamp - Villon 's Façade architecturale , catalog number 609 , unidentified photographer , 1913 . Walt Kuhn , Kuhn family papers , and Armory Show records , 1859 -- 1984 , bulk 1900 -- 1949 .",
"48": "Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution Jump up ^ `` Catalogue of international exhibition of modern art : at the Armory of the Sixty - ninth Infantry , 1913 , Duchamp - Villon , Raymond , Facade Architectural Jump up ^ Victor Arwas , Frank Russell , Art Deco , publisher Harry N. Abrams . Inc . New York , 1980 , pp. 52 , 198 , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 0691 - 0 Jump up ^ Joseph Csaky 's staircase in the home of Jacques Doucet . Books.google.es . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Aestheticus Rex ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Jacques Doucet 's Studio St. James at Neuilly - sur - Seine '' . Aestheticusrex.blogspot.com.es . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ' ' The Modernist Garden in France ' ' , Dorothée Imbert , 1993 , Yale University Press . Books.google.es . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph Csáky : A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture , Edith Balas , 1998 , p. 5 . Books.google.es . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Arwas 1982 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` Eugène Grasset , ' ' Méthode de composition ornementale , Éléments rectilignes ' ' , 1905 , Librarie Centrale des Beaux - Arts , Paris ( in French ) '' ( in French ) . Gallica.bnf.fr . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eugène Grasset , ' ' Méthode de composition ornementale ' ' , 1905 , Full Text ( in French ) '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Art Deco Style '' . Museum of London . Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood , Ghislaine . Essential Art Deco . London : VA&A Publications .",
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"50": "^ Jump up to : Heindorf , Anne ( 24 July 2006 ) . `` Art Deco ( 1920s to 1930s ) '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , Pamela ( August 2005 ) . `` The Decorative in Twentieth Century Art : A Story of Decline and Resurgence '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Louis René Vian , Les Arts décoratifs à bord des paquebots français , Éditions Fonmare , 1992 Jump up ^ Blondel , Alain ( 1999 ) . Tamara de Lempicka : a Catalogue Raisonné 1921 -- 1980 . Lausanne : Editions Acatos . Jump up ^ Arwas 1992 , pp. 165 - 66 . Jump up ^ Kjellberg , Pierre ( 1994 ) . Bronzes of the 19th Century ( First ed . ) . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 551 . ISBN 0 - 88740 - 629 - 7 . Jump up ^ Arwas 1992 , pp. 141 - 163 . Jump up ^ Edith Balas , 1998 , Joseph Csaky : A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture , Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society Jump up ^ Paul Iribe , Les robes de Paul Poiret , 1908 ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1988 , pp. 148 - 150 . Jump up ^ Poisson , 2009 & pages 299 and 318 . Jump up ^ Plum 2014 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1988 , pp. 198 - 200 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , pp. 197 - 199 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Explanatory text on Art Deco in the Museum of Decorative Arts , Paris Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Benton 2002 , pp. 91 - 93 . Jump up ^ Arwas 1992 , p.",
"51": "51 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Arwas 1992 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , pp. 18 - 19 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Griffith Winton , Design , 1925 -- 50 . The Metropolitain Museum of Art , Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History , October 2008 Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Gartman , David ( 1994 ) . Auto Opium . Routledge . pp. 122 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10572 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Curves of Steel : Streamlined Automobile Design '' . Phoenix Art Museum . 2007 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Armi , C. Edson ( 1989 ) . The Art of American Car Design . Pennsylvania State University Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 00479 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , James ( 2005 ) . The Big Book of Car Culture : The Armchair Guide to Automotive Americana . MotorBooks / MBI Publishing . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1965 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Arwas 1992 , pp. 121 - 123 . ^ Jump up to : Arwas 1992 , pp. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Arwas 1992 , pp. 245 - 250 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1988 , pp. 71 - 81 . Jump up ^ Denison , Edward ( 2007 ) . Bradt Travel Guide : Eritrea . Bradt . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 171 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Prakash , Gyan ( 2010 ) . Mumbai Fables . Princeton University Press . p. 99 . ISBN 9780691142845 .",
"52": "^ Jump up to : http://www.artdecomumbai.com/research/deco-dekho-bombay-deco-and-its-element/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ramani , Navin ( 2007 ) . Bombay Art Deco Architecture . Roli Books . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7436 - 447 - 0 . Jump up ^ James , Kathleen ( 1997 ) . Erich Mendelsohn and the Architecture of German Modernism . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521571685 . Jump up ^ `` Basilica of the Sacred Heart , Koekelberg '' . Basilicakoekelberg.be. 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Art Deco Buildings '' . london-footprints.co.uk. 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Art Deco in Frinton on sea '' . Art Deco Classics. 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Four Programmes -- Art Deco Icons '' . BBC . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Napier Earthquake '' . Artdeconapier.com. 3 February 1931 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Art Deco Trust '' . Artdeconapier.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Art Deco heritage trail '' ( PDF ) . wellington.gov.nz . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arwas , Victor ( 1992 ) . Art Deco . Harry N. Abrams Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1926 - 5 . Bayer , Patricia ( 1999 ) .",
"53": "Art Deco Architecture : Design , Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28149 - 9 . Benton , Charlotte ; Benton , Tim ; Wood , Ghislaine ; Baddeley , Oriana ( 2003 ) . Art Deco : 1910 -- 1939 . Bulfinch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8212 - 2834 - 0 . Blondel , Alain ( 1999 ) . Tamara de Lempicka : a Catalogue Raisonné 1921 -- 1980 . Lausanne : Editions Acatos . Breeze , Carla ( 2003 ) . American Art Deco : Modernistic Architecture and Regionalism . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 01970 - 4 . Charles , Victoria ( 2013 ) . Art Déco . Parkstone International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84484 - 864 - 5 . Ducher , Rpbert ( 2014 ) . La charactéristique des styles ( in French ) . Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 0813 - 4383 - 2 . Duncan , Alastair ( 1988 ) . Art déco . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 2 - 87811 - 003 - X . Duncan , Alastair ( 2009 ) . Art Deco Complete : The Definitive Guide to the Decorative Arts of the 1920s and 1930s . Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8046 - 4 . Gallagher , Fiona ( 2002 ) . Christie 's Art Deco . Pavilion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 509 - 4 . Hillier , Bevis ( 1968 ) . Art Deco of the 20s and 30s . Studio Vista . ISBN 978 - 0 - 289 - 27788 - 1 .",
"54": "Le Corbusier ( 1996 ) . L'Art Decoratif Aujourd'hui ( in French ) . Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 0812 - 2062 - 1 . Long , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Paul T. Frankl and Modern American Design . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 12102 - 4 . Lucie - Smith , Edward ( 1996 ) . Art Deco Painting . Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 3576 - 1 . Ray , Gordon N. ( 2005 ) . Tansell , G. Thomas , ed . The Art Deco Book in France . Bibliographical Society of The University of Virginia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883631 - 12 - 3 . Lehmann , Niels ( 2012 ) . Rauhut , Christoph , ed . Modernism London Style . Hirmer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7774 - 8031 - 2 . Morel , Guillaume ( 2012 ) . Art Déco ( in French ) . Éditions Place des Victoires . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8099 - 0701 - 8 . Okroyan , Mkrtich ( 2008 -- 2011 ) . Art Deco Sculpture : From Root to Flourishing ( vol. 1 , 2 ) ( in Russian ) . Russian Art Institute . ISBN 978 - 5 - 905495 - 02 - 1 . Plum , Giles ( 2014 ) . Paris architectures de la Belle Epoque ( in French ) . Parigramme . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84096 - 800 - 9 . Poisson , Michel ( 2009 ) . 1000 Immeubles et monuments de Paris ( in French ) . Parigramme . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84096 - 539 - 8 . Savage , Rebecca Binno ; Kowalski , Greg ( 2004 ) . Art Deco in Detroit ( Images of America ) .",
"55": "Arcadia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3228 - 8 . Texier , Simon ( 2012 ) . Paris : Panorama de l'architecture ( in French ) . Parigramme . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84096 - 667 - 8 . Unes , Wolney ( 2003 ) . Identidade Art Déco de Goiânia ( in Portuguese ) . Ateliê . ISBN 85 - 7480 - 090 - 2 . Vincent , G.K. ( 2008 ) . A History of Du Cane Court : Land , Architecture , People and Politics . Woodbine Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9541675 - 1 - 6 . Ward , Mary ; Ward , Neville ( 1978 ) . Home in the Twenties and Thirties . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0785 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Art Deco and Exposition internationale des Arts Décoratifs et industriels modernes ( 1925 ) . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Art Deco architecture . Art Deco Miami Beach Art Deco Mumbai Art Deco Montreal Art Deco Society of Washington Art Deco Society of California Art Deco Rio de Janeiro Art Deco Shanghai Art Deco Museum in Moscow Art Deco Society New York Art Deco Society of Los Angeles Art movements Medieval Early Christian Migration Period Anglo - Saxon Visigothic Pre-Romanesque Insular Viking Byzantine Merovingian Carolingian Ottonian Romanesque Norman - Sicilian Gothic ( International Gothic ) Renaissance Italian Renaissance Early Netherlandish German Renaissance Antwerp Mannerists Danube school High Renaissance Romanism Mannerism Fontainebleau Northern Mannerism",
"56": "Flemish Baroque 17th century Baroque Caravaggisti Classicism Dutch Golden Age 18th century Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism 19th century Naïve Nazarene Realism / Realism Historicism Biedermeier Gründerzeit Barbizon school Pre-Raphaelites Academic Aestheticism Decadent Macchiaioli Art Nouveau Peredvizhniki Impressionism Post-Impressionism Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Kalighat painting Symbolism Hudson River School 20th century Arts and Crafts Fauvism Die Brücke Cubism Expressionism Neue Künstlervereinigung München Futurism Metaphysical art Rayonism Der Blaue Reiter Orphism Synchromism Vorticism Suprematism Ashcan Dada De Stijl Purism Bauhaus Kinetic art New Objectivity Neues Sehen Surrealism Neo-Fauvism Precisionism Scuola Romana Art Deco International Typographic Style Social realism Abstract expressionism Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Color Field Lyrical abstraction Tachisme COBRA Action painting New media art Letterist International Pop art Situationist International Lettrism Neo-Dada Op art Nouveau réalisme Conceptual art Land art Systems art Video art Minimalism Fluxus Photorealism Performance art Installation art Endurance art Outsider art",
"57": "Neo-expressionism Lowbrow Young British Artists Amazonian pop art 21st century Art intervention Hyperrealism Neo-futurism Stuckism Sound art Superstroke Superflat Relational art Related articles List of art movements Feminist art movement ( in the US ) Modern art Modernism Late modernism Postmodern art Avant - garde Genres of modern architecture Alphabetically Art Deco Art Nouveau Bauhaus Blobitecture Brutalism Constructivism Contemporary Critical regionalism De Stijl Deconstructivism Expressionism Functionalism Futurism Googie High - tech International style Mid-Century modern Modernisme Neo-Futurism Neomodern New Classical New Objectivity Organicism Postconstructivism Postmodernism PWA Moderne Prairie School Rationalist - Fascist Stalinist Streamline Moderne Stripped Classicism Structuralism By start year / decade Modernisme ( 1888 -- 1911 ) Art Nouveau ( 1890 -- 1910 ) Prairie School ( 1890s -- 1920s ) Expressionism ( 1910 -- ) De Stijl ( 1917 -- 1931 ) Bauhaus ( 1919 -- 1933 ) Constructivism ( 1920 -- 1932 ) New Objectivity ( 1922 -- 1933 ) Streamline Moderne ( 1925 -- 1950 ) Rationalist - Fascist ( 1920s -- 1930s ) International style ( 1920s -- 1960s ) Functionalism ( 1920s -- 1970s ) Futurism ( 1920s --",
"58": ") Organicism ( 1920s -- ) Art Deco ( 1910 -- 1939 ) Postconstructivism ( 1930s ) PWA Moderne ( 1933 - 1944 ) Stalinist ( 1930s -- 1950s ) Googie ( 1940s -- 1960s ) Mid-century modern ( 1940s -- 1960s ) Brutalism ( 1950s -- 1980s ) Structuralism ( 1959 -- ) Postmodernism ( 1960s -- ) Blobitecture ( 1960s -- ) Contemporary ( 1970s -- ) High - tech ( 1970s -- ) Critical regionalism ( 1980s -- ) Deconstructivism ( 1980s -- ) Neomodern ( 1990s -- ) New Classical ( 1990s -- ) Neo-futurism ( 2000s -- ) Related articles Architecture of the United States Colonial American colonial architecture Colonial Georgian Dutch Colonial French Colonial German Colonial Spanish Colonial Early Republic Adam Federal Jeffersonian Mid-19th century Greek Revival Italianate Gothic Revival Victorian Richardsonian Romanesque Second Empire American Renaissance Folk Stick style Queen Anne Shingle Territorial Late - 19th to mid-20th century Beaux - Arts Chicago School Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Spanish Colonial Revival Tudor Revival Pueblo Revival Territorial Revival American Craftsman Prairie School American Foursquare California bungalow Art Deco Streamline Moderne PWA Moderne",
"59": "Post-World War II to current International style Usonian American ranch Modern Postmodern Neo-eclectic New Classical Architecture Vernacular Hall and parlor house Central - passage house Log cabin Cape Cod Saltbox Creole cottage Dogtrot house I - house Shotgun house Sod house Carpenter Gothic First Period Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"60": "php?title=Art_Deco&oldid=816580231 '' Categories : Art Deco Art Deco architecture 20th - century architectural styles Art movements Decorative arts Modern art Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from March 2014 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"61": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the bob and tom show broadcast from
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{
"0": "The Bob & Tom show - wikipedia The Bob & Tom show Jump to : navigation , search The Bob & Tom Show Genre Comedy , satire , talk Running time 6 : 00 A.M. - 10 : 00 A.M. ET ( Syndicated ) Country of origin United States Home station WFBQ Indianapolis , Indiana Starring Tom Griswold Chick McGee Kristi Lee Josh Arnold Bob Kevoian Produced by Dean Metcalf Original release March 7 , 1983 -- present Website bobandtom.com The Bob & Tom Show is a syndicated US radio program established by Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold at radio station WFBQ in Indianapolis , Indiana , March 7 , 1983 , and syndicated nationally since January 6 , 1995 . Originally syndicated by Premiere Networks , the show moved to Cumulus Media Networks ( now Westwood One ) at the beginning of 2014 . The program enjoys extensive popularity and has frequently received recognition by the National Association of Broadcasters as an exemplar in American radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 About 2 History 3 Live shows 4 Characters 5 Show members 6 TV program 7 Public service 8 Awards 9 Discography 10 References 11 External links About ( edit ) `` Focusing on comedy and talk , The Bob & Tom Show is a mash - up of news , sports , conversation , and interviews '' which airs new broadcasts every weekday morning live from 6 to 10 A.M. in the Eastern Time Zone ( 5 -- 9 A.M. Central ) or tape - delayed on affiliated stations in other time zones . There is an additional weekday segment which airs between 10 : 00 and 10 : 20 A.M. ET only on home station WFBQ . As of February 13 , 2017 , the post-show segment airs only on select dates rather than daily . Since January 31 , 2011 , The Bob & Tom Show has aired on the American Forces Radio Network as the morning show on AFN 's Legacy Channel - The World 's Classic Rock Station .",
"1": "The Bob & Tom Show repurposes their live morning show as an overnight show called Bob & Tom All Nighter . All Nighter airs 12 -- 5 A.M. on a few terrestrial affiliated stations and their streams . During the show , live or pre-recorded comic songs and skits are often played , including many from a huge library of archived pieces . There are frequent impromptu `` calls '' from numerous characters voiced primarily by Steve Salge , Ron Sexton , and Dean Metcalf . Several guests usually join the primary cast each day in the studio or via phone or satellite , including numerous comedians who tour nationally . The show has frequently featured up - and - coming comedians who went on to become household names , including Ellen DeGeneres , Drew Carey , Louis CK , Jim Gaffigan , Daniel Tosh , George Lopez , Brad Garrett , Ron White , and Tim Allen . Professional athletes ( including frequent guest Pat McAfee and , in past years , Peyton Manning , Jeff Saturday , Reggie Miller , and numerous INDYCAR drivers ) , musicians , and actors from television and movies are also frequent Bob & Tom guests . The show has occasionally talked with national politicians , although those interviews generally steer clear of controversial issues . Nationally known authors including frequent guest John Feinstein have also been featured . The show introduced the free Bob & Tom Show App for iOS and Android in early 2016 , through which users may hear live streams of new broadcasts on weekday mornings through affiliate stations plus `` B&T 24 / 7 , '' a continuous stream of `` Best of Bob & Tom '' shows . This marked the first time that a stream of broadcasts from the show 's archive became available 24 hours a day , 7 days a week at no charge to listeners . Previously , `` B&T 24 / 7 '' was available only to paid subscribers of the `` VIP '' feature at the show 's web site . `` B&T 24 / 7 '' features segments recorded throughout the show 's history , most featuring the original primary cast of Bob , Tom , Chick , and Kristi . History ( edit ) For most of The Bob & Tom Show 's 35 + year history , the cast consisted of hosts Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold , sports commentator and comic foil Chick McGee , news director Kristi Lee , and producer Dean Metcalf .",
"2": "Kevoian and Griswold originally teamed up in the early 1980s at Petoskey , Michigan station WJML before being lured to WFBQ `` Q95 '' Indianapolis in 1983 to host what was initially a music - heavy morning show . After McGee ( in 1986 ) and Lee ( in 1988 ) joined the show , the primary cast that listeners would know for decades simply as `` Bob , Tom , Chick , and Kristi '' was set . As the show became more popular and successful , Mark Patrick , Dave Dugan , Whit Grayson , Steve Salge , and Ron Sexton joined the Bob & Tom staff to voice dozens of recurring fictional and parody characters . Salge and Sexton , along with Metcalf , are still active today as voices of most of the show 's fictional characters and callers . On January 5 , 1995 , Chick left The Bob and Tom Show to become co-host of a show called Kevin & McGee at KGB - FM in San Diego , California . After six months in San Diego , McGee returned on July 10 , 1995 to his former job on The Bob & Tom Show . Dave Wilson filled in for Chick at first and then Gunner filled in for the rest of Chick 's absence . Steve Allee is the show 's music director . He has co-produced more than 50 Bob & Tom albums over the past 25 years . In the early years of the show , Pat Carlini served as a fifth in - studio cast member , joining Bob , Tom , Chick , and Kristi during their second or third hour after Carlini completed her weather - casting and news anchor duties at WTHR television 's morning news program . Since the show was first syndicated in January 1995 , Dave `` Gunner '' Gunn sometimes filled in for Bob , Tom , Chick , or Kristi when one of them was absent . Additionally , for several days in May 2016 , Gunner filled in while Chick was on vacation , which was Gunner 's first appearance during all - new broadcasts in years . Subsequently , Gunner occasionally joined the cast , both to `` run the board '' ( operate the broadcast studio 's main audio mixing console , which Tom calls `` master control '' ) and to serve as an additional co-host .",
"3": "Gunner served as the show 's host during `` Best of Bob & Tom '' broadcasts when the primary cast was on vacation until the January 2017 debut of his sports - oriented morning show on sister station WNDE ; hosting duties for `` Best of '' broadcasts have subsequently been handled by Christopher Geisen , formerly of WOFX - FM in Cincinnati , and , the Kerrigan & Christopher morning show at WTUE - FM , Dayton , OH , now a member of the show 's staff . On September 1 , 2015 , Bob and Tom were selected as inductees to the National Radio Hall of Fame . The induction ceremony took place on November 5 , 2015 , at the Museum of Broadcast Communications in downtown Chicago . During his induction speech , Bob announced his retirement effective at the end of 2015 . Bob 's last day on the air was December 17 , 2015 . He planned to spend retirement traveling with his wife , Becky . The `` master control '' seat , historically occupied by Bob , has been filled after his retirement mostly by Bob and Tom staffers who do not speak on the air . In recent years , Scott Potasnik ( `` P - taz '' ) replaced Gunner as the fourth in - studio voice when Bob went on extended vacations or took Mondays off . Tom has described `` P - taz '' as the show 's `` sex desk '' correspondent and , after Bob 's retirement , as its `` fact checker . '' The show has also been featuring `` guest hosts , '' usually comedians , as a fourth or fifth in - studio voice , sometimes for several days or weeks at a time . Josh Arnold served as a frequent guest host during spring and early summer of 2016 before being named a regular cast member on August 1 , 2016 . Kristi Lee announced on January 11 , 2016 , that she , too , had left the show , having last appeared on December 17 , 2015 . She returned to the show on July 11 , 2016 , resuming her traditional news and commentary role . During Kristi 's absence , Carlini had re-joined The Bob & Tom Show as news anchor ( for all four hours each morning ) .",
"4": "After Kristi returned , Carlini appeared on a half - time basis for several days and later resumed a fill - in role when Kristi was on vacation . Potasnik has also not been a regular cast member since early summer 2016 . On November 17 , 2016 , Bob and Tom were reunited during their induction into the Indiana Broadcasters Hall of Fame . On April 3 , 2017 , Bob made his first live on - air appearance since his retirement for the show 's annual Cincinnati Reds Opening Day broadcast . On May 26 , 2017 , Bob made his second appearance and his first with Kristi Lee at the Indy 500 Carb Day show . After Tom announced via social media that Finley , his four - year - old daughter with Kelly McCarthy , would be undergoing surgery for the removal of a benign brain tumor , The Bob & Tom Show announced that Bob would fill in for Tom during the show 's regular broadcast on Friday , December 8 , 2017 . Live shows ( edit ) The show 's primary cast performed live on stage with guest comedians and live musicians at evening shows in venues around the country for several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Later , they supported the Friends of the Bob & Tom Show Comedy Tour , which featured many of their frequent guests and spawned Comedy Central broadcasts and a DVD recording . Characters ( edit ) Many fictional characters and parodies of real - life people have sprung up during the show 's history , some voiced by Bob Kevoian , Tom Griswold , Chick McGee , on - air producer Dean Metcalf , Steve Salge , and Ron Sexton . Recurring characters Floyd the Truck Driver ( Ron Sexton ) Jumbo the Elephant ( Dean Metcalf ) Ernie Furglar ( owner of Furglar 's Hardware Store ) ( Steve Salge ) Herm Johnson ( St. Petersburg snowbird ) ( Steve Salge ) Hadji ( Marc Much ) Ian St.",
"5": "Ian ( Dean Metcalf ) Doc Whiskey ( Tom Griswold ) Dick Mango ( Tom Griswold ) Rick ( Ron Sexton ) Sid Gurney ( Whit Grayson ) Bart McAllister ( Dave Dugan ) Captain Dave -- Captain of the Chum Dumpster ( Steve Salge ) Coach Ralph Fontaine ( Ron Sexton ) Kenny Tarmac ( Ron Sexton ) -- embodies that annoying traveling salesman on a flight with an overinflated sense of self - worth who feels the need to demonstrate to everyone how important he is by loudly calling someone just as the plane lands . He always uses airport abbreviations while referring to his locations to further illustrate just how busy and important he is . He always calls Bob & Tom when he lands , and he always gets another call while talking to them . On a few occasions , while talking to Bob and Tom , he will run into a big - time client , whom Kenny can not remember by name . During this time , he puts Bob and Tom on hold , while he tries to use his `` Zig Ziglar bag of tricks '' to get the client to reveal his name , usually failing . Donnie Baker ( played by Ron Sexton ) -- regularly makes topical calls to the show and has a very authentic redneck accent . He relates anecdotes involving a good friend who had a semi-relevant experience , usually ending in a punch - line . Most of his calls are punctuated by a tagline like , `` I swear to God '' or `` Look it up ... '' or `` it 's state law . '' Sometimes , Donnie is corrected , or told to get off the phone by Randy , his work supervisor ( voiced by Matt Thompson ) , after which he always yells , `` Shut up Randy ! '' His calls usually come to an abrupt end , and always by him saying , `` ... I got ta go . '' Donnie also appears with his band as `` Donnie Baker and the Pork Pistols '' . Mr. Obvious and the Caller ( Chick McGee & Dean Metcalf ) -- A frequent skit subject on The Bob & Tom Show , Mr. Obvious is portrayed as a radio personality with his own show , The Mr. Obvious Show . He gives obvious and simple advice about whatever problem the caller may have .",
"6": "The caller always seems to be the same person , and opens the conversation with `` Hi , Mr. Obvious . Long time listener , first time caller . '' From there , the caller will describe his issue and give symptoms to help Mr. Obvious figure out his problem . Most of the time , the caller 's issue is something that anyone else could figure out , but he can not . Mr. Obvious is played by Chick McGee , and the caller is played by Dean Metcalf . Recurring parodies of real people and fictional characters Bill Clinton ( Steve Salge ) Sir Charles ( Charles Barkley ) ( Ron Sexton ) Jack Bauer ( from the TV series `` 24 '' ) ( Steve Salge ) Joe Biden , George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , Al Gore , Ted Kennedy are all voiced by the same comedian . ( Steve Salge ) Morgan Freeman ( as his character Red from the movie The Shawshank Redemption ) ( Ron Sexton ) James Gandolfini ( as Tony Soprano ) ( Ron Sexton ) Sammy Davis , Jr . ( Ricky Rydell ) Jerry Jones ( Ron Sexton ) Larry King ( Steve Salge ) Dr. Phil McGraw ( Ron Sexton ) The Pope ( always in a stereotypical Italian accent ) ( Dean Metcalf ) Steven Seagal and his fan ( Ron Sexton ) Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis ( Ricky Rydell ) Babe Ruth ( Ron Sexton ) The show also takes calls from actual live listeners , plus miscellaneous `` crazy listener '' caricatures . Show members ( edit ) Current Tom Griswold -- Co-host Chick McGee -- Sports Kristi Lee -- News Josh Arnold -- Comedian Former Bob Kevoian -- Co-host Dave Gunn -- Sports Pat Carlini -- News Scott Potasnik -- Comedian Timeline TV program ( edit ) On November 3 , 2008 , WGN America began airing an hour - long TV show taken from the day 's radio broadcast at Midnight ET Monday through Friday ( as of November 2009 , it was moved to 2 a.m. ET ) .",
"7": "The program ended its run on WGN America on September 10 , 2010 , as part of an extensive revamp of the network 's schedule . As part of the deal , WTTV Indianapolis ( another Tribune - owned station ) would be the first to air the nightly one - hour telecast . Public service ( edit ) Over their career , the show has been actively involved in charitable work . Some of the albums they have produced since 1986 have been utilized to raise money for various charities . After the syndicated portion of their show ends at 10 : 00 a.m. Eastern they typically devote up to a half - hour to further interviews , often about local events , bands , and charities . In October , it has become tradition for Chick to get a prostate exam on the air to raise awareness for prostate cancer . Bob and Tom used to promote this exam as `` Proctober '' ; however , this exam is now `` Rectember '' . The latest exam was held on September 6 , 2011 with Gunner doing it . The Bob & Tom Show has produced seven CDs for the USO to include in holiday care packages sent to troops stationed worldwide . Bob and Tom had a friendly wager with former Indianapolis Colts center Jeff Saturday that if he ever got a touchdown they would donate $5,000 to the charity of his choice . During the 2006 -- 07 NFL season , they increased the wager to $10,000 . They assumed that they were safe since offensive linemen almost never score points in NFL games . In January 2007 in the AFC Championship game against the rival New England Patriots , on a play near New England 's goal line , Dominic Rhodes carried into the middle of the line and fumbled . Saturday fell on the ball in the end zone for the touchdown . Bob and Tom made good on their wager and donated $10,000 total with $5,000 each going to People 's Burn Foundation of Indiana and Kid 's Voice of Indiana , Inc . On May 9 , 2014 , Bob and Tom presented a comedy show as a tribute to the late Tim Wilson . All proceeds went to help with the education of Tim 's son .",
"8": "Awards ( edit ) In 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , and 2006 , Bob & Tom were recipients of the Marconi Award from the NAB . From 1991 to 1998 , Bob & Tom received The Billboard Magazine Radio Personality of the Year award . In 1994 and 2008 , Bob & Tom were named Sagamores of the Wabash , the state of Indiana 's highest honor . In 1996 and 2000 , the show was awarded the National Chairman 's Citation Award from the Leukemia Society of America . In 2000 , 2001 , and 2003 , Bob & Tom received the Radio & Records Classic Rock Personality of the Year Award . Discography ( edit ) 100 ( 2016 ) The Free Laughs Collection ( December 2013 ) ( digital download ) Do n't Answer That ! ( December 2012 ) Radio Chatter ( November 2012 - eighth USO Care Package troop - only album ) Somewhere Over the Radio ( November 2011 ) Hot Air ( November 2011 - seventh USO Care Package troop - only album ) Crushed Nuts ( December 2010 ) General Static ( October 2010 - sixth USO Care Package troop - only album ) Dead Air ( November 2009 ) Radio Waves ( October 2009 - fifth USO Care Package troop - only album ) As Big As a Hat ( November 2008 ) Greetings from the USA ( October 2008 - fourth USO Care Package troop - only album ) My Job Sucks ( June 2008 ) State Law ( November 2007 - part of WJL package ) We Just Landed ! ( November 2007 ) Radio Rations ( October 2007 - third USO Care Package troop - only album ) Please , Stand Up ( album ) ( September 2007 ) Bob and Tom : Comedy All Stars Tour DVD ( 2006 ) Bob and Tom : Standup , Sitting Down DVD ( 2006 ) Bob and Tom : The Comedy Tour Volume 1 DVD ( 2006 ) Shut - Up Randy !",
"9": "( November 2006 ) Man Boobs ( November 2006 ) Operation Radio ( October 2006 - second USO Care Package troop - only album ) Donkey Show ( July 2006 ) The Donnie Baker Collection : Boat for Sale ( November 2005 ) Happy Hour ( November 2005 ) The Mr. Obvious Show ( October 2005 ) A Radio Institution ( July 2005 - first USO Care Package troop - only album ) Sideshow ( November 2004 ) Bob and Tom : Home Movie DVD ( November 2004 ) Odd Balls ( October 2004 ) Mistletoe ( December 2003 ) Camel Toe ( December 2003 ) Wild About Harry ( October 2003 ) Uncensored ( December 2002 ) Gone Wild ( December 2002 ) Radiogram ( December 2001 ) We 're Still Standing Tall ( September 2001 ) You Guys Rock ! ( December 2000 ) The Election Collection 2000 ( November 2000 ) Take Off Your Clothes ! ( Fall 2000 ) Indiana Rocks ( April 2000 ) Greatest Hits : Volume One ( December 1999 ) Back in ' 98 ( December 1998 ) Gimme an `` F '' ( December 1997 ) Fun House ( August 1997 ) It 's a Wonderful Laugh ( December 1996 ) Factory Air ( June 1996 ) Planet Bob & Tom ( December 1995 ) Checkered Past ( May 1995 ) Canned Laughter ( December 1994 ) Good Ol ' Boys ( August 1994 ) Air Bags ( May 1994 ) Lollapaloozers ( December 1993 ) Laugh in the Fast Lane ( May 1993 ) We Three Kings ( December 1992 ) Motorheads ( Spring 1992 ) Air Heads ( December 1991 ) Just Skiddin ' ( May 1991 ) Twin Geeks ( December 1990 ) Good Morning Saudi Arabia ( cassette ) ( November 1990 ) Find My Keys and We 'll Drive Out !",
"10": "( May 1990 ) With a Little Help From Our Friends ( December 1989 ) It 's A New Track Record ! ( May 1989 ) Last Train To Whiskeyville ( December 1988 ) A Day at the Race ( cassette ) ( May 1988 ) I Spent The War In Indiana / Oh Danny Quayle ( cassette single ) ( 1988 ) Shabbey Road ( December 1987 ) The White Album ( December 1986 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Arnold Joins ' The Bob And Tom Show ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Get the FREE BOB & TOM Show App ! '' . Jump up ^ D , Nick ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` Bob & Tom Mark Major Milestone '' . Building Indiana . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bob And Tom Show Moving To Cumulus Media Networks '' . AllAccess.com. 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bob & Tom Show ' switching syndicators '' . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Broadcasters - 2006 Network / Syndicated Personality of the Year Winner : Bob & Tom , Premiere Radio Networks '' . 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Stations '' . Jump up ^ `` American Forces Radio Net Adds Bob & Tom '' . radiosyndicationtalk.com. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bob & Tom Show '' . Jump up ^ NUVO . `` nuvo.net - Indy 's Alternative Voice '' . NUVO . Jump up ^ The BOB & TOM Show ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Tim Allen on the BOB & TOM Show in 1988 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` B&T VIP '' . members.bobandtom.com . Jump up ^ Harvey , Brad ( 9 September 1999 ) . `` Radio listeners ca n't get enough of BOB & TOM SHOW '' . Lima News . pp.",
"11": "( on page 35 ) . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NUVO . `` nuvo.net - Indy 's Alternative Voice '' . NUVO . Jump up ^ `` Bob & Tom keep Q95 on a roll even as classic - rock format shows age '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` ' Bob & Tom Comedy Tour ' plays Erie on Friday '' . Erie - Times News . Archived from the original on 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chick McGee back with WFBQ '' . Indianapolis Star . July 12 , 1995 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` D-a-a-a-a-v-e Wilson replaces Chick McGee '' . Indianapolis Star . January 6 , 1995 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Allee - biography '' . www.steveallee.com . Jump up ^ http://www.patcarlini.com/pats-bio/ Jump up ^ Gunner ( @ GunnerRocks ) ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` @ bobandtom '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Flagrant Foul ' aims to wake up local sports radio '' . Jump up ^ The BOB & TOM Show ( 7 November 2015 ) . `` Bob and Tom Accept their Induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David . `` Radio icon Bob Kevoian will retire at year 's end '' . www.indystar.com . Gannett . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kristi Lee exits ' The Bob & Tom Show ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Kristi Lee Exits the BOB & TOM Show '' . 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The BOB & TOM Show Welcomes Kristi Lee Back To The Show '' . The Bob and Tom Show . July 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 .",
"12": "Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Broadcasters Association to Induct Five History - Making Broadcasters into Richard M. Fairbanks Hall of Fame '' . Carmel , Indiana : The Indiana Broadcasters Association . September 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Kevoian is our guest ! '' . Jump up ^ Bob Kevoian ( @ bobkevoian ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Nudity is BACK in Playboy Magazine ! I 'll be back on @ bobandtom as guest host for Opening Day in Cincinnati . # RedsBaseball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Bob & Tom Show '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ The BOB & TOM Show ( @ bobandtom ) ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` A note from Tom : '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bob steps up to mic to help former partner Tom on ' Bob & Tom ' '' . Jump up ^ The BOB & TOM Show ( @ bobandtom ) ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` RT to spread the word that @ bobkevoian is sitting in tomorrow morning ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bob Kevoian ( @ bobkevoian ) ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` I 'll be on the @ bobandtom show tomorrow morning filling in for Tom '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` See the Friends of the BOB & TOM Show Comedy Tour '' . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Bob & Tom Show website . 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the Bob & Tom Show '' . bobandtom.com . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bachman , Katy ( 21 August 2008 ) . `` WGN America to Add Bob & Tom to Lineup '' . AdWeek.com . Retrieved 23 December 2013 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Radio 's Bob & Tom are off their nightly TV show '' . Radio-Info.com . September 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It Wo n't Hurt A Bit : Bob and Tom Promote Prostate Cancer Screening '' . AllAccess.com. 17 October 2005 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gunner 's Exam - Photos - The Bob & Tom Show '' . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Partners '' . Jump up ^ `` Watch New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts ( 01 / 21 / 2007 ) - NFL.com '' . www.nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Saturday earns $10 K for favorite charity '' . Wordpress.com. 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob & Tom Pony Up '' . AllAccess.com. 31 January 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` title '' . Jump up ^ `` The Bob & Tom Show Cast '' . Jump up ^ `` NAB Awards : Marconi Radio Awards - Past Award Winners '' . www.nab.org . Jump up ^ Inc. , Informatics , . `` The BOB & TOM Comedy Show - Paramount Theatre '' . www.paramounttheatrecr.com . Jump up ^ `` Bob & Tom Receive Sagamore Award '' . InsideINdianaBusiness.com. 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bob & Tom Show '' . 103GBF . Jump up ^ `` 1037thepoint.net -- Alles im Blick 2017 '' . www.1037thepoint.net .",
"14": "Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160520141730/http://bobandtomstore.com/collections/frontpage/products/100-racing-classics-compilation-album Jump up ^ http://www.bobandtom.com/common/page.php?pt=Get+the+Free+Laughs+Collection!&id=364&is_corp=0 External links ( edit ) Bob & Tom Official site The Bob & Tom Show Hosts Tom Griswold Chick McGee Kristi Lee Josh Arnold Previous hosts Bob Kevoian Scott Potasnik Pat Carlini Dave Gunn Albums 100 The Free Laughs Collection Do n't Answer That ! Radio Chatter Somewhere Over the Radio Hot Air Crushed Nuts General Static Dead Air Radio Waves As Big as a Hat Greetings from the USA My Job Sucks State Law We Just Landed ! Radio Rations Shut - Up Randy ! Man Boobs Operation Radio Donkey Show The Donnie Baker Collection : Boat for Sale Happy Hour The Mr. Obvious Show A Radio Institution Sideshow Odd Balls Mistletoe Camel Toe Wild About Harry Uncensored Gone Wild Radiogram We 're Still Standing Tall You Guys Rock The Election Collection 2000 Take Off Your Clothes ! Indiana Rocks Greatest Hits : Volume One Back in ' 98 Gimme an `` F '' Fun House It 's a Wonderful Laugh Factory Air Planet Bob & Tom Checkered Past Canned Laughter Good Ol ' Boys Air Bags Lollapaloozers Laugh in the Fast Lane We Three Kings Motorheads Air Heads Just Skiddin ' Twin Geeks Find My Keys and We 'll Drive Out ! With a Little Help from Our Friends It 's a New Track Record !",
"15": "Last Train to Whiskeyville A Day at the Race Shabbey Road The White Album Westwood One Programming News / Talk America in The Morning America 's Most Wanted The Chris Plante Show The Clark Howard Show First Light Imus in the Morning The Jim Bohannon Show The Jonathon Brandmeier Show The John Batchelor Show The Larry Kudlow Show The Mark Levin Show The Michael Baisden Show The Phil Valentine Show Moneytalk with Bob Brinker Real Estate Today Red Eye Radio The Savage Nation The Todd and Tyler Radio Empire Music and entertainment American Country Countdown Backtrax USA The Blair Garner Show Bob & Sheri The Bob & Tom Show Bob Kingsley 's Country Top 40 Country Gold with Randy Owen Elwood Blues 's BluesMobile Cafe Mocha Flashback / Flashback Pop Quiz The John Tesh Radio Show The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show The Lia Show Loveline The Countdown / The Urban AC Countdown / Gospel Traxx Zach Sang Show Radio networks America 's Best Music CBS News Radio CBS Sports Radio Classic Hip - Hop Classic Hits Radio Good Time Oldies Jack FM Nash FM NBC Sports Radio Real Country The Touch Westwood One News See also Cumulus Media Networks Satellite Music Network Westwood One ( 1976 -- 2011 ) = Distribution only ; produced by another company . MusicBrainz : 8d5fdbfb - 7544 - 4d58 - bfb3 - e8545063f5c5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bob_%26_Tom_Show&oldid=817444689 '' Categories : Westwood One ( current ) American comedy radio programs Media in Indianapolis National Radio Hall of Fame inductees Television series based on radio programs Black comedy Satirical radio programmes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox radio show with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 12 : 04 .",
"16": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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star wars the clone wars season 3 episode 1
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[
"Clone Cadets"
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{
"0": "List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars episodes - wikipedia List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars : The Clone Wars intertitle Star Wars : The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by Lucasfilm Animation , Lucasfilm Animation Singapore and CGCG Inc . On August 15 , 2008 the Star Wars : The Clone Wars film was released in theaters ; it served as the official pilot episode and the introduction of the series . The series made its debut on the American Cartoon Network on October 3 , 2008 . It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy , during the same time period as the previous 2003 Star Wars : Clone Wars series . The show itself takes place during the three - year interim between Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes , to fill a half - hour time slot . Star Wars creator George Lucas originally claimed that `` there ( would ) be at least 100 episodes produced '' . In total 121 episodes were produced in the series . On March 11 , 2013 , Lucasfilm announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down , '' effectively canceling the series as Lucasfilm ended its contract with Cartoon Network , following its acquisition by Disney . The unreleased episodes that had already been produced are referred to as `` bonus content . '' On January 16 , 2014 , the German television network Super RTL announced their plans to air the `` bonus content '' as a sixth season , which would consist of 13 episodes . Season 6 , along with the other seasons and the feature film , were made available on Netflix on March 7 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Film ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 2 : Rise of the Bounty Hunters ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.4 Season 3 : Secrets Revealed ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.5 Season 4 : Battle Lines ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.",
"1": "6 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.7 Season 6 : The Lost Missions ( 2014 ) 3 Episodes in narrative chronological order 4 The Clone Wars Legacy 4.1 Darth Maul : Son Of Dathomir 4.2 Crystal Crisis On Utapau 4.3 The Bad Batch 4.4 Dark Disciple 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network Film August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) N / A 22 October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) Cartoon Network 22 October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 22 September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 22 September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 5 20 September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 6 13 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Film ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) As a lead in to the TV series of the same name , the film was released theatrically on August 15 , 2008 , and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , which also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series .",
"2": "Though critical reception was negative , the film was a box office success , and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Star Wars : The Clone Wars Dave Filoni Screenplay by Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching and Scott Murphy August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.18 As more star systems get swept into the Clone Wars , the valiant Jedi knights struggle to maintain order . Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan learner Ahsoka Tano embark on a mission that brings them face - to - face with Jabba the Hutt . Plotting against them is evil Count Dooku and his agent , Asajj Ventress , who would ensure that the Jedis fail . Meanwhile , Yoda and Obi - Wan Kenobi lead the clone army against the forces of the Dark Side . Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) The hour - long premiere episode of Star Wars : The Clone Wars aired on October 3 , 2008 , and set a new record with Cartoon Network as their most - watched series premiere , attracting 3.992 million total viewers . The season finale , `` Hostage Crisis '' , was broadcast on March 20 , 2009 , and the original broadcast received 3.297 million viewers . The feature film has the production codes 1.01 , 1.03 , 1.04 , and 1.18 . Season 1 depicted the attempts of the Republic and the Separatists to gain the allegiance of many planets and moons . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Ambush '' Dave Bullock Steven Melching October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 1.08 3.99 Jedi Master Yoda must face off against Count Dooku 's dreaded assassin Asajj Ventress and her massive droid army to prove the Jedi are strong enough to protect a strategic planet and forge a treaty for the Republic .",
"3": "Ventress fails against Yoda , so Dooku tells Ventress to kill the king of the planet , who wants to sign the treaty with the Republic . Yoda protects the king from Ventress , who then flees . `` Rising Malevolence '' Dave Filoni Steven Melching October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 1.07 4.92 An attack by a devastating new Separatist weapon -- the powerful starship Malevolence -- leaves Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone troopers struggling to survive until Anakin Skywalker and Ahsoka can find them . `` Shadow of Malevolence '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 1.09 2.8 With the help of his Padawan Ahsoka and Jedi Master Plo Koon , Anakin utilizes new long - range Y - wing bombers to lead a bold strike on General Grievous 's warship , the Malevolence , and its destructive weapon . `` Destroy Malevolence '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 1.11 N / A Padmé Amidala and C - 3PO are taken hostage by General Grievous , leaving Anakin and Obi - Wan to save the Senator and complete the destruction of the Malevolence . 5 5 `` Rookies '' Justin Ridge Steven Melching October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 1.14 N / A Alone on a distant outpost , clone officers Rex and Cody must inspire their rookie unit to believe in themselves to stave off a droid commando invasion . 6 6 `` Downfall of a Droid '' Rob Coleman George Krstic November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 1.02 N / A R2 - D2 is lost during a fierce space battle -- and Anakin must find him before the Separatists discover the Jedi military secrets locked in his memory banks .",
"4": "7 7 `` Duel of the Droids '' Rob Coleman Kevin Campbell & Henry Gilroy November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 1.06 N / A Anakin , Ahsoka , and replacement droid R3 - S6 embark on a dual rescue / sabotage mission when they discover R2 - D2 is being held at General Grievous 's secret enemy listening post , Skytop Station . 8 8 `` Bombad Jedi '' Jesse Yeh Kevin Rubio & Steven Melching & Henry Gilroy November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 1.05 2.77 On a diplomatic mission to the planet Rodia , Padmé discovers that her old friend and fellow Republic senator Onaconda Farr has allied his planet with the Separatists . In exchange for food and resources for his people , Onaconda captures Padmé and promises to deliver her to the Nute Gunray . Sensing Padmé is in trouble , Jar Jar Binks disguises himself as a Jedi , and with the help of C - 3PO , courageously fights to rescue his friend and fellow senator . 9 9 `` Cloak of Darkness '' Dave Filoni Paul Dini December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 1.10 1.95 Ahsoka and Jedi Master Luminara escort the captured notorious Separatist leader Nute Gunray to Coruscant so he can stand trial for his crimes . However , they are unaware that Count Dooku has sent his assassin , Asajj Ventress , to free their captive . With the help of Senate Commandos , the Jedi have to thwart Ventress 's efforts to free their prisoner , despite the traitorous plans of Senate Guard Captain Argyus .",
"5": "10 10 `` Lair of Grievous '' Atsushi Takeuchi Henry Gilroy December 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) 1.12 2.14 Jedi Master Kit Fisto and his former Padawan , the Mon Calamari Jedi Nahdar Vebb , track escaped prisoner Nute Gunray to a remote world . Following Nute into a mysterious den filled with strange creatures , weapons , and war - time artifacts , the Jedi discover it is the trap - laden lair of General Grievous ! Learning that Count Dooku has led the Jedi there in order to punish Grievous for his recent failures , the General is determined to prove his abilities and destroy the Jedi . Kit and Nahdar , along with a contingent of clones , must now fight their way past Grievous and his caretaker droid A-4D to avoid being caught in General 's evil clutches forever . 11 11 `` Dooku Captured '' Jesse Yeh Julie Siege January 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) 1.16 N / A During their own attempt to kidnap Count Dooku , Anakin and Obi - Wan discover that the Sith Lord has already been captured by pirates . Hondo Ohnaka and his gang of pirates hold Dooku captive in their den on Florrum , and hold him for ransom . It 's up to Anakin and Obi - Wan to see if the offer is too good to be true . 12 12 `` The Gungan General '' Justin Ridge Julie Siege January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 1.20 2.31 Anakin and Obi - Wan have been duped and are being held for ransom along with Count Dooku by the pirate chief Hondo Ohnaka and his second - in - command , Turk Falso . While Anakin , Obi - Wan and Dooku unsuccessfully attempt to escape , the Republic sends the ransom via a special envoy , including Representative Jar Jar Binks .",
"6": "When Falso tries to steal the ransom from his boss by shooting down the shuttle , the only survivors are a squad of clones and Jar Jar , who as the most senior officer alive , has to take charge of the mission . It becomes a race against time as Jar Jar rushes to deliver the ransom to take custody of Dooku and save the Jedi . 13 13 `` Jedi Crash '' Rob Coleman Katie Lucas January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 1.22 2.35 Anakin and Ahsoka arrive at a pitched sky battle to help besieged Jedi General Aayla Secura . Anakin is gravely injured in the fight . Aayla and Ahsoka , along with the now - wounded Anakin , Rex , and the surviving clones , crash land on the uncharted grass - covered planet , Maridun . Forced to leave Anakin behind in order to save him , Aayla teaches Ahsoka why the Jedi have no personal attachments . They make their way to a Lurmen village . Their ruler , Tee Watt Kaa , explains that they 're pacifists in this war and are not aligned with either side . Hesitant to have anything to do with the Jedi , Tee Watt Kaa agrees to help save Anakin 's life . 14 14 `` Defenders of Peace '' Steward Lee Bill Canterbury January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 1.24 2.17 The leader of the Lurmen , Tee Watt Kaa , refuses to shelter the Jedi from arriving Separatist forces , fearing that such an action would unnecessarily bring his neutral people into the war . Ahsoka , Aayla , the wounded Anakin , and the rest of the clones respect their wishes as they do n't want to jeopardize the village with their presence , so they have to retreat into the wilds of the planet . Separatist Neimoidian General Lok Durd arrives to test a devastating weapon , which they plan to use on the Lurmen ! Ultimately , the villagers have to decide whether they will lay down to the Separatists or fight with the Jedi to defend their village .",
"7": "15 15 `` Trespass '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching January 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) 1.25 2.62 Arriving on the desolate ice world of Orto Plutonia , Anakin Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi investigate the disappearance of a clone security force stationed on a remote outpost . The Jedi , accompanied by Senator Riyo Chuchi and Chairman Cho of the nearby moon of Pantora , soon discover their clone troopers were attacked by a tribe of furry natives known as the Talz . Fierce beast - riding warriors , the Talz are very territorial and only want to be left alone . The Jedi manage to negotiate peace with the Talz chieftain , Thi - Sen , when greedy Chairman Cho breaks it by insisting the planet and the Talz are under his power . The resulting conflict escalates into war between the clones and the Talz , with the Jedi in the middle . 16 16 `` The Hidden Enemy '' Steward Lee Drew Z . Greenberg February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 2.01 2.51 Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi lead Republic forces in an attempt to defeat the droid armies and free the planet of Christophsis from the Separatist siege . When the Republic is ambushed and forced to retreat , it becomes clear that someone in their midst has set them up . The Jedi believe this infiltration is a Sith - backed operation and go behind enemy lines to investigate . Meanwhile , Captain Rex and Commander Cody set out to uncover the traitor amongst them . Note : This episode takes place between episode 38 ( `` Cat and Mouse '' ) and the feature film 17 17 `` Blue Shadow Virus '' Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 1.26 2.94 The Republic discovers a Separatist bio-weapon lab hidden on the planet of Naboo . Rather than wait for help , Padmé explores the lab with Jar Jar .",
"8": "Anakin , Ahsoka , Rex , and Obi - Wan arrive and follow after her . They find that the Senator is being held captive by the sinister Dr. Nuvo Vindi . The mad scientist has been developing a lethal virus for the Separatists . Vindi threatens to set off a bomb and release the virus ! 18 18 `` Mystery of a Thousand Moons '' Jesse Yeh Brian Larsen February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) 2.02 2.11 Even though the lab has been shut down , Dr. Vindi manages to activate the dreaded Blue Shadow Virus , infecting Ahsoka , Padmé , and many clone troopers . The plague is fatal within 48 hours . Anakin and Obi - Wan must travel to the mysterious planet , Iego , to secure the only known antidote to the sickness . Anakin and Obi - Wan arrive on the mysterious planet to find its population living in fear of a mysterious force that has been killing anything that tries to leave their world . With the help of Jaybo Hood , a clever Iegoan boy , Anakin and Obi - Wan must solve the planet 's mystery before they can leave , and before everyone infected with the Separatist virus dies ! 19 19 `` Storm Over Ryloth '' Brian Kalin O'Connell George Krstic & Scott Murphy & Henry Gilroy February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 1.15 2.37 Ryloth , home world of the Twi'lek people , has been subjected to military occupation by the droid army of the Separatists , and surrounded by a blockade of Trade Federation battleships . While launching a surprise attack against the blockade , Ahsoka disobeys Anakin 's orders and ends up losing most of her squadron . Even though she 's emotionally rocked by this failure , Anakin helps her learn to persevere , placing her in charge of another risky attack .",
"9": "20 20 `` Innocents of Ryloth '' Justin Ridge Randy Stradley & Henry Gilroy March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 1.17 2.49 With the space blockade around Ryloth destroyed , Obi - Wan Kenobi must lead a small clone force into a droid occupied town to sabotage their anti-aircraft guns . Obi - Wan 's mission is complicated when he learns the town 's inhabitants are being used as living shields . A pair of clones in his platoon forges an unlikely friendship with a refugee Twi'lek girl , Numa , who 's been orphaned by the war . Through their relationship with her , the clones begin to understand the real cost of the war ... 21 21 `` Liberty on Ryloth '' Rob Coleman Henry Gilroy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 1.19 3.01 The battle for the Twi'lek homeworld of Ryloth rages as the Republic attempts to drive off the occupying droid army led by Separatist Leader , Wat Tambor . With his forces stretched thin , Mace Windu must convince Twi'lek freedom fighter , Cham Syndulla , to help him save the capital city from the droids ' destruction . Initially , the Twi'lek hero is hesitant to aid Mace , but ultimately realizes the Jedi can be trusted and joins with him to liberate the city -- and ultimately the planet -- in the climactic battle . 22 22 `` Hostage Crisis '' Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) 2.04 3.29 In an attempt to force the release of the crime lord Ziro the Hutt from prison , bounty hunters seize control of the Senate Building and hold members of the Senate hostage . Cad Bane , the leader of the operation , with the help of bounty hunter Aurra Sing , issues his demands to Chancellor Palpatine who has no choice but to meet his request . Unbeknownst to the hunters , Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is loose in the Senate Building .",
"10": "Season 2 : Rise of the bounty hunters ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) The season two premiere , `` Holocron Heist '' , was broadcast on October 2 , 2009 , and attracted 2.581 million viewers . Episode 15 was first released in Canada . Episodes 16 -- 21 were released in UK before airing in US . In Season 2 , the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them . Meanwhile , the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the primary battle droid manufacturing facility . The one - hour season finale combined of `` R2 Come Home '' and `` Lethal Trackdown '' , was broadcast on April 30 , 2010 , and the original broadcast received 2.756 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 23 `` Holocron Heist '' Justin Ridge Paul Dini October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) 1.23 2.58 Obi - Wan and Anakin try to stop bounty hunter Cad Bane from stealing a holocron from the Jedi temple . Meanwhile , Ahsoka discovers another shapeshifting bounty hunter disguised as a Jedi . 24 `` Cargo of Doom '' Rob Coleman George Krstic October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) 1.13 2.58 Cad Bane moves to sell the stolen holocron to the Separatists while Anakin and Ahsoka try to retrieve it and return it to the holocron vault inside the Jedi Temple . 25 `` Children of the Force '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy & Wendy Meracle October 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) 2.03 2.8 Cad Bane uses the holocron to find and kidnap Force - sensitive younglings . Anakin and Ahsoka try to find them and take them home while Mace Windu and Obi - Wan track down the holocron .",
"11": "26 `` Senate Spy '' Steward Lee Melinda Hsu October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 2.05 N / A The Jedi suspect that Senator Rush Clovis is working for the Separatists , so they recruit Padme to spy on him . Anakin is upset to discover that Padme and Clovis have a romantic history . 27 5 `` Landing at Point Rain '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Brian Larsen November 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 2.07 N / A Using the information stolen from Senator Clovis , Obi - Wan , Anakin , Ahsoka , and Ki - Adi - Mundi lead a combined clone trooper assault on a massive droid factory on Geonosis . 28 6 `` Weapons Factory '' Giancarlo Volpe Brian Larsen November 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) 2.08 N / A Ahsoka and Luminara Unduli 's Padawan Barriss Offee sneak into the droid factory to destroy it while their masters face the new indestructible `` Super Tanks '' . 29 7 `` Legacy of Terror '' Steward Lee Eoghan Mahony November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) 2.09 N / A Luminara is captured while looking for Separatist leader Poggle the Lesser , and it 's up to Anakin , Obi - Wan and Commander Cody to enter a colony of Geonosian zombies to find her . 30 8 `` Brain Invaders '' Steward Lee Andrew Kreisberg December 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 2.12 N / A Ahsoka and Barriss are to transport critical supplies to a medical station , but their clone troops are infected with mind - controlling Geonosian worms which try to kill the Jedi . Barriss is also infected by this mind - controlling worm .",
"12": "31 9 `` Grievous Intrigue '' Giancarlo Volpe Ben Edlund January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 2.14 N / A Jedi Master Eeth Koth is captured by General Grievous . While Jedi Master Adi Gallia and Anakin try to rescue him , Obi - Wan plays bait to lure Grievous and capture him . 32 10 `` The Deserter '' Robert Dalva Carl Ellsworth January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 2.06 N / A After escaping to the planet Saleucami , Grievous searches for a ship to get offworld . Obi - Wan , Commander Cody and Rex try to search for Grievous before he escapes the planet . Rex is wounded by a commando droid sniper while scouting ahead and meets a deserter at a farm where he takes shelter . 33 11 `` Lightsaber Lost '' Giancarlo Volpe Drew Z . Greenberg January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) 2.11 N / A When Ahsoka 's lightsaber is stolen by a pickpocket , she gets help from the seemingly feeble elder Jedi Tera Sinube as she tracks down the thief . 34 12 `` The Mandalore Plot '' Kyle Dunlevy Melinda Hsu January 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) 2.13 N / A Obi - Wan is assigned to protect Duchess Satine of Mandalore from a terrorist organization called Death Watch . 35 13 `` Voyage of Temptation '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Paul Dini February 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) 1.21 N / A As Satine heads to Coruscant protected by clones and two jedi , Anakin , R2 and the clones find assassin droids in the cargo while Obi - Wan tries to identify the traitor .",
"13": "36 14 `` Duchess of Mandalore '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Drew Z . Greenberg February 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) 2.16 N / A On Coruscant , Satine disguises herself as a civilian to avoid assassins as she pleads for the Senate to leave her planet in peace . 37 15 `` Senate Murders '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Drew Z . Greenberg March 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) 2.10 N / A Senator Onaconda Farr is poisoned , and Padme teams up with Bail Organa to unmask the culprit , who turns out to be a fellow senator . 38 16 `` Cat and Mouse '' Kyle Dunlevy Brian Larsen March 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) 2.17 2.02 A highly seasoned Separatist strategist stands between the Republic fleet and beleaguered Republic forces on Christophisis . Anakin finds himself in command of an advanced prototype stealth ship with orders to ferry supplies to the weary troops on the planet below . Will he obey orders , or use the stealth ship to launch a sneak attack on the Separatist blockade ? Note : This episode is a prequel to the season 1 episode , The Hidden Enemy , which in turn is a prequel to the Clone Wars movie . 39 17 `` Bounty Hunters '' Steward Lee Carl Ellsworth March 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 27 ) 2.19 N / A When Anakin , Ahsoka and Obi - Wan crash on the lush rainforest planet of Felucia , they decide to help four bounty hunters protect local farmers from pirates intent on stealing their valuable crops . Obi Wan and Anakin soon find out that the pirates are led by the duo 's old foe , Hondo . Note : This episode pays homage to the memory of Akira Kurosawa and to his 1954 movie classic Seven Samurai .",
"14": "40 18 `` The Zillo Beast '' Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley April 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) 2.22 N / A The Republic 's newest droid - annihilating proton bomb awakens a monstrous , gargantuan and near - invincible beast from its underground hibernation . Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker face a dilemma : save the beast as the last specimen of its kind , or help the Dugs kill it and secure a treaty for critical fuel supplies ? Note : This episode and the creature 's name pay homage to the legendary Japanese giant monster Godzilla . 41 19 `` The Zillo Beast Strikes Back '' Steward Lee Steven Melching April 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 10 ) 2.23 N / A When the Zillo Beast is brought back to Coruscant in hopes of learning the secret of its impenetrable armour , it instead breaks loose and rampages across the ecumenopolis . As the clones prepare to kill it with poison gas , the Jedi are again trapped in a moral conflict between the value of its life and that of the planet 's civilian populace . 42 20 `` Death Trap '' Steward Lee Doug Petrie April 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) 2.15 2.85 Boba Fett infiltrates a Jedi cruiser and joins a group of young clones with the intention of assassinating Mace Windu for killing his father Jango Fett . 43 21 `` R2 Come Home '' Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony April 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 24 ) 2.18 2.76 Anakin Skywalker and Mace Windu are trapped in the crumbling ruins of a crashed ship while searching for survivors , and only R2 - D2 can get out a message to save them -- if he can elude vicious gundarks and , worse yet , a crew of determined bounty hunters led by Boba Fett and Aurra Sing .",
"15": "44 22 `` Lethal Trackdown '' Dave Filoni Dave Filoni & Drew Z . Greenberg April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 2.20 2.76 While Anakin and Mace Windu recover from their injuries , Plo Koon and Ahsoka track down Boba Fett from the underworld of Coruscant to the desert planet of Florrum . Boba 's revenge scheme finally leads to a climactic battle , and the life of a Republic admiral hangs in the balance . Season 3 : secrets revealed ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) The season three premiere , consisting of `` Clone Cadets '' and `` ARC Troopers , '' was broadcast on September 17 , 2010 , attracting 2.42 million viewers . These episodes , and certain others in this season , cover events from previous seasons . Episodes 21 and 22 were released in the UK before airing in the US . The season finale , consisting of `` Padawan Lost '' and `` Wookie Hunt , '' was broadcast on April 1 , 2011 , attracting 2.31 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 45 `` Clone Cadets '' Dave Filoni Cameron Litvack September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) 3.01 2.42 On Kamino , before the events of `` Rookies '' ( Season 1 Episode 5 ) , 5 clone cadets of Domino Squad are at risk of washing out unless they pull their team together while trainers Bric , El - Les , and Jedi Master Shaak Ti debate their fate .",
"16": "46 `` ARC Troopers '' Kyle Dunlevy Cameron Litvack September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) 3.02 2.42 Taking place after the Season 1 episode `` Rookies '' , General Grievous and Ventress 's Separatists forces launch a major attack on the Republic cloning facilities on Kamino with Anakin , Obi - Wan , Jedi Master Shaak Ti , and the 501st defending it . 47 `` Supply Lines '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching & Eoghan Mahony September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) 2.24 1.69 With Ryloth under siege , a trapped Jedi Master Ima - Gun Di and his clone forces rally the local forces of Cham Syndulla . Elsewhere , the Jedi council sends Bail Organa and Jar Jar Binks to go to Toydaria , to ask King Katuunko for aid to Ryloth . 48 `` Sphere of Influence '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 2.25 1.88 Chairman Papanoida 's family is kidnapped and held for ransom . Ahsoka must team up with the Senator from Pantora , Riyo Chuchi , to aid the new chairman in recovering his family before the Trade Federation can unduly influence the future of his planet . 49 5 `` Corruption '' Giancarlo Volpe Cameron Litvack October 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) 3.04 1.78 Padmé , on a diplomatic mission to Mandalore , guarantees the pacifist planet the Republic 's full protection , but she and Duchess Satine soon find something sinister lurking beneath the planet 's serene facade . Moogan smugglers have been sneaking in supplies , including bottled tea destined for the Mandalorian schools . To increase their profits , they have been diluting the tea with a hazardous chemical .",
"17": "50 6 `` The Academy '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) 2.26 1.79 Ahsoka is assigned to teach a class at the cadet academy on Mandalore . Soon after she arrives , Duchess Satine 's zealous nephew and his classmates uncover a nefarious plot . 51 7 `` Assassin '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas October 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) 2.21 1.85 Having volunteered to protect Senator Padmé Amidala during a political mission to Alderaan , Padawan Ahsoka Tano is plagued by recurring visions of the presumed dead bounty hunter Aurra Sing assassinating the senator . 52 8 `` Evil Plans '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 05 ) 3.03 1.84 While on an important shopping trip on Coruscant , C - 3PO and R2 - D2 are kidnapped by the sinister bounty hunter Cad Bane in the dastardly plot to free Ziro the Hutt as carried out in `` Hostage Crisis '' . 53 9 `` Hunt for Ziro '' Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 3.05 1.76 In the aftermath of the events of `` Hostage Crisis '' , due to his possessing of incriminating information , Ziro the Hutt is placed under the custody under the Hutt Council . When Cad Bane is sent to hunt down Ziro , he learns that Jedi Masters Obi - Wan and Quinlan Vos are searching for Ziro too .",
"18": "54 10 `` Heroes on Both Sides '' Kyle Dunlevy Daniel Arkin November 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) 3.06 1.75 When the Senate begins debate on a bill that would eliminate government oversight of the Banking Clan 's activities , Padmé and Ahsoka travel in secret to the capital of the Confederacy of Independent Systems , in an attempt to forge a peace agreement with the Separatists . However after both the Republic and Separatists agree to have a peace conference , Dooku orders General Grievous to dispatch a group of droids to launch a terrorist attack on Coruscant , resulting in a failure of peace . 55 11 `` Pursuit of Peace '' Duwayne Dunham Daniel Arkin December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) 3.07 1.61 Senators Padmé Amidala , Bail Organa and Onaconda Farr push against a new bill in the Senate to buy new clones for the Republic . But someone does not like their opposition and tries to persuade them out of it . 56 12 `` Nightsisters '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 3.08 1.86 Darth Sidious , troubled by Ventress 's growing progress with the dark side of the Force , commands Count Dooku to eliminate her . When Ventress survives Dooku 's assassination attempt , the jilted former apprentice vows to take revenge , enlisting her kinswomen -- the Nightsisters of Dathomir -- in her scheme . 57 13 `` Monster '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) 3.10 N / A With the results of Ventress 's attack on Dooku as a failure , Mother Talzin gives Dooku a new apprentice named Savage Opress , who is the clan brother of Darth Maul and secretly controlled by the Nightsisters .",
"19": "58 14 `` Witches of the Mist '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 3.12 2.21 With Savage Opress connected to the Force he is sent out by Dooku to capture King Katuunko , where he meets Obi Wan and Anakin , sent by the jedi to search for Savage Opress as he murdered two Jedi . Opress escapes and is punished by Dooku for killing Katuunko rather than capturing him . Meanwhile , Talzin tells Ventress to attack Dooku after these events . But the attack fails when Opress goes in rage after being confused between his loyalties to Dooku and Ventress and also when Obi - Wan and Anakin interfere . All remain unharmed . Savage returns to Mother Talzin , believing Ventress betrayed him . 59 15 `` Overlords '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor January 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) 3.09 1.74 Obi - Wan , Anakin and Ahsoka become stranded on a mysterious planet where the Force is very strong . Three powerful entities called the Father , Son and Daughter live there . The Father tries to convince Anakin to stay and remain as Anakin will be the only one able to control the Son and Daughter since he is the Chosen One . 60 16 `` Altar of Mortis '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 3.11 2.29 Before the Jedi can leave Mortis , the Son takes Ahsoka captive in an attempt to entice Anakin into joining him to use their combined strength to overpower his Father and Sister . To this end , the Son casts Ahsoka under the spell of the dark side and she battles Anakin , when he comes to rescue her , and is later battled with Obi - wan . After a battle between the Son and the Daughter stopped by the Father , Ahsoka steals the dagger that controls the Son .",
"20": "The Son is about to kill the Father , but the Daughter sacrifices herself to save the Father and returns Ahsoka to normal as well by the Daughter transferring her life to Ahsoka . 61 17 `` Ghosts of Mortis '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 3.13 2.24 The Jedi remain stranded on Mortis , and the Son aligned with the Dark Side of the Force renews his efforts to convert Anakin as the Jedi prepare for a decisive confrontation . To turn Anakin to the Dark Side , the Son shows Anakin future images of himself causing so much pain and death as the Sith Lord Darth Vader . This works , and Anakin joins the Son out of fear that what he saw would actually happen . Ahsoka disables the ship upon hearing that Anakin joined the Son , and leaves to help Obi - Wan find the Father . The Father later confronts Anakin and erases his memory of the terrible vision the Son had shown him . When the Son tries to kill the Father , the Father steals the sword and uses it to kill himself , taking away his Son 's power , allowing Anakin to kill the Son and restore the balance . 62 18 `` The Citadel '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 3.14 1.84 An elite team of Jedi attempts to free Master Even Piell , who is in possession of hyperdrive coordinates that could harm both Separatists and Jedi alike , from an impenetrable prison , encountering reprogrammed battle droids , carbonite chambers and a younger Captain Tarkin along the way ( before he joined the Galactic Empire ) . It is revealed that Piell and captain Tarkin each have memorized half of the coordinates .",
"21": "63 19 `` Counter Attack '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Matt Michnovetz March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 3.15 1.87 With freed prisoners in their possession and brutal warden Osi Sobeck attempting desperately to thwart them , Obi - Wan and Anakin search for a way out of the Citadel and back to Coruscant . The prison , however , has more traps , perils and pitfalls in store for them than they had imagined and they must work past their differences if they are to escape . 64 20 `` Citadel Rescue '' Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 3.17 1.55 While finding their way out of the Citadel prison which is under the command of the Separatist Osi Sobeck , the elite team 's ship was destroyed , forcing them to wait for the rescue by Republic fleet . Along the way to rendezvous point they encounter waves of droid squads , which they have to fight in order to evacuate freed prisoners and save the information they hold . The Jedi attempt to escape , but are cornered by a pack of anoobas who kill Even Piell . But before he dies , he gives his half of the information to Ahsoka , telling her not to reveal it to anyone but the Jedi Council . But as the Jedi are about to escape , they are cornered by Sobeck who tries to kill Tarkin , but is stabbed and killed by Ahsoka . Plo Koon then arrives and rescues the Jedi , taking them back to Coruscant . 65 21 `` Padawan Lost '' Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 3.16 2.31 Ahsoka gets captured by Trandoshans during a battle on the planet Felucia . They drop her off on a planet where they intend to hunt her and others for sport . Ahsoka encounters three Jedi younglings named Kalifa , Jinx and O - mer , who she teams up with to survive .",
"22": "The next day they set out to escape the Trandoshans but are found and hunted . The lead Trandoshan 's son is accidentally killed , and in revenge his father shoots and kills Kalifa . Ahsoka promises to take care of the other two younglings as Kalifa dies . 66 22 `` Wookiee Hunt '' Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 3.18 2.31 As Ahsoka and her allies struggle to evade the Trandoshan hunters , their efforts receive an unexpected boost when a new captive arrives : Chewbacca the Wookiee . Together , the younglings , Ahsoka and Chewie attack the Trandoshan fortress , and with the help of other Wookiee warriors , are able to kill a large number of Trandoshans . Ahsoka herself kills the Trandoshan leader Garnac with a powerful Force push . Season 4 : battle lines ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) The season four premiere , consisting of `` Water War '' and `` Gungan Attack '' , was broadcast on September 16 , 2011 , and attracted 1.93 million viewers , the lowest premiere viewing of all seasons . The season finale , `` Revenge '' was broadcast on March 16 , 2012 , attracting 2.03 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 67 `` Water War '' Duwayne Dunham Jose Molina September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 3.22 1.93 Anakin , Padme , Kit Fisto and Ahsoka find themselves on the planet of Mon Calamari helping to keep the peace in a near civil war . But the Separatists have another plan . Will the Jedi and the inhabitants of Mon Calamari join forces and push back the invaders , or will another planet fall in the hands of the Separatists ? An underwater battle takes place for the Republic to save the planet from falling .",
"23": "68 `` Gungan Attack '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Jose Molina September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 3.23 1.93 After the Separatists defeat most of the Republic forces on Mon Calamari , the Jedi Council are forced to call in the help of Jar Jar Binks and the Grand Gungan Army to the Jedi and the remaining Republic forces . However , in the aftermath of the battle , the remaining Republic forces are captured , leaving Ahsoka and Prince Lee - Char to devise a new strategy . 69 `` Prisoners '' Danny Keller Jose Molina September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) 3.24 1.61 After Anakin , Padme , Kit Fisto and Jar Jar Binks are all captured by Riff Tamson , Ahsoka and Prince Lee Char must find a way to free their friends from the grip of the Separatists . Endeavoring to liberate his planet from the sinister Tamson , Lee Char must now convince the Quarren to rejoin his cause . 70 `` Shadow Warrior '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Daniel Arkin September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 3.19 1.56 Anakin , Padme and Jar Jar uncover a plot by the Gungan `` shaman '' Rish Loo to trick the Gungans into aiding the Separatists in an assault on Naboo . However , as the charade unravels , can Jar Jar convince the Gungan army that they 've been deceived ? However shortly after General Grievous arrives , demanding to know why the attack was cancelled . Jar Jar manages to lure Grievous into a trap in which he is captured , but Dooku manages to capture Anakin , who is chasing after Rish Loo . Now Dooku demand 's the freedom of Grievous in exchange for Skywalker .",
"24": "71 5 `` Mercy Mission '' Danny Keller Bonnie Mark October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 3.20 1.35 Plo Koon 's clone legion `` The Wolfpack '' , R2 - D2 and C - 3PO are sent to repair power & communication systems on the planet of Aleen after a series of devastating earth - quakes ; but the droids discover a severe ecological imbalance between the planet 's subterranean ecology and surface biospheres . 72 6 `` Nomad Droids '' Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 3.21 1.67 On their return voyage to Coruscant , their Republic - cruiser is attacked by General Grievous . R2 - D2 and C - 3PO find themselves in a Y - wing and on a series of 4 mini-adventures , whilst trying to get back to the safety of Coruscant . The last of which is being trapped on General Grievous ship with captured Jedi Master Adi Gallia , until Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone legion the Wolfpack rescues them . 73 7 `` Darkness on Umbara '' Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 3.25 1.78 When Anakin is forced to temporarily turn over command of his clone troopers ( the 501st Legion ) to a new commander , the Jedi Pong Krell , tensions begin to run high as the clones are assigned with a very deadly mission to take the capital of Umbara . 74 8 `` The General '' Walter Murch Matt Michnovetz November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 3.26 1.56 General Krell orders Captain Rex and the clone troopers of the 501st Legion to conquer a heavily fortified Umbaran airbase , and will not accept anything less than victory . It is an almost certain suicide mission , unless the clones can use their ingenuity to defeat their new enemy .",
"25": "75 9 `` Plan of Dissent '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) 4.01 1.80 After the Republic conquers an Umbaran airbase , General Krell orders Rex and his men on towards the heavily fortified capital . Realizing there 's a better plan , several clone troopers ( Fives , Jesse and Hardcase ) disobey orders to carry out a rogue , covert operation . 76 10 `` Carnage of Krell '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 4.02 1.62 With two of his men ( Fives and Jesse ) facing execution for disobeying orders , Captain Rex is forced to confront his overly aggressive commander , General Krell , in the conclusion to the action - packed battle for Umbara . Risking charges of mutiny , Rex must make a dark choice as the true face of the enemy emerges . 77 11 `` Kidnapped '' Kyle Dunlevy Henry Gilroy November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) 4.03 1.57 Zygerrian slavers are behind the sudden disappearance of an entire colony of people on the planet Kiros . As Anakin and Ahsoka rush to defuse a series of bombs planted by the slavers , Obi - Wan must fight with their imposing leader , who then runs off leading Anakin and Ahsoka to raid and take over his ship . 78 12 `` Slaves of the Republic '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy December 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) 4.04 1.37 Anakin , Obi - Wan , Rex , and Ahsoka go undercover to infiltrate the slavers on Zygerria to find the missing Colonists . Obi - Wan , Rex , and Anakin pretend to be slavers , and Ahsoka as the slave ( impersonating an heiress ) .",
"26": "Later on Obi - Wan is captured for trying to help a colonist escape , and Anakin and Ahsoka are also captured by the Zygerrian Queen . Anakin struggles with his emotions as a wily Zygerrian queen forces him to take questionable actions in order to carry out his mission . 79 13 `` Escape from Kadavo '' Danny Keller Henry Gilroy January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 4.05 1.39 Anakin tries to convince the Zygerrian Queen that she too is a slave and pawn in an evil Separatist plot . Meanwhile Obi - Wan and Rex are captured and taken to the Planet of Kadavo to toil in the slave camps . 80 14 `` A Friend in Need '' Dave Filoni Christian Taylor January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 4.06 1.51 A peace conference between Separatists and Republic delegates is interrupted by Lux Bonteri , the son of the late Separatist Senator , Mina Bonteri ( Season 3 , Episode 10 ) . Soon after , he involves Ahsoka in his dangerous search to find justice for his mother 's death - which subsequently leads to Ahsoka crossing paths with Vizsla and the Death Watch . 81 15 `` Deception '' Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) 4.07 2.12 Obi - Wan fakes his own death and goes undercover ( as Rako Hardeen ) in a Republic prison , in order to gather information on a plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine from a convict named Moralo Eval . While there , he learns that another prisoner , notorious bounty hunter Cad Bane , is also involved . Meanwhile , Anakin seeks vengeance over the death of his former master .",
"27": "82 16 `` Friends and Enemies '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) 4.08 1.62 Having escaped from prison , Obi - Wan , Cad Bane and Moralo Eval flee across the galaxy , pursued by Anakin and Ahsoka . Obi - Wan must devise a way to warn his fellow Jedi to halt their chase without blowing his cover . 83 17 `` The Box '' Brian Kalin O'Connel Brent Friedman February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 4.09 1.80 Count Dooku invites some of the best bounty hunters in the galaxy , including Cad Bane and a still - disguised Obi - Wan , to compete in an obstacle course designed by Moralo Eval known as `` The Box '' , with involvement in the plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine as the reward for survival . After facing many challenges in The Box , Obi - Wan survives , along with Cad Bane and 4 other bounty hunters . Cad Bane is appointed by Dooku to lead the kidnap operation against Palpatine on Naboo . 84 18 `` Crisis on Naboo '' Danny Keller Brent Friedman February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 4.10 1.86 Supreme Chancellor Palpatine goes to Naboo guarded by Jedi Knights . Meanwhile , Cad Bane , a still - disguised Obi - Wan and a pack of bounty hunters put their plan into action , but it fails when Obi - Wan alerts the Jedi and Dooku does n't rendezvous with them to collect his quarry . With the bounty hunters now in Republic custody , Obi - Wan wants to change back to his original self . However , what Obi - Wan does n't realize was that Dooku was eavesdropping via a hidden recorder when he alerted Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker , indicating that a deeper conspiracy is still at hand . Will Anakin be able to stop Dooku 's plan before it is too late ?",
"28": "85 19 `` Massacre '' Steward Lee Katie Lucas February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 4.11 1.46 After failing to kill Dooku or control Savage Opress , Asajj Ventress is advised by Mother Talzin to reject the ways of the Sith and rejoin the Nightsisters . Upon discovering Ventress ' location , Dooku commands General Grievious to launch a droid assault in a bid to eliminate Ventress and wipe out Mother Talzin along with the entire Nightsister clan . As Ventress and Grevious square - off in saver combat , Talzan creates a voodoo doll of Dooku to figuratively kill him whilst her relative Daka - the eldest of the sister 's clan - awakens an army of undead Dathomirian Nightsisters to hold off the droid forces . Ventress defeats Grievous just moments before getting wounded , forcing her to escape the chaos alone as the rest of the Nightsisters are all eventually massacred ; Grievous went to proceed in killing Daka , whereas Talzan escapes as her success in finishing off Dooku is ultimately foiled . The episode closes with the green misty ' spirit ' of Mother Talzin bidding farewell and good luck to Ventress , who is now left to grieve for her sisters and lament her lost future . 86 20 `` Bounty '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 4.12 2.07 An aimless Asajj Ventress joins a team of bounty hunters - including Bossk & Dengar - under the leadership of a pre-teen Boba Fett . On an alien world , they undertake a precarious , profitable , subterranean delivery mission that tests the limits of their skills , and the strength of Asajj 's character . Realizing that familial love is a ubiquitous virtue throughout the galaxies and that her powers are needed by many , Ventress finds a sense of closure and hope for her future after all .",
"29": "87 21 `` Brothers '' Bosco Ng Katie Lucas March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) 4.13 1.99 With a magical amulet from Mother Talzin , Savage Opress lands on a junk planet in the Outer Rim , and searches for his lost brother . With the help of the snake - like Morley , Savage finds his brother , discovering that it is no less than the Sith Lord Darth Maul , who has been driven to insanity from his bisection and near - death experience . 88 22 `` Revenge '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 4.14 2.03 Fueled by hatred , Darth Maul and his brother Savage Opress set out to take revenge on the Jedi who had sliced him in half on Naboo over ten years earlier . Maul sends a message to Obi - Wan Kenobi to confront him alone , by murdering the inhabitants of a village on a distant planet . Upon arrival , Kenobi is double - teamed by Maul and Opress and they leave the planet with Kenobi as their prisoner . Obi - Wan receives aid from an unlikely ally , Asajj Ventress , now a bounty hunter after the one million credit bounty on Opress . Outmatched , Obi - Wan and Ventress flee Maul and Savage in the ship 's cockpit , leaving the two Dathomirian brothers to patiently stage their next move - with Maul vowing to exact his revenge on Obi - Wan . Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) The season five premiere , `` Revival '' , was broadcast on September 29 , 2012 , and attracted 1.94 million viewers . Season five consisted of 20 episodes instead of the normal 22 episode count . The season five finale , `` The Wrong Jedi '' , was broadcast on March 2 , 2013 , and attracted 2.18 million viewers . Unlike the first four seasons , the episodes for Season 5 were released to DVD and Blu - ray in Chronological order as opposed to Broadcast order . No. in series No.",
"30": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 89 `` Revival '' Steward Lee Chris Collins September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) 4.26 1.94 Darth Maul and Savage Opress steal a fortune of republic credits , and bribe a squad of pirates to take down a pirate stronghold run by Hondo . They attack Hondo 's stronghold but Obi - Wan , accompanied by Jedi Master Adi Gallia , intervene , and in the battle that follows Savage kills Adi . Hondo ambushes the squad of pirates and wins their loyalty back , while Obi - Wan fights Savage and Maul and cuts off Savage 's left arm . The brothers flee to their ship under fire from Hondo and the pirates , but they launch their escape pod mid flight as the ship is damaged . Obi - Wan returns to Coruscant , where the Chancellor informs him that the brothers are of no importance compared to the Separatists , and no further action should be taken against them . 90 `` A War on Two Fronts '' Dave Filoni Chris Collins October 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) 4.15 1.71 On the Separatist world of Onderon , a group of rebels call for the assistance of the Jedi . Ahsoka , Anakin , Rex , and Obi - Wan go to train the rebels to fight , and see that former Separatist and Ahsoka Tano love interest Lux Bonteri is among them , as Onderon is his homeworld . 91 `` Front Runners '' Steward Lee Chris Collins October 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 4.16 1.75 Ahsoka Tano , now leading the rebels on Onderon , but forbidden to fight , puts their training to use by having them hi - jack an AAT and blow up the main power station for the capital city of Onderon , so that the rebels can wreak havoc .",
"31": "92 `` The Soft War '' Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins October 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 20 ) 4.17 1.57 The former King of Onderon is going to be executed by the Droid General and the current king of Onderon . After an ill - concocted solo effort to rescue the deposed King Ramsis Dendup by Saw , Steela , Lux Bonteri , and Ahsoka , with no help from the Republic , devise a plan to retrieve the King from the Palace . The plan fails but as the former King is about to be executed , the rebels are saved by General Tandin and the Onderonian milita . After allowing the rebels and his troops to escape General Tandin is in turn saved by Ahsoka . Now knowing the Jedi 's involvement , Dooku grows impatient with his underlings . 93 5 `` Tipping Points '' Bosco Ng Chris Collins October 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) 4.18 1.42 The rebels on Onderon struggle to reclaim their home planet because a new Separatist droid general sent by Dooku turns out to be a better strategist than the current Onderonian King . After the Republic and the Jedi High Council refuse to give Ahsoka Tano and the rebels assistance Anakin Skywalker persuades Hondo Ohnaka , Crime Boss of Florrum to supply illegal rocket launchers to the rebels to combat the Separatist 's new gunships . Meanwhile the King is killed by the droid general by Dooku 's orders . The rebels seem to succeed until Steela ; leader of the rebels , nearly falls off of a cliff , prompting Lux Bonteri to try and aid her but just ends up falling himself . So Ahsoka Tano has to rescue both , she rescues Bonteri and is about to rescue Steela when a downed Separatist Gunship fires a missile at her causing Ahsoka to drop Steela to her death . Even with Steela dead , the rebels succeed in taking back Onderon .",
"32": "94 6 `` The Gathering '' Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor November 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 4.22 1.66 Ahsoka and Yoda take a group of younglings to a cave on Ilum to perform a Jedi rite of passage called `` The Gathering '' , where they will each have to face an internal fear or flaw in order to retrieve a Kyber crystal so they can begin building their own lightsabers . 95 7 `` A Test of Strength '' Bosco Ng Christian Taylor November 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 4.23 1.74 While returning to Coruscant with their lightsaber crystals , the younglings are attacked by Hondo , who wants to steal their crystals and sell them . Ahsoka must defend the younglings from the pirates . 96 8 `` Bound for Rescue '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor November 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 4.24 1.96 With Ahsoka captured by Hondo , the younglings go to Florrum to rescue her , against the wishes of Obi - Wan Kenobi . However , before he can help the younglings , he is attacked by General Grievous and defeated , but nearly kills the droid general by setting the self - destruct on the Negotiator , after being defeated by Grievous in single - combat . 97 9 `` A Necessary Bond '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor November 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) 4.25 1.39 General Grievous attacks Hondo on Florrum , so Ahsoka and Hondo must make amends in order to survive this encounter .",
"33": "98 10 `` Secret Weapons '' Danny Keller Brent Friedman December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 5.04 1.46 R2 - D2 is part of a team of Republic droids chosen for an important mission led by the diminutive Colonel Meebur Gascon to obtain an encryption module from a Separatist dreadnought . The droids must overcome numerous challenging obstacles to succeed in this crucial assignment . 99 11 `` A Sunny Day in the Void '' Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 5.05 1.43 After their ship crashes on a desolate planet , D - Squad & Colonel Gascon must find a way off to get back to Coruscant , or be stranded forever . 100 12 `` Missing in Action '' Steward Lee Brent Friedman January 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 05 ) 5.06 1.74 Colonel Gascon and D - Squad discover that Abafar , the planet they are trapped on , is Separatist - controlled , but they also discover a Republic Clone Commando named Gregor , who has been stranded on the planet as well . They must work together to get off the planet safely . 101 13 `` Point of No Return '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) 5.07 1.47 After believing themselves safe , Colonel Gascon and D - Squad discover that they are prisoners of the Separatists in a captured Republic cruiser , finding themselves enmeshed in thwarting a plot to destroy a Republic space station holding a strategic conference . 102 14 `` Eminence '' Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins January 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 19 ) 5.01 1.85 Darth Maul and Savage Opress form an alliance with the Mandalorian terrorist group Death Watch and several crime syndicates , including Black Sun , the Pyke Syndicate , and the Hutt Cartel , in order to destroy all of their common enemies .",
"34": "103 15 `` Shades of Reason '' Bosco Ng Chris Collins January 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 26 ) 5.02 1.83 Maul 's alliance helps the Death Watch and their leader , Pre Vizsla , conquer Mandalore and imprison Duchess Satine , but , when Vizsla 's ambitions surface , how long will the alliance last ? 104 16 `` The Lawless '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Chris Collins February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 5.03 1.86 Having assumed control over a majority of the Death Watch after killing Vizsla in a duel , Maul proceeds to lure Obi - Wan Kenobi to Mandalore with news of Satine 's capture . Obi - Wan borrows Anakin 's ship , The Twilight , in order to save his love . After stealing the armor of a Death Watch soldier , Obi - Wan uses his disguise to sneak into the jail . He and Satine manage to escape to his ship , however , they are soon pursued by Darth Maul and recaptured . Back in the throne room , Darth Maul proceeds to Force Choke Satine as he and Obi - Wan debate which side of the Force is more powerful . Darth Maul then stabs Satine with the Darksaber , and she dies in Obi - Wan 's arms , proclaiming to him : `` I 've loved you always , I always will . '' Obi - Wan then is escorted to the Mandalorian jail , however , on the way there he is rescued by Bo - Katan and her Death Watch faction . Meanwhile , the hostile takeover captures the attention of Darth Sidious , Maul 's former master , who travels to Mandalore to take care of the rogue Sith brothers . At the same time , Bo - Katan and Obi - Wan fight their way through the brewing war , making it to a new ship for Obi - Wan to escape in . Obi - Wan then discovers that Bo - Katan is the sister of Duchess Satine , and expresses his condolences to her as he leaves the planet . In the Mandalorian Throne room , Sidious kills Savage and takes Maul prisoner , hinting that he has a sinister plan in mind .",
"35": "105 17 `` Sabotage '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Charles Murray February 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 09 ) 5.08 2.02 After Ahsoka manages to rescue Anakin from certain peril on Cato Neimoidia , the two are called back to Coruscant from the front lines to investigate a terrorist bombing at the Jedi Temple . 106 18 `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' Danny Keller Charles Murray February 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 16 ) 5.09 1.64 Ahsoka Tano is blamed for the murder of Letta Turmond , a key suspect in the bombing , and is detained by Admiral Tarkin . Despite Anakin 's best efforts to exonerate her , she is forced to escape the military prison where she is interred and flee into the Coruscant underworld to find the actual perpetrator and prove her innocence . 107 19 `` To Catch a Jedi '' Kyle Dunlevy Charles Murray February 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 5.10 2.06 While on the run in the underworld of Coruscant , pursued by Republic authorities , Ahsoka makes a deal with Asajj Ventress to find out who the actual murderer of Letta Turmond really is , leading the two to come to terms with each other in spite of their antagonistic pasts . However , will the real perpetrator 's machinations cast such an alliance into doubt ? 108 20 `` The Wrong Jedi '' Dave Filoni Charles Murray March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 5.11 2.18 Prosecution begins for Ahsoka in the High Courts after the Jedi Council expels her from the Jedi Order . As Padmé fights to prove Ahsoka 's innocence , Anakin finds the information to relieve Ahsoka of her charges and reveal the true culprit of the crimes to be Barriss Offee . However , though cleared of all charges , Ahsoka is disillusioned by the turn of events and leaves the Jedi Order soon afterward .",
"36": "Season 6 : the lost Missions ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Episodes from the sixth season of the series were released on March 7 , 2014 on Netflix . The 13 episodes of season six premiered in Germany on February 15 , 2014 on Super RTL . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 109 `` The Unknown '' Bosco Ng Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.12 Clone Trooper Tup is suffering from a severe neurological disorder that causes the death of a Jedi Master . Trying to find the motives for the assassination , Anakin escorts Tup back to Kamino for examination , but then they are attacked by the Separatists . 110 `` Conspiracy '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.13 Clone Trooper Tup is undergoing a medical examination in the sterile laboratories of Kamino to find the motives for his shocking attack on the Jedi Master . For the examination to succeed , ARC Trooper Fives must enter the depth of Tup 's mind , where he finds a secret code manipulation in the cloning program of the Republic . 111 `` Fugitive '' Danny Keller Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.14 Clone Trooper Tup is transported back to Coruscant , where his body is to be examined by the Chancellor 's personal physician . ARC Trooper Fives is also investigating the matter and discovers that a modified code has been hidden in the minds of all the clones . 112 `` Orders '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.15 In an effort to find more answers about the assassination , Fives attempts to speak with Chancellor Palpatine personally , only to find himself on the run , and , while explaining his theory to Anakin Skywalker , is shot and killed by a clone squad .",
"37": "113 5 `` An Old Friend '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.19 While on a mercy mission to the planet Scipio , Padmé Amidala 's old flame Rush Clovis gets in touch with her asking for help . Having made a stand against the corruption on his planet , Clovis has now become the target of the bounty hunter Embo . Together with Padmé , he is now trying to leave his planet and get help . 114 6 `` The Rise of Clovis '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.20 Back on Coruscant , Clovis strikes a dubious deal to become the leader of his clan , which is deeply mired in corruption . Anakin does n't trust Clovis , causing tensions in his relationship to Padmé . 115 7 `` Crisis at the Heart '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.21 Clovis ' deal with the Separatists backfires and consequently instigates war to Scipio , thus provoking the Republic to intervene and ultimately win the battle . In the midst of the chaos , Anakin confronts Clovis just as the duo and Padmé are caught in a blast - with Anakin barely managing to cling onto the other two when they virtually fall to their death . Though he intended to pull both up to safety , Anakin merely saves Padmé when Clovis allows himself to be killed . 116 8 `` The Disappeared , Part I '' Steward Lee Jonathan W. Rinzler March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.16 The peaceful world of Bardotta finds itself threatened by an ancient prophecy . Since now , of all times , its spiritual leaders have vanished , Bardotta 's people ask their representative in the senate for help . And Jar Jar Binks indeed manages to convince Jedi Master Mace Windu that this matter is of grave importance .",
"38": "117 9 `` The Disappeared , Part II '' Bosco Ng Jonathan W. Rinzler March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.17 In order to fulfill a dark prophecy , a mysterious cult kidnaps Julia , queen of the planet Bardotta . Now , Jedi Master Mace Windu and Senate Representative Jar Jar Binks need to give everything in order to stop the cult . If they fail , the cult might unleash a dreadful force . 118 10 `` The Lost One '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.18 Jedi Master Sifo - Dyas died under mysterious circumstances years ago . When a secret Jedi mission accidentally finds his lightsaber , Anakin Skywalker , Obi - Wan Kenobi , and Master Yoda investigate Sifo - Dyas 's death again . To keep them from uncovering the Sith conspiracy , Darth Sidious orders Dooku to erase all traces that links up to the murder investigation . This successfully works and Dooku escapes short after Obi - Wan and Anakin learn that he was the one who killed Syfo - Dias under his Sith alias `` Darth Tyranus '' . 119 11 `` Voices '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.19 Yoda is deeply unsettled when he hears the voice of his deceased friend Qui - Gon Jinn ( Voiced by Liam Neeson ) in his head , because he knows that not even a Jedi can speak to the living from beyond the grave . The Jedi Council is concerned about Yoda 's behavior and wants to examine him further . But with the help of Anakin , Yoda escapes from the hospital and he sets out to find the origin of the voice by himself . 120 12 `` Destiny '' Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 5.20 Guided by the Force , Yoda travels to the heart of the galaxy . There , on the planet where he finds the origin of the Force , he must face difficult trials .",
"39": "Only upon passing them will the Sages deem him worthy of learning the deepest mysteries of the Force . 121 13 `` Sacrifice '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 5.21 On Moraband ( Korriban ) , the homeworld of the Sith , the time has come for Yoda to pass his final test . Only then will he learn the best - kept secret of his order , but first he encounters a vision that heavily foreshadows what is to come - which involves Yoda facing the spirit of Darth Bane ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) . During this time , Darth Sidious summons Count Dooku to his hideout whereupon the duo plan to break Yoda - which figuratively stages an inventible confrontation between the Sith Lords and Yoda alongside Skywalker and his squad . Towards the ultimate conclusion . Yoda realizes that - no matter who wins the Clone Wars or what the future holds - there will one day be a new hope . Jump up ^ The first 11 episodes of this season premiered in German speaking countries first , while the remaining 2 were released on Netflix in the US a day before their German broadcast . Episodes in narrative Chronological order ( edit ) While the series is designed to be an anthology of both standalone episodes and small story arcs , various events throughout inform stories , characters , and relationships to create a recognizable narrative chronology . On March 17 , 2014 , in recognition of the release of the complete series on Netflix , Lucasfilm Animation released an official chronological episode order . No. in series Season No. in season Title 16 `` Cat and Mouse '' 16 `` The Hidden Enemy '' 3 - 6 N / A N / A theatrical film : `` The New Padawan '' `` Castle of Deception '' `` Castle of Doom '' `` Castle of Salvation '' 7 `` Clone Cadets '' 8 `` Supply Lines '' 9 `` Ambush ''",
"40": "10 `` Rising Malevolence '' 11 `` Shadow of Malevolence '' 12 `` Destroy Malevolence '' 13 5 `` Rookies '' 14 6 `` Downfall of a Droid '' 15 7 `` Duel of the Droids '' 16 8 `` Bombad Jedi '' 17 9 `` Cloak of Darkness '' 18 10 `` Lair of Grievous '' 19 11 `` Dooku Captured '' 20 12 `` The Gungan General '' 21 13 `` Jedi Crash '' 22 14 `` Defenders of Peace '' 23 15 `` Trespass '' 24 17 `` Blue Shadow Virus '' 25 18 `` Mystery of a Thousand Moons '' 26 19 `` Storm over Ryloth '' 27 20 `` Innocents of Ryloth '' 28 21 `` Liberty on Ryloth '' 29 `` Holocron Heist '' 30 `` Cargo of Doom '' 31 `` Children of the Force '' 32 17 `` Bounty Hunters '' 33 18 `` The Zillo Beast '' 34 19 `` The Zillo Beast Strikes Back '' 35 `` Senate Spy '' 36 5 `` Landing at Point Rain '' 37 6 `` Weapons Factory '' 38 7 `` Legacy",
"41": "of Terror '' 39 8 `` Brain Invaders '' 40 9 `` Grievous Intrigue '' 41 10 `` The Deserter '' 42 11 `` Lightsaber Lost '' 43 12 `` The Mandalore Plot '' 44 13 `` Voyage of Temptation '' 45 14 `` Duchess of Mandalore '' 46 20 `` Death Trap '' 47 21 `` R2 Come Home '' 48 22 `` Lethal Trackdown '' 49 5 `` Corruption '' 50 6 `` The Academy '' 51 7 `` Assassin '' 52 `` ARC Troopers '' 53 `` Sphere of Influence '' 54 8 `` Evil Plans '' 55 22 `` Hostage Crisis '' 56 9 `` Hunt for Ziro '' 57 10 `` Heroes on Both Sides '' 58 11 `` Pursuit of Peace '' 59 15 `` Senate Murders '' 60 12 `` Nightsisters '' 61 13 `` Monster '' 62 14 `` Witches of the Mist '' 63 15 `` Overlords '' 64 16 `` Altar of Mortis '' 65 17 `` Ghosts of Mortis '' 66 18 `` The Citadel '' 67",
"42": "19 `` Counter Attack '' 68 20 `` Citadel Rescue '' 69 21 `` Padawan Lost '' 70 22 `` Wookiee Hunt '' 71 `` Water War '' 72 `` Gungan Attack '' 73 `` Prisoners '' 74 `` Shadow Warrior '' 75 5 `` Mercy Mission '' 76 6 `` Nomad Droids '' 77 7 `` Darkness on Umbara '' 78 8 `` The General '' 79 9 `` Plan of Dissent '' 80 10 `` Carnage of Krell '' 81 11 `` Kidnapped '' 82 12 `` Slaves of the Republic '' 83 13 `` Escape from Kadavo '' 84 14 `` A Friend In Need '' 85 15 `` Deception '' 86 16 `` Friends and Enemies '' 87 17 `` The Box '' 88 18 `` Crisis on Naboo '' 89 19 `` Massacre '' 90 20 `` Bounty '' 91 21 `` Brothers '' 92 22 `` Revenge '' 93 5 `` A War on Two Fronts '' 94 `` Front Runners '' 95 `` The Soft War '' 96 5 `` Tipping Points '' 97",
"43": "6 `` The Gathering '' 98 7 `` A Test of Strength '' 99 8 `` Bound for Rescue '' 100 9 `` A Necessary Bond '' 101 10 `` Secret Weapons '' 102 11 `` A Sunny Day in the Void '' 103 12 `` Missing in Action '' 104 13 `` Point of No Return '' 105 `` Revival '' 106 14 `` Eminence '' 107 15 `` Shades of Reason '' 108 16 `` The Lawless '' 109 17 `` Sabotage '' 110 18 `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' 111 19 `` To Catch a Jedi '' 112 20 `` The Wrong Jedi '' 113 6 `` The Unknown '' 114 `` Conspiracy '' 115 `` Fugitive '' 116 `` Orders '' 117 5 `` An Old Friend '' 118 6 `` The Rise of Clovis '' 119 7 `` Crisis at the Heart '' 120 8 `` The Disappeared , Part I '' 121 9 `` The Disappeared , Part II '' 122 10 `` The Lost One '' 123 11 `` Voices '' 124 12 `` Destiny '' 125 13 `` Sacrifice '' Crystal Crisis On Utapau Story Reels No. in series No.",
"44": "in arc Title 126 `` A Death on Utapau '' 127 `` In Search of the Crystal '' 128 `` Crystal Crisis '' 129 `` The Big Bang '' Bad Batch Story Reels No. in series No. in arc Title 130 `` The Bad Batch '' 131 `` A Distant Echo '' 132 `` On the Wings of Keeradaks '' 133 `` Unfinished Business '' Dark Disciple Novel No. in series No. in arc Title 134 `` Lethal Alliance '' 135 `` The Mission '' 136 `` Conspirators '' 137 `` Dark Disciple '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir Comic Series No. in series No. in arc Title 138 `` The Enemy of My Enemy '' 139 `` A Tale of Two Apprentices '' 140 `` Proxy War '' 141 `` Showdown on Dathomir '' Dark Disciple Novel No. in series No. in arc Title 142 5 `` Saving Vos Part 1 '' 143 6 `` Saving Vos Part 2 '' 144 7 `` Traitor '' 145 8 `` The Path '' The Clone Wars legacy ( edit ) At the time of cancellation in March 2013 , there were still many episodes in development . 13 of these episodes were finished to become part of Season 6 : The Lost Missions but there were still additional arcs that were never released . In September 2014 , StarWars.com released details of multiple story arcs from the unfinished episodes . Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( edit ) A 4 - episode arc continued the story of Darth Maul following the events from the Season 5 episode The Lawless . The arc gave reason as to why Darth Maul was resurrected in the Season 4 episode Brothers . The four episodes were titled : The Enemy Of My Enemy , A Tale Of Two Apprentices , Proxy War , and Showdown On Dathomir ( production codes : 6.21 - 6.24 ) .",
"45": "The arc was adapted into a 4 - part comic book released in August 2014 . Crystal Crisis on Utapau ( edit ) In September 2014 , four unfinished episodes were released in completed story reel format . These story reels ( or animatics ) are preliminary animation to give the crew a better idea of how the episode will come together before committing to expensive animation . The four episodes released were titled : A Death On Utapau , In Search Of The Crystal , Crystal Crisis , and The Big Bang ( production codes : 6.01 - 6.04 ) . The arc took place on Utapau with Obi - Wan and Anakin investigating an arms deal involving the Separatists and a kyber crystal . The arc also dealt with Anakin 's feelings after the disappearance of Ahsoka . It was included in the Season 6 Blu - ray . The Bad Batch ( edit ) A 4 - episode arc featuring Rex and Echo was adapted in to story reel format and was screened on April 17 , 2015 at Celebration Anaheim . Scripted by Brent Friedman , it is the first in a four - part story arc focusing on a ragtag unit of clone commandos of the same name . The episode , along with the rest of its arc , premiered on April 17 , 2015 at Celebration Anaheim , and was released on StarWars.com shortly after on April 29 , 2015 . Wat Tambor , who appeared in the Ryloth trilogy returns in this arc , as well as Admiral Trench . The four episodes released were titled : The Bad Batch , A Distant Echo , On The Wings Of Keeradaks , and Unfinished Business ( Production codes : 6.09 - 6.12 ) . Dark Disciple ( edit ) An 8 - episode arc with Asajj Ventress and Jedi Quinlan Vos has been adapted into a novel by Christie Golden titled Dark Disciple , released on July 7 , 2015 . The eight episodes were titled : Lethal Alliance , The Mission , Conspirators , Dark Disciple , Saving Vos , Part I , Saving Vos , Part II , Traitor and The Path .",
"46": "( Production codes : 6.13 - 6.16 and 7.05 - 7.08 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A New Direction For Lucasfilm Animation '' . Star Wars.com . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' TV massacre ! Lucasfilm cancels ' Clone Wars , ' indefinitely postpones ' Detours ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exklusive Premiere bei Super RTL : Sechste Staffel der Animationsserie `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' in deutscher Erstausstrahlung ( Exclusive premiere on SUPER RTL : Sixth season of the animation series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' as german premiere ) `` . kommunikation.superrtl.de . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Darth Duster ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Alle Details zu den The Clone Wars - Bonusfolgen ! ( All details to `` The Clone Wars '' - Bonusepisodes ! ) `` . StarWars-Union.de ( in German ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Spoiler Alert : Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 6 Titles and Synopsis '' . JediNews.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season Six Launching 15th February In Germany '' . JediNews.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Netflix. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Clone Wars Debut Makes Cartoon History '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cartoon Network 's Most - Watched Debut , Clone Wars Is '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Football , Veep Debate , Baseball Playoffs Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : NFL , Future President and Boston Red Sox lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Weekly Top Cable Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` NFL , Drake & Josh , The Librarian , WWE Raw and Leverage lead cable '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Night Football , WWE RAW and SpongeBob lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Monk , WWE RAW , Secret Life and iCarly lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : WWE RAW , Cinderella , iCarly and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : Obama inauguration , WWE RAW and Burn Notice lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Closer , Monk and Burn Notice lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Monk , WWE RAW , The Closer and Burn Notice lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : NBA All - Star festivities , The Closer , WWE RAW , and Monk lead week , Damages to return despite ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and President Obama lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` iCarly , Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) .",
"49": "`` WWE RAW , Cars , Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars premieres with 2.581 million '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown ratings grow ; Clone Wars drops '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Spartacus : Blood and Sand Sees Series Highs + Ben 10 and Clone Wars '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Stargate Universe , NBA Playoffs And More ... '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Stargate Universe Up + Wizards of Waverly Place & Other Friday Cable Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Without Eureka , Haven Slips + Real Time With Bill Maher & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Haven Stable , Real Time With Bill Maher , College Football & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2010 .",
"50": "Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Viewers Not Holding Closer Teach : Tony Danza ; Haven Still Stable + Friday Night Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Haven Finale Up ; MLB Playoffs , Smackdown ! & More ! '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly Place , Big Time Rush , Sanctuary , Swamp Loggers & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Down + Yankees / Rangers , Suite Life on Deck , Pair of Kings , Big Time Rush & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary , WWE Smackdown ! , Swamp Loggers , NBA , Tony Danza & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Rises + Friday Night Smackdown ! , Avalon High , NBA , Wizards of Waverly & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 22 , 2010 ) .",
"51": "`` Friday Cable Ratings : iCarly > Celtics - Thunder ; Sanctuary , Friday Night Smackdown ! Drop Back + Big Time Rush & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Tops ; Gold Rush : Alaska Premiere ; Plus Conspiracy Theory , Sanctuary , Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Alaska , Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly , Merlin and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Leads Night , ' Spartacus ' Steady , + ' Smackdown , ' ' Winter X-Games , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' Leads Night ; ' Merlin ' Steady ; + ' Spartacus : GotA , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) .",
"52": "`` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA on ESPN Tops Night + ' Suite Life on Deck , ' ' Smackdown ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Starz Crowned King Of ' Camelot , ' Bests Syfy 's ' Merlin ' in Demo + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' NBA and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : College Football , Sponge Bob , Smackdown ! , Star Wars : Clone Wars , Haven & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Smackdown ! Tops ; Plus College Football , Haven , Star Wars : Clone Wars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) .",
"53": "`` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : NLCS Leads Night Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Make Your Mark , ' ' Jessie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Jessie '' Leads Viewers for Disney Channel `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' , UNC / MSU BBall Top Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush , ' ' For Better or Worse ' Lead Night + ' Smackdown , ' ' Clone Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 5 , 2011 ) .",
"54": "`` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Keeps Rising , Leads Night ; ' For Better Or Worse ' Falls Hard + ' Smackdown , ' ' Flying Wild ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Wizards of Waverly Place Finale , ' ' Gold Rush ' Lead + ' Jessie , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Climbs to Series High for Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Less Gold , Still Golden + ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Real Time With Bill Maher ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery 's `` Gold Rush , '' `` Bering Sea Gold '' Take Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : No Stopping `` Gold Rush '' on Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Gold Rush holds off ESPN NBA doubleheader '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Wraps Season on Top `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Robot Chicken ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' on Top Again , ' SmackDown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' Round out Original Programming '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball on TNT Wins the Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' In Plain Sight ' And More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 24 - 30 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 1 - 7 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 8 - 14 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 15 - 21 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 22 - 28 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) .",
"56": "`` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 29 - November 4 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 5 - 11 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 12 - 18 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 19 - 25 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 26 - December 2 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 3 - 9 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 31 , 2012 - January 6 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 7 - 13 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 14 - 20 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 21 - 27 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 28 - February 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 4 - 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 11 - 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 18 - 24 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 25 - March 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Clone Wars ' Moves to Netflix '' . New York Times . 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars Chronological Episode Order '' . StarWars.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Wars Legacy ( StarWars.com ) . Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnH1JKr4o_8 Jump up ^ Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir , paperback edition Jump up ^ Tveit , Elaine ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) .",
"58": "`` New The Clone Wars Story Reel Will Premiere At Celebration '' . Dorksideoftheforce.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars episodes at TV.com Skymovies.com Episode Guide The Clone Wars section on StarWars.com CartoonNetwork.com Schedule Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media",
"59": "Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"60": "php?title=List_of_Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_episodes&oldid=838492716 '' Categories : Star Wars animated television series Star Wars lists Lists of science fiction television series episodes Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) episodes Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikidata Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 11 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what part of brain is responsible for complex thinking
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"the frontal lobe"
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{
"0": "Frontal lobe - wikipedia Frontal lobe Jump to : navigation , search Frontal lobe Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum viewed laterally . ( Frontal lobe is shown in pale green . ) Details Part of Cerebrum Artery Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Identifiers Latin Lobus Frontalis Acronym ( s ) FL MeSH A08. 186.211. 730.885. 213.270 NeuroNames Hier - 37 NeuroLex ID Frontal Lobe TA A14. 1.09. 110 FMA 61824 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Not to be confused with Prefrontal cortex . The frontal lobe , located at the front of the brain , is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain . The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere ( in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe ) . It is separated from the parietal lobe by a groove between tissues called the central sulcus , and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus ( Sylvian fissure ) . The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe ( though not well - defined ) is known as the frontal pole , one of the three poles of the cerebrum . The precentral gyrus , a portion of the frontal lobe directly anterior to the central sulcus , contains the primary motor cortex , which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts . The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine - sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex . The dopaminergic system is associated with reward , attention , short - term memory tasks , planning , and motivation . Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Damage 3.1.",
"1": "1 Symptoms 3.2 Genetic 4 History 4.1 Psychosurgery 4.2 Theories of function 5 In other animals 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Animation . Frontal lobe ( red ) of left cerebral hemisphere . On the lateral surface of the human brain , the central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe . The lateral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe . The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral , polar , orbital ( above the orbit ; also called basal or ventral ) , and medial part . Each of these parts consists of a particular gyrus : Lateral part : lateral part of the superior frontal gyrus , middle frontal gyrus , inferior frontal gyrus . Polar part : Transverse frontopolar gyri , frontomarginal gyrus . Orbital part : Lateral orbital gyrus , anterior orbital gyrus , posterior orbital gyrus , medial orbital gyrus , gyrus rectus . Medial part : Medial part of the superior frontal gyrus , cingulate gyrus . The gyri are separated by sulci . E.g. , the precentral gyrus is in front of the central sulcus , and behind the precentral sulcus . The superior and middle frontal gyri are divided by the superior frontal sulcus . The middle and inferior frontal gyri are divided by the inferior frontal sulcus . In humans , the frontal lobe reaches full maturity around the late 20s , marking the cognitive maturity associated with adulthood . A small amount of atrophy , however , is normal in the aging person 's frontal lobe . Fjell , in 2009 , studied atrophy of the brain in people aged 60 -- 91 years . The 142 healthy participants were scanned using MRI . Their results were compared to those of 122 participants with Alzheimer 's disease . A follow - up one year later showed there to have been a marked volumetric decline in those with Alzheimer 's and a much smaller decline ( averaging 0.5 % ) in the healthy group .",
"2": "These findings corroborate those of Coffey , who in 1992 indicated that the frontal lobe decreases in volume approximately 0.5 % -- 1 % per year . Function ( edit ) The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement . It houses the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking . The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to project future consequences resulting from current actions , the choice between good and bad actions ( or better and best ) ( also known as conscience ) , the override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses , and the determination of similarities and differences between things or events . The frontal lobe also plays an important part in integrating longer non-task based memories stored across the brain . These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain 's limbic system . The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms . Psychological tests that measure frontal lobe function include finger tapping ( as the frontal lobe controls voluntary movement ) , the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test , and measures of language and numeracy skills . Clinical significance ( edit ) Damage ( edit ) Stuss , et al. discuss in a review of many studies how damage to the frontal lobe can occur in an assortment of ways and result in many different consequences . Transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs ) also known as mini-strokes , and strokes are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older adults ( 65 and over ) . These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the blockage of blood flow to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an aneurysm in a cerebral artery . Other ways in which injury can occur include head injuries such as traumatic brain injuries incurred following accidents , diagnoses such as Alzheimer 's disease or Parkinson 's disease ( which cause dementia symptoms ) , and frontal lobe epilepsy ( which can occur at any age ) . Symptoms ( edit ) Common effects of damage to the frontal lobe are varied . Patients who have experienced frontal lobe trauma may know the appropriate response to a situation but display inappropriate responses to those same situations in `` real life '' . Similarly , emotions that are felt may not be expressed in the face or voice . For example , someone who is feeling happy would not smile , and his or her voice would be devoid of emotion .",
"3": "Along the same lines , though , the person may also exhibit excessive , unwarranted displays of emotion . Depression is common in stroke patients ; it affects a great number of those who have experienced one . Also common along with depression is a loss of or decrease in motivation . Someone might not want to carry out normal daily activities and would not feel `` up to it '' . Those who are close to the person who has experienced the damage may notice that the person no longer behaves like him or herself . This personality change is characteristic of damage to the frontal lobe and was exemplified in the case of Phineas Gage . The frontal lobe is the same part of the brain that is responsible for executive functions such as planning for the future , judgement , decision - making skills , attention span , and inhibition . These functions can decrease drastically in someone whose frontal lobe is damaged . Consequences that are seen less frequently are also varied . Confabulation may be the most frequently indicated `` less common '' effect . In the case of confabulation , someone gives false information while maintaining the belief that it is the truth ; he or she can not remember the accurate information . In a small number of patients , uncharacteristic cheerfulness can be noted . This effect is seen mostly in patients with lesions to the right frontal portion of the brain . Another infrequent effect is that of reduplicative paramnesia , in which patients believe that the location in which they currently reside is a replica of one located somewhere else . Similarly , those who experience Capgras syndrome after frontal lobe damage believe that an identical `` replacement '' has taken the identity of a close friend , relative , or other person and is posing as that person . This last effect is seen mostly in schizophrenic patients who also have a neurological disorder in the frontal lobe . Genetic ( edit ) A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant of ( COMT ) that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks , and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia . History ( edit ) Psychosurgery ( edit ) In the early 20th century , a medical treatment for mental illness , first developed by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz , involved damaging the pathways connecting the frontal lobe to the limbic system .",
"4": "Frontal lobotomy ( sometimes called frontal leucotomy ) successfully reduced distress but at the cost of often blunting the subject 's emotions , volition and personality . The indiscriminate use of this psychosurgical procedure , combined with its severe side effects and a mortality rate of 7.4 to 17 per cent , gained it a bad reputation . The frontal lobotomy has largely died out as a psychiatric treatment . More precise psychosurgical procedures are still used , although rarely . They may include anterior capsulotomy ( bilateral thermal lesions of the anterior limbs of the internal capsule ) or the bilateral cingulotomy ( involving lesions of the anterior cingulate gyri ) and might be used to treat otherwise untreatable obsessional disorders or clinical depression . Theories of function ( edit ) Theories of frontal lobe function can be separated into four categories : Single - process theories , which propose that `` damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number of different dysexecutive symptoms '' Multi-process theories , which propose `` that the frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of components that typically work together in everyday actions ( heterogeneity of function ) '' Construct - led theories , which propose that `` most if not all frontal functions can be explained by one construct ( homogeneity of function ) such as working memory or inhibition '' Single - symptom theories , which propose that a specific dysexecutive symptom ( e.g. , confabulation ) is related to the processes and construct of the underlying structures . Other theories include : Stuss ( 1999 ) suggests a differentiation into two categories according to homogeneity and heterogeneity of function . Grafman 's managerial knowledge units ( MKU ) / structured event complex ( SEC ) approach ( cf . Wood & Grafman , 2003 ) Miller & Cohen 's integrative theory of prefrontal functioning ( e.g. Miller & Cohen , 2001 ) Rolls 's stimulus - reward approach and Stuss 's anterior attentional functions ( Burgess & Simons , 2005 ; Burgess , 2003 ; Burke , 2007 ) . It may be highlighted that the theories described above differ in their focus on certain processes / systems or construct - lets .",
"5": "Stuss ( 1999 ) remarks that the question of homogeneity ( single construct ) or heterogeneity ( multiple processes / systems ) of function `` may represent a problem of semantics and / or incomplete functional analysis rather than an unresolvable dichotomy '' ( p. 348 ) . However , further research will show if a unified theory of frontal lobe function that fully accounts for the diversity of functions will be available . In other animals ( edit ) For many years , many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates . They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates . However , this view has been challenged by newer research . Using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans , all extant ape species and several monkey species , Semendeferi et al. found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other great apes but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of lesser apes and the monkeys . Additional images ( edit ) Left frontal lobe ( click to view animation ) Lobes Base of brain . Human brain showing the four major lobes of the cerebrum . Beneath the cerebral cortex are the cerebellum , pons , olive , and medulla oblongata Drawing to illustrate the relations of the brain to the skull . Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view . Horizontal section. Deep dissection See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Broca 's area Limen insulae Regions in the human brain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muzio , Bruno Di . `` Frontal pole Radiology Reference Article Radiopaedia.org '' . radiopaedia.org . Jump up ^ Giedd JN , Blumenthal J , Jeffries NO , et al. ( October 1999 ) . `` Brain development during childhood and adolescence : a longitudinal MRI study '' . Nature Neuroscience. 2 ( 10 ) : 861 -- 3 .",
"6": "doi : 10.1038 / 13158 . PMID 10491603 . Jump up ^ Fjell AM , Walhovd KB , Fennema - Notestine C , et al. ( December 2009 ) . `` One - year brain atrophy evident in healthy aging '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 ( 48 ) : 15223 -- 31 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3252 - 09.2009 . PMC 2827793 . PMID 19955375 . Jump up ^ Coffey CE , Wilkinson WE , Parashos IA , et al. ( March 1992 ) . `` Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain : a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging '' . Neurology . 42 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : 527 -- 36 . doi : 10.1212 / wnl. 42.3. 527 . PMID 1549213 . Jump up ^ Kimberg DY , Farah MJ ( December 1993 ) . `` A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage : the role of working memory in complex , organized behavior '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology . General . 122 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 28 . doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 3445.122. 4.411 . PMID 8263463 . ^ Jump up to : Stuss DT , Gow CA , Hetherington CR ( June 1992 ) . `` ' No longer Gage ' : frontal lobe dysfunction and emotional changes '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 60 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 59 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 006X. 60.3. 349 . PMID 1619089 . Jump up ^ Rowe AD , Bullock PR , Polkey CE , Morris RG ( March 2001 ) . `` ' Theory of mind ' impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions '' . Brain . 124 ( Pt 3 ) : 600 -- 16 .",
"7": "doi : 10.1093 / brain / 124.3. 600 . PMID 11222459 . Jump up ^ Robinson RG , Kubos KL , Starr LB , Rao K , Price TR ( March 1984 ) . `` Mood disorders in stroke patients . Importance of location of lesion '' . Brain . 107 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 93 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 107.1. 81 . PMID 6697163 . Jump up ^ Durani , Shiban K. ; Ford , Rodney ; Sajjad , S.H. ( September 1991 ) . `` Capgras syndrome associated with a frontal lobe tumour '' . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine . 8 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 6 . doi : 10.1017 / S0790966700015093 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Slows Frontal Lobes , Boosts Schizophrenia Risk '' . National Institute of Mental Health . May 29 , 2001 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ogren K , Sandlund M ( 2007 ) . `` Lobotomy at a state mental hospital in Sweden . A survey of patients operated on during the period 1947 - 1958 '' . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry . 61 ( 5 ) : 355 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 08039480701643498 . PMID 17990197 . Jump up ^ ( Burgess , 2003 , p. 309 ) . Jump up ^ ( Burgess , 2003 , p. 310 ) . Jump up ^ ( Stuss , 1999 , p. 348 ; cf . Burgess & Simons , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ ( cf . Burgess & Simons , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Semendeferi K , Lu A , Schenker N , Damasio H ( March 2002 ) . `` Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex '' . Nature Neuroscience.",
"8": "5 ( 3 ) : 272 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nn814 . PMID 11850633 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frontal lobe . NIF Search - Frontal Lobe via the Neuroscience Information Framework ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe",
"9": "Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral",
"10": "( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri .",
"11": "GND : 4183361 - 2 NDL : 01071497 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontal_lobe&oldid=818652722 '' Categories : Cerebrum Frontal lobe Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won the champions league final in 2016
|
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"Real Madrid",
"Real Madrid",
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"Real Madrid",
"Real Madrid"
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{
"0": "2016 UEFA Champions League final - wikipedia 2016 UEFA Champions League final Jump to : navigation , search 2016 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League Real Madrid Atlético Madrid After extra time Real Madrid won 5 -- 3 on penalties Date 28 May 2016 Venue San Siro , Milan Man of the Match Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Referee Mark Clattenburg ( England ) Attendance 71,942 Weather Cloudy 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 45 % humidity ← 2015 2017 → The 2016 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League , the 61st season of Europe 's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the 24th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs ' Cup to the UEFA Champions League . It was played at the San Siro stadium in Milan , Italy , on 28 May 2016 , between Spanish teams Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final . It was the second time in the tournament 's history that both finalists were from the same city . Real Madrid won 5 -- 3 on a penalty shoot - out after a 1 -- 1 draw at the end of extra time , securing a record - extending 11th title in the competition . Real Madrid earned the right to play against the winners of the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League , Sevilla , in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup . They also qualified to enter the semi-finals of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup as the UEFA representative .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Venue 2 Background 3 Road to the final 4 Pre-match 4.1 Ambassadors 4.2 Logo 4.3 Ticketing 4.4 Opening ceremony 4.5 Related events 5 Match 5.1 Officials 5.2 Goal - line technology 5.3 Summary 5.4 Details 5.5 Statistics 6 Post-match 6.1 Reactions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Venue ( edit ) The San Siro in Milan was selected to host the final in September 2014 . The San Siro , officially known as Stadio Giuseppe Meazza , was announced as the venue of the final at the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Nyon , Switzerland , on 18 September 2014 , the fourth European Cup / Champions League final hosted at the stadium following those in 1965 , 1970 and 2001 . The San Siro was built in 1925 , opened in 1926 as the home of Milan , and was sold to the city in 1935 . Internazionale became tenants in 1947 , and the stadium has been shared by the two clubs ever since , with Inter winning the first European Cup final played at the stadium in 1965 . The stadium was used as a venue in the 1934 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1980 , and the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Its current capacity is 80,018 , but is reduced to just under 80,000 seats for UEFA competitions . The 2016 final marked the first time a final has been held at the San Siro when neither of its tenants were able to win the competition , as Milan and Internazionale both failed to qualify for any European competitions after their performance in the 2014 -- 15 Serie A . Background ( edit ) Real Madrid manager Zinedine Zidane won the Champions League while playing for the club in 2002 This final was the sixth tournament final to feature two teams from the same association , the third all - Spanish final , and the second between teams from the same city , fielding exactly the two teams that faced each other in the 2014 final , making it the seventh repeated final pairing .",
"2": "The all - Madrid final also guaranteed the city of Madrid becoming the most successful city in the European Cup with 11 wins and 17 final appearances , and also in all UEFA club competitions with 16 wins , overtaking the city of Milan with 10 wins and 16 final appearances in the European Cup and 15 wins in all UEFA club competitions . Real Madrid reached a record 14th final after a 1 -- 0 aggregate win against Manchester City , with a chance to win a record 11th title . Previously , they won finals in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , and 2014 , and lost in 1962 , 1964 and 1981 . This was also their 18th final in all UEFA club competitions , having also played in two Cup Winners ' Cup finals ( losing in 1971 and 1983 ) and two UEFA Cup finals ( winning in 1985 and 1986 ) . Their manager , Zinedine Zidane , who scored the winning goal for Real Madrid in the 2002 final , was aiming to become the seventh man to win the Champions League as both player and manager , joining Miguel Muñoz , Giovanni Trapattoni , Johan Cruyff , Carlo Ancelotti , Frank Rijkaard and Pep Guardiola . Atlético Madrid reached their third European Cup final after defeating Bayern Munich on away goals ( 2 -- 2 on aggregate ) . Their previous two European Cup finals in 1974 and 2014 both ended in defeats , to Bayern Munich and Real Madrid respectively . Atlético Madrid had also played in three Cup Winners ' Cup finals ( winning in 1962 , and losing in 1963 and 1986 ) and two Europa League finals ( winning in 2010 and 2012 ) , with their most recent Europa League triumph in 2012 led by current coach Diego Simeone . He had the chance to join fellow Argentinians Luis Carniglia and Helenio Herrera as the only non-European coaches to win the European Cup / Champions League . If they would win the Champions League , they would join Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea as clubs to have won the three main European club competitions .",
"3": "On the other hand , if they were to lose , they would become the first team to lose their first three European Cup finals . Apart from the 2014 final , won by Real Madrid 4 -- 1 after extra time , the only previous Madrid Derby matches in European competitions were in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup semi-finals , where Real Madrid won 2 -- 1 in a replay , after a 2 -- 2 aggregate draw , and in the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League quarter - finals , where Real Madrid won 1 -- 0 on aggregate . Road to the final ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . Note : In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first ( H : home ; A : away ) .",
"4": "Real Madrid Round Atlético Madrid Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 1 Galatasaray 2 -- 0 ( A ) Malmö FF 2 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 2 Benfica 1 -- 2 ( H ) Paris Saint - Germain 0 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 3 Astana 4 -- 0 ( H ) Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 4 Astana 0 -- 0 ( A ) Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 3 ( A ) Matchday 5 Galatasaray 2 -- 0 ( H ) Malmö FF 8 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 6 Benfica 2 -- 1 ( A ) Group A winners Pos Team Pld Pts Real Madrid 6 16 Paris Saint - Germain 6 13 Shakhtar Donetsk 6 Malmö 6 Source : UEFA Final standings Group C winners Pos Team Pld Pts Atlético Madrid 6 13 Benfica 6 10 Galatasaray 6 5 Astana 6 Source : UEFA Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Roma 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 ( 8 -- 7 p ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. )",
"5": "( H ) Wolfsburg 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 ( A ) 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Barcelona 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Manchester City 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-finals Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( a ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( A ) Pre-match ( edit ) Ambassadors ( edit ) Javier Zanetti Paolo Maldini The ambassadors for the final were former Argentine international Javier Zanetti , who won the Champions League with Internazionale against Bayern Munich in 2010 , and former Italian international Paolo Maldini , who won five European Cups with Milan . Logo ( edit ) UEFA unveiled the brand identity of the final on 27 August 2015 in Monaco ahead of the group stage draw . The logo features the Milan landmark Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II . Ticketing ( edit ) With a stadium capacity of 71,500 , a total amount of 46,000 tickets were available to fans and the general public , with the two finalist teams receiving 20,000 tickets each and with 6,000 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 1 to 14 March 2016 in four price categories : € 440 , € 320 , € 160 and € 70 . The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee , UEFA and national associations , commercial partners and broadcasters , and to serve the corporate hospitality programme . Opening ceremony ( edit ) American singer Alicia Keys performed in the opening ceremony prior to the match , the first time it has featured a live music performance . Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli performed the UEFA Champions League Anthem . Related events ( edit ) The 2016 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was held two days prior , on 26 May 2016 , at the Mapei Stadium -- Città del Tricolore in Reggio Emilia . The annual UEFA Champions Festival was held between 26 -- 29 May 2016 at Milan 's Piazza del Duomo .",
"6": "Match ( edit ) Officials ( edit ) English referee Mark Clattenburg was announced as the final referee by UEFA on 10 May 2016 . Goal - line technology ( edit ) The goal - line technology system Hawk - Eye was used for the match . This was the first UEFA Champions League final to employ goal - line technology , following approval by the UEFA Executive Committee in January 2016 . Summary ( edit ) Real Madrid dominated possession in the early stages of the match . Six minutes into the game Gareth Bale delivered a free - kick into Atlético Madrid 's penalty box , which found Casemiro . His goalbound shot was cleared off the line by goalkeeper Jan Oblak . Five minutes later , Dani Carvajal received the first yellow card of the match after a late tackle on Antoine Griezmann . In the 15th minute , Toni Kroos sent a free - kick into Atlético 's penalty box , which was flicked on by Bale . In the subsequent scramble , Sergio Ramos touched the ball past Oblak to score for Real . The goal stood despite video evidence subsequently showing Ramos was in an offside position , meaning the goal should have been disallowed . In the 46th minute , Fernando Torres won a penalty kick for Atlético after a foul from behind from Pepe. Real Madrid goalkeeper Keylor Navas was shown a yellow card for delaying the kick . Griezmann took the penalty but his shot missed the goal , with the ball ricocheting off the crossbar . Substitute Yannick Carrasco latched onto a cross by Juanfran from the right to equalise from close range for Atlético in the 79th minute . The scoreline remained the same at the end of 90 minutes to send the match into extra time . After a goalless 30 minutes , the game was settled by a penalty shoot - out . Juanfran missed Atlético 's fourth penalty , hitting the post , thus allowing Cristiano Ronaldo to seal Real Madrid 's 11th Champions League title . Details ( edit ) The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw , which was held on 15 April 2016 at UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland .",
"7": "Real Madrid v Atlético Madrid 28 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 28 ) 20 : 45 CEST Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Atlético Madrid Ramos 15 ' Report Carrasco 79 ' Penalties Vázquez Marcelo Bale Ramos Ronaldo 5 -- 3 Griezmann Gabi Saúl Juanfran San Siro , Milan Attendance : 71,942 Referee : Mark Clattenburg ( England ) Real Madrid Atlético Madrid GK Keylor Navas 47 ' RB 15 Dani Carvajal 11 ' 52 ' CB Sergio Ramos ( c ) 90 + 3 ' CB Pepe 112 ' LB 12 Marcelo DM 14 Casemiro 79 ' RM 19 Luka Modrić LM 8 Toni Kroos 72 ' RF 11 Gareth Bale CF 9 Karim Benzema 77 ' LF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Substitutes : GK 13 Kiko Casilla DF 6 Nacho DF 23 Danilo 93 ' 52 ' MF 10 James Rodríguez MF 18 Lucas Vázquez 77 ' MF 22 Isco 72 ' FW 20 Jesé Manager : Zinedine Zidane",
"8": "GK 13 Jan Oblak RB 20 Juanfran CB 15 Stefan Savić CB Diego Godín LB Filipe Luís 109 ' RM 17 Saúl CM 14 Gabi ( c ) 90 + 3 ' CM 12 Augusto Fernández 46 ' LM 6 Koke 116 ' SS 7 Antoine Griezmann CF 9 Fernando Torres 61 ' Substitutes : GK Miguel Ángel Moyà DF 19 Lucas 109 ' DF 24 José Giménez MF 5 Tiago MF 21 Yannick Carrasco 46 ' MF 22 Thomas 116 ' FW 16 Ángel Correa Manager : Diego Simeone Man of the Match : Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Assistant referees : Simon Beck ( England ) Jake Collin ( England ) Fourth official : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Additional assistant referees : Anthony Taylor ( England ) Andre Marriner ( England ) Reserve assistant referee : Stuart Burt ( England ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes , of which up to three may be used .",
"9": "Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Goals scored 0 Total shots 5 5 Shots on target Saves Ball possession 48 % 52 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 6 6 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Goals scored 0 Total shots 9 10 Shots on target Saves 0 Ball possession 45 % 55 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 8 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Extra time Statistic Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Goals scored 0 0 Total shots 11 Shots on target 0 Saves 0 Ball possession 44 % 56 % Corner kicks Fouls committed Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Goals scored Total shots 25 18 Shots on target 8 Saves 7 Ball possession 46 % 54 % Corner kicks 7 6 Fouls committed 18 16 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 6 Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) Man of the Match winner Sergio Ramos holding the Champions League trophy during celebrations in Madrid . The match was the eleventh European Cup / Champions League final to be decided by penalty shoot - out . With their win , Real Madrid secured a record - extending eleventh European Cup / Champions League title . This was Real Madrid 's 14th appearance in a European Cup / Champions League final . The club has not lost a final since 1981 . On the other hand , Atlético Madrid became the only team to lose in their first three final appearances . Juventus and Barcelona had lost during their first two appearances in the final , but won on their third attempts in 1985 and 1992 respectively .",
"10": "Atlético 's three losses in European Cup finals ranks them level with Barcelona , and behind only Juventus ( six losses ) , Bayern Munich and Benfica ( five losses each ) . Ramos , who scored the opening goal of the match , became the fifth player to score in two Champions League finals . He had not scored in the competition since scoring the equaliser against Atlético Madrid in the 2014 final . Carrasco 's second - half equaliser made him the first Belgian to score in a Champions League final . Real Madrid coach Zidane became the first French coach to win the Champions League and the seventh person to win the Champions League as a player and as a coach . Muñoz , the first person to achieve the feat , had also done so by winning the title with Real Madrid as a player ( in 1956 and 1957 ) and as a coach ( in 1960 and 1966 ) . During the match , fans at an Iraqi Real Madrid fan club were attacked for the second time , bringing the combined death toll to at least 29 . In the aftermath of the attack , club president Florentino Pérez dedicated Real Madrid 's victory to the fans that were killed and other Iraqi fans of the club , including others who have been killed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . Players had previously worn black armbands and observed moment of silence after the first attack . Reactions ( edit ) Zidane expressed his pride at being Real Madrid coach and winning the Champions League with the club as a player , as assistant coach and now as head coach . On the result , he said , `` Both teams got to the very end -- the penalties went our way but could easily have gone the other . Congratulations to Atlético and ( Diego ) Simeone . He 's a great coach , but of course I 'm happy with this victory . '' Simeone congratulated Real Madrid on their victory , saying , `` ( T ) hey were better than us again , this time in the penalty shootout . '' When asked if he would continue as the coach of Atlético Madrid , Simeone replied , `` My plan is to think . That 's all . ''",
"11": "Ronaldo told the media after the match that he had requested to take the fifth penalty because he `` had a vision '' that he would score the winning goal . Ronaldo added , `` The penalties are always a lottery , you never know what will happen but our team showed more experience and we showed it by scoring all the penalties . '' Bale said that he was `` cramping up '' , but described the win as an `` amazing feeling '' . He also stated he felt nervous after his penalty , but not while taking it . On defeating their derby rivals , Bale added , `` That 's the most important thing ( beating their rivals ) . Obviously they gave us a great game and we 're obviously feeling a little bit sorry for them but a final is a final and you have to win . '' Luka Modrić told the media he was happy and proud of the win , and that the team had shown character until the end . He added , `` We deserved to win . I feel sorry for Atlético but I feel glad for ourselves that we won the game . This is Real Madrid 's competition . The undecima ( '' eleventh `` ) . This trophy belongs to Real Madrid , it 's why it 's the best club in the world . '' See also ( edit ) Association football portal Milan portal 2016 UEFA Europa League Final 2016 UEFA Super Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clattenburg to referee Champions League final '' . UEFA.com. 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Report Final -- Real Madrid v Atlético Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - ups -- Final -- Saturday 28 May 2016 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 .",
"12": "^ Jump up to : `` Milan to host 2016 UEFA Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One - nation UEFA Champions League finals '' . UEFA.com. 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Second time round : European Cup final rematches '' . UEFA.com. 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid to supplant Milan as top footballing city '' . UEFA.com. 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Manchester City ( agg 1 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport. 4 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zinedine Zidane could become seventh person to win Champions League as player and manager '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Zidane be latest winner as a player and coach ? '' . UEFA.com. 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Atletico Madrid ( agg 2 -- 2 ) '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético coach Simeone eyes exclusive club '' . UEFA.com. 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 UEFA Champions League Final Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Uefa.com. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Can Atlético make it third time lucky in Milan ? '' . UEFA.com. 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Atlético in European competition '' . UEFA.com. 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final ambassadors : Zanetti v Maldini quiz '' . UEFA. 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 UEFA Champions League final identity launched '' . UEFA.org. 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 UEFA Champions League final ticket sales launch '' . UEFA.org. 1 March 2016 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys to perform at UEFA Champions League final '' . UEFA. 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Bocelli to perform before final '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where and when : UEFA Champions Festival in Milan '' . UEFA.com. 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goalline technology to be used in Champions League final '' . BBC Sport. 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Grez ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` Champions League final 2016 : Live '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid beat Atletico on penalties to win Champions League '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Was Sergio Ramos offside when scoring Real Madrid 's opening Champions League final goal ? '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win Champions League on penalties after offside goal '' . irishexaminer.com . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 UEFA Champions League Final : as it happened '' . Guardian . 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid beat Atletico Madrid on penalties '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draws -- Semi-finals '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2015 / 16 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 1 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team statistics '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2016 - Real Madrid - Atlético Report -- UEFA.com '' . Uefa.com. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League - News -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid 's Florentino Perez dedicates Champions League victory to Iraqi fans killed by Daesh Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2016 - Real Madrid - Atlético Quotes -- UEFA.com '' . Uefa.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico Madrid boss Diego Simeone : Real Madrid ' were better than us again ' '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : ' I had a vision ' I 'd score decisive penalty for Real Madrid '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric admits he `` feels sorry '' for Atletico Madrid after defeat `` . Mirror.co.uk. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League 2016 final : Milan European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era ,",
"15": "1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 --",
"16": "02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy 2015 -- 16 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 15 ' 16 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 15 ' 16 Faroe Islands ' 15 ' 16 Finland ' 15 ' 16 France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 15 ' 16 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 15 ' 16 Kosovo Latvia ' 15 '",
"17": "16 Lithuania ' 15 ' 16 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 15 ' 16 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 15 ' 16 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 15 ' 16 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 15 ' 16 Finland ' 15 ' 16 France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 15 ' 16 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 15 ' 16 Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 15 -- ' 16 ' 16 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 15 ' 16 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 15 ' 16 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia Finland ' 15 ' 16 France Iceland ' 15 ' 16 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 15 ' 16 Romania Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Macedonia",
"18": "Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 15 ' 16 Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase Women 's Champions League qualifying round knockout phase Final International competitions UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 2017 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2016 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2016 Euro Under - 17 qualification 2017 Women 's Euro qualification 2016 Women 's Euro Under - 19 qualification 2016 Women 's Euro Under - 17 qualification Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics men 's tournament women 's tournament women 's qualification Real Madrid C.F. matches Copa del Rey Finals 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1916 1917 1918 1924 1929 1930 1933 1934 1936 1940 1943 1946 1947 1958 1960 1961 1962 1968 1970 1979 1980 1982 1989 1990",
"19": "1992 1993 2002 2011 2013 2014 Copa de la Liga Finals 1985 Supercopa de España 1982 1988 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2003 2007 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 UEFA Champions League Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1962 1964 1966 1981 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1971 UEFA Cup Finals 1985 1986 UEFA Super Cup 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 Intercontinental Cup 1960 1966 1998 2000 2002 FIFA Club World Cup Finals 2014 2016 2017 Other matches El Clásico Madrid Derby Copa Iberoamericana ( 1994 ) Alcorconazo ( 2009 ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2017 ) Atlético Madrid matches Copa del Rey Finals 1921 1926 1956 1960 1961 1964 1965 1972 1976",
"20": "1985 1991 1992 1999 2000 2013 Supercopa de España 1985 1991 1992 2013 2014 Copa de la Liga Finals 1984 1985 UEFA Champions League Finals 2014 2016 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1962 1963 1986 UEFA Europa League Finals 2012 UEFA Super Cup 2012 Intercontinental Cup UEFA Intertoto Cup Final Other matches Zamalek SC Centennial match ( 2011 ) Peter Lim Charity Cup ( 2013 ) FC Barcelona 1 -- 1 Atlético Madrid ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_UEFA_Champions_League_Final&oldid=817677763 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League 2015 -- 16 in Italian football Football in Milan International club association football competitions hosted by Italy Real Madrid C.F.",
"21": "matches Atlético Madrid matches 2015 -- 16 in Spanish football May 2016 sports events in Europe 2010s in Milan Sports competitions in Milan Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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[
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|
who has the most gold medals in the winter olympics of all time
|
[
"Norway",
"Norway",
"Norway"
] |
{
"0": "All - time Olympic Games medal table - wikipedia All - time Olympic Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The all - time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018 , including Summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , and a combined total of both , is tabulated below . These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as official Games . The IOC itself does not publish all - time tables , and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games . This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database . The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database . Usually , a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . When different codes are displayed for different years , medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code ( such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands ) or simple change of country name ( such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka ) . As the medals are attributed to each NOC , not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC , such as before independence of that country ( see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams ) . Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist . The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors . World map showing nations that have won Summer Olympic medals . World map showing nations that have won Winter Olympic medals .",
"1": "Contents 1 NOCs with medals 2 NOCs without medals 3 Variations 3.1 Early Olympics 3.2 Germany 3.3 Russia and the Soviet Union 4 Notes 4.1 Obsolete nations notes 4.2 Name changes notes 4.3 Participation notes 4.4 Disputed participation notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links NOCs with medals ( edit ) The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee , but can be displayed as sorted by any other column , such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals . To sort by gold , silver , and then bronze , sort first by the bronze column , then the silver , and then the gold . The table does not include revoked medals ( e.g. due to doping ) . Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Afghanistan ( AFG ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Algeria ( ALG ) 13 5 8 17 0 0 0 0 16 5 8 17 Argentina ( ARG ) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74 Armenia ( ARM )",
"2": "6 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 6 6 14 Australasia ( ANZ ) 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Australia ( AUS ) 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512 Austria ( AUT ) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43 Bahamas ( BAH ) 16 6 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 6 14 Bahrain ( BRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Barbados ( BAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0",
"3": "Belarus ( BLR ) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96 Belgium ( BEL ) 26 40 53 55 148 21 6 47 41 55 58 154 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 Bohemia ( BOH ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana ( BOT ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Brazil ( BRA ) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128 British West Indies ( BWI ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 20 51 87 80 218 20 6 40 52 89 83 224",
"4": "Burundi ( BDI ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon ( CMR ) 14 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Canada ( CAN ) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501 Chile ( CHI ) 23 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 7 13 China ( CHN ) 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608 Colombia ( COL ) 19 5 9 14 28 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28 Costa Rica ( CRC ) 15 6 0 0 0 0 21 Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Croatia ( CRO ) 7 11",
"5": "10 12 33 8 6 11 15 15 16 13 44 Cuba ( CUB ) 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 16 49 49 45 143 16 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168 Denmark ( DEN ) 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 0 41 45 75 75 195 Djibouti ( DJI ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 14",
"6": "7 Ecuador ( ECU ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Egypt ( EGY ) 22 7 10 15 32 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32 Eritrea ( ERI ) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Estonia ( EST ) 12 9 9 16 34 10 7 22 13 11 17 41 Ethiopia ( ETH ) 13 22 11 20 53 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53 Fiji ( FIJ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470 France ( FRA ) 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248",
"7": "276 316 840 Gabon ( GAB ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Georgia ( GEO ) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33 Germany ( GER ) 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 28 54 36 118 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519 West Germany ( FRG ) 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243 Ghana ( GHA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Great Britain ( GBR ) 28 263 295 291",
"8": "849 23 11 16 31 51 274 299 307 880 Greece ( GRE ) 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116 Grenada ( GRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Guatemala ( GUA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Haiti ( HAI ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 26 175 147 169 491 23 7 49 176 149 173 498 Iceland ( ISL ) 20 0 18 0 0 0",
"9": "0 38 0 India ( IND ) 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28 Indonesia ( INA ) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32 Iran ( IRI ) 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69 Iraq ( IRQ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Ireland ( IRL ) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31 Israel ( ISR ) 16 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 7 9 Italy ( ITA ) 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 22",
"10": "35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77 Japan ( JPN ) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497 Jordan ( JOR ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 8 13 16 23 31 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 14 31 38 33 102 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102 Kosovo ( KOS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Korea ( PRK ) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 19 16 17 23 56 South Korea ( KOR ) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337",
"11": "Kuwait ( KUW ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 11 11 5 19 11 0 8 22 15 9 27 Lebanon ( LIB ) 17 0 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 17 0 0 0 0 19 6 10 36 6 10 Lithuania ( LTU ) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 23 0 9 0 0 32 0 Macedonia ( MKD ) 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Malaysia ( MAS ) 13 0",
"12": "7 11 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 11 Mauritius ( MRI ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Mexico ( MEX ) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69 Moldova ( MDA ) 6 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 5 Mongolia ( MGL ) 13 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 10 14 26 Montenegro ( MNE ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Morocco ( MAR ) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Namibia ( NAM ) 7",
"13": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Netherlands ( NED ) 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415 Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 39 46 28 46 120 Niger ( NIG ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) 16 10 12 25 0 0 0 0 17 10 12 25 Norway ( NOR ) 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520 Pakistan ( PAK ) 17 10 0 0 0 0 20 10 Panama ( PAN ) 17",
"14": "0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Paraguay ( PAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Peru ( PER ) 18 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Philippines ( PHI ) 21 0 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 10 Poland ( POL ) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306 Portugal ( POR ) 24 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 8 12 24 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 18 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 6 9 Qatar ( QAT ) 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Romania ( ROU ) 21 89 95 122 306",
"15": "21 0 0 42 89 95 123 307 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russian Empire ( RU1 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204 Unified Team ( EUN ) 45 38 29 112 9 6 8 23 54 44 37 135 Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Samoa ( SAM ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Senegal ( SEN ) 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 6 6 15 0",
"16": "0 0 0 7 6 6 15 Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 17 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) 6 9 12 7 28 7 8 13 12 16 8 36 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 5 8 10 23 8 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40 South Africa ( RSA ) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86 Spain ( ESP ) 23 45 64 41 150 20 0 43 46 64 44 154 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sudan ( SUD ) 12 0 0 0 0 0",
"17": "0 0 12 0 0 Suriname ( SUR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652 Switzerland ( SUI ) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345 Syria ( SYR ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24 Tajikistan ( TJK ) 6 0 0 0 0 10 Tanzania ( TAN ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Thailand ( THA ) 16 9 8 16 33 0 0 0",
"18": "0 20 9 8 16 33 Togo ( TOG ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Tonga ( TGA ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 17 6 11 19 0 0 0 0 20 6 11 19 Tunisia ( TUN ) 14 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 13 Turkey ( TUR ) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) 6 35 30 56 121 7 8 13 38 31 60 129 United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) 9 0 0 0 0 0",
"19": "0 9 0 United States ( USA ) 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,",
"20": "827 Uruguay ( URU ) 21 6 10 0 0 0 0 22 6 10 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 6 8 6 17 31 7 0 0 13 9 6 17 32 Venezuela ( VEN ) 18 10 15 0 0 0 0 22 10 15 Vietnam ( VIE ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Virgin Islands ( ISV ) 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 34 28 34 32 94 Zambia ( ZAM ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 13 8 0 0 0 0 14 8 Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Mixed team ( ZZX ) 8 5 17 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 17 Totals 28 5,115 5,080 5,482 15,677 23 1,060 1,058 1,050 3,168 51 6,",
"21": "175 6,138 6,532 18,845 The sum total of gold , silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons : Some sports ( such as boxing , judo , taekwondo and wrestling ) award or have previously awarded two bronze medals per competition . Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event . If this tie is for gold or silver , there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event . Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded . Some early events , such as cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics had only two entrants . Retroactively awarding gold , silver and bronze medals for the 1896 and 1900 games results in some anomalies , such as the 100 metre freestyle swimming event in 1896 where no surviving records distinguish the places of those who finished between 3rd and 10th position . NOCs without medals ( edit ) After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees have yet to win an Olympic medal . Seven historic National Olympic Committees and the Refugee Olympic Team are also included in this list . Team ( IOC code ) No Summer No Winter No Games Albania ( ALB ) 8 12 American Samoa ( ASA ) 8 9 Andorra ( AND ) 11 12 23 Angola ( ANG ) 9 0 9 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) 10 0 10 Aruba ( ARU ) 8 0 8 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 0 9 Belize ( BIZ ) 12 0 12 Benin ( BEN ) 11 0 11 Bhutan ( BHU ) 9 0 9",
"22": "Bolivia ( BOL ) 14 6 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 7 7 14 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 9 11 Brunei ( BRU ) 5 0 5 Burkina Faso ( BUR ) 9 0 9 Cambodia ( CAM ) 9 0 9 Cape Verde ( CPV ) 6 0 6 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 10 12 Central African Republic ( CAF ) 10 0 10 Chad ( CHA ) 12 0 12 Comoros ( COM ) 6 0 6 Congo ( CGO ) 12 0 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo ( COD ) 10 0 10 Cook Islands ( COK ) 8 0 8 Dominica ( DMA ) 6 7 El Salvador ( ESA ) 11 0 11 Equatorial Guinea ( GEQ ) 9 0 9 The Gambia ( GAM ) 9 0 9 Guam ( GUM ) 8 9 Guinea ( GUI ) 11 0 11 Guinea - Bissau ( GBS ) 6 0 6 Honduras ( HON ) 11 12 Kiribati ( KIR ) 0 Korea ( COR )",
"23": "0 Laos ( LAO ) 9 0 9 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 0 11 Liberia ( LBR ) 12 0 12 Libya ( LBA ) 10 0 10 Madagascar ( MAD ) 12 14 Malawi ( MAW ) 10 0 10 Maldives ( MDV ) 8 0 8 Mali ( MLI ) 13 0 13 Malta ( MLT ) 16 18 Marshall Islands ( MHL ) 0 Mauritania ( MTN ) 9 0 9 Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) 5 0 5 Monaco ( MON ) 20 10 30 Myanmar ( MYA ) 17 0 17 Nauru ( NRU ) 6 0 6 Nepal ( NEP ) 13 17 Nicaragua ( NCA ) 12 0 12 Oman ( OMA ) 9 0 9 Palau ( PLW ) 5 0 5 Palestine ( PLE ) 6 0 6 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 10 0 10 Rwanda ( RWA ) 9 0 9 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 6 0 6",
"24": "Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 6 0 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( VIN ) 8 0 8 San Marino ( SMR ) 14 10 24 São Tomé and Príncipe ( STP ) 6 0 6 Seychelles ( SEY ) 9 0 9 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 11 0 11 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 9 Somalia ( SOM ) 9 0 9 South Sudan ( SSD ) 0 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 10 11 East Timor ( TLS ) 6 Turkmenistan ( TKM ) 6 0 6 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 8 0 8 Yemen ( YEM ) 7 0 7 North Borneo ( NBO ) 0 Malaya ( MAL ) 0 Republic of China ( ROC ) 0 Saar ( SAA ) 0 North Yemen ( YAR ) 0 South Yemen ( YMD ) 0 Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) 0 Variations ( edit ) The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee . Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently .",
"25": "Early Olympics ( edit ) For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC . Only one of these cases concerns a medal . A gold medal that is officially added to France 's total is given to Luxembourg . Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics . France is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals . In the table above these medals are listed under the United States . Furthermore , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals . Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic . This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics . In addition , some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables . Germany ( edit ) Germany has competed under five different designations , including as two separate teams at several Games . Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams . The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams , when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 !",
"26": "Total Germany ( GER ) 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) ( GDR ) 25 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46 578 587 589 1754 Russia and the Soviet Union ( edit ) The Russian Federation and the Russian Empire are often combined outside of IOC sources . The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992 . Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 !",
"27": "Total Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 ) 9 150 128 156 434 6 47 38 35 120 15 197 166 191 554 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 , OAR ) Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 19 590 485 481 1556 17 136 107 111 354 36 726 592 592 1910 Notes ( edit ) Obsolete nations notes ( edit ) → , Australasia ( ANZ ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia ( AUS ) and New Zealand ( NZL ) . They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games . → → , Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) after World War I , athletes from Bohemia ( BOH ) ( now part of the present - day Czech Republic ) competed in 1900 , 1908 , and 1912 Games . Czechoslovakia competed in 1920 -- 1992 , from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic ( CZE ) and Slovakia ( SVK ) .",
"28": "→ , , Athletes from Barbados ( BAR ) , Jamaica ( JAM ) , and Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) competed as the British West Indies ( BWI ) at the 1960 Games . The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 -- 1962 , so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964 . , , , → Germany ( GER ) competed 1896 -- 1952 and from 1992 . Due to the partition of Germany after World War II , Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games -- Germany ( GER ) and the Saar ( SAA ) . The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957 , and Saar athletes then competed for Germany . East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team , as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted `` provisional '' recognition by the IOC in 1955 . For the Games of 1956 -- 1964 , Germany participated as a United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany . Retrospectively , the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team . After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968 , East Germany ( GDR ) and West Germany ( FRG ) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games . , → Athletes from Malaya ( MAL ) and North Borneo ( NBO ) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games , prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ( MAS ) in 1963 . The Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) , an autonomous country within the Netherlands ( NED ) , competed 1952 -- 2008 . The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee 's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . → → → Russian Empire ( RU1 ) participated at the 1900 , 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union ( URS ) competed from 1952 to 1988 .",
"29": "Unified Team ( EUN ) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Russian Federation ( RUS ) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 ( Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia ) , 1994 or 1996 . , → , Serbia ( SRB , 1912 , 2006 - current ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 . Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1920 - 1992 Winter ) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( officially the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) in five Games ( 1920 -- 1936 ) before the Second World War . They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games ( 1948 -- 1992 Winter ) . This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia . Some ex-Yugoslavian nations ( Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) have competed as independent teams since 1992 . Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations . Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed . Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team . The combined team Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2004 - 2006 ) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro . They competed as Yugoslavia from ( YUG , 1996 -- 2002 ) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games . Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008 . , → Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990 , North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in 1984 and 1988 , and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic ( YMD ) at the 1988 Games .",
"30": "After forming united republic Yemen ( YEM ) has participated since 1992 . → , The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932 , 1936 , and 1948 Games and was representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) . After the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) and Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) have participated as separate teams . Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together , which was common in early Games ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes . Special code used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC . At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . Kuwait Olympic Committee had been suspended by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) for the second time in five years due to governmental interference . Name changes notes ( edit ) Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras ( HBR ) in 1968 and 1972 . Benin was known as Dahomey ( DAH ) in 1972 . Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta ( VOL ) in 1972 . After the Chinese Civil War , Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956 , 1960 , 1972 and 1976 ( winter ) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games . In 1979 , the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC , a compromise that was acceptable for the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games . The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984 . Participation of the Republic of China , representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) , in 1932 , 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan 's total participation count .",
"31": "The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire ( ZAI ) between 1984 and 1996 . Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988 . Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) between 1960 and 1968 . Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1896 -- 1920 ) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1924 -- present ) , both of which used the name `` Great Britain '' and the country code GBR . Prior to Ghana 's independence in 1957 , Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games . Prior to Guyana 's independence in 1966 , British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964 . Totals of Hong Kong ( HKG ) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee , designated as `` Hong Kong '' from 1952 -- 1996 and `` Hong Kong , China '' since 2000 . Myanmar was known as Burma ( BIR ) between 1948 and 1988 . Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996 . Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon ( CEY ) between 1948 and 1972 . Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964 , the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games . Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games , but had participated as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) during those Games . Prior to Zimbabwe 's independence in 1980 , Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia ( RHO ) in 1928 , 1960 , and 1964 Games . Participation notes ( edit ) Brunei 's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official , but no competing athletes . This participation is not counted in Brunei 's participation total . Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but neither athlete competed , so this participation is not counted in Djibouti 's participation total .",
"32": "Liberia 's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott . This participation is not counted in Liberia 's participation total . Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games , but then withdrew from competition . This participation is not counted in Libya 's participation total . Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error . Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC , so this participation is not counted in Suriname 's participation total . India 's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association 's suspension . On February 11 , 2014 , the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India 's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward . Does not include the participation of Timor - Leste 's and Netherlands Antilles 's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . Disputed participation notes ( edit ) The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud , a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia , competed for the nation in 1896 . Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz , a Chilean diplomat and athlete , competed for the nation in 1896 . Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti . Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Haiti 's participation total . Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran .",
"33": "Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Iran 's participation total . Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru . Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Peru 's participation total . Enrico Brusoni 's gold medal in the Cycling Men 's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee , but this race is not recognized by the IOC as a 1900 Summer Olympics event . Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics . However , medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC . Michel Théato , a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games , was born in Luxembourg . The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France . The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship . Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race ( that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey ) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian - American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States ; each won a gold medal . In 2012 , Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22 , 1905 , and that Hansen , who was registered as an `` alien '' as late as 1925 , probably never received American citizenship . The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians . In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC 's medal database .",
"34": "Bob Fowler , an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games , was a native Newfoundlander , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals . Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC . In 2009 , historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917 . See also ( edit ) All - time Paralympic Games medal table All - time Youth Olympic Games medal table Olympic medal table List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event References ( edit ) ^ `` Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Bob Fowler '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` What Events are Olympic ? '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally '' . Olympics Universe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .",
"35": "^ `` Timeline : Olympic Powers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed . ^ `` Russian Federation '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Russia '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Alexander Picolin jr . `` Statistics ( choose Ewige Tabellen ) '' . Olympiastatistik.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's Points Race '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ `` Italy - Olympic Summer Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ `` Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Arts & Culture Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie '' . NRK . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` USA - guld 1904 var Norges '' . Svenska Dagbladet . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` Norges OL - historie skrives på nytt '' . Nettavisen . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement -- Italy . books.google.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ `` Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) All - time medal counts are compiled by various sources , often adding up related results for Russia , Germany , Serbia , Czech Republic etc . OlympiaStatistik.de ( 2006 ) NBC Historical Medals -- vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 ,",
"36": "2010 ) Historical Medals - london2012.com ( Summer Games , not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012 ) All - time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps Olympanalyt.com - medals by countries Sources International Olympic Committee medal database Official Olympic Reports Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic Games medal winners Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 )",
"37": "Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis",
"38": "Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St.",
"39": "Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St.",
"40": "Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting",
"41": "Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco - Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross ‐ country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5 - a-side Football 7 - a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis World Championships or World Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women Cycling BMX Cyclo - cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian Games Show Jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey",
"42": "men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Luge natural Modern pentathlon Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers constructors Roller hockey men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men 's sprint women women 's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"43": "php?title=All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table&oldid=838451011 '' Categories : Medal tables at multi-sport events Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medals Olympics - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1556250178028205681
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where was the movie strangers prey at night filmed
|
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{
"0": "The Strangers : Prey at Night - Wikipedia The Strangers : Prey at Night Jump to : navigation , search The Strangers : Prey at Night Theatrical release poster Directed by Johannes Roberts Produced by Jalen Headchop Wayne Marc Godfrey Mark Lane Robert Jones Ryan Kavanaugh Written by Bryan Bertino Ben Ketai Based on Characters by Bryan Bertino Starring Christina Hendricks Martin Henderson Bailee Madison Lewis Pullman Music by Adrian Johnston Cinematography Ryan Samul Edited by Martin Brinkler Production company The Fyzz Facility White Comet Films BLOOM Burk A Project Intrepid Pictures Rogue Distributed by Aviron Pictures Release date March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 85 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $25.2 million The Strangers : Prey at Night is a 2018 American horror film directed by Johannes Roberts and starring Christina Hendricks , Martin Henderson , Bailee Madison and Lewis Pullman . A sequel to the 2008 film The Strangers , it is written by Bryan Bertino ( who wrote and directed the first film ) and Ben Ketai . Mike and his wife Cindy take their son and daughter on a road trip that becomes their worst nightmare . The family members soon find themselves in a desperate fight for survival when they arrive at a secluded mobile home park that 's mysteriously deserted -- until three masked psychopaths show up to satisfy their thirst for blood . The film was released in the United States on March 9 , 2018 , and has grossed over $25 million . It received mixed reviews , with some critics considering it more entertaining than the original and appreciating its satire of horror films , while others noted it as inferior and called it cliché .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film opens with a `` Based on True Events '' message . In a secluded trailer park , the three masked killers -- Dollface , Pin Up Girl , and the Man in the Mask -- arrive and park their truck in front of a trailer . Dollface wakes one of the sleeping occupants by banging on the door . When the woman goes to investigate , Dollface kills her off - screen and goes to the bedroom to lie down in bed next to the woman 's sleeping husband . Mike and Cindy , their son Luke , and their rebellious daughter , Kinsey , take a family trip to their aunt and uncle 's trailer park to spend time together before Kinsey leaves for boarding school . Cindy calls ahead and leaves a voicemail , informing Uncle Marvin that they are running late . After arriving at the grounds and collecting the keys to their trailer , they settle in and hear a knock at the door . Cindy answers the door to find Dollface - unmasked , but hiding in the shadows . She asks if Tamara is home . Cindy informs her she is at the wrong trailer , and Dollface leaves . As the family sits down to play cards and implores Kinsey to join , Kinsey storms out and Cindy sends Luke after her to try and reach out . As Kinsey and Luke wander around the trailer park , they stumble upon a trailer with the door wide open . Inside , they find their aunt and uncle brutally murdered . Back at the family trailer , Dollface arrives again to inquire about Tamara and is yet again turned away . Troubled by the encounter , Mike and Cindy decide to go find the kids , whom they find in hysterics . Mike sends Cindy and Kinsey back to the trailer and follows Luke to find the bodies .",
"2": "Cindy and Kinsey return to the trailer to find their cell phones destroyed and a masked Dollface waiting for them inside . Cindy helps Kinsey escape through a skylight , before being stabbed to death by Dollface . Mike and Luke find the bodies and the voicemail that Cindy left them , realizing that the killers heard the message and were waiting for them to arrive ; Mike and Luke are then stalked by the Man in the Mask . Returning to their trailer , Mike and Luke find Kinsey missing and Cindy dead . They drive their minivan around the grounds shouting for Kinsey , but one of the killers shatters the windshield with a thrown object , causing Mike to swerve and crash the minivan into a trailer . As they regain consciousness , Mike finds himself pinned into his seat and tells Luke to find his sister . As Luke leaves , the Man in the Mask gets into the minivan with Mike , turns on the radio , and kills him with an ice pick . Meanwhile , Kinsey is attacked by Pin Up Girl and the Man in the Mask and evades them , only to be attacked and stabbed by Dollface before being rescued by Luke . As the siblings are stalked throughout the grounds , Luke hides Kinsey under a porch and goes to the general store to use the phone but is attacked by Pin Up Girl . As he runs out to the public pool , Pin Up Girl ambushes him , but Luke overpowers her and stabs her to death . The Man in the Mask attacks Luke and both tumble into the pool . After a struggle , Luke is stabbed in the back and left to die . Kinsey arrives and pulls him out of the pool and sets off to find help . As she reaches the road , a sheriff arrives but is killed by Dollface . Kinsey uses a shotgun inside the sheriff 's SUV to shoot Dollface ; she unmasks her , and as Dollface bleeds to death , Kinsey asks why she is attacking them , to which she replies , `` Why not ? '' , before being finished off by Kinsey . The Man in the Mask arrives as Kinsey starts the SUV and wrecks it with his truck . Kinsey uses her lighter to ignite a gasoline leak and both vehicles explode . The Man in the Mask survives and pursues her in his truck , engulfed in flames , but still functional .",
"3": "As he corners her on the bridge to the trailer park , he moves to attack her but is badly burned and seemingly falls dead . Kinsey reaches the road and flags down a mother and her son in a pickup truck , but they attempt to flee when they see the Man in the Mask appear behind Kinsey . Kinsey climbs in the bed of the truck , along with the Man in the Mask , but is able to finally kill him with a heavy swing of a baseball bat to his head . Some time later , Luke is recovering in a hospital bed as Kinsey awakens from a nightmare . As she gets up to fill a cup of water , she hears a familiar banging on the door . Cast ( edit ) Christina Hendricks as Cindy Martin Henderson as Mike Bailee Madison as Kinsey Lewis Pullman as Luke Emma Bellomy as Dollface Damian Maffei as Man in the Mask Lea Enslin as Pin - Up Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rogue Pictures ' producers announced that a sequel to The Strangers was in development in August 2008 , tentatively titled The Strangers : Part II . In a 2009 listing published by Bloody Disgusting , it was reported that the script would be written by Bryan Bertino and the film directed by Laurent Briet . In 2010 , the horror website Shock Till You Drop reported that Relativity Media put The Strangers : Part II on hold because they decided the film might not be in their interest , despite the fact that Universal Pictures was willing to distribute it . However , Rogue Pictures confirmed in January 2011 that the sequel was again in production , and was then scheduled to begin filming as early as April 2011 ; in a press release , Rogue revealed the plot would concern `` a family of four who have been evicted from their home due to the economy , and are paid a visit by the same three strangers from the first film . '' According to Liv Tyler , star of the original film , Part II was slated for release in 2014 , but that did not occur . In 2015 , The Wrap reported that the sequel was in production , and that Relativity Media and GK Films had scheduled the film for a December 2 , 2016 , release date , though it was later removed from the schedule .",
"4": "Roberts said that while he was in Los Angeles , the producers of 47 Meters Down met him for dinner and asked if he could read a script called Prey At Night . He liked the script and wondered if he wanted to get involved in a sequel despite having released the first film years before but finally accepted and decided to add his personal touch . Casting ( edit ) In February 2017 , it was announced that Johannes Roberts would be the sequel 's new director , and that filming would commence during the summer of the same year . In May 2017 , Christina Hendricks , Bailee Madison , and Lewis Pullman were reported as the film 's stars , and production began in Los Angeles on May 30 . In June 2017 , it was announced Martin Henderson had also joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in June 2017 in Covington , Kentucky , and concluded on July 10 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) On October 12 , 2017 , Collider reported the film would be released on March 9 , 2018 , by Aviron Pictures . A teaser trailer for the film was released on November 16 , 2017 . The official trailer debuted on January 5 , 2018 . Box office ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , The Strangers : Prey at Night was released alongside The Hurricane Heist , Gringo and A Wrinkle in Time , and was projected to gross around $7 million from 2,464 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $4 million on its first day , including $610,000 from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $10.4 million , finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and A Wrinkle in Time . Critical reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 38 % based on 66 reviews , and an average rating of 5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Strangers : Prey at Night may appeal to fans of the original who 've been jonesing for a sequel , but its thin story and ironic embrace of genre tropes add up to a bloody step back . ''",
"5": "On Metacritic , which assigns normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C '' on an A+ to F scale , down from the `` B -- '' given to the first film . Bloody Disgusting gave the film a positive review , saying , `` The Strangers : Prey At Night really takes The Strangers to the next level , and serves as a perfect introduction to The Strangers for new horror fans . You can go back and watch The Strangers and be just as happy for their previous relentless onslaughts '' . IGN also praised the film , writing that `` Skillfully made , spooky , stylish , and featuring some quite good character work , The Strangers : Prey at Night stands much taller than the 2008 original . The central killers are plenty scary , and some of the images on display would make John Carpenter proud . '' Writing for / Film , Candice Frederick gave the film a 7 / 10 , writing that `` Though its characters may fumble and its winks to the first film may not be as slick as I 'd like them to be , Prey at Night does maintain the original commitment of presenting horror to the most mundane . It does n't just disrupt an innocent setting of a quiet suburb ... It is that relentless seclusion , heightened by a haunting soundtrack of otherwise harmless songs . '' Brian Douglas from The Hollywood Reporter praised the tone of the film , writing , `` While the original Strangers was devoid of any sense of the 80s , instead opting for a kind of timeless modern quality , Roberts ' sequel boasts its stylistic debts , with everything from camera shots , and music choices culled from the 80s , forming an impressionistic collage of a time period that feels made for the big - screen . '' Staci Wilson writing for Dread Central also praised the film , writing `` Aside from the quick setup introducing the targets , The Strangers : Prey at Night really is a nonstop thrill ride . I know it 's a cliché , but sometimes you 've just got to call it as you see it . I was breathless from start to finish . Kudos to Roberts on his best movie yet !",
"6": "He was wise to amp up the atmosphere with a kick - ass original score and flawless cinematography . '' Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review and compared sequences of the film to Lucio Fulci 's Zombi and the slasher film The Mutilator , adding : `` If you recognize those films , you might find yourself mildly diverted by this tawdry , occasionally effective shock - delivery device . Watching it with a demonstrative crowd in a Times Square theater proved to this former grindhouse devotee that sometimes you can go home again , at least momentarily . That said , the movie 's ludicrously drawn - out finale sapped the good will out of some of my fellow audience members . '' Kimber Myers of the Los Angeles Times also gave the film a mixed review and wrote that `` ... although the film is as slim and poorly balanced as a cheap knife , The Strangers : Prey at Night is a stylish 1980s throwback that packs plenty of terror into its short running time . This is n't a horror movie that will take up residence in your nightmares for weeks , but the sequel to the solid 2008 original The Strangers is nonetheless just as effective in the short term as its well - made counterparts '' . Owen Gleiberman , writing for Variety , described the film as `` Friday the 13th with four victims and three Jasons ... ( it 's ) shameless in its bluntly misanthropic family - of - lambs - to - the - slaughter violence , its blithe depravity that 's more fetishized than felt . It does n't take much , though -- as it did n't in the ' 80s -- to create a one - weekend horror hit . '' The Guardian 's Benjamin Lee gave the film more of a negative review , rating the film 2 / 5 stars despite praising Hendricks ' performance , noting : `` ... it 's just difficult to really invest in what happens to any of them . Before long , characters are all making stock horror movie decisions , and there 's no amount of effective craftsmanship that can sell stupidity . Audience members will be too busy sighing at the screen to be scared . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers .",
"7": "Nash Information Services . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ( Review ) ' The Strangers : Prey At Night ' Is a Relentless , Next Level Stalker Sequel ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seibold , Witney ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Strangers : Prey at Night Review '' . IGN UK . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick , Candiece ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Strangers : Prey at Night ' Review : An Effective Sequel that Conveys the Triviality of Terror '' . / Film . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Newby , Richard ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' The Strangers : Prey at Night ' Is the Purest Slasher Film in Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Staci Layne ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Strangers : Prey at Night Review - You 'll Be Breathless From Start to Finish '' . Dread Central . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Strangers ' Casting Exclusive : Dollface , the Man in the Mask , and Pin - up Girl ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( August 28 , 2008 ) .",
"8": "`` Rogue Pictures confirms ' Strangers 2 ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WorstPreviews.com Staff ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' The Strangers '' Sequel to Shoot in September `` . Worst Previews . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers 2 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nix ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Strangers 2 Update : Casting , and Liv Tyler Expected Back '' . Beyond Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : ' The Strangers : Part 2 ' Filming in April ! ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers : Prey at Night '' . Upcoming Horror Movies . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Strangers 2 ' Moving Forward ; Marcel Langenegger in Talks to Direct for Relativity ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Dates Five Films For 2016 Including ' Kidnap ' & ' Masterminds ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGrew , Shannon ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Director Johannes Roberts For The Strangers : Prey At Night '' . Nightmarish Conjurings . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( February 4 , 2017 ) .",
"9": "`` Berlin : Johannes Roberts to Direct ' The Strangers ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , J.D. ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Christina Hendricks , Bailee Madison , Lewis Pullman Join ' Strangers 2 ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Strangers ' Sequel Stabs Into First Cast ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Christina Hendricks to Star in The Strangers 2 '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ RCN Newsdesk ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Film Shoot to Impact Traffic on Clay Wade Bailey Bridge '' . The River City News . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Long - Awaited ' The Strangers ' Sequel Gets a Release Date and First - Look Image '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soliz , David ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ( TRAILER ) THE STRANGERS : PREY AT NIGHT Stalks Again Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Strangers : Prey at Night ' : It 's the Return of the Masks in the Official Trailer '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ; McNary , Dave ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Looks to Lure Kids as ' Black Panther ' Stays Muscular '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers : Prey at Night Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' The Strangers : Prey at Night ' Delivers on Its Title '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Kimber ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Murder , mayhem , mobile homes and the return of Dollface in ' The Strangers : Prey at Night ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Strangers : Prey at Night ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Strangers : Prey at Night review -- slick sequel fails to replicate scares '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Official website The Strangers : Prey at Night on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Johannes Roberts Hellbreeder ( 2003 ) Forest of the Damned ( 2005 ) F ( 2010 ) Roadkill ( 2011 ) Storage 24 ( 2012 ) The Other Side of the Door ( 2016 ) 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strangers:_Prey_at_Night&oldid=838215051 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Vertigo Films films Intrepid Pictures films 2018 horror films American sequel films American films American horror films American slasher films Films about dysfunctional families Films shot in Kentucky Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
2,
10,
7,
11,
8,
9,
4,
6,
5,
3,
0,
1
] |
[
2,
10,
7,
11,
8
] |
-1649058525465685033
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what order do the captain america movies go in
|
[
"Captain America: The First Avenger",
"Captain America: The Winter Soldier",
"Captain America: Civil War"
] |
{
"0": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe films Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set Produced by Kevin Feige Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Production company Marvel Studios Columbia Pictures ( SM ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 11 ) Universal Pictures ( TIH ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) Release date 2008 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 17 films ) : $3.207 billion ( gross ) $3.083 billion ( net ) Box office Total ( 17 films ) : $13.508 billion The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 17 films , with 9 more in various stages of production . The series collectively has grossed over $13.5 billion at the global box office , making it the highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Avi Arad served as a producer on the two 2008 releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk and Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) .",
"1": "Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , with Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) , and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . A sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 7.2 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 7.3 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 7.4 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.5 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.6 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 7.7 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) 7.8 Other potential projects 8 Repurposed projects 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Phase one ( edit ) Film U.S.",
"3": "release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor as Iron Man in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with Arthur Marcum & Matt Holloway , and Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California .",
"4": "Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in North America on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 .",
"5": "The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California .",
"6": "Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to reference other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjolnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki .",
"7": "Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in North America . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man , Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers .",
"8": "Captain America : the First Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi weaponry division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in North America on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script .",
"9": "Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in North America on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase Two ( edit ) Film U.S.",
"10": "release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States . on May 3 .",
"11": "The film is set six months after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , let 's do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 .",
"12": "It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in North America on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers .",
"13": "Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in North America on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters .",
"14": "About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron . Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in North America .",
"15": "The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in North America on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier .",
"16": "The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Falcon ( Mackie ) , Captain America ( Chris Evans ) and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier ( Sebastian Stan ) . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost Kevin Feige Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay .",
"17": "In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script .",
"18": "Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange , which was footage from Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequels , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 .",
"19": "One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 .",
"20": "The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 .",
"21": "Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced .",
"22": "A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier Sebastian Stan Sebastian Stan Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista Dave Bautista Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana Zoe Saldana Groot Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Heimdall Idris Elba Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau Jon Favreau Scott Lang Ant - Man Paul Rudd Paul Rudd Loki Tom Hiddleston Tom Hiddleston Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen Nebula Karen Gillan Karen Gillan Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt Chris Pratt James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle Terrence Howard Don Cheadle Rocket Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper Steve Rogers Captain America Chris Evans Chris Evans Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård Stellan Skarsgård Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr .",
"23": "Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther Chadwick Boseman Thor Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Hope van Dyne Wasp Evangeline Lilly Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany Sam Wilson Falcon Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child who Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose '' . The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com .",
"24": "The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 58 144 $140 million Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 406 499 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 63 125 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 229 219 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 245 294 $140 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,",
"25": "988 5 5 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 22 12 $200 million ( gross ) $178.4 million ( net ) Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 178 116 $170 million ( gross ) $152.7 million ( net ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 101 93 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 51 78 $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 13 7 $316 million ( gross ) $267.4 million ( net ) Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 231 176 $142 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 23 15 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 137 105 $165 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.",
"26": "2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,919,411 $863,732,512 29 58 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,201,140 $545,965,784 $880,166,924 49 50 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $312,478,786 $537,316,348 $849,795,134 62 60 $180 million Total $ 7009527144201700000 ♠ 5,271,442,017 $ 7009823621113600000 ♠ 8,236,211,136 $ 7010135076531530000 ♠ 13,507,653,153 $3.027 billion ( gross ) $2.903 billion ( net ) Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 94 % ( 268 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) Incredible Hulk !",
"27": "The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 279 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 270 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 80 % ( 252 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 328 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 80 % ( 298 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 253 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 273 reviews ) 70 ( 47 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 295 reviews ) 76 ( 52 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 324 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 284 reviews ) 64 ( 43 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 91 % ( 359 reviews ) 75 ( 52 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 304 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 83 % ( 333 reviews ) 67 ( 47 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 311 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 92 % ( 318 reviews ) 73 ( 50 reviews ) Average 83 % 67 Future ( edit ) Film U.S.",
"28": "release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status Phase Three Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Kevin Feige Post-production Avengers : Infinity War May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari and Paul Rudd Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Geneva Robertson - Dworet Pre-production Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Filming Post-Phase Three Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) Jon Watts TBA Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Pre-production Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2020 ( 2020 ) James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter .",
"29": "Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther is scheduled to be released on February 16 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos , who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to begin its international release on April 25 , 2018 , and will be released in the United States on May 4 , 2018 . The film is set four years after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marvel has been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron .",
"30": "Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed he would return to direct in November 2015 , as well as the confirmation that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and ended in November 2017 . Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Carol Danvers § Film In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Filming is expected to begin in March 2018 in California , and is scheduled to last until May 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 .",
"31": "The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson reprises his role as Nick Fury in the film , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man : Homecoming § Sequels In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . A year later , Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film . Filming is scheduled to begin in April or May 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020 . The film is set after Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Other potential projects ( edit ) Three untitled films are set for release on May 1 , August 7 , and November 6 , 2020 .",
"32": "The August 7 film was previously scheduled for July 10 , 2020 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy these dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have ideas for films through 2021 , and additional storylines planned through 2028 , resulting in 20 films `` on the docket that are completely different from anything that 's come before -- intentionally . '' In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond '' . A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different , '' but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing . '' A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned .",
"33": "In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Andrew W. Marlowe to write a script for Nick Fury . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . Repurposed projects ( edit ) Further information : Runaways ( TV series ) and Inhumans ( TV series ) A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It premiered in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made .",
"34": "Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . See also ( edit ) List of films based on Marvel Comics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Why Par , not Disney , gets ' Avengers ' credit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Boss Kevin Feige On Phase 2 '' . Empire .",
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"40": "Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` First Iron Man 2 TV Spot airs on the Kids Choice Awards '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Announces ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . Access Hollywood . May 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Downey , Favreau sign on for `` Avengers '' at Marvel `` . The Hollywood Reporter via Reuters . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` ' Iron Man 2 ' : Terrence Howard 's out , Don Cheadle 's in '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Samuel Jackson joins ' Iron ' cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Another ' Iron Man 2 ' Deal : Scarlett Johannson To Replace Emily Blunt As Black Widow For Lousy Lowball Money '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 Wraps on Schedule '' . Marvel.com . July 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 Filming at the Pasadena Masonic Temple ? '' .",
"41": "SuperHeroHype.com. April 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Witmer , Jon D. ( May 2010 ) . `` Armor Wars : Cinematographer Matthew Libatique , ASC and director Jon Favreau shoot to thrill with the action - packed Iron Man 2 '' . American Cinematographer . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Team Edwards goes Hollywood '' . Edwards Air Force Base . May 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Jerry ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Iron Man 2 ' and the Fate of the Rolls - Royces '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Iron Man 2 ' premiere : It 's like real life but different '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 : International Release Dates '' . Marvel.com. April 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Filipponi , Pietro ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Favreau Confirms Black Panther Easter Egg in Iron Man 2 , Among Others '' . The Daily Blam ! . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Holland Confirms Popular Fan Theory : Spider - Man Was In ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . HuffPost .",
"42": "Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mark ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Director Jon Watts Explains Real Story Behind Peter Parker 's ' Iron Man 2 ' Cameo '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Iron Man 2 ' Post-Credits Scene Revealed ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thor Movie : New Release Date ! May 6 , 2011 '' . Marvel Comics . January 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Matthew Vaughn to direct ' Thor ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` ' Thor ' Needs New Director , Hulk to Cameo in ' Iron Man 2 ' ? '' . Cinematical . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 16 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Hemsworth is Thor '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Update : Loki Officially Cast in 2011 Thor Movie '' . Marvel.com . May 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Profile on Marvel Studios with Big Updates from Kevin Feige '' . Firstshowing.net . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thor Movie : Principal Photography Starts ! '' . Marvel.com . January 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bord , Christine ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Thor ' Begins Filming in New Mexico on Monday '' . OnLocationVacations.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On the Spot : Kenneth Branagh 's Thor World Premiere in Sydney ! '' . The Spotlight Report . April 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the U.S. Premiere of Thor , Live on Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com. April 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Learn Thor 's International Release Dates '' . Marvel.com . November 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Clark Gregg 's ' Iron Man 2 ' S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Will ' Do Some Exciting Things ' In ' Thor ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema Con : We 've Seen Hawkeye In Thor And It 's More Than A Walk On '' . CinemaBlend . March 28 , 2011 .",
"44": "Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( May 7 , 2011 ) . ' Thor ' : Kenneth Branagh on the ' crazy Marvel universe ' . Los Angeles Times ( video ) . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner , ' Are you kidding ! ' , I said . I was jumping up and down . I was thrilled . I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that ! Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' post-credits scene : What the heck WAS that thing ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks Thor Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philbrick , Jami ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks ' The Avengers , ' ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , ' and ' Melancholia ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ames , Jeff ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` More Images from Captain America : The First Avenger ; First Look at Hugo Weaving and Stanley Tucci '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( March 22 , 2010 ) .",
"45": "`` Chris Evans to play ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America to Start Filming June 28 '' . SuperHeroHype.com. April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summer in the City '' . Film London . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caerwent is scene for Captain America movie '' . South Wales Argus . July 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Dawn ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Captain America Filming to Get Underway on Liverpool Docklands '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Captain America Red Carpet Premiere LIVE on Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com . July 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global sites & Release Dates '' . Paramount Pictures . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America image gives a first look at Cosmic Cube '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Says He 's Howard Stark in Captain America '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Favreau Explains The History of Stark Expo In ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Watch the Final Scene of Captain America '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's The Avengers Begins Production '' . Marvel.com. April 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` '' Avengers '' are heroes on horizon `` . The Hollywood Reporter via Reuters . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel confirms they will hire new ' Hulk ' for ' The Avengers ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Toldja ! Marvel & Ruffalo Ink Hulk Deal '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel - ous Star Wattage : Actors Assemble For Comic - Con Panel Including ' The Avengers ' , ' Captain America ' , & ' Thor ' '' . Deadline.com . July 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 8 , 2011 ) .",
"47": "`` Avengers workers start transforming East Ninth into scene for epic battle '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Filming of ' Avengers ' in Cleveland approaches the end '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Sets ' The Avengers ' World Premiere for April 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Iron Man leads the core four of ' The Avengers ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Matt ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How Gwyneth Paltrow was recruited for ' The Avengers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man Was Almost In ' The Avengers , ' Sort Of '' . LatinoReview.com . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Feige on Ultron , Spider - Man , Edward Norton , Iron Man 4 '' . Reviewer.fr via DenOfGeek.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Avengers '' has two post-credit scenes , mystery actor revealed `` . IFC .",
"48": "Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shane Black talks direction of Iron Man 3 and whether or not to expect more Marvel cameos ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . March 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel Taps Its ' Runaways ' Scribe Drew Pearce To Write ' Iron Man 3 ′ Script '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ′ Director Will Be ' Game Of Thrones ' Helmer Alan Taylor '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' Official Synopsis Released '' . StitchKingdom.com . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Russo brothers tapped for ' Captain America 2 ' : Disney and Marvel in final negotiations with ' Community ' producers to helm pic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( April 14 , 2011 ) .",
"49": "`` ' Captain America ' Writers Talk Sequel , Post - ' Avengers ' Plans , And The Marvel Movie - Verse '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn to Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Peyton Reed and Writer Adam McKay Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . June 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Resolves Writing Credit Dispute ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Iron Man 3 Synopsis Reveals Stark 's Personal Crisis '' . Blastr.com ( Syfy ) . October 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Kate ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' to come to theaters in 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly .",
"50": "Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ; Fleming , Mike ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Shane Black To Direct Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 Notes '' ( pdf ) . Marvel.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Play the Mandarin in ' Iron Man 3 ' ? Plus First Photos from the Set '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' back underway after Robert Downey Jr. injury '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' Casts China 's Wang Xuequi As New ' Dr Wu ' : Beijing Filming Starts Monday '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' shoots at Chinese Theater '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gwyneth Paltrow at the ' Iron Man 3 ' Red Carpet Premiere : Pepper Potts Goes Floral ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . April 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2013 .",
"51": "Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' Hollywood red carpet premiere : Watch it live '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' to Get Imax Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Takes Place Two Years After ' The Avengers ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris . `` Kevin Feige and Shane Black talk Iron Man 3 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAR Exclusive : Mark Ruffalo Talks Marvel Cameos and the Future of The Hulk '' . IAmRogue.com . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ' Director Not Set Yet , Says Tom Hiddleston '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 .",
"52": "^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` We Have A ' Thor 2 ' Villain : Christopher Eccleston To Play Malekith The Accursed '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Louise ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Filming for Thor 2 : The Dark World gets underway in Surrey ... but where is Chris Hemsworth ? '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth Arrives to Shoot ' Thor ' in Iceland '' . Iceland Review . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos from the Thor 2 filming in Greenwich '' . Greenwich , England : Greenwich.co.uk . October 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mingle with the stars at the premiere of Thor : The Dark World '' . The Sun . October 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Official : Disney 's ' Lone Ranger ' Sets May 31 , 2013 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( February 1 , 2013 ) .",
"53": "`` New Thor : The Dark World Set Photo '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' : You Wo n't Believe The Story Behind The Cameo '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Latest on Vin , Bradley and the Scene Everyone 's Talking About '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` D23 Expo : Disney Reveals Logos for Upcoming Releases '' . ComingSoon.net . August 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' sequel set for April 2014 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Five Actresses Testing For ' Captain America 2 ' Role ; Black Widow Might Drop By As Well '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America 2 : Sebastian Stan Talks About The Future of ' The Winter Soldier ' '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin R. ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America Filming Tonight in Dupont Circle '' . DCist .",
"54": "Gothamist . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' starts shooting in Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ji - soo ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Soo - hyun to star in Avengers sequel '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villasor , Tim G. ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel releases new theatrical posters , trailers for ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . GMA Network . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Joe And Anthony Russo Share 15 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Secrets '' . Empire . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Tony Stark 's Avengers Tower Debuts As Easter Egg In ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Captain America meets his match in the smart and stylish ' Winter Soldier ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Milly , Jenna ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' premiere : Crossover is the word '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 .",
"55": "Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Film reveal retools TV 's ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' ' Afterlife ' : What Does That Major Marvel Return Mean for ' Age of Ultron ' ? '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharan Shetty ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tylwalk , Nick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Where does Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 fit into the MCU timeline ? '' . FanSided . Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Connects to ' Avengers 3 ; ' Plus New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn and Kevin Feige Tease ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Easter Eggs '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` This week 's cover : Meet the new boss in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Official Synopsis Spells Big Trouble for Tony Stark '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Announces ' Avengers 2 ' In Development '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 .",
"58": "Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' Casts James Spader as the Film 's Legendary Villain '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon Likens Avengers 2 to The Godfather Part II '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Announces Filming of Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron in South Korea '' . Marvel.com . February 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers 2 Wrapped What the hell do I do now ? '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 2 , 2015 ) .",
"59": "`` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : Secret roles for Julie Delpy and Linda Cardellini '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Moves Up ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Russia Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Sets Release Date for ' Avengers 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` There is one mid-credits scene in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' -- Here 's what it means for future Marvel movies '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Age of Ultron ' Lays the Groundwork for ' Black Panther ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 25 , 2006 ) . `` Exclusive : Edgar Wright Talks Ant - Man '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Mark ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Edgar Wright Exits Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' as Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) .",
"60": "`` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' Lead Marvel 's Phase Three '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright Teases ' Ant - Man ' Production in New Tweet '' . The Huffington Post . October 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's it ! Principal photography on ANT - MAN is now complete . The ants have left the building . Stay tuned ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins On Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . August 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas , Paul Rudd heading back to Atlanta for `` Ant Man '' `` . Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trees removed for Atlanta film production sparks outrage '' . WSB - TV . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Rudd Set to Star in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas to Star as Hank Pym in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ `` Marvel To Broadcast ANT - MAN Premiere Red Carpet Online '' . Newsarama . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Natalie ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Will Grow To $115 M - $125 M In Global Bow , But Will Bump Heads With ' Minions ' In U.S. -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Moves into Former Superman - Batman Release Date '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` 65 Things We Learned on the Set of Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' and More '' . Fandango.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` When Will You See the First Clip From ' Captain America : Civil War ' ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Feige on ANT - MAN Post-Credits Scenes , SPIDER - MAN , Marvel at Disneyland , and More '' . Collider .",
"62": "Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man post credit scenes revealed -- spoilers in here ! '' . Irish Examiner . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Studios Announces Full Phase 3 Slate at Special Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Phase 3 Update '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Directors Joe & Anthony Russo Confirm They 'll Direct Captain America 3 ; Say They 're Breaking the Story Now with Screenwriters Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Derrickson to Direct Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 .",
"63": "^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Introduces Its Villain '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Bringing Hulk Into ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Is n't Lady Sif in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Marvel.com . May 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War New Synopsis Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Takes Shape at Marvel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces New Wave of Superhero Movies '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) .",
"64": "`` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr. to Join ' Captain America 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Taps Craig Kyle to Co-Write ' Thor 3 ' with Christopher Yost '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 Directors Joe and Anthony Russo Talk Filming Dates , the Title , the Evolution of the Script , Marvel 's Involvement , Hawkeye , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Extras casting call for `` Captain America : Civil War '' `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Wraps Principal Photography '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel launches program for girl scientists '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 10 , 2016 ) .",
"65": "`` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Gets An Unnecessary ( But Awesome ) Second Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America to Return to Theaters May 6 , 2016 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Russo Brothers Explain Where Captain America : Civil War Starts '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Finds Tom Holland to Star as New Web - Slinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman to Star in Marvel 's Black Panther '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` William Hurt Teases A `` Much Different '' General Ross For Captain America : Civil War `` . IGN . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Directors on Creating That Post-Credits Scene '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` D23 : Disney Live Action Presentation , Featuring Marvel Studios , Star Wars & More '' . Comic Book Resources .",
"66": "Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` D23 : Marvel , Lucasfilm & Walt Disney Pictures Panel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` Will Dr. Strange Be Marvel 's First Superhero To Fly Under the Disney Banner ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' Lead Marvel 's Phase Three '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch to play Doctor Strange '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Setting Jon Spaihts To Script ' Doctor Strange ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Re-Teams Director Scott Derrickson With ' Sinister ' Writer C. Robert Cargill '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Double Toasted ( April 22 , 2016 ) . Exclusive ! Dr. Strange Writer `` C. Robert Cargill '' -- Double Toasted Interview . YouTube . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .",
"67": "Partial transcriptions from MCUExchange ( Archive ) and Newsarama ( Archive ) Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Production Begins Early Next Year ; Casting Very Soon '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch in Nepal '' . The Himalayan Times . November 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' shoot underway in UK with Benedict Cumberbatch '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch , Chiwetel Ejiofor spotted shooting scenes for Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' in New York '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Derrickson , Scott ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chu , Karen ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Director Addresses Whitewashing Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange 's UK release date moves forward '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Coolest Doctor Strange Easter Eggs , References , and Trivia '' .",
"68": "IGN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange revelations : Secrets and Easter eggs from the new Marvel movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' and ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Synopses Released '' . StitchKingdom.com . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Will Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter ( December 17 , 2014 ) . Guardians of the Galaxy 's Chris Pratt & James Gunn 's Risky Film : Rule Breakers . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 30 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 .",
"69": "Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Offers Update on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy Assemble in a Rehearsal Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # GoTGVol2 . WHEW . So much gratitude to my wonderful cast and crew . Thank you all '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Jessica ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Weird And Wonderful Things That Happened At The ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Tokyo Premiere '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 's Space Dinosaur Has A Name , Post-Credits Scene Confirmed '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Everything We Learned While On Set '' . / Film .",
"70": "Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 Post-Credits Scenes Explained '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Adam Warlock Was Originally a Major Character in ' Guardians Vol. 2 ' ; Will Be in ' Guardians 3 ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Why That Thor : Ragnarok Character Shows Up In The Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 End Credits '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brett ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Movie Gets Official Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Watch The First Trailer For Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel 's Spider - Man Reboot is NOT an Origin Story '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Back To Walley World : The Griswolds Go On ' Vacation ' Again '' . NPR . July 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 .",
"71": "Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel and Sony 's Spider - Man Reboot is Officially Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pratt , Tom Holland cross paths as Spider - Man : Homecoming starts filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Jennifer ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Captain America : Civil War '' was shot in , around Atlanta `` . WXIA - TV . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Shares Photo From Spider - Man : Homecoming 's Last Day Of Filming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Spider - Man : Homecoming Premiere Livestream ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Babbage , Rachel ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming is swinging into UK cinemas earlier than expected '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Release Date Pushed , ' Spider - Man ' Shifts Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 .",
"72": "Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Producer Explains MCU Connections '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Why Marvel Fans Are Arguing About Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Studios characters will join Spider - Man standalone movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Joins ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Reprise ' Iron Man ' Role in ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kirsten ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' features the return of a character we never thought we 'd see again -- and it 's all the better for it '' . Insider . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrbar , Ned ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New `` Spider - Man : Homecoming '' trailer teases Iron Man , Captain America `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 .",
"73": "Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Director Jon Watts On Easter Eggs , Iron Man , John Hughes And More '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : Does The Vulture Run Damage Control ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S. ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' : Comprehensive Guide to Easter Eggs '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Easter Eggs & Marvel Secrets '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Get Your First Look at Marvel Studios ' ' Thor : Ragnarok ' In A New Photo '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Hires One of Its Own Executives to Co-Write ' Thor 3 ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 .",
"74": "Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Thor 3 ' Finds Its Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Thor 3 ' Lands New Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Studios Confirms Stellar New Cast Members of the Highly Anticipated ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Thor : Ragnarok ' and Fox 's ' Alien ' To Shoot in Australia '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Blockbuster to be born on Fourth of July as Marvel confirms Thor : Ragnarok start date '' . The Advertiser ( Adelaide ) . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Wraps Filming , Director Taika Waititi Shares Video from Set '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 .",
"75": "Jump up ^ `` Coming up from the USA TODAY Network : College football rankings , ' Thor : Ragnarok ' premiere and more '' . USA Today . October 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok release date brought forward in the UK '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Schedules New Release Dates for 4 Films '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Stomps Into Hall H With Battling Superheroes -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Ties into the Larger MCU '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tim ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How Thor : Ragnarok Solves That Problem With Thanos ' Gauntlet '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Phil ; Gonzalez , Umberto ( November 2 , 2017 ) .",
"76": "`` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Marvel Boss Kevin Feige Explains That Mid-Credits Scene '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` The Incredible Hulk ( PG - 13 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Wants To See Bruce Banner And Hulk Face - Off On Screen '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Honeycutt , Kirk ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America : The First Avenger : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Renner Joins Amy Adams in Sci - Fi ' Story of Your Life ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` ECCC : Hayley Atwell Talks ' Marvel 's Agent Carter , ' ' Ant - Man ' Appearance '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flint , Hanna ( April 14 , 2014 ) .",
"77": "`` Captain America star Hayley Atwell , 32 , looks cool in ice - white as she leaves Oliviers after - party with model beau Evan Jones , 23 '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bautista , Dave ( @ DaveBautista ) ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welp ! ! ! That makes 3 of us ! And I start filming tomorrow ! 😱 # MarvelShroudofSecrecy 😖 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Erik ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sam Jackson Confirms Nick Fury Cameos in ' Captain America ' and ' Thor ' '' . Cinematical . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson will bring Nick Fury to Captain Marvel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Gamora Confirmed for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel : Groot & Hulk Must ' Get Down ' in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Idris Elba interview : Marvel movies are ' torture ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 .",
"78": "Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Thor ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Cobie Smulders joins ' Avengers ' cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Grillo to play Crossbones in ' Captain America ' sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers 4 Set Photos Capture Iron Man Character 's Return '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Favreau Returning to ' Iron Man 3 ' -- As an Actor ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Rudd Set to Star in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Ant - Man & Doctor Strange Team Up In New Avengers : Infinity War Set Photos '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jami ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Tom Hiddleston Discusses Loki 's Role in ' The Avengers ' '' . IAmRogue.com .",
"79": "Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Elizabeth Olsen & Aaron Taylor - Johnson Join ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Marvel.com . November 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLean , Pauline ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Karen Gillan on Tupperware Party , Inverness and Avengers '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Featurette Shows Off First Footage From Set '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` Iron Man ( PG - 13 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Russo Brothers Confirm Star - Lord And Thor In Avengers : Infinity War '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Arienne ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Don Cheadle mellow , ' barely awake ' after Globes news '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 2 Interview ( Press Conference ) with Robert Downey Jr. , Mickey Rourke , Jon Favreau , Gwyneth Paltrow , Scarlett Johansson , Don Cheadle , Justin Thoreaux and Kevin Feige '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 .",
"80": "Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch 's Doctor Strange CONFIRMED for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Officially Part of Avengers : Infinity War '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2014 : Official : Evangeline Lilly & Corey Stoll Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . July 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Evangeline Lilly on introducing the Wasp , when she 'll join The Avengers '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Clip Confirms A Major Marvel Cameo '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 .",
"81": "Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Sued by Luggage Company Over ' Avengers ' Box Set Packaging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Cinematic Universe gets the DVD collector 's treatment for Phase Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 .",
"82": "Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 -- via The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2014 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 17 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 .",
"83": "Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 21 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk '' . Metacritic . CBS .",
"84": "Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .",
"85": "Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 11 , 2016 ) .",
"86": "`` Ryan Coogler to Direct Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Brandon Ellington ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars So White ? Black Panther to the Rescue '' . Mother Jones . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Kevin Feige Reveals Ryan Coogler Is Co-Writing ; Talks Filming Dates '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Joe & Anthony Russo to Direct 2 - Part Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely to Write Marvel 's 2 - Part ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' : Michael Douglas Eyeing Return for Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Production Officially Begins on Ant - Man and the Wasp ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 19 , 2017 ) .",
"87": "`` ' Captain Marvel ' Finds Directors in Anna Boden , Ryan Fleck ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Taps Geneva Robertson - Dworet To Script ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Cooper ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Confirms Jon Watts Will Direct Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Filming Dates , Title Details Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 .",
"88": "^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Back in Development at Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange IMAX Preview Teases a Marvel Cinematic Multiverse '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Black Panther , I , Tonya , Stranger Things , and why MCU = ATL '' . Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` You 're Not Ready for Black Panther 's Stunning New Spin on Superhero Movies '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Forest Whitaker Joins Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy will meet the Avengers in Infinity War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Matt ( July 29 , 2016 ) .",
"89": "`` Marvel Surprise : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Wo n't Be Split Into 2 Movies '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Joins Marvel 's ' Avengers ' Sequels as Villain Thanos '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Announced For 2018 -- 19 in Two Parts '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War And Sequel Set To Begin Filming Monday '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War has wrapped filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donohoe , Graeme ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` New £ 400m Marvel blockbuster Avengers : Infinity War to be shot in Glasgow and Edinburgh '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arora , Akhil ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War to Release a Week Early in India , on April 27 '' . Gadget 360 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( April 24 , 2017 ) .",
"90": "`` Why The Guardians Will Be Different When Introduced In Avengers : Infinity War , According To Kevin Feige '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari Close Deal To Team With Paul Rudd On ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Will See the Return of Michael Douglas ' Hank Pym '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( @ MrPeytonReed ) ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap . # AntManandtheWasp '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Bond , Paul ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve to Write Marvel 's ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Brie Larson officially announced as Captain Marvel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 .",
"91": "Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Reveals How Women Could Contribute to the Marvel Universe After Phase Three '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel , ' ' Island Plaza ' & ' Midway ' Among Films Awarded CA Tax Credits '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' aka ' Warbird ' Shoots January -- May In Atlanta '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Will Be Set in the ' 90s With Skrulls as Villains '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers 4 Filming Has Begun ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Exclsuive : Kevin Feige Talks Spidey 's Future & Studio Collaborations '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Parts 1 and 2 Will Be Very Different Movies '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 .",
"92": "Jump up ^ Tharpe , Frazier ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Teases The Guardians ' `` Integral Part '' In ' Infinity War ' `` . Complex . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Dates ' Lion King ' and ' Frozen 2 , ' Pushes Fifth ' Indiana Jones ' Film to 2020 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Says the Post - ' Avengers 4 ' MCU May Be a `` New Thing '' , Not `` Phase 4 '' `` . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Feige on ' Avengers : Infinity War ' , Spider - Man 's Future , 2019 & 2020 MCU Movies , and ' Doctor Strange ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Starnes , Joshua ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Kevin Feige , Directors and Stars on the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Pow ! Bang ! Bam ! Plan to Save Marvel , Starring B - List Heroes '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( November 27 , 2017 ) .",
"93": "`` Secrets of the Marvel Universe '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Holland ( Accidentally ) Reveals Spider - Man Solo Movie Is First in a Trilogy '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couto , Anthony ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Feige : Black Widow 's Past to be Explored in Avengers 2 and Possible Solo Film '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ West , Rachel ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Screenwriter Nicole Perlman gives us the scoop on Guardians , Marvel , and more ! '' . Cineplex Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Feige On ' Captain America : Civil War ' And All Things Marvel -- Deadline Q&A '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : Wesley Snipes On ' Blade ' Marvel Talks , ' The Player ' & Spike Lee -- Deadline '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Project ' Runaways ' in works at Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Taps Peter Sollett For ' Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com .",
"94": "Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Taps ' No Heroics ' Creator For ' Runaways ' Duty '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Studios Slows Down ' Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways ' Shelved in Post - ' Avengers ' Marvel Movieverse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Fall Premieres : Slate Includes ' Mindy Project ' , ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Feige on Avengers , Marvel Universe - Building , and the Legacy of Elektra '' . Movieline .",
"95": "Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses on Skye Bombshell and Marvel Movie Future '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldbery , Matt ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Moving Forward on THE INHUMANS Movie ; Screenplay by Joe Robert Cole '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Robert Cole Nearing Deal to Write ' Black Panther ' for Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie Officially Pulled from Marvel Schedule '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Still Has Plans For Inhumans Movie According To Kevin Feige '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inhumans ' Movie `` Will Happen For Sure '' , Could Happen in Phase 4 Says Kevin Feige `` . / Film . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Coming To IMAX & ABC In 2017 '' . Marvel.com . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 .",
"96": "Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel , ABC Set ' The Inhumans ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) A Phase One Timeline Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.",
"97": ": Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3",
"98": "The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Spider - Man in film Films The Amazing Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Accolades The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 (",
"99": "2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Animated Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Soundtracks Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Captain America : Civil War Spider - Man : Homecoming Songs `` Hero '' `` What We 're All About '' Spider - Man theme song `` Vindicated '' `` We Are '' `` Meant to Live '' `` Web of Night '' `` Najane Kyun '' `` Signal Fire '' `` It 's On Again '' Video games Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Spider - Man pinball The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Fan films Spider - Man 1969 fan film Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter 1974 fan film Viva Spider - Man 1989 fan film The Green Goblin 's Last Stand 1992 fan film Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story 2015 fan film Miscellaneous Venom ( film ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Lego Spider - Man List of Spider - Man films cast members Book Category Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"100": "php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_films&oldid=819489006 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2008 Marvel Cinematic Universe films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does a limit of a function not exist
|
[
"if some inputs very close to p are taken to outputs that stay a fixed distance apart",
"if some inputs very close to p are taken to outputs that stay a fixed distance apart",
"if some inputs very close to p are taken to outputs that stay a fixed distance apart"
] |
{
"0": "Limit of a function - wikipedia Limit of a function Jump to : navigation , search x sin x x ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ sin x ) ( x ) ) ) 0.841471 ... 0.1 0.998334 ... 0.01 0.999983 ... Although the function ( sin x ) / x is not defined at zero , as x becomes closer and closer to zero , ( sin x ) / x becomes arbitrarily close to 1 . In other words , the limit of ( sin x ) / x as x approaches zero equals 1 .",
"1": "Part of a series of articles about Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem Rolle 's theorem Differential ( show ) Definitions Derivative ( generalizations ) Differential infinitesimal of a function total Concepts Differentiation notation Second derivative Third derivative Change of variables Implicit differentiation Related rates Taylor 's theorem Rules and identities Sum Product Chain Power Quotient Inverse General Leibniz Faà di Bruno 's formula Integral ( show ) Lists of integrals Definitions Antiderivative Integral ( improper ) Riemann integral Lebesgue integration Contour integration Integration by Parts Discs Cylindrical shells Substitution ( trigonometric ) Partial fractions Order Reduction formulae Series ( show ) Geometric ( arithmetico - geometric ) Harmonic Alternating Power Binomial Taylor Convergence tests Summand limit ( term test ) Ratio Root Integral Direct comparison Limit comparison Alternating series Cauchy condensation Dirichlet Abel Vector ( show ) Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Directional derivative Identities Theorems Divergence Gradient Green 's Kelvin -- Stokes Stokes Multivariable ( show ) Formalisms Matrix Tensor Exterior Geometric Definitions Partial derivative Multiple integral Line integral Surface integral Volume integral Jacobian Hessian Specialized ( show ) Fractional Malliavin Stochastic Variations Glossary of calculus ( show ) Glossary of calculus In mathematics , the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input . Formal definitions , first devised in the early 19th century , are given below . Informally , a function f assigns an output f ( x ) to every input x . We say the function has a limit L at an input p : this means f ( x ) gets closer and closer to L as x moves closer and closer to p .",
"2": "More specifically , when f is applied to any input sufficiently close to p , the output value is forced arbitrarily close to L. On the other hand , if some inputs very close to p are taken to outputs that stay a fixed distance apart , we say the limit does not exist . The notion of a limit has many applications in modern calculus . In particular , the many definitions of continuity employ the limit : roughly , a function is continuous if all of its limits agree with the values of the function . It also appears in the definition of the derivative : in the calculus of one variable , this is the limiting value of the slope of secant lines to the graph of a function . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Motivation 3 Functions of a single variable 3.1 Existence and one - sided limits 3.2 More general subsets 3.3 Deleted versus non-deleted limits 3.4 Examples 3.4. 1 Non-existence of one - sided limit ( s ) 3.4. 2 Non-equality of one - sided limits 3.4. 3 Limits at only one point 3.4. 4 Limits at countably many points 4 Functions on metric spaces 5 Functions on topological spaces 6 Limits involving infinity 6.1 Limits at infinity 6.2 Infinite limits 6.3 Alternative notation 6.4 Limits at infinity for rational functions 7 Functions of more than one variable 8 Sequential limits 9 Other characterizations 9.1 In terms of sequences 9.2 In non-standard calculus 9.3 In terms of nearness 10 Relationship to continuity 11 Properties 11.1 Limits of compositions of functions 11.2 Limits of special interest 11.2. 1 Rational functions 11.2. 2 Trigonometric functions 11.2. 3 Exponential functions 11.2.",
"3": "4 Logarithmic functions 11.3 L'Hôpital's rule 11.4 Summations and integrals 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References History ( edit ) Although implicit in the development of calculus of the 17th and 18th centuries , the modern idea of the limit of a function goes back to Bolzano who , in 1817 , introduced the basics of the epsilon - delta technique to define continuous functions . However , his work was not known during his lifetime ( Felscher 2000 ) . Cauchy discussed variable quantities , infinitesimals , and limits and defined continuity of y = f ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle y = f ( x ) ) by saying that an infinitesimal change in x necessarily produces an infinitesimal change in y in his 1821 book Cours d'analyse , while ( Grabiner 1983 ) claims that he only gave a verbal definition . Weierstrass first introduced the epsilon - delta definition of limit in the form it is usually written today . He also introduced the notations lim and lim ( Burton 1997 ) . The modern notation of placing the arrow below the limit symbol is due to Hardy in his book A Course of Pure Mathematics in 1908 ( Miller 2004 ) . Motivation ( edit ) Imagine a person walking over a landscape represented by the graph of y = f ( x ) . Her horizontal position is measured by the value of x , much like the position given by a map of the land or by a global positioning system . Her altitude is given by the coordinate y . She is walking towards the horizontal position given by x = p . As she gets closer and closer to it , she notices that her altitude approaches L. If asked about the altitude of x = p , she would then answer L . What , then , does it mean to say that her altitude approaches L ? It means that her altitude gets nearer and nearer to L except for a possible small error in accuracy . For example , suppose we set a particular accuracy goal for our traveler : she must get within ten meters of L. She reports back that indeed she can get within ten meters of L , since she notes that when she is within fifty horizontal meters of p , her altitude is always ten meters or less from L .",
"4": "The accuracy goal is then changed : can she get within one vertical meter ? Yes . If she is anywhere within seven horizontal meters of p , then her altitude always remains within one meter from the target L. In summary , to say that the traveler 's altitude approaches L as her horizontal position approaches p means that for every target accuracy goal , however small it may be , there is some neighborhood of p whose altitude fulfills that accuracy goal . The initial informal statement can now be explicated : The limit of a function f ( x ) as x approaches p is a number L with the following property : given any target distance from L , there is a distance from p within which the values of f ( x ) remain within the target distance . This explicit statement is quite close to the formal definition of the limit of a function with values in a topological space . To say that lim x → p f ( x ) = L , ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) = L , \\ , ) means that ƒ ( x ) can be made as close as desired to L by making x close enough , but not equal , to p . The following definitions ( known as ( ε , δ ) - definitions ) are the generally accepted ones for the limit of a function in various contexts . Functions of a single variable ( edit ) Suppose f : R → R is defined on the real line and p , L ∈ R. It is said the limit of f , as x approaches p , is L and written lim x → p f ( x ) = L , ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) = L , \\ ) if the following property holds : For every real ε > 0 , there exists a real δ > 0 such that for all real x , 0 < x − p < δ implies f ( x ) − L < ε . The value of the limit does not depend on the value of f ( p ) , nor even that p be in the domain of f . A more general definition applies for functions defined on subsets of the real line . Let ( a , b ) be an open interval in R , and p a point of ( a , b ) .",
"5": "Let f be a real - valued function defined on all of ( a , b ) except possibly at p itself . It is then said that the limit of f , as x approaches p , is L if , for every real ε > 0 , there exists a real δ > 0 such that 0 < x − p < δ and x ∈ ( a , b ) implies f ( x ) − L < ε . Here again the limit does not depend on f ( p ) being well - defined . The letters ε and δ can be understood as `` error '' and `` distance '' , and in fact Cauchy used ε as an abbreviation for `` error '' in some of his work ( Grabiner 1983 ) , though in his definition of continuity he used an infinitesimal α ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha ) rather than either ε or δ ( see Cours d'Analyse ) . In these terms , the error ( ε ) in the measurement of the value at the limit can be made as small as desired by reducing the distance ( δ ) to the limit point . As discussed below this definition also works for functions in a more general context . The idea that δ and ε represent distances helps suggest these generalizations . Existence and one - sided limits ( edit ) Main article : One - sided limit The limit as : x → x ≠ x → x . Therefore , the limit as x → x does not exist . Alternatively x may approach p from above ( right ) or below ( left ) , in which case the limits may be written as lim x → p + f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ^ ( + ) ) f ( x ) = L ) or lim x → p − f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ^ ( - ) ) f ( x ) = L ) respectively . If these limits exist at p and are equal there , then this can be referred to as the limit of f ( x ) at p . If the one - sided limits exist at p , but are unequal , there is no limit at p ( the limit at p does not exist ) . If either one - sided limit does not exist at p , the limit at p does not exist . A formal definition is as follows .",
"6": "The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p from above is L if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that f ( x ) − L < ε whenever 0 < x − p < δ . The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p from below is L if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that f ( x ) − L < ε whenever 0 < p − x < δ . If the limit does not exist then the oscillation of f at p is non-zero . More general subsets ( edit ) Apart from open intervals , limits can be defined for functions on arbitrary subsets of R , as follows . Let f be a real - valued function defined on a subset S of the real line . Let p be a limit point of S -- that is , p is the limit of some sequence of elements of S distinct from p . The limit of f , as x approaches p from values in S , is L if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that 0 < x − p < δ and x ∈ S implies f ( x ) − L < ε . This limit is often written L = lim x → p x ∈ S f ( x ) . ( \\ displaystyle L = ( \\ underset ( x \\ in S ) ( \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ) ) ) f ( x ) . ) The condition that f be defined on S is that S be a subset of the domain of f . This generalization includes as special cases limits on an interval , as well as left - handed limits of real - valued functions ( e.g. , by taking S to be an open interval of the form ( − ∞ , a ) ( \\ displaystyle ( - \\ infty , a ) ) ) , and right - handed limits ( e.g. , by taking S to be an open interval of the form ( a , ∞ ) ( \\ displaystyle ( a , \\ infty ) ) ) . It also extends the notion of one - sided limits to the included endpoints of ( half - ) closed intervals , so the Square root function f ( x ) = √ x can have limit 0 as x approaches 0 from above .",
"7": "Deleted versus non-deleted limits ( edit ) The definition of limit given here does not depend on how ( or whether ) f is defined at p . Bartle ( 1967 ) , refers to this as a deleted limit , because it excludes the value of f at p . The corresponding non-deleted limit does depend on the value of f at p , if p is in the domain of f : A number L is the non-deleted limit of f as x approaches p if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that x − p < δ and x ∈ Dm ( f ) implies f ( x ) − L < ε . The definition is the same , except that the neighborhood x − p < δ now includes the point p , in contrast to the ( deleted ) neighborhood 0 < x − p < δ . This makes the definition of a non-deleted limit less general . One of the advantages of working with non-deleted limits is that they allow to state the theorem about limits of compositions without any constraints on the functions ( other than the existence of their non-deleted limits ) ( Hubbard ( 2015 ) ) . Bartle ( 1967 ) notes that although by `` limit '' some authors do mean this non-deleted limit , deleted limits are the most popular . For example , Apostol ( 1974 ) , Courant ( 1924 ) , Hardy ( 1921 ) , Rudin ( 1964 ) , Whittaker & Watson ( 1902 ) all by `` limit '' mean the deleted version .",
"8": "Examples ( edit ) Non-existence of one - sided limit ( S ) ( edit ) The function without a limit , at an essential discontinuity The function f ( x ) = ( sin 5 x − 1 for x < 1 0 for x = 1 0.1 x − 1 for x > 1 ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ sin ( \\ frac ( 5 ) ( x-1 ) ) & ( \\ text ( for ) ) x < 1 \\ \\ 0& ( \\ text ( for ) ) x = 1 \\ \\ ( \\ frac ( 0.1 ) ( x-1 ) ) & ( \\ text ( for ) ) x > 1 \\ end ( cases ) ) ) has no limit at x 0 = 1 ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) = 1 ) ( the left - hand limit does not exist due to the oscillatory nature of the sine function , and the right - hand limit does not exist due to the asymptotic behaviour of the reciprocal function ) , but has a limit at every other x-coordinate . The function f ( x ) = ( 1 x rational 0 x irrational ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) 1&x ( \\ text ( rational ) ) \\ \\ 0&x ( \\ text ( irrational ) ) \\ end ( cases ) ) ) ( the Dirichlet function ) has no limit at any x-coordinate . Non-equality of one - sided limits ( edit ) The function f ( x ) = ( 1 for x < 0 2 for x ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) 1& ( \\ text ( for ) ) x < 0 \\ \\ 2& ( \\ text ( for ) ) x \\ geq 0 \\ end ( cases ) ) ) has a limit at every non-zero x-coordinate ( the limit equals 1 for negative x and equals 2 for positive x ) . The limit at x = 0 does not exist ( the left - hand limit equals 1 , whereas the right - hand limit equals 2 ) .",
"9": "Limits at only one point ( edit ) The functions f ( x ) = ( x x rational 0 x irrational ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) x&x ( \\ text ( rational ) ) \\ \\ 0&x ( \\ text ( irrational ) ) \\ end ( cases ) ) ) and f ( x ) = ( x x rational 0 x irrational ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) x &x ( \\ text ( rational ) ) \\ \\ 0&x ( \\ text ( irrational ) ) \\ end ( cases ) ) ) both have a limit at x = 0 and it equals 0 . Limits at countably many points ( edit ) The function f ( x ) = ( sin x x irrational 1 x rational ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ sin x&x ( \\ text ( irrational ) ) \\ \\ 1&x ( \\ text ( rational ) ) \\ end ( cases ) ) ) has a limit at any x-coordinate of the form π 2 + 2 n π ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ pi ) ( 2 ) ) + 2n \\ pi ) , where n is any integer . Functions on metric spaces ( edit ) Suppose M and N are subsets of metric spaces A and B , respectively , and f : M → N is defined between M and N , with x ∈ M , p a limit point of M and L ∈ N. It is said that the limit of f as x approaches p is L and write lim x → p f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) = L ) if the following property holds : For every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that d ( f ( x ) , L ) < ε whenever 0 < d ( x , p ) < δ . Again , note that p need not be in the domain of f , nor does L need to be in the range of f , and even if f ( p ) is defined it need not be equal to L .",
"10": "An alternative definition using the concept of neighbourhood is as follows : lim x → p f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) = L ) if , for every neighbourhood V of L in B , there exists a neighbourhood U of p in A such that f ( U ∩ M − ( p ) ) ⊆ V . Functions on topological spaces ( edit ) Suppose X , Y are topological spaces with Y a Hausdorff space . Let p be a limit point of Ω ⊆ X , and L ∈ Y . For a function f : Ω → Y , it is said that the limit of f as x approaches p is L ( i.e. , f ( x ) → L as x → p ) and written lim x → p f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) = L ) if the following property holds : For every open neighborhood V of L , there exists an open neighborhood U of p such that f ( U ∩ Ω − ( p ) ) ⊆ V . This last part of the definition can also be phrased `` there exists an open punctured neighbourhood U of p such that f ( U ∩ Ω ) ⊆ V `` . Note that the domain of f does not need to contain p . If it does , then the value of f at p is irrelevant to the definition of the limit . In particular , if the domain of f is X − ( p ) ( or all of X ) , then the limit of f as x → p exists and is equal to L if , for all subsets Ω of X with limit point p , the limit of the restriction of f to Ω exists and is equal to L. Sometimes this criterion is used to establish the non-existence of the two - sided limit of a function on R by showing that the one - sided limits either fail to exist or do not agree . Such a view is fundamental in the field of general topology , where limits and continuity at a point are defined in terms of special families of subsets , called filters , or generalized sequences known as nets .",
"11": "Alternatively , the requirement that Y be a Hausdorff space can be relaxed to the assumption that Y be a general topological space , but then the limit of a function may not be unique . In particular , one can no longer talk about the limit of a function at a point , but rather a limit or the set of limits at a point . A function is continuous in a limit point p of and in its domain if and only if f ( p ) is the ( or , in the general case , a ) limit of f ( x ) as x tends to p . Limits involving infinity ( edit ) Limits at infinity ( edit ) The limit of this function at infinity exists . For f ( x ) a real function , the limit of f as x approaches infinity is L , denoted lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = L , ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to \\ infty ) f ( x ) = L , ) means that for all ε > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ varepsilon > 0 ) , there exists c such that f ( x ) − L < ε ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) - L < \\ varepsilon ) whenever x > c . Or , symbolically : ∀ ε > 0 ∃ c ∀ x > c : f ( x ) − L < ε ( \\ displaystyle \\ forall \\ varepsilon > 0 \\ ; \\ exists c \\ ; \\ forall x > c : \\ ; f ( x ) - L < \\ varepsilon ) . Similarly , the limit of f as x approaches negative infinity is L , denoted lim x → − ∞ f ( x ) = L , ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to - \\ infty ) f ( x ) = L , ) means that for all ε > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ varepsilon > 0 ) there exists c such that f ( x ) − L < ε ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) - L < \\ varepsilon ) whenever x < c .",
"12": "Or , symbolically : ∀ ε > 0 ∃ c ∀ x < c : f ( x ) − L < ε ( \\ displaystyle \\ forall \\ varepsilon > 0 \\ ; \\ exists c \\ ; \\ forall x < c : \\ ; f ( x ) - L < \\ varepsilon ) . For example lim x → − ∞ e x = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to - \\ infty ) e ^ ( x ) = 0. \\ , ) Infinite limits ( edit ) Limits can also have infinite values . When infinities are not considered legitimate values , which is standard ( but see below ) , a formalist will insist upon various circumlocutions . For example , rather than say that a limit is infinity , the proper thing is to say that the function `` diverges '' or `` grows without bound '' . In particular , the following informal example of how to pronounce the notation is arguably inappropriate in the classroom ( or any other formal setting ) . In any case , for example the limit of f as x approaches a is infinity , denoted lim x → a f ( x ) = ∞ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( x ) = \\ infty , \\ , ) means that for all ε > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ varepsilon > 0 ) there exists δ > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta > 0 ) such that f ( x ) > ε ( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) > \\ varepsilon ) whenever x − a < δ ( \\ displaystyle x-a < \\ delta ) . These ideas can be combined in a natural way to produce definitions for different combinations , such as lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → a + f ( x ) = − ∞ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to \\ infty ) f ( x ) = \\ infty , \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ^ ( + ) ) f ( x ) = - \\ infty . \\ , ) For example lim x → 0 + ln x = − ∞ .",
"13": "( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) \\ ln x = - \\ infty . \\ , ) Limits involving infinity are connected with the concept of asymptotes . These notions of a limit attempt to provide a metric space interpretation to limits at infinity . However , note that these notions of a limit are consistent with the topological space definition of limit if a neighborhood of − ∞ is defined to contain an interval ( − ∞ , c ) for some c ∈ R a neighborhood of ∞ is defined to contain an interval ( c , ∞ ) where c ∈ R a neighborhood of a ∈ R is defined in the normal way metric space R In this case , R is a topological space and any function of the form f : X → Y with X , Y ⊆ R is subject to the topological definition of a limit . Note that with this topological definition , it is easy to define infinite limits at finite points , which have not been defined above in the metric sense . Alternative notation ( edit ) Many authors allow for the projectively extended real line to be used as a way to include infinite values as well as extended real line . With this notation , the extended real line is given as R ∪ ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) and the projectively extended real line is R ∪ ( ∞ ) where a neighborhood of ∞ is a set of the form ( x : x > c ) . The advantage is that one only needs three definitions for limits ( left , right , and central ) to cover all the cases . As presented above , for a completely rigorous account , we would need to consider 15 separate cases for each combination of infinities ( five directions : − ∞ , left , central , right , and + ∞ ; three bounds : − ∞ , finite , or + ∞ ) . There are also noteworthy pitfalls . For example , when working with the extended real line , x − 1 ( \\ displaystyle x ^ ( - 1 ) ) does not possess a central limit ( which is normal ) : lim x → 0 + 1 x = + ∞ , lim x → 0 − 1 x = − ∞ .",
"14": "( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) ( 1 \\ over x ) = + \\ infty , \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( - ) ) ( 1 \\ over x ) = - \\ infty . ) In contrast , when working with the projective real line , infinities ( much like 0 ) are unsigned , so , the central limit does exist in that context : lim x → 0 + 1 x = lim x → 0 − 1 x = lim x → 0 1 x = ∞ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) ( 1 \\ over x ) = \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( - ) ) ( 1 \\ over x ) = \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( 1 \\ over x ) = \\ infty . ) In fact there are a plethora of conflicting formal systems in use . In certain applications of numerical differentiation and integration , it is , for example , convenient to have signed zeroes . A simple reason has to do with the converse of lim x → 0 − x − 1 = − ∞ ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( - ) ) ( x ^ ( - 1 ) ) = - \\ infty ) , namely , it is convenient for lim x → − ∞ x − 1 = − 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to - \\ infty ) ( x ^ ( - 1 ) ) = - 0 ) to be considered true . Such zeroes can be seen as an approximation to infinitesimals .",
"15": "Limits at infinity for rational functions ( edit ) Horizontal asymptote about y = 4 There are three basic rules for evaluating limits at infinity for a rational function f ( x ) = p ( x ) / q ( x ) : ( where p and q are polynomials ) : If the degree of p is greater than the degree of q , then the limit is positive or negative infinity depending on the signs of the leading coefficients ; If the degree of p and q are equal , the limit is the leading coefficient of p divided by the leading coefficient of q ; If the degree of p is less than the degree of q , the limit is 0 . If the limit at infinity exists , it represents a horizontal asymptote at y = L. Polynomials do not have horizontal asymptotes ; such asymptotes may however occur with rational functions . Functions of more than one variable ( edit ) By noting that x − p represents a distance , the definition of a limit can be extended to functions of more than one variable . In the case of a function f : R → R , lim ( x , y ) → ( p , q ) f ( x , y ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( ( x , y ) \\ to ( p , q ) ) f ( x , y ) = L ) if for every ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that for all ( x , y ) with 0 < ( x , y ) − ( p , q ) < δ , then f ( x , y ) − L < ε where ( x , y ) − ( p , q ) represents the Euclidean distance . This can be extended to any number of variables . Sequential limits ( edit ) Let f : X → Y be a mapping from a topological space X into a Hausdorff space Y , p ∈ X a limit point of X and L ∈ Y . The sequential limit of f as x tends to p is L if , for every sequence ( x ) in X − ( p ) that converges to p , the sequence f ( x ) converges to L . If L is the limit ( in the sense above ) of f as x approaches p , then it is a sequential limit as well , however the converse need not hold in general .",
"16": "If in addition X is metrizable , then L is the sequential limit of f as x approaches p if and only if it is the limit ( in the sense above ) of f as x approaches p . Other characterizations ( edit ) In terms of sequences ( edit ) For functions on the real line , one way to define the limit of a function is in terms of the limit of sequences . ( This definition is usually attributed to Eduard Heine . ) In this setting : lim x → a f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( x ) = L ) if and only if for all sequences x n ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) ( with x n ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) not equal to a for all n ) converging to a ( \\ displaystyle a ) the sequence f ( x n ) ( \\ displaystyle f ( x_ ( n ) ) ) converges to L ( \\ displaystyle L ) . It was shown by Sierpiński in 1916 that proving the equivalence of this definition and the definition above , requires and is equivalent to a weak form of the axiom of choice . Note that defining what it means for a sequence x n ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) to converge to a ( \\ displaystyle a ) requires the epsilon , delta method . Similarly as it was the case of Weierstrass 's definition , a more general Heine definition applies to functions defined on subsets of the real line . Let f be a real - valued function with the domain Dm ( f ) . Let a be the limit of a sequence of elements of Dm ( f ) \\ ( a ) . Then the limit ( in this sense ) of f is L as x approaches p if for every sequence x n ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) ∈ Dm ( f ) \\ ( a ) ( so that for all n , x n ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) is not equal to a ) that converges to a , the sequence f ( x n ) ( \\ displaystyle f ( x_ ( n ) ) ) converges to L ( \\ displaystyle L ) .",
"17": "This is the same as the definition of a sequential limit in the preceding section obtained by regarding the subset Dm ( f ) of R as a metric space with the induced metric . In non-standard calculus ( edit ) In non-standard calculus the limit of a function is defined by : lim x → a f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( x ) = L ) if and only if for all x ∈ R ∗ ( \\ displaystyle x \\ in \\ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( * ) ) , f ∗ ( x ) − L ( \\ displaystyle f ^ ( * ) ( x ) - L ) is infinitesimal whenever x − a ( \\ displaystyle x-a ) is infinitesimal . Here R ∗ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( * ) ) are the hyperreal numbers and f ∗ ( \\ displaystyle f ^ ( * ) ) is the natural extension of f to the non-standard real numbers . Keisler proved that such a hyperreal definition of limit reduces the quantifier complexity by two quantifiers . On the other hand , Hrbacek writes that for the definitions to be valid for all hyperreal numbers they must implicitly be grounded in the ε - δ method , and claims that , from the pedagogical point of view , the hope that non-standard calculus could be done without ε - δ methods can not be realized in full . Bl·aszczyk et al. detail the usefulness of microcontinuity in developing a transparent definition of uniform continuity , and characterize Hrbacek 's criticism as a `` dubious lament '' . In terms of nearness ( edit ) At the 1908 international congress of mathematics F. Riesz introduced an alternate way defining limits and continuity in concept called `` nearness '' . A point x ( \\ displaystyle x ) is defined to be near a set A ⊆ R ( \\ displaystyle A \\ subseteq \\ mathbb ( R ) ) if for every r > 0 ( \\ displaystyle r > 0 ) there is a point a ∈ A ( \\ displaystyle a \\ in A ) so that x − a < r ( \\ displaystyle x-a < r ) .",
"18": "In this setting the lim x → a f ( x ) = L ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( x ) = L ) if and only if for all A ⊆ R ( \\ displaystyle A \\ subseteq \\ mathbb ( R ) ) , L ( \\ displaystyle L ) is near f ( A ) ( \\ displaystyle f ( A ) ) whenever a ( \\ displaystyle a ) is near A ( \\ displaystyle A ) . Here f ( A ) ( \\ displaystyle f ( A ) ) is the set ( f ( x ) x ∈ A ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ ( f ( x ) x \\ in A \\ ) ) . This definition can also be extended to metric and topological spaces . Relationship to continuity ( edit ) The notion of the limit of a function is very closely related to the concept of continuity . A function ƒ is said to be continuous at c if it is both defined at c and its value at c equals the limit of f as x approaches c : lim x → c f ( x ) = f ( c ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) f ( x ) = f ( c ) . ) ( We have here assumed that c is a limit point of the domain of f . ) Properties ( edit ) If a function f is real - valued , then the limit of f at p is L if and only if both the right - handed limit and left - handed limit of f at p exist and are equal to L . The function f is continuous at p if and only if the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p exists and is equal to f ( p ) . If f : M → N is a function between metric spaces M and N , then it is equivalent that f transforms every sequence in M which converges towards p into a sequence in N which converges towards f ( p ) .",
"19": "If N is a normed vector space , then the limit operation is linear in the following sense : if the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p is L and the limit of g ( x ) as x approaches p is P , then the limit of f ( x ) + g ( x ) as x approaches p is L + P. If a is a scalar from the base field , then the limit of af ( x ) as x approaches p is aL . If f is a real - valued ( or complex - valued ) function , then taking the limit is compatible with the algebraic operations , provided the limits on the right sides of the equations below exist ( the last identity only holds if the denominator is non-zero ) . This fact is often called the algebraic limit theorem .",
"20": "lim x → p ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) + lim x → p g ( x ) lim x → p ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) − lim x → p g ( x ) lim x → p ( f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) ⋅ lim x → p g ( x ) lim x → p ( f ( x ) / g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) / lim x → p g ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( matrix ) \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) & ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) & = & \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) + \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) g ( x ) \\ \\ \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) & ( f ( x ) - g ( x ) ) & = & \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) - \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) g ( x ) \\ \\ \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) & ( f ( x ) \\ cdot g ( x ) ) & = & \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) \\ cdot \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) g ( x ) \\ \\ \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) & ( f ( x ) / g ( x ) ) & = & ( \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) f ( x ) / \\ lim \\ limits _ ( x \\ to p ) g ( x ) ) \\ end ( matrix ) ) ) In each case above , when the limits on the right do not exist , or , in the last case , when the limits in both the numerator and the denominator are zero , nonetheless the limit on the left , called an indeterminate form , may still exist -- this depends on the functions f and g .",
"21": "These rules are also valid for one - sided limits , for the case p = ± ∞ , and also for infinite limits using the rules q + ∞ = ∞ for q ≠ − ∞ q × ∞ = ∞ if q > 0 q × ∞ = − ∞ if q < 0 q / ∞ = 0 if q ≠ ± ∞ ( see extended real number line ) . Note that there is no general rule for the case q / 0 ; it all depends on the way 0 is approached . Indeterminate forms -- for instance , 0 / 0 , 0 × ∞ , ∞ − ∞ , and ∞ / ∞ -- are also not covered by these rules , but the corresponding limits can often be determined with L'Hôpital's rule or the Squeeze theorem . Limits of compositions of functions ( edit ) In general , from knowing that lim y → b f ( y ) = c ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( y \\ to b ) f ( y ) = c ) and lim x → a g ( x ) = b ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) g ( x ) = b ) , it does not follow that lim x → a f ( g ( x ) ) = c ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( g ( x ) ) = c ) . However , this `` chain rule '' does hold if one of the following additional conditions holds : f ( b ) = c ( that is , f is continuous at b ) , or g does not take the value b near a ( that is , there exists a δ > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta > 0 ) such that if 0 < x − a < δ ( \\ displaystyle 0 < x-a < \\ delta ) then g ( x ) − b > 0 ( \\ displaystyle g ( x ) - b > 0 ) ) . As an example of this phenomenon , consider the following functions that violates both additional restrictions : f ( x ) = g ( x ) = ( 0 if x ≠ 0 1 if x = 0 .",
"22": "( \\ displaystyle f ( x ) = g ( x ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) 0& ( \\ text ( if ) ) x \\ neq 0 \\ \\ 1& ( \\ text ( if ) ) x = 0 \\ end ( cases ) ) . ) Since the value at f ( 0 ) is a removable discontinuity , lim x → a f ( x ) = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( x ) = 0 ) for all a ( \\ displaystyle a ) . Thus , the naïve chain rule would suggest that the limit of f ( f ( x ) ) is 0 . However , it is the case that f ( f ( x ) ) = ( 1 if x ≠ 0 0 if x = 0 ( \\ displaystyle f ( f ( x ) ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) 1& ( \\ text ( if ) ) x \\ neq 0 \\ \\ 0& ( \\ text ( if ) ) x = 0 \\ end ( cases ) ) ) and so lim x → a f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to a ) f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 ) for all a ( \\ displaystyle a ) .",
"23": "Limits of special interest ( edit ) Rational functions ( edit ) For n ( \\ displaystyle n ) a nonnegative integer and constants a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... , a n ( \\ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) , a_ ( 2 ) , a_ ( 3 ) , \\ ldots , a_ ( n ) ) and b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , ... , b n ( \\ displaystyle b_ ( 1 ) , b_ ( 2 ) , b_ ( 3 ) , \\ ldots , b_ ( n ) ) , lim x → ∞ a 1 x n + a 2 x n − 1 + a 3 x n − 2 + ... + a n b 1 x n + b 2 x n − 1 + b 3 x n − 2 + ... + b n = a 1 b 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to \\ infty ) ( \\ frac ( a_ ( 1 ) ( x ) ^ ( n ) + a_ ( 2 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 1 ) + a_ ( 3 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 2 ) + ... + a_ ( n ) ) ( b_ ( 1 ) ( x ) ^ ( n ) + b_ ( 2 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 1 ) + b_ ( 3 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 2 ) + ... + b_ ( n ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( a_ ( 1 ) ) ( b_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) This can be proven by dividing both the numerator and denominator by x n ( \\ displaystyle x ^ ( n ) ) . If the numerator is a polynomial of higher degree , the limit does not exist . If the denominator is of higher degree , the limit is 0 . Trigonometric functions ( edit ) lim x → 0 sin x x = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( \\ sin x ) ( x ) ) = 1 ) lim x → 0 1 − cos x x = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) (",
"24": "\\ frac ( 1 - \\ cos x ) ( x ) ) = 0 ) lim x → ∞ x sin ( 1 x ) = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to \\ infty ) x \\ sin \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \\ right ) = 1 ) Exponential functions ( edit ) lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) 1 x = lim r → ∞ ( 1 + 1 r ) r = e ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( 1 + x ) ^ ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) = \\ lim _ ( r \\ to \\ infty ) \\ left ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( r ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( r ) = e ) lim x → 0 e x − 1 x = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( e ^ ( x ) - 1 ) ( x ) ) = 1 ) lim x → 0 e a x − 1 b x = a b ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( e ^ ( ax ) - 1 ) ( bx ) ) = ( \\ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) ) lim x → 0 c a x − 1 b x = a b ln c ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( ax ) - 1 ) ( bx ) ) = ( \\ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) \\ ln c ) lim x → 0 + x x = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) x ^ ( x ) = 1 ) Logarithmic functions ( edit ) lim x → 0 ln ( 1 + x ) x = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( \\ ln ( 1 + x ) ) ( x ) ) = 1 ) lim x → 0 ln ( 1 + a x ) b x = a b ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim",
"25": "_ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( \\ ln ( 1 + ax ) ) ( bx ) ) = ( \\ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) ) lim x → 0 log c ( 1 + a x ) b x = a b ln c ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( \\ log _ ( c ) ( 1 + ax ) ) ( bx ) ) = ( \\ frac ( a ) ( b \\ ln c ) ) ) L'Hôpital's rule ( edit ) Main article : l'Hôpital's rule This rule uses derivatives to find limits of indeterminate forms 0 / 0 or ± ∞ / ∞ , and only applies to such cases . Other indeterminate forms may be manipulated into this form .",
"26": "Given two functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) , defined over an open interval I containing the desired limit point c , then if : lim x → c f ( x ) = lim x → c g ( x ) = 0 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) f ( x ) = \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) g ( x ) = 0 , ) or lim x → c f ( x ) = ± lim x → c g ( x ) = ± ∞ ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) f ( x ) = \\ pm \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) g ( x ) = \\ pm \\ infty ) , and f ( \\ displaystyle f ) and g ( \\ displaystyle g ) are differentiable over I ∖ ( c ) ( \\ displaystyle I \\ setminus \\ ( c \\ ) ) , and g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 ( \\ displaystyle g ' ( x ) \\ neq 0 ) for all x ∈ I ∖ ( c ) ( \\ displaystyle x \\ in I \\ setminus \\ ( c \\ ) ) , and lim x → c f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) ( \\ frac ( f ' ( x ) ) ( g ' ( x ) ) ) ) exists , then : lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) ( \\ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = \\ lim _ ( x \\ to c ) ( \\ frac ( f ' ( x ) ) ( g ' ( x ) ) ) ) Normally , the first condition is the most important one . For example : lim x → 0 sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 3 x ) = lim x → 0 2 cos ( 2 x ) 3 cos ( 3 x ) = 2 ⋅ 1 3 ⋅ 1 = 2 3 .",
"27": "( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( \\ sin ( 2x ) ) ( \\ sin ( 3x ) ) ) = \\ lim _ ( x \\ to 0 ) ( \\ frac ( 2 \\ cos ( 2x ) ) ( 3 \\ cos ( 3x ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 2 \\ cdot 1 ) ( 3 \\ cdot 1 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) . ) Summations and integrals ( edit ) Specifying an infinite bound on a summation or integral is a common shorthand for specifying a limit . A short way to write the limit lim n → ∞ ∑ i = s n f ( i ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( n \\ to \\ infty ) \\ sum _ ( i = s ) ^ ( n ) f ( i ) ) is ∑ i = s ∞ f ( i ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = s ) ^ ( \\ infty ) f ( i ) ) . An important example of limits of sums such as these are series . A short way to write the limit lim x → ∞ ∫ a x f ( t ) d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to \\ infty ) \\ int _ ( a ) ^ ( x ) f ( t ) \\ ; dt ) is ∫ a ∞ f ( t ) d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( a ) ^ ( \\ infty ) f ( t ) \\ ; dt ) . A short way to write the limit lim x → − ∞ ∫ x b f ( t ) d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ lim _ ( x \\ to - \\ infty ) \\ int _ ( x ) ^ ( b ) f ( t ) \\ ; dt ) is ∫ − ∞ b f ( t ) d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( - \\ infty ) ^ ( b ) f ( t ) \\ ; dt ) .",
"28": "See also ( edit ) List of limits One - sided limit Limit of a sequence Net ( topology ) Big O notation Limit superior and limit inferior l'Hôpital's rule Squeeze theorem Non-standard calculus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , `` Limit '' at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics Jump up ^ Keisler , H. Jerome ( 2008 ) , `` Quantifiers in limits '' ( PDF ) , Andrzej Mostowski and foundational studies , IOS , Amsterdam , pp. 151 -- 170 Jump up ^ Hrbacek , K. ( 2007 ) , `` Stratified Analysis ? '' , in Van Den Berg , I. ; Neves , V. , The Strength of Nonstandard Analysis , Springer Jump up ^ Bl·aszczyk , Piotr ; Katz , Mikhail ; Sherry , David ( 2012 ) , `` Ten misconceptions from the history of analysis and their debunking '' , Foundations of Science , 18 ( 1 ) , arXiv : 1202.4153 , doi : 10.1007 / s10699 - 012 - 9285 - 8 References ( edit ) MacTutor History of Weierstrass . MacTutor History of Bolzano Visual Calculus by Lawrence S. Husch , University of Tennessee ( 2001 ) Apostol , Tom M. , Mathematical Analysis , 2nd ed . Addison -- Wesley , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 00288 - 4 . Bartle , Robert ( 1967 ) , The elements of real analysis , Wiley Burton , David M. ( 1997 ) , The History of Mathematics : An introduction ( Third ed . ) , New York : McGraw -- Hill , pp. 558 -- 559 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 009465 - 9 Felscher , Walter ( 2000 ) , `` Bolzano , Cauchy , Epsilon , Delta '' , American Mathematical Monthly , Mathematical Association of America , 107 ( 9 ) : 844 -- 862 , doi : 10.2307 / 2695743 , JSTOR 2695743 .",
"29": "Courant , Richard ( 1924 ) , Vorlesungen über Differential - und Integralrechnung , Springer Verlag Grabiner , Judith V. ( 1983 ) , `` Who Gave You the Epsilon ? Cauchy and the Origins of Rigorous Calculus '' , American Mathematical Monthly , Mathematical Association of America , 90 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 194 , doi : 10.2307 / 2975545 , JSTOR 2975545 , collected in Who Gave You the Epsilon ? ISBN 978 - 0 - 88385 - 569 - 0 pp. 5 -- 13 . Also available at : http://www.maa.org/pubs/Calc_articles/ma002.pdf Hardy , G.H. ( 1921 ) , A course in pure mathematics , Cambridge University Press Hubbard , John H. ( 2015 ) , Vector calculus , linear algebra , and differential forms : A unified approach ( Fifth ed . ) , Matrix Editions Miller , Jeff ( 1 December 2004 ) , Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus , retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Page , Warren ; Hersh , Reuben ; Selden , Annie ; et al. , eds. ( 2002 ) , `` Media Highlights '' , The College Mathematics , Mathematical Association of America , 33 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 154 , JSTOR Journal 2687124 Journal . Sutherland , W.A. , Introduction to Metric and Topological Spaces . Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 853161 - 3 .",
"30": "Rudin , Walter ( 1964 ) , Principles of mathematical analysis , McGraw - Hill Whittaker ; Watson ( 1904 ) , A course of modern analysis , Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limit_of_a_function&oldid=837083727 '' Categories : Limits ( mathematics ) Functions and mappings Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was i don't like mondays released
|
[
"21 July 1979",
"21 July 1979",
"1979",
"21 July 1979"
] |
{
"0": "I Do n't Like Mondays - wikipedia I Do n't Like Mondays Jump to : navigation , search `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' Single by The Boomtown Rats from the album The Fine Art of Surfacing B - side `` It 's All the Rage '' Released 21 July 1979 ( UK ) Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded Trident Studios Length 4 : 19 ( LP ) 3 : 47 ( single / video ) Label Ensign ( UK ) Columbia ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Producer ( s ) Phil Wainman The Boomtown Rats singles chronology `` Rat Trap '' ( 1978 ) `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' ( 1979 ) `` Diamond Smiles '' ( 1979 ) `` Rat Trap '' ( 1978 ) `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' ( 1979 ) `` Diamond Smiles '' ( 1979 ) `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' is a song by Irish band The Boomtown Rats that was a number one single in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks during the summer of 1979 , and ranks as the sixth biggest British hit of 1979 . Written by Bob Geldof , it was the band 's second number one single . The full length version appeared on the group 's third album , The Fine Art of Surfacing . It includes a reprise of the first verse , which was edited for the single release . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Live performances 4 References History ( edit ) According to Geldof , he wrote the song after reading a telex report at Georgia State University 's campus radio station , WRAS , on the shooting spree of 16 - year - old Brenda Ann Spencer , who fired at children in a school playground at Grover Cleveland Elementary School in San Diego , California , US on 29 January 1979 , killing two adults and injuring eight children and one police officer . Spencer showed no remorse for her crime and her full explanation for her actions was `` I do n't like Mondays . This livens up the day '' .",
"1": "The song was first performed less than a month later . Geldof explained how he wrote the song : I was doing a radio interview in Atlanta with ( Johnnie ) Fingers and there was a telex machine beside me . I read it as it came out . Not liking Mondays as a reason for doing somebody in is a bit strange . I was thinking about it on the way back to the hotel and I just said ' Silicon chip inside her head had switched to overload ' . I wrote that down . And the journalists interviewing her said , ' Tell me why ? ' It was such a senseless act . It was the perfect senseless act and this was the perfect senseless reason for doing it . So perhaps I wrote the perfect senseless song to illustrate it . It was n't an attempt to exploit tragedy . Geldof had originally intended the song as a B - side , but changed his mind after the song was successful with audiences on the Rats ' US tour . Spencer 's family tried unsuccessfully to prevent the single from being released in the United States . Despite being a major hit in the United Kingdom , it only reached # 73 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was played regularly by album - oriented rock format radio stations in the United States throughout the 1980s , although radio stations in San Diego refrained from playing the track for some years in respect to local sensitivities about the shooting . The strings were arranged by Fiachra Trench . Apart from Geldof , pianist Johnnie Fingers and drummer Simon Crowe are the only members of the group who appear on the recording . In the UK the song reached Number One on the singles chart in July 1979 , and won the Best Pop Song and Outstanding British Lyric categories at the Ivor Novello Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia Canada Ireland New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 73 U.S.",
"2": "Cash Box Top 100 84 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Position Australia 6 Canada 117 New Zealand 25 UK Chart ( 1980 ) Position Canada 55 Live performances ( edit ) On 9 September 1981 , Geldof was joined on stage by fellow Boomtown Rat , Johnnie Fingers , to perform the song for The Secret Policeman 's Ball sponsored by Amnesty International . A recording of that performance appears on the 1982 album , The Secret Policeman 's Other Ball . The Boomtown Rats performed the song for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium in 1985 . This was the band 's final major appearance . On singing the line , `` And the lesson today is how to die '' , Geldof paused for 20 seconds while the crowd applauded on the significance to those starving in Africa that Live Aid was intended to help . At a concert in London in 1995 , almost ten years later to the day , Bon Jovi covered the song after being joined on stage by Geldof at Wembley Stadium . This recorded performance features on Bon Jovi 's live album One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 , as well as on the bonus 2 - CD edition of These Days . Bon Jovi was again joined by Geldof for a performance of the song at The O2 Arena on 23 June 2010 , the 10th night of their 12 - night residency . Geldof himself performed a version of the song while hosting the Live 8 concert in London , on 2 July 2005 . `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' was subsequently covered by Tori Amos on her 2001 album Strange Little Girls and later by G4 on their 2006 album Act Three . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 370 -- 1 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1979 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info .",
"3": "Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( 29 September 2005 ) . `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Music ( I Do n't Like Mondays ) '' . snopes.com . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Steve ( 18 -- 31 October 1979 ) . The Fastest Lip on Vinyl . Smash Hits . EMAP National Publications Ltd . pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1999 . Record Research Inc. p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 139 - X . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1979 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1979 '' Record Mirror 5 January 1980 : 30 Preceded by `` Are ' Friends ' Electric ? ''",
"4": "by Tubeway Army UK number - one single 28 July 1979 - 24 August 1979 Succeeded by `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' by Cliff Richard Preceded by `` Do You Want Your Oul Lobby Washed Down '' by Brendan Shine Irish Singles Chart number - one single 4 August 1979 - 31 August 1979 Succeeded by `` Viva Il Papa '' by Catriona Walsh Preceded by `` Born to Be Alive '' by Patrick Hernandez Australian Kent Music Report number - one single 12 November 1979 - 25 November 1979 Succeeded by `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' by The Buggles ( hide ) The Boomtown Rats Bob Geldof Pete Briquette Gerry Cott Simon Crowe Johnnie Fingers Garry Roberts Studio albums The Boomtown Rats A Tonic for the Troops The Fine Art of Surfacing Mondo Bongo V Deep In the Long Grass Singles `` Lookin ' After No.",
"5": "1 '' `` Mary of the 4th Form '' `` She 's So Modern '' `` Like Clockwork '' `` Rat Trap '' `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' `` Diamond Smiles '' `` Someone 's Looking at You '' `` Banana Republic '' `` Up All Night '' `` The Elephant 's Graveyard ( Guilty ) '' `` Never in a Million Years '' `` House on Fire '' `` Charmed Lives '' `` Tonight '' `` Drag Me Down '' `` Dave '' `` A Hold of Me '' Other albums Ratrospective The Boomtown Rats ' Greatest Hits Loudmouth -- The Best of Bob Geldof and the Boomtown Rats The Best of The Boomtown Rats Back to Boomtown : Classic Rats Hits So Modern -- The Boomtown Rats Collection Related articles Discography Ensign Records Mercury Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Like_Mondays&oldid=813165947 '' Categories : 1979 singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Songs based on actual events Songs inspired by deaths Songs about school Songs about the media Songs written by Bob Geldof The Boomtown Rats songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Phil Wainman 1979 songs Ensign Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 04 : 55 . About Wikipedia",
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what do the economic systems of the uk germany and russia have in common
|
[
"reached an economy of at least US$2 trillion by GDP in nominal or PPP terms"
] |
{
"0": "World economy - wikipedia World economy Jump to : navigation , search World economy Africa Americas Central America North America South America Asia Europe Oceania 20 Largest economies pie chart The world economy or global economy is the economy of the world , considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account ( money ) . In some contexts , the two terms are distinguished : the `` international '' or `` global economy '' being measured separately and distinguished from national economies while the `` world economy '' is simply an aggregate of the separate countries ' measurements . Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production , use , and exchange the definitions , representations , models , and valuations of the world economy vary widely . It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth . It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity , and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms , even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services , or in cases in which a lack of independent research or government cooperation makes establishing figures difficult . Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods , which by any standard are a part of the world economy , but for which there is by definition no legal market of any kind . However , even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish a monetary value , economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy , since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect worldwide value , for example in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government . World share of GDP ( PPP ) ( World Bank , 2011 ) . Rather , market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power . This is the method used below , which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real US dollars or euros . However , the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways . It is unclear , for example , how many of the world 's 7.13 billion people have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations .",
"1": "As of 2017 , the following 15 countries or regions have reached an economy of at least US $2 trillion by GDP in nominal or PPP terms : Brazil , China , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States , and the European Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economy -- overview 1.1 World economy by Country Groups 1.2 Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth 1.3 Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP 1.4 Twenty Largest Economies in the World by PPP GDP ( IMF and CIA World Factbook ) 2 Statistical indicators 2.1 Economy 2.2 Employment 2.3 Industries 2.4 Energy 2.5 Cross-border 2.6 Gift economy 2.7 Communications 2.8 Transport 2.9 Military 3 Economic studies 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Economy -- overview ( edit ) World economy by country Groups ( edit ) The following two tables list the Country Groups with individual countries designated by the IMF . Members of the G - 20 major economies are in bold . List of Country Groups by GDP ( nominal ) in Millions US $ List of Country Groups by GDP ( PPP ) in 2015 in Millions US $ Country Group GDP ( Nominal ) Peak Year Number of Countries Economies with at least 0.5 % of Global GDP Major advanced economies ( G7 ) 36,006,539 2017 7 Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Emerging and Developing Asia 17,084,823 2017 30 China India Indonesia Thailand Other Advanced Economies ( Advanced economies excluding G7 ) 11,593,086 2014 32 Australia Austria Belgium South Korea Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Latin America and the Caribbean 5,983,936 2013 32 Argentina Brazil Mexico Middle East , North Africa , Afghanistan , and Pakistan 3,473,",
"2": "402 2014 22 Iran Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgia 2,943,338 2013 12 Russia Emerging and developing Europe 2,031,117 2014 12 Poland Turkey Sub-Saharan Africa 1,690,338 2014 45 Nigeria World 78,519,556 2014 192 Country Group GDP ( Nominal ) Peak Year Number of Countries Economies with at least 0.5 % of Global GDP Emerging and Developing Asia 41,233,893 2017 30 China India Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Major advanced economies ( G7 ) 38,766,514 2017 7 Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Other Advanced Economies ( Advanced economies excluding G7 ) 13,587,681 2017 32 Australia South Korea Netherlands Spain Taiwan Latin America and the Caribbean 9,730,047 2017 32 Argentina Brazil Colombia Mexico Venezuela Middle East , North Africa , Afghanistan , and Pakistan 9,529,045 2017 22 Algeria Egypt Iran Pakistan Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgia 5,583,406 2017 12 Russia Emerging and developing Europe 4,453,006 2017 12 Poland Turkey Sub-Saharan Africa 3,804,491 2017 45 Nigeria South Africa World 126,688,083 2017 192 Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth ( edit ) The following two tables list the 25 largest economies by GDP ( Nominal ) , twenty largest economies by GDP ( PPP ) . Members of the G - 20 major economies are in bold . List of the 25 largest economies by GDP ( nominal ) at their peak level of GDP in Millions US $ List of the 25 largest economies by GDP ( PPP ) at their peak level of GDP in Millions US $ Rank Country Value ( US D $ ) Peak Year -- World 78,519,",
"3": "556 2014 United States 19,417,144 2017 -- European Union 19,200,287 2008 China 11,795,297 2017 Japan 6,203,213 2012 Germany 3,885,440 2014 5 United Kingdom 3,064,351 2007 6 France 2,937,321 2008 7 Brazil 2,614,027 2011 8 India 2,454,458 2017 9 Italy 2,402,062 2008 10 Russia 2,230,624 2013 11 Canada 1,842,627 2013 12 Spain 1,642,738 2008 13 Australia 1,509,639 2012 14 South Korea 1,498,074 2017 15 Mexico 1,298,404 2014 16 Indonesia 1,020,515 2017 17 Turkey 950,328 2013 18 Netherlands 940,665 2008 19 Saudi Arabia 756,350 2014 20 Switzerland 702,736 2014 21 Argentina 631,621 2015 22 Sweden 578,742 2013 23 Iran 570,039 2011 24 Nigeria 568,496 2014 25 Taiwan 566,757 2017 Rank Country Value ( US D $ ) Peak Year -- World 126,688,083 2017 China 23,194,411 2017 -- European Union 20,852,702 2017 United States 19,417,144 2017 India 9,489,302 2017 Japan 5,420,",
"4": "228 2017 5 Germany 4,134,668 2017 6 Russia 3,938,001 2017 7 Brazil 3,306,570 2014 8 Indonesia 3,257,123 2017 9 United Kingdom 2,905,392 2017 10 France 2,833,064 2017 11 Mexico 2,406,199 2017 12 Italy 2,303,108 2017 13 Turkey 2,082,079 2017 14 South Korea 2,029,706 2017 15 Saudi Arabia 1,796,205 2017 16 Spain 1,768,816 2017 17 Canada 1,752,910 2017 18 Iran 1,535,491 2017 19 Australia 1,251,416 2017 20 Thailand 1,226,407 2017 21 Egypt 1,197,967 2017 22 Taiwan 1,177,052 2017 23 Nigeria 1,124,627 2017 24 Poland 1,114,105 2017 25 Pakistan 1,060,569 2017 Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP ( edit ) Main article : List of IMF ranked countries by historical GDP ( nominal ) The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year according to International Monetary Fund . Rank 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States Soviet Union Soviet Union Japan",
"5": "Japan Japan Japan China China China Japan Japan Soviet Union Germany Germany Germany Japan Japan Japan West Germany West Germany West Germany France United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany Germany Germany 5 France France France United Kingdom France China United Kingdom United Kingdom India 6 United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy Italy France France France United Kingdom 7 Italy Italy Italy Brazil China Italy Italy Brazil France 8 China Canada Canada China Brazil Canada Brazil Italy Brazil 9 Canada China Iran Spain Canada Spain Russia Russia Italy 10 Mexico India Spain Canada Mexico South Korea India India Russia Rank 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 11 Spain Brazil Brazil Iran Spain Brazil Spain Canada Canada 12 Brazil Mexico China South Korea South Korea Mexico Canada Spain South Korea 13 India Australia India Mexico Iran India Australia Australia Spain 14 Netherlands Spain Australia Netherlands India Russia South Korea South Korea Australia 15 Australia Iran Netherlands Australia Netherlands Australia",
"6": "Mexico Mexico Indonesia 16 Saudi Arabia Netherlands Mexico India Russia Netherlands Netherlands Turkey Mexico 17 Sweden Sweden South Korea Switzerland Australia Iran Turkey Netherlands Turkey 18 Belgium Saudi Arabia Switzerland Russia Switzerland Turkey Indonesia Indonesia Netherlands 19 Switzerland Switzerland Sweden Belgium Taiwan Switzerland Switzerland Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 20 Iran South Korea Turkey Argentina Argentina Sweden Iran Switzerland Argentina Twenty largest economies in the world by PPP GDP ( IMF and CIA world Factbook ) ( edit ) The following is a list of twenty largest economies by GDP ( PPP ) at peak value as of the specific year according to CIA World Factbook and the International Monetary Fund . Rank 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States China China Soviet Union Soviet Union Japan Japan China China China United States United States Japan Japan West Germany China Japan Japan India India India Italy West Germany Soviet Union Germany Germany India Japan Japan Japan 5 West Germany Italy Italy Russia India Germany Russia Germany Germany 6 France France France India Russia Russia Germany Russia Russia 7 Brazil Brazil",
"7": "China Italy France Brazil Brazil Brazil Indonesia 8 United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom France Italy France France Indonesia Brazil 9 Mexico China Brazil Brazil Brazil United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom 10 India India India United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy Italy France France Rank 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 11 China Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Indonesia Mexico Mexico 12 Spain Canada Canada Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Mexico Italy Italy 13 Canada Spain Indonesia Spain Spain Spain Spain Turkey Turkey 14 Saudi Arabia Iran Spain Canada Canada Canada South Korea South Korea South Korea 15 Indonesia Indonesia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia South Korea South Korea Canada Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 16 Argentina Saudi Arabia Turkey South Korea Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Iran Canada Spain 17 Iran Turkey Iran Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Spain Canada 18 Netherlands Australia South Korea Iran Iran Iran Saudi Arabia Iran Iran 19 Turkey Netherlands Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Egypt 20 Poland",
"8": "Argentina Netherlands Thailand Netherlands Thailand Taiwan Thailand Australia Statistical indicators ( edit ) Economy ( edit ) GDP ( GWP ) ( gross world product ) : ( purchasing power parity exchange rates ) -- $59.38 trillion ( 2005 est . ) , $51.48 trillion ( 2004 ) , $23 trillion ( 2002 ) GDP ( GWP ) ( gross world product ) : ( market exchange rates ) -- $60.69 trillion ( 2008 ) GDP -- real growth rate : 3.2 % ( 2008 ) , 3.1 % p.a. ( 2000 -- 07 ) , 2.4 % p.a. ( 1990 -- 99 ) , 3.1 % p.a. ( 1980 -- 89 ) GDP -- per capita : purchasing power parity -- $9,300 , € 7,500 ( 2005 est . ) , $8,200 , € 6,800 ( 92 ) ( 2003 ) , $7,900 , € 5,000 ( 2002 ) World median income : purchasing power parity $1,041 , € 950 ( 1993 ) GDP -- composition by sector : agriculture : 4 % ; industry : 32 % ; services : 64 % ( 2004 est . ) Inflation rate ( consumer prices ) : developed countries 1 % to 4 % typically ; developing countries 5 % to 60 % typically ; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases , from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in several Third World countries ( 2003 ) Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount : $601 trillion ( Dec 2010 ) ( ( 4 ) ) Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount : $82 trillion ( June 2011 ) ( ( 5 ) ) Global debt issuance : $5.187 trillion , € 3 trillion ( 2004 ) , $4.938 trillion , € 3.98 trillion ( 2003 ) , $3.938 trillion ( 2002 ) ( Thomson Financial League Tables ) Global equity issuance : $505 billion , € 450 billion ( 2004 ) , $388 billion .",
"9": "€ 320 billion ( 2003 ) , $319 billion , € 250 trillion ( 2002 ) ( Thomson Financial League Tables ) Employment ( edit ) World GDP per capita between 1500 -- 2000 ( log scale ) World GDP per capita between 1500 -- 2003 GDP increase , 1990 -- 1998 and 1990 -- 2006 , in major countries . Unemployment rate : 8.7 % ( 2009 est . ) . 30 % ( 2007 est . ) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries ; developed countries typically 4 % -- 12 % unemployment . Industries ( edit ) Industrial production growth rate : 3 % ( 2002 est . ) Energy ( edit ) Yearly electricity -- production : 21,080,878 GWh ( 2011 est . ) , 15,850,000 GWh ( 2003 est . ) , 14,850,000 GWh ( 2001 est . ) Yearly electricity -- consumption : 14,280,000 GWh ( 2003 est . ) , 13,930,000 GWh ( 2001 est . ) Oil -- production : 79,650,000 bbl / d ( 12,663,000 m / d ) ( 2003 est . ) , 75,460,000 barrels per day ( 11,997,000 m / d ) ( 2001 ) Oil -- consumption : 80,100,000 bbl / d ( 12,730,000 m / d ) ( 2003 est . ) , 76,210,000 barrels per day ( 12,116,000 m / d ) ( 2001 ) Oil -- proved reserves : 1.025 trillion barrel ( 163 km3 ) ( 2001 est . ) Natural gas -- production : 3,366 km3 ( 2012 est . ) , 2,569 km3 ( 2001 est . ) Natural gas -- consumption : 2,556 km3 ( 2001 est . )",
"10": "Natural gas -- proved reserves : 161,200 km3 ( 1 January 2002 ) Cross-border ( edit ) Yearly exports : $12.4 trillion , € 11.05 trillion ( 2009 est . ) Exports -- commodities : the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services Exports -- partners : US 12.7 % , Germany 7.1 % , China 6.2 % , France 4.4 % , Japan 4.2 % , UK 4.1 % ( 2008 ) Yearly imports : $12.29 trillion , € 10.95 trillion ( 2009 est . ) Imports -- commodities : the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services Imports -- partners : China 10.3 % , Germany 8.6 % , US 8.1 % , Japan 5 % ( 2008 ) Debt -- external : $56.9 trillion , € 40 trillion ( 31 December 2009 est . ) Gift economy ( edit ) Yearly economic aid -- recipient : net Official Development Assistance ( ODA ) of $135.2 billion ( 2014 ) Communications ( edit ) Telephones -- main lines in use : 843,923,500 ( 2007 ) 4,263,367,600 ( 2008 ) Telephones -- mobile cellular : 3,300,000,000 ( Nov. 2007 ) Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) : 10,350 ( 2000 est . )",
"11": "Internet users : 3,079,339,857 ( December 31 , 2014 ( 6 ) ) , 360,985,492 ( December 31 , 2000 ) Transport ( edit ) Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes : Airports Total : 41,821 ( 2013 ) Roadways ( in kilometres ) Total : 32,345,165 km Paved : 19,403,061 km Unpaved : 12,942,104 km ( 2002 ) Railways Total : 1,122,650 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe , 24,509 km in the Far East , 11,050 km in Africa , 4,223 km in South America , and 4,160 km in North America . Military ( edit ) World military expenditure in 2012 : estimated to $1.756 trillion Military expenditures -- percent of GDP : roughly 2 % of gross world product ( 1999 ) . Economic studies ( edit ) To promote exports , many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country . Among these agencies include the USCS ( US DoC ) and FAS ( USDA ) in the United States , EDC and AAFC in Canada , Ubifrance in France , UKTI in the UK , HKTDC and JETRO in Asia , Austrade and NZTE in Oceania . Through Partnership Agreements , The Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies ( USCS , FAS , AAFC , UKTI , HKTDC ) , as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website GlobalTrade.net .",
"12": "See also ( edit ) Capitalism Common Wealth : Economics for a Crowded Planet ( book ) Economic collapse Economic history of the world Emerging and growth - leading economies Global financial system Global workforce Globality Globalization Trade route Overconsumption World Trade Report World systems theory Regional economies : Economy of Africa Economy of Asia Economy of Europe Economy of North America Economy of Oceania Economy of South America Events : 2007 -- 2008 world food price crisis Late 2000s recession Oil price increases since 2003 Lists : List of countries by GDP sector composition List of world 's largest economies ( nominal ) -- based on current currency market exchange rates List of world 's largest economies ( PPP ) -- based on purchasing power parity Historical list of world 's largest economies ( PPP ) -- for the years between 1 and 1998 List of world production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Economy . '' -- Definition . American English Definition of with Pronunciation by Macmillan Dictionary . N.p. , n.d. Web . 02 Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The International Comparison Program ( ICP ) '' . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , current prices & Gross domestic product based on purchasing - power - parity ( PPP ) valuation of country GDP '' . World Economic Outlook Database , October 2015 . International Monetary Fund . October 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) IMF GDP 2017 Data ( April 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gross domestic product '' . IMF World Economic Outlook . April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) IMF GDP ( Nominal ) Data ( April 2017 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) IMF GDP ( PPP ) Data ( April 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , current prices '' . International Monetary Fund . International Monetary Fund . October 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product based on purchasing - power - parity ( PPP ) valuation of country GDP ; Current international dollar '' . International Monetary Fund . April 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( PURCHASING POWER PARITY ) '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA World Factbook. 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IMF World Economic Outlook , Crisis and Recovery , April 2009 '' . Imf.org. 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ B. Milanovic ( January 2002 ) . `` True World Income Distribution , 1988 and 1993 : First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Development aid stable in 2014 but flows to poorest countries still falling '' . OECD. 2015 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ global cellphone penetration reaches 50 percent Jump up ^ `` World Internet Usage Statistics News and World Population Stats '' . Internetworldstats.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . Military expenditure - SIPRI '' . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : World economy OECD -- Economic Outlook US Bureau of Labor and Statistics ,",
"14": "Major Economic Indicators IMF -- World Economic Outlook UN DESA -- World Economy publications CIA -- The World Factbook -- World Career Education for a Global Economy BBC News Special Report -- Global Economy Guardian Special Report -- Global Economy World Bank Summary Trade Statistics for World ( hide ) Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of globalization archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal GND : 4065468 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"15": "php?title=World_economy&oldid=807141934 '' Categories : Economics catchphrases World economy Economic globalization Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what does the sun represent on the uruguay flag
|
[
"represents the May Revolution of 1810",
"a figurative sun that represents Inti, the sun god of the Inca religion",
"the May Revolution of 1810",
"the May Revolution of 1810",
"the May Revolution of 1810",
"Inti, the sun god of the Inca religion"
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{
"0": "Flag of Uruguay - Wikipedia Flag of Uruguay Jump to : navigation , search Uruguay Name The National Pavilion ( Official ) , The Sun and Stripes ( Nickname ) Use National flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted July 11 , 1830 Design Nine horizontal stripes of white alternate with blue with the white square on the upper hoist - side corner bearing the Sun of May in the center . Designed by Joaquín Suárez the first head of state of Uruguay in December 1828 and President of Uruguay 1843 - 1852 . The national flag of Uruguay ( Pabellón Nacional ) is one of the three official flags of Uruguay alongside with the Flag of Artigas and the Flag of the Treinta y Tres . It has a field of nine equal horizontal stripes alternating white and blue . The canton is white , charged with the Sun of May , from which 16 rays extend , alternating between triangular and wavy . The flag was first adopted by law on December 16 , 1828 , and had 19 stripes until July 11 , 1830 , when a new law reduced the number of stripes to nine . The flag was designed by Joaquín Suárez . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbolism and design 2 Co-official flags 2.1 Maritime flag 3 Historical banners 3.1 Historical flags 3.2 Variations 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Symbolism and design ( edit ) The horizontal stripes on the flag represent the nine original departments of Uruguay , based on the U.S flag , where the stripes represent the original 13 colonies . The first flag designed in 1828 had 9 light blue stripes ; this number was reduced to 4 in 1830 due to visibility problems from distance . The Sun of May represents the May Revolution of 1810 ; according to the historian Diego Abad de Santillán , the Sun of May is a figurative sun that represents Inti , the sun god of the Inca religion . It also appears in the Flag of Argentina and the Coat of Arms of Bolivia .",
"1": "Co-official flags ( edit ) Flag of Artigas Flag of the Treinta y Tres Maritime flag ( edit ) Naval Jack of Uruguay Historical banners ( edit ) During Spanish rule : Flag of Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Flag of Cisplatina , under Brazilian occupation between 1821 and 1825 : Flag of the Cisplatina Historical flags ( edit ) Flag of the Provincia Oriental ( 1825 - 1828 ) Flag of the Oriental State of Uruguay ( 1828 - 1830 ) Variations ( edit ) During the Great Siege of Montevideo ( 1843 - 1851 ) Uruguay had two parallel governments , with two different flags : Flag used by the Government of the Cerrito during the Uruguayan Civil War . Flag used by the Government of the Defense during the Uruguayan Civil War . Gallery ( edit ) Flag in the historical Estadio Centenario , Montevideo . Flag in the Estadio Centenario Flag in Colonia del Sacramento Sun of May Flag in the Palacio Legislativo Historical Flag from the 1924 Olympic Games Flag in Otranto References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flag of Uruguay '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uruguay , flag of '' . Guide to Hispanic Heritage . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Uruguay .",
"2": "Uruguay at Flags of the World National Symbols of Uruguay National Flag Coat of Arms National Anthem Flag of Artigas Flag of the Treinta y Tres National Cockade Order of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay Medal of Military Merit ( Uruguay ) Order of Military Merit of the Companions of Artigas Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal This Uruguay - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This flag - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .",
"3": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Uruguay&oldid=837762057 '' Categories : Flags of Uruguay National flags National symbols of Uruguay 1830 establishments in Uruguay Uruguay stubs Flag stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
0,
1,
3,
2
] |
[
0,
1,
3,
2
] |
3670182130561292638
|
who dies in season 2 of the originals
|
[
"Kol",
"Kol",
"Kol"
] |
{
"0": "The Originals ( season 2 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Originals ( season 2 ) Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Leah Pipes Danielle Campbell Yusuf Gatewood Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a 42 minute American supernatural drama , was renewed for a second season by The CW on February 13 , 2014 and it premiered on October 6 , 2014 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 1.5 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall - Kenner Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith ( possessed by Finn Mikaelson ; himself ) Recurring ( edit ) Daniel Sharman as Kaleb Westphall ( possessed by Kol Mikaelson ) Steven Krueger as Joshua Rosza Sebastian Roché as Mikael Natalie Dreyfuss as Cassie ( possessed by Esther ; herself ) Chase Coleman as Oliver Nishi Munshi as Gia Yohance Myles as Joe Dalton Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Alice Evans as Esther Sonja Sohn as Lenore Shaw ( herself ; possessed by Esther ) Aiden Flowers as Klaus Mikaelson ( young ) Perry Cox as Elijah Mikaelson ( young ) Callie McClincy as Rebekah Mikaelson ( young ) Colin Woodell as Aiden L .",
"2": "Tanner Fontana as Nick Lloyd Owen as Ansel Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Hayley McCarthy as Esther ( young ) Kristin Erickson as Dahlia ( young ) Elle Graham as Freya Mikaelson ( young ) Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Eva Sinclair ( possessed by Rebekah Mikaelson ; herself ) Debra Mooney as Mary Dumas Meg Foster as Josephine LaRue Claudia Black as Dahlia Javier Carrasquillo as Kurt Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Nina Dobrev as Tatia Guest ( edit ) Peta Sergeant as Francesca Correa McCarrie McCausland as Marcel Gerard ( young ) Voltaire Council as Finn Mikaelson ( teen ) Isaiah Stratton as Mikael ( young ) Cade Weeks as Finn Mikaelson ( child ) Keri Lynn Pratt as Mary - Alice Claire Aleeah Rogers as Astrid Malchance Adam Fristoe as Ruben Morris Nate Lycan as Mathias Kinsey Kunkel as Dahlia ( child ) Morgan Hinkleman as Esther ( child ) Nina Repeta as Melinda Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yusuf Gatewood is credited as a series regular from episode 14 onwards . From episode 1 through 13 , he is credited as a guest star . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Rebirth '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5201 1.37 It is revealed that Esther , the Mikaelson family matriarch who created the Originals , is the witch who has returned , possessing Cassie 's body . She is joined by her previously - deceased sons Finn ( in Vincent 's body ) and Kol ( in Kaleb 's body ) .",
"3": "Klaus , in search of the White Oak Stake , prepares for a battle with the werewolves in order to get the moonlight rings from them . Not knowing that the Stake is in his father Mikael 's possession , he is able to obtain the moonlight rings when Elijah and Marcel kill the werewolves as Hayley brutally kills Francesca . Both Finn and Kol use Davina and Cami to learn what their brothers are up to , while Esther plans ahead . 24 `` Alive and Kicking '' Jeffrey Hunt Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5202 1.29 Ever since she killed Francesca , Hayley has changed , and Elijah suggests to Klaus to help her out . Esther moves on with her plan , as she has started making more moonlight rings to lost werewolves . Per order by Esther , Davina is attacked by a group of werewolves , and has to call for Mikael 's help . Just when Elijah and Marcel arrive , they find the secret that Davina has been hiding . Hayley has her wolf pack in Klaus and Elijah 's house , while Klaus has a meeting with Esther . In the end , when Esther asks Kol how Davina managed to kill all of the werewolves , Kol does n't mention Mikael 's return . 25 `` Every Mother 's Son '' Dermott Downs Christopher Hollier October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5203 1.27 Klaus and Elijah receive a dinner invitation from their mother . Elijah visits Marcel to find a witch named Lenora who can help them identify into whose body Esther jumps next , unfortunately , Vincent / Finn has her abducted . Vincent / Finn arrives the dinner and tries to know why his younger siblings had him daggered in a coffin for 900 years . It is revealed in the course of their meal that the necklace which Esther gifted Klaus was n't meant to protect him but to weaken him in order not break his werewolf curse . After this revelation , Esther jumps out of teenaged Cassie and the spell Lenora casts falls on her and she is Identified as Esther through a mark .",
"4": "She tells her sons she wants to heal and not to harm , and give them a new life and she vanishes in a mysterious way . Haley admits later on that she is tempted by the offer and accuses Elijah of not being caring . Elijah agrees to help Gia which is a big advantage to the other vampires including Marcel . Esther and Finn discuss plans to make their family whole again . 26 `` Live and Let Die '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5204 1.31 Knowing that it 's only a matter of time before Klaus comes after them , Davina hides with Mikael in her family cabin in the woods . When Hayley gets a tip that Vincent / Finn is recruiting young , unsuspecting teenagers in order to build a werewolf army , she enlists the help of Elijah , Marcel and Gia to rescue the group . After Cami inadvertently lets Klaus in on Davina 's whereabouts , she tags along in an attempt to truly understand the deeply rooted hatred he has for his parents . At his mother 's urging , Kaleb / Kol seeks out Davina in order to locate the missing White Oak Stake and is caught off guard when he has a dangerous encounter at the cabin. Josh , who continues to struggle with his vampire identity , opens up to an unexpected ally . Lastly , Elijah is caught and kidnapped by Esther . 27 5 `` Red Door '' Michael Robison Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5205 1.09 In order to show Elijah that her plan is what 's best for him , Esther forces him to relive a time long ago when he loved a young woman named Tatia , Amara 's doppelganger . With the help of Marcel and Gia , Hayley is determined to find Elijah , who has gone missing but is torn when she discovers that Klaus is also in trouble . Elsewhere , Cami finds herself in a dangerous situation when Mikael takes her hostage as a way to lure Klaus to him , and Davina finds out who Kaleb really is .",
"5": "Lastly , a violent confrontation ensues when Klaus comes face - to - face with his father . 28 6 `` Wheel Inside the Wheel '' Matt Hastings Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5206 1.46 Fed up with her antics , Klaus becomes agitated and demands that Esther release Elijah , whom she has captured . However , Esther reveals a few dark secrets from Klaus ' past in an attempt to make him an offer he ca n't refuse . Meanwhile , Oliver ends up in a dangerous situation , prompting Hayley to reconnect with Jackson , who has been living a new life out in the bayou . Elsewhere , Cami , who still believes baby Hope 's death was her fault , teams up with Marcel and Gia after she becomes suspicious of her faculty advisor Vincent / Finn . Lastly , in a surprising turn of events , Klaus comes face - to - face with his true father who came back from the dead . In flashbacks to Esther 's past we see why she wanted to kill Klaus ' daughter Hope . 29 7 `` Chasing the Devil 's Tail '' Jesse Warn Carina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher Hollier November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5207 1.44 When Klaus discovers that Elijah has been afflicted by Esther 's magic , he heads to the bayou in search of an antidote , but quickly realizes he 's not alone . His father helps him with finding cure for his brother and also tells his son he knows that Hope is still alive so Klaus kills him to protect her . Armed with intel gathered by Aiden , Hayley teams up with him Marcel , Cami and Josh and launches a plan to take down Vincent / Finn by exploating his weakness , in a surprising turns of events Jackson helps them . Meanwhile , with Esther determined to carry out her plan vincent / Finn and Kaleb / Kol are forced to reconsider their own strategies . Intrigued by Davina 's unwavering attempts to create an unlinking spell , Kaleb / Kol lets her in on some secrets from his past and brings her to a place he frequented in 1914 .",
"6": "Lastly , Vincent / Finn and Kaleb / Kol are being kidnapped by Hayley and Marcel . Elijah wakes up . 30 8 `` The Brothers That Care Forgot '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 3J5208 1.26 Rebekah , who was spent months away living a normal life with baby Hope , finds herself on the run when she realizes that Esther found them . Convinced that Vincent / Finn and Kaleb / Kol would be powerful allies in his fight to take down Esther , Klaus sets a plan in motion to turn his brothers against their mother . Meanwhile , Hayley is conflicted when she and Jackson stumble upon an ancient ritual that would get their werewolf packs out from under Esther 's control , but would require her to make a tremendous sacrifice . The ritual is about Hayley and Jackson getting married so that their packs can have Hayley 's hybrid powers . Elsewhere , Rebekah is meeting with Elijah and is concerned when she notices something is off with him . Finally , Davina takes matters into her own hands by turning to dark magic so she can poison Klaus , and Cami finds out that Esther prepared her body for Rebekah to jump into it . Lastly , we see Klaus talking with Rebekah about Elijah and then he and Hayley are going to see their daughter . 31 9 `` The Map of Moments '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5209 1.41 In 1914 , Kol was dating a witch called Mary Alice Claire , and taught her and her friend Astrid dark magic to use against his family using a magical object . When his family found out he was betraying them , they stole the object , put Kol in a coffin when Rebekah found him trying to get it back and locked Mary and Astrid in a house used by the coven to place insane witches . In present day , Kol wants Davina 's help to get the object back . Hayley and Klaus find their daughter and spend time with her . Hayley and Elijah make love . Kol kisses Davina .",
"7": "They make a plan to stop Esther with Kol which involves making her think Rebekah wants to switch bodies . Davina tries to stop Esther using Cami 's body ( chosen by Finn ) and place her in the body of another ( chosen by Kol ) . Rebekah makes Esther a vampire , but finds Kol has n't forgiven her in helping to stop him steal the object and betrays her by placing her soul in the body of a witch . 32 10 `` Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire '' Rob Hardy Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5210 1.52 Finn puts a spell on the compound , trapping wolves and vampires . Klaus takes Cami to the safe house , then confronts Kol about Rebekah 's whereabouts . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that the ghost who talked to Rebekah is Freya . 33 11 `` Brotherhood of the Damned '' Sylvain White Kyle Arrington & Diane Ademu - John January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5212 1.74 Finn captures his brother 's spirits , while the vampires remain trapped and their hunger grows . 34 12 `` Sanctuary '' Matt Hastings Declan de Barra & Michael Narducci February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5211 1.47 35 13 `` The Devil is Damned '' Lance Anderson Christopher Hollier & Julie Plec February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5213 1.22 Alpha werewolves have come to join Jackson 's pack , so that the power from the marriage to Hayley will also spread to them and their packs . Freya finds Finn , who has sent Marcel and Kol to collect the blood of Hayley and Klaus which will help him locate the `` miracle baby '' which he believes is still alive and is the big secret Klaus is keeping .",
"8": "However , Marcel is busy trying to keep his vampires from feeding on the Alphas and once again , Kol changes sides and helps Klaus in hope that he and his other siblings will trust him . Meanwhile Finn has arrived at the house where Elijah , Cami and Hope have been staying . He stumbles upon Elijah and stakes him before searching for the baby . Kol and Rebekah channel Klaus , to overload Finn with magic . Elijah wakes up moments later and goes after Finn , determined to save Hope . Finn is overloaded with magic and loses his extra power before Elijah makes the house ( which is filled with gas ) explode . The episode ends with a glimpse at baby Hope , alluding to her possible powers . 36 14 `` I Love You , Goodbye '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Narducci February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5214 1.44 Cami rushes away from the house and stops at a payphone where Elijah meets her and Hope . Klaus offers his house for the location of Jackson and Hayley 's wedding . Just before the wedding Elijah and Cami arrive at the house and Hope is reunited with her parents . Hayley does n't want Elijah to change her mind about the wedding and she goes on to marry Jackson . During the reception , Klaus makes a toast inviting the newly weds to live in the house . Elijah thinks that Klaus dislikes Jackson as he will end up being a better father figure than he is , and Klaus thinks Elijah wants Jackson dead because he is in love with Hayley . Elijah tells Hayley he may move out . Meanwhile , Aiden and Josh are comfortable together and Kol and Devina complete the dagger they have been working on and Freya raises Finn back from the dead . The episode ends with Elijah , Rebekah , Klaus and Davina surrounding Kol as he dies , and Rebekah promising to resurrect him .",
"9": "37 15 `` They All Asked for You '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 3J5215 1.40 Rebekah aligns with Marcel when she encounters a coven of vengeful witches and discovers the body she is currently inhabiting has a checkered past . Elijah contacts a respected elder witch to help Rebekah . Meanwhile , Klaus clashes with Hayley and Jackson over how to protect baby Hope from Finn ; and Freya convinces Finn to bring her to Mikael , the father she has n't seen in over a thousand years . 38 16 `` Save My Soul '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 3J5216 1.25 Klaus invites Freya to the compound to gain more insight into her past with Dahlia ; Rebekah begins to realize the body she is inhabiting is trying to regain control ; Jackson becomes frustrated when Aiden questions his leadership skills ; Marcel turns to Vincent for help to save Rebekah . 39 17 `` Exquisite Corpse '' Dermott Downs Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5217 1.12 Eva Sinclair 's reemergence leaves Rebekah trapped , so Klaus puts aside his mistrust for Freya to save Rebekah 's life . Meanwhile , Hayley and Elijah learn more about Eva 's violent past ; and Marcel turns to Vincent for help to take down Eva , but his plan takes an unexpected turn . 40 18 `` Night Has A Thousand Eyes '' Jesse Warn Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 3J5218 1.01 Klaus comes face - to - face with a deadly threat when he tries to vanquish Dahlia .",
"10": "Meanwhile , Elijah and Marcel prepare a safe house in Algiers with help from Josephine ; Jackson approaches Hayley with a risky idea ; and Aiden becomes torn between his loyalty to Jackson and his secret alliance with Klaus . 41 19 `` When The Levee Breaks '' Bethany Rooney Marguerite MacIntyre April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 3J5219 1.30 Dahlia gives Klaus and Hayley a deadline for turning over baby Hope , and they each devise dangerous plans in their fight against her . Meanwhile , Freya gives Rebekah and Elijah an ultimatum ; and Marcel considers how to best deal with Klaus ' erratic behavior . 42 20 `` City Beneath the Sea '' Leslie Libman Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5220 1.20 Dahlia reveals to Klaus some startling details about baby Hope and makes him an enticing proposition . Meanwhile , Elijah and Freya come up with opposing ideas on how to handle Dahlia 's looming deadline ; Vincent approaches Davina with an intriguing offer ; and Hayley makes a difficult decision about her and Hope 's future . 43 21 `` Fire with Fire '' David Straiton Michael Narducci May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5221 1.14 Klaus vows revenge when he learns he 's been betrayed by his own siblings ; Elijah , Rebekah and Freya try to take down Dahlia ; Hayley tries to escape through the flooded bayou ; Davina considers an offer that would bring back Kol ; Marcel faces a new threat . 44 22 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Matt Hastings Christopher Hollier & Diane Ademu - John May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5222 1.19 Season 2 ends with tensions between the Mikaelson siblings coming to a head .",
"11": "Meanwhile , Elijah and Rebekah reconsider their plan of attack against Dahlia ; Davina gets a step closer to fulfilling her promise to Kol ; and Vincent is torn between prospects of a magic - free life away from New Orleans and a personal obligation to protect Davina . Production ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2015 ) Reception ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2015 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Reign ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' .",
"12": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' , ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"13": "Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Gotham ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' The Originals ' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' The Night Shift ' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) .",
"14": "`` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Stalker ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 .",
"15": "( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come ,",
"16": "All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_2)&oldid=811179368 '' Categories : The Originals 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from May 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from May 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 47 . About Wikipedia",
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when did beryl markham fly across the atlantic
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[
"September 1936",
"4 September 1936",
"4 September 1936",
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{
"0": "Beryl Markham - wikipedia Beryl Markham Jump to : navigation , search Beryl Markham Beryl Markham in 1936 Beryl Clutterbuck 26 October 1902 Ashwell , Rutland , United Kingdom 3 August 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 83 ) Nairobi , Kenya , Africa Occupation Writer , pilot , horse trainer Notable works West with the Night Beryl Markham ( née Clutterbuck , 26 October 1902 -- 3 August 1986 ) was a British - born Kenyan aviator ( one of the first bush pilots ) , adventurer , racehorse trainer and author . She was the first woman to fly solo , non-stop across the Atlantic from east to west . She wrote about her adventures in her memoir , West with the Night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Record flight 3 Rediscovery 4 Authorship controversy 5 In popular culture 6 Legacy and honors 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early years ( edit ) Markham was born in the village of Ashwell , in the county of Rutland , England , the daughter of Charles Baldwin Clutterbuck , an accomplished horse trainer , and Clara Agnes ( née Alexander ) Clutterbuck ( 1878 -- 1952 ) . She had an older brother , Richard Alexander `` Dickie '' Clutterbuck ( 1900 -- 1927 ) . When she was four years old , her father moved the family to Kenya , which was then colonial British East Africa . He purchased a farm in Njoro near the Great Rift Valley , and worked for Hugh Cholmondeley . Although her mother disliked the isolation there and promptly returned to England , Markham stayed in Kenya with her father , where she spent an adventurous childhood learning , playing , and hunting with the local children . Later , after both women had spent time back in England , Markham and her mother , now Kirkpatrick , had returned to Kenya , living near each other in the small expatriate community . Markham would greet her two new half - brothers , but never quite forgave her mother . On her family 's farm , she developed her knowledge of and love for horses .",
"1": "At 18 years old , she became the first licensed female racehorse trainer in Africa and rapidly became a successful and renowned figure among the racing community of Kenya . She trained six winners of the Kenya Derby . Adventurous , independent thinking , and beautiful , Markham was admired and described as a noted non-conformist , even in a colony known for its colourful eccentrics . She was married three times , taking the name Markham from her second husband , the wealthy Mansfield Markham , with whom she had a son , Gervase . She had a public affair in 1929 with Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , the son of George V , but the Windsors allegedly cut the romance short . She also had an affair with Hubert Broad , who was later named by Mansfield Markham as a co-respondent in his 1937 divorce from Beryl . After her Atlantic crossing , she returned to be with Broad , who was also a great influence in her flying career . She befriended the Danish writer Karen Blixen during the years that Baroness Blixen was managing her family 's coffee farm in the Ngong hills outside Nairobi . When Blixen 's romantic connection with the hunter and pilot Denys Finch Hatton was winding down , Markham started her own affair with him . He invited her to tour game lands on what turned out to be his fatal flight , but Markham supposedly declined because of a premonition of her flight instructor , British pilot Tom Campbell Black . Inspired and coached by Tom Campbell Black , with whom she had a long - term affair , Markham took up flying . She worked for some time as a bush pilot , spotting game animals from the air and signaling their locations to safaris on the ground . She also mingled with the notorious Happy Valley set . Record flight ( edit ) Beryl Markham , circa 1930 . Markham was the first woman to successfully fly across the Atlantic from east to west non-stop . Strong headwinds made the westward trip more difficult than the east - bound flights by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart . ( The first east - west non-stop transatlantic crossing by an aeroplane was made in 1928 by the Bremen , a German Junkers W33 type aircraft , from Baldonnel Airfield in County Dublin , Ireland.",
"2": "( 14 ) On 18 August 1932 Jim Mollison made the first east - to - west solo trans - Atlantic flight ; flying from Portmarnock in Ireland to Pennfield , New Brunswick , Canada in a de Havilland Puss Moth. ( 15 ) ) When Markham decided to take on the Atlantic crossing , no female pilot had yet flown non-stop from Europe to New York , and no woman had made the westward flight solo , though several had died trying . Markham hoped to claim both records . On 4 September 1936 , she took off from Abingdon , England . After a 20 - hour flight , her Vega Gull , The Messenger , suffered fuel starvation due to icing of the fuel tank vents , and she crash - landed at Baleine Cove on Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada . She became the first person to make it from England to North America non-stop from east to west . She was celebrated as an aviation pioneer . Markham chronicled her many adventures in her memoir , West with the Night , published in 1942 . Despite strong reviews in the press , the book sold modestly , and then quickly went out of print . After living for many years in the United States , Markham moved back to Kenya in 1952 , becoming for a time the most successful horse trainer in the country . Rediscovery ( edit ) Markham 's memoir lingered in obscurity until 1982 , when California restaurateur George Gutekunst read a collection of Ernest Hemingway 's letters , including one in which Hemingway lavishly praised Markham 's writing ( if not Markham herself ) : `` `` Did you read Beryl Markham 's book , West with the Night ? ... She has written so well , and marvelously well , that I was completely ashamed of myself as a writer . I felt that I was simply a carpenter with words , picking up whatever was furnished on the job and nailing them together and sometimes making an okay pig pen . But this girl , who is to my knowledge very unpleasant and we might even say a high - grade bitch , can write rings around all of us who consider ourselves as writers ... it really is a bloody wonderful book . ''",
"3": "'' Intrigued , Gutekunst read West with the Night and became so enamored of Markham 's prose that he helped persuade a California publisher , North Point Press , to re-issue the book in 1983 . The re-release of the book launched a remarkable final chapter in the life of the eighty - year - old Markham , who was lauded for her three final years as a great author as well as flyer . When found in Kenya by AP East Africa correspondent Barry Shlachter , Markham was living in poverty . She had recently been badly beaten during a burglary at her house near the Nairobi racetrack , where she still trained thoroughbreds . The success of the re-issue of West with the Night provided enough income for Markham to finish her life in relative comfort . Earlier , she had been supported by a circle of friends and owners of race horses she trained into her 80s . The book became a surprising best - seller , spurred by the 1986 broadcast of a public television documentary about Markham 's life , World Without Walls : Beryl Markham 's African Memoir , produced by Gutekunst , Shlachter , Joan Saffa , Stephen Talbot and Judy Flannery in collaboration with KQED - TV in San Francisco . Gutekunst and Shlachter had approached the station to co-operate on the documentary , directed by Andrew Maxwell - Hyslop . British actress Diana Quick was the voice of Markham in readings from her memoir and Shlachter conducted the interviews . CNN Africa correspondent Gary Streiker did the filming for the well - reviewed , award - winning PBS program . Markham died in Nairobi in 1986 . Her short stories were posthumously collected in The Splendid Outcast , with an introduction by Mary S. Lovell . A tale from West with the Night was excerpted and illustrated by Don Brown as a children 's book , The Good Lion . In 1988 , CBS aired the biographical miniseries , Beryl Markham : A Shadow on the Sun , with Stefanie Powers in the title role . Authorship controversy ( edit ) Critics raised questions as to whether Markham was the true , or sole author of West with the Night , when her ex-husband made claims to the book .",
"4": "Evidence abounds that she was indeed the sole author ; copies of the manuscripts sent to her editor prior to Beryl meeting her ex-husband quickly silenced the critics and his claims . Criticism of this sort was often made of women writers during a time of little respect for a woman 's success . Author Mary S. Lovell visited Markham in Nairobi and interviewed her extensively shortly before Markham 's death , in preparation for her biography , Straight On Till Morning ( 1987 ) . From her research , Lovell concluded that Markham was the sole author , although Schumacher made some basic edits to the manuscript . Instead , Lovell suggests Antoine de Saint Exupéry , another of Markham 's lovers , may have served as inspiration for Markham 's clear , elegant language and storytelling style . In popular culture ( edit ) In the film adaptation of Blixen 's memoir , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Markham is represented as an outspoken , horse - riding tomboy named Felicity . 1986 , a United States public television documentary about Markham 's life , World Without Walls : Beryl Markham 's African Memoir , was produced by Gutekunst , Shlachter , Joan Saffa , Stephen Talbot and Judy Flannery in collaboration with KQED - TV . Stefanie Powers portrayed her in a made - for - TV film called Beryl Markham : In The Shadow of the Sun in 1988 . In the BBC - TV series , Heat of the Sun ( 1998 ) , set in 1930s Kenya , the character of Emma Fitzgerald , an independent aviator played by Susannah Harker , appears to be modelled after Markham . A novel written by Paula McLain about Markham 's life , Circling the Sun , was released in 2015 . Legacy and honors ( edit ) The International Astronomical Union has named the impact crater Markham , on the planet Venus , after her . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lovell , Mary S. , Straight on Till Morning , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1987 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Divorce Court File : 7428 . Appellant : Mansfield Markham .",
"5": "Respondent : Beryl Markham ... '' nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Markham , Beryl , West with the Night , North Point Press , 1983 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Lovell , Mary S. , Straight on Till Morning , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1987 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Lovell , Mary S. , Straight On Till Morning , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1987 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Shlachter , Barry , `` A Life of Adventure Rediscovered : Beryl Markham 's 1942 Book , Lauded by Hemingway , Reprinted , '' The Associated Press , `` International Herald Tribune , '' 16 June 1983 , Paris . Jump up ^ Mitgang , Herbert ( 1 ) `` The New York Times '' , 8 October 1986 , and 5 November 1986 CORRECTION. `` ' World Without Walls , ' About Beryl Markham '' . Jump up ^ Lovell , Mary S. , Straight on Till Morning , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1987 , pp. 218 -- 220 References ( edit ) Markham , Beryl . West with the Night . San Francisco : North Point Press , 1983 ( 1942 ) . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 118 - 5 . Lovell , Mary S. Straight on Till Morning : The Biography of Beryl Markham New York : St Martins Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 01096 - 6 Shlachter , Barry , `` A Life of Adventure Rediscovered : Beryl Markham 's 1942 Book , Lauded by Hemingway , Reprinted , '' The Associated Press , carried by `` International Herald Tribune , '' Paris , 16 June 1983 . Trzebinski , Errol . The Lives of Beryl Markham . New York : W.W. Norton . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03556 - 5 . Wheeler , Sara . Too Close to the Sun : The Audacious Life and Times of Denys Finch Hatton .",
"6": "New York : Random House . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6069 - 6 . External links ( edit ) `` Beryl Markham '' page at www.karenblixen.com . New York Times review of World Without Walls : Beryl Markham 's African Memoir ( 1986 ) New York Times review of Beryl Markham : A Shadow on the Sun Beryl Markham : A Shadow on the Sun on IMDb Biographer Mary S. Lovell 's page for The Splendid Outcast Kirkpatrick Family archives group sheet for Butterwick line at http://genealogy.kirkpatrickaustralian.com/archives/familygroup.php?familyID=F7266&tree=TKA VIAF : 79059451 LCCN : n86115728 ISNI : 0000 0000 8396 7241 GND : 119071673 SELIBR : 278660 SUDOC : 112229069 BNF : cb120954238 ( data ) NLA : 35199665 NDL : 00621072 NKC : ola2010586712 BNE : XX908241 SNAC : w6jm659c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryl_Markham&oldid=837020810 '' Categories : 1902 births 1986 deaths People from Ashwell ,",
"7": "Rutland English emigrants to Kenya British memoirists Female aviators British horse trainers White Kenyan people Kenyan writers Kenyan women writers British female aviators Women aviation record holders British aviation record holders Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 06 : 47 . About Wikipedia",
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who played john clark sr on nypd blue
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[
"Joe Spano",
"Joe Spano",
"Joe Spano",
"Joe Spano",
"Joe Spano"
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{
"0": "List of NYPD Blue characters - wikipedia List of NYPD Blue characters Jump to : navigation , search The following is a partial list of the numerous characters that appeared on NYPD Blue during the twelve seasons it was on the air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main 15th Squad detectives 2 Other 15th Squad detectives 3 15th Squad commanders 4 Other supervisors 5 Assistant DAs 6 PAAs 7 Informants 8 Internal affairs 9 Other police 10 Family , friends , and love interests 11 Adversaries 12 References Main 15th Squad detectives ( edit ) Andy Sipowicz Bobby Simone Greg Medavoy John Kelly Danny Sorenson John Clark , Jr . Diane Russell James Martinez Baldwin Jones Connie McDowell Rita Ortiz Laura Murphy Other 15th squad detectives ( edit ) Adrienne Lesniak -- Transferred in during Season 2 to get away from the abusive cop she had been dating . Adrienne quickly earned the squad 's respect as a strong investigator and caught the eye of Det . Martinez , but she sought to avoid his romantic interests in Season 3 by falsely claiming to be a lesbian . Later on , Adrienne and James did begin dating . However , Adrienne quickly emerged as clingy and critical , even ranting at James when she wrongly thought he was sleeping with an informant . She apologized and understood when James ended their relationship , though she was deeply hurt by its end . Adrienne appeared for the last time in Season 3 's finale and her departure was never explained on the show ; her lone post-Season 3 reference came when Greg and James discussed another cop who claimed to be gay and wondered whether she was telling the truth ( she was ) or doing what Adrienne had done . Played by Justine Miceli . Jill Kirkendall -- Jill joined the 15th in Season 4 as the replacement for Adrienne Lesniak , and showed her superb abilities as a cop right away . She briefly and casually dated Bobby Simone before he returned to Diane 's side , but over time she and Diane became best friends .",
"1": "Jill later dated ADA Leo Cohen , and balanced her job with being the single mother of two boys ; she showed a great ability to empathize with parents and young adults . Her career was ruined by her ' addiction ' to her worthless ex-husband and her subsequent flight to save her kids and escape prosecution for her unwitting involvement in his criminal activities . Played by Andrea Thompson . Kelly Ronson -- Transferred in from Brooklyn North late in Season 11 after the welcome departure of Det . Stan Hatcher . She raised a few eyebrows at the 15th when she said she was attending law school at night , but she and Rita Ortiz worked well together . She was left unsettled when John Clark 's mentally unbalanced girlfriend accused her of sleeping with him , though Clark 's girlfriend took no action . She left the show between Seasons 11 and 12 and her absence was not noted . Played by Jessalyn Gilsig . 15th squad commanders ( edit ) Lt. Arthur Fancy Lt. Susan Dalto ( Denise Crosby ) -- An obnoxious , abrasive , condescending supervisor who immediately got off on the wrong foot with the entire 15th Precinct when she was assigned as Fancy 's replacement . Though she worked in Internal Affairs and had no field experience , she announced that because she 'd completed the qualification course for supervisors , she was already capable of running a detective squad . She criticized Fancy to his face and to the other detectives , though the detectives liked and respected Fancy . She criticized in full view of the squad the wardrobe choices of her female detectives ( such as deciding unilaterally that the heels on their shoes were too high for running ) , and threatened reprimands if they did n't make immediate corrections . She announced that she intended to immediately change partner assignments , with no initial observation on her part of how current assignments were working , or input from those affected . She hinted to Sipowicz that she intended to have him fired or transferred out . Dalto was a lesbian , and John Irvin knew her from a gay police officers ' association ; he disliked her so much that he threatened to quit if she stayed . McDowell asked Fancy if she could transfer out , even though she was a recent arrival ; Fancy counseled her to stay put so she did n't acquire a reputation as someone who could n't get along with her bosses .",
"2": "After she replied that she 'd end up saying something that would end her career if she had to work for Dalto , Fancy told her that `` these things have a way of working themselves out . '' After it became clear that Dalto was making the detective squad dysfunctional , Fancy called in a final favor from Bass before Bass retired , which resulted in Dalto 's immediate transfer out . Dalto angrily ( if correctly ) accused Fancy of being behind her departure , but finally deflated and departed when Fancy pointed out what a horrible job she 'd done and told her to leave because `` we have work to do here '' . Lt. Tony Rodriguez Lt. Shanley ( Alan Feinstein ) -- Filled in for Lt. Rodriguez when Rodriguez was suspended after Fraker 's attempt to frame him . During his brief tenure , Shanley engaged in not - so - subtle sexual harassment of Det . McDowell , who threatened to punch him if he continued . Shanley departed after Rodriguez 's suspension was lifted and he resumed command . Sgt . Eddie Gibson ( John F. O'Donohue ) -- Eddie was a blustering acquaintance of Andy 's who had known him when he was drinking ; Eddie got Andy to date his niece Cynthia after Sylvia 's death in spite of Andy 's reluctance . Eddie was a longtime third grade detective on the night shift , but he requested transfer to the 15th 's day tour in Season 9 . Andy found out from Cynthia that Eddie had only moved to days because he was hoping for a promotion ; he was suffering from colon cancer and afraid his family would n't be able to live on his third grade pension and benefits if he retired or died . Andy and Lt. Rodriguez then gave Gibson credit for a major arrest , which resulted in his advancement by two steps to detective first grade , after which Eddie left the 15th Squad to treat his cancer . Gibson and his wife raised foster children , and Sipowicz and Clark asked for his help to place an abused teenage boy Clark wanted to help ; Gibson and his wife ended up agreeing to become the boy 's foster parents .",
"3": "In Season 11 , Eddie shocked everyone when he got promoted to the leadership position in the 15th after Rodriguez left , because he 'd passed the Sergeant 's exam after his cancer treatment , and there were n't enough Lieutenants to fill command slots following the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks ( which were referenced on the show ) . Subsequent events revealed that Gibson received the assignment because he was friendly with the deputy chief for personnel , who was the uncle of Stan Hatcher , a detective with a questionable reputation who had been moved frequently between precincts . As part of receiving the command , Gibson agreed to take Hatcher as a detective at the 15th Squad . Eddie initially took a hands - off approach as boss , which was fine when he let the cops work their cases but not when he let Hatcher nearly ruin Andy 's career . As time went on , he took a more assertive approach , and began to earn the grudging respect of the squad . Eddie 's departure was explained in Season 12 when the newly assigned Lt. Bale said that Gibson had been reassigned because the 15th had been designated a rogue unit in need of reform . Lt. Thomas Bale -- Bale replaced Gibson as squad commander at the beginning of Season 12 . A former internal affairs officer , his original orders were to bring the supposed rogue unit into line . To this end , he cut down on overtime , fined officers who broke even the smallest rules , and chewed out anyone who did n't follow procedures 100 percent . The senior members of the squad , Sipowicz and Medavoy , believed he intended to ensure their retirement . He was eager to encourage Andy to take the sergeant 's exam ; passing would mean a uniformed assignment , removing him from the detective squad . When Medavoy was found to be moonlighting as a bar bouncer , Bale brought disciplinary charges against him , causing Medavoy to question his desire to remain a detective . During the investigation surrounding attacks on married men who were secretly gay , Sipowicz came across Bale 's credit card in a suspect 's apartment . When Andy returned it to a stunned Bale and told him the case was closed , and that he had no intention of looking into the circumstances or using the information against Bale , Bale 's attitude changed .",
"4": "He remained an all - business supervisor , but trusted the detectives to run their cases and use their own judgment . Towards the end of the season Bale was shot during a raid and Sipowicz , now a uniformed sergeant , was ordered back to the detective squad temporarily to run the investigation . When Bale discovered he might not be able to return , he recommended Sipowicz to be the new squad commander . In the series finale , Bale visited Andy during his first day as the new boss and encouraged him by saying he 'd have no problem doing the day - to - day job or protecting his people , and would figure out how to deal with the NYPD brass as he went along . Played by Currie Graham , who had previously appeared in another role . Lt. Jeff Henry ( Sam McMurray ) -- A floating supervisor who worked in precincts when they were shorthanded . Assigned to the 15th to fill in for Bale after Bale was shot , he was a lax boss , and was primarily interested in playing golf . Henry 's disinterest in actively running the detective squad served as a motivator for Sipowicz , who took up Bale on his offer to recommend Sipowicz as his permanent replacement . Sgt . Andy Sipowicz Other supervisors ( edit ) Insp . Aiello ( Andy Romano ) -- Where most superiors on Blue tended to be either wonderful ( Bass ) or horrible ( Haverill ) , Aiello was a centrist : he sided with a task force that pushed Bobby out of the way on a major case , but later gave the green light for Bobby to take over ( which led to the arrest of a serial killer ) and also authorized the 15th to ignore the FBI and follow up a lead on a kidnapping case . Captain Clifford Bass ( Larry Joshua ) -- A veteran of the patrol division who had little experience with the detective division but was an all - around good boss . Took over from Haverill and quickly established himself as Haverill 's polar opposite ; when his initial decisions nearly led to a murderer escaping arrest and punishment , he acknowledged to Simone and Sipowicz that he had been in error , and thanked them for `` bailing him out '' by solving the case and effecting an arrest .",
"5": "It quickly became clear after that initial incident that he trusted cops , listened to good advice , and viewed Lt. Fancy as a superb leader . Bass was tough but firm , finding a compromise when Fancy and a bigoted cop faced off and later ordering harsh actions against an out - of - control Danny . In Season 8 , it was revealed that his wife had mental problems and was attacking herself to get attention . Bass retired so he could help her , but first helped Fancy get promoted to Captain and later arranged for Susan Dalto to be transferred out when her initial actions undermined the squad . Captain Haverill ( James Handy ) -- A deeply hateful , imperious leader who did n't want Lt. Fancy in charge of the 15th 's detectives . It was initially thought that Haverill wanted Fancy gone to promote one of his own loyalists ( whom Andy derided as part of the `` Chowder Society '' ) , but it was later discovered that Haverill was a racist who hated African - American police who were too smart and talented to be pushed aside , particularly Fancy . He tried unsuccessfully to get Fancy removed only to be thwarted by Andy , whom he also hated . To weaken Fancy 's team , Haverill initiated an IAB investigation that caused Det . Kelly enormous grief . When Kelly responded to Haverill in an insubordinate manner but the probe turned up nothing Haverill could use , Haverill used his power to demote Kelly to a humiliating dispatch position , after which Kelly then resigned from the force . During an undercover operation to stop a planned armored car heist , Haverill tried to use one of Fancy 's old informants to hook the 15th on bogus information involving a Russian mafia boss . Fancy turned the tables on Haverill and got his informant to record Haverill making incriminating statements ( specifically one calling Fancy a `` nigger '' ) . Following the successful bust of the armored car robbers , Fancy played the tape for an aghast Haverill , and gave him two choices : retire immediately , or head to a civil trial where the tape would be Exhibit A. Haverill grudgingly accepted retirement .",
"6": "In Season 5 , it was revealed he had become an FBI consultant and organized a vendetta that nearly cost Bobby , Andy and Fancy their jobs before they solved the case and removed that threat . Chief of Detectives Duffy ( James Martin Kelly ) -- Appeared in Season 12 . Following the shooting of Lt. Bale , Duffy ordered Sipowicz off uniformed sergeant 's duty and back to the detective squad temporarily to take charge of the investigation . After the case was closed and Bale was unable to return to work , Bale offered to recommend Sipowicz as his replacement . Sipowicz overcame his initial hesitation and took Bale up on his offer . At the department social event which included Medavoy 's retirement ceremony , Duffy met privately with Sipowicz and allowed him to make the argument for why he should succeed Bale . Duffy appreciated Sipowicz 's skills , so despite his initial misgivings , he agreed to give Sipowicz the command . In the show 's final episode , Sipowicz disobeys Duffy 's orders and keeps a murder investigation open because he 's sure the man who confessed is innocent . Sipowicz is proved right , but Duffy still yells at him within earshot of the rest of the detectives for not closing the case as ordered , and threatens to fire him if he disobeys orders again . Bale hears the end of the exchange , and afterwards tells Sipowicz that he did a good job by taking a loud verbal reprimand without complaint in order to protect his detectives from the higher ups and achieve the correct result in the case , and that to succeed in the long term , he 'll have get used to diplomatically handling his bosses . Assistant das ( edit ) Laura Michaels Kelly ( Sherry Stringfield ) -- The ex-wife of Det . John Kelly in Season 1 , they were amiable enough after their divorce to sleep together on several occasions , but finally decided that their pattern of sex and fighting needed to end permanently . Laura was a DA who was pressured by a sleazy supervisor to lie about a dying witness ' final words , but she used a recording as leverage to get a transfer to the position where she worked with the 15th 's detectives . She told Det .",
"7": "Kelly she had begun dating a doctor ( played by Kyle Secor ) , and later that she felt she was being followed . She then got angry at her ex-husband for interviewing the doctor , and he told her to go ask someone else for help in her final episode , but then confronted the men who were stalking her and made it clear that if she got so much as a cold he would bring the wrath of God down on them . Sylvia Costas Leo Cohen ( Michael B. Silver ) -- A sarcastic young ADA who quickly ran afoul with the 15th 's cops for reasons ranging from snidely referring to secret love affairs ( Bobby and Diane ) to implying widespread brutality ( Andy ) and bad judgment ( Lt. Fancy ) , Leo nevertheless showed he cared about the law and was able to sometimes work well with the 15th 's top cops . He dated Jill for a while but ruined that relationship with his jealousy and its interference in her job . Leo later entered private practice and briefly represented Andy , Diane , and Greg over bogus corruption charges in Season 8 , and returned to the DA 's office in Season 11 to unsuccessfully prosecute a murder case . Valerie Heywood -- She became the full - time ADA for the 15th after Leo Cohen left in Season 8 . While she was smart and tough , she initially alienated Andy with her rigid rule - book approach , and often showed judgmental tendencies that Sylvia Costas had generally avoided when dealing with cops . Over time , she began to work more harmoniously with the detectives , and was more inclined to trust their judgment . She was attracted to Det . Jones and they dated in Seasons 8 and 9 ; when she thought she was pregnant and later had a miscarriage , their suspicions and lack of personal chemistry sank the relationship . They resumed dating in Season 10 and Det . Jones helped her out when a man she 'd put in jail got out and harassed her , later arranging for a lowlife friend of his to beat her up . After losing a slam - dunk case against a corrupt IAB Captain over Lt. Rodriguez 's shooting , she appeared in fewer episodes and was written out of the show after Season 11 . Played by Garcelle Beauvais - Nilon .",
"8": "Lori Munson ( Elizabeth Lackey ) -- ADA Munson became the full - time ADA in Season 12 . She was initially furious at Det . Clark when his actions ruined a murder case , but she later forgave him when he 'd cleaned up his act and helped salvage something from that case . They also began dating and were still doing so when the show ended . Her father was a powerful and meddlesome businessman named Owen ; he looked down Clark , and tried to interfere in her relationship with him . Paas ( edit ) Donna Abandando -- The first squad PAA , Donna initially appeared to be a bleached - blonde bimbo , but quickly won over the 15th with her skills and won over Det . Medavoy with her beauty and charm . They began dating and even lived together until Greg 's jealousy ruined things in Season 2 . Near the end of Season 3 , Donna decided to take a job at Apple Computers , and moved to California . Played by Gail O'Grady . John Irvin -- John appeared for the first time in Season 2 , as a temporary replacement for Donna ; he was friends with Bobby Simone from their previous work at 1 Police Plaza , but Andy 's homophobia initially led him to be rude to John . Over time , John and Andy became good friends , to the point of John babysitting for Andy 's son Theo and Andy turning over his apartment to John when he moved in with Connie . When Sipowicz and McDowell got married , Irvin obtained minister 's credentials from an online church so he could officiate . He was shot and nearly killed in Season 6 when trying to counsel Dolores Mayo 's grieving father ( the same incident in which Sylvia was killed ) . He had a poor relationship with his bigoted dad that only healed when they made peace not long before John 's dad died . Irvin and his sister received sizable inheritances , but he continued to work . Irvin 's knowledge of art , music , antiques , and fashion sometimes enabled him to make contributions that helped detectives solve cases , as did his knowledge of psychology and interpersonal relationships . Played by Bill Brochtrup .",
"9": "Geri Turner -- One of two PAAs who joined the 15th in Season 4 after Donna and John left , she annoyed Andy with her constant sexual innuendos and odd behavior . Lt. Fancy had her transferred to Anti-Crime . Andy did sympathize with her during a case where a man Geri had been having an S&M - heavy relationship with died during a sexual encounter , and the 15th 's detectives had to investigate . Played by Debra Christofferson Gina Colon -- The other new PAA in Season 4 , Gina caught the eye of Det . Martinez and they began dating . She was beaten and slashed by an attacker , and James stayed by her side during her recovery . She later got pregnant , and James and she married shortly before their son , James Martinez Jr. , was born . Played by Lourdes Benedicto Naomi Reynolds -- A PAA with a pronounced Southern accent who appeared during Season 5 . It was revealed she was actually an illegal immigrant from Australia who was forced to resign her job when the INS found out about her . She was later allowed to stay in the U.S. and continued to pursue her dream of becoming an American policewoman by working as a security guard . Played by Gabrielle Fitzpatrick Dolores Mayo -- The pretty young woman who took over after Naomi 's departure , Dolores wanted to be a dancer and liked to take frequent smoke breaks during her workdays . However , in Season 6 , she was revealed to have serious emotional issues which led to self - destructive behavior , from working as a stripper to shoplifting , to lashing out against her police department supervisors . She died of a drug overdose that turned out to be an intentional homicide , and her father later admitted that her problems stemmed from his molestation of her when she was younger . Played by Lola Glaudini , who had appeared twice before in other roles . Informants ( edit ) Steve Richards -- A low - level snitch in Seasons 2 and 3 , Steve blew a surveillance operation when the suspects offered him a cut of the proceeds from a planned robbery . No one wanted to listen to him when he returned , and he wrapped his information in innuendo and double - talk , but what he revealed helped save a kidnapped business executive and earn him a hefty reward .",
"10": "Played by Paul Ben - Victor . Vinnie Greco -- Lt. Fancy 's top snitch , who provided information that enabled Fancy to effect an arrest early in his career that resulted in Fancy earning his detective 's shield . Vinnie returned in Season 2 with info about plans for an elaborate robbery involving military weapons . He was roped into informing on Fancy for bigoted Cmdr . Haverill , but turned into Fancy 's snitch again when his ruse was discovered . He got Haverill to make racist statements about Fancy on tape after the successful bust , which Fancy used to force Haverill to retire . Played by Joe Pantoliano . J.B. Murphy -- J.B. loved doo - wop music , giving data to Danny Sorensen , and drugs . While he was a top - level snitch at first , he spiraled back into his addictions in spite of Danny 's desperate efforts to help , and died when he overdosed inside a building that was later burned down with his still - breathing body inside . Played by Jeff Cahill . Julian Pisano -- A sleazy , immediately disliked low - level criminal whose initial interaction with the 15th 's detectives was to provide details which led them to arrest Danny 's killer . Andy and Clark later found out Julian 's wife was trying to kill him and got him to set aside his tendencies towards low level crime and get rich quick schemes long enough to help them to arrest her . Played by Lenny Venito , who had previously appeared on the show in another role . Ferdinand Hollie -- A stick - up artist and drug addict dubbed by Simone as his best informant ever . Hollie caught AIDS through his heroin addiction and specialized in robbing drug dealers , while leaving ordinary citizens alone . He made Sipowicz and Lt. Fancy uncomfortable with his illegal activities , but they turned a blind eye because he played a crucial role in bringing down the Barnes crew , which was being investigated by a Federal Drug Task Force led by Sgt . Ray Kahlins . Kahlins later revealed Hollie 's identity in an interrogation as retaliation for Hollie having made the task force look incompetent during a drug raid ; Hollie then died at the hands of the Barnes crew .",
"11": "Hollie was regarded by Sipowicz as more stand - up than Kahlins , and Hollie 's death caused Simone to beat Kahlins in the presence of the task force . Hollie was created by David Simon , later the producer of The Wire , and foreshadows Simon 's later creation , Omar Little ; Hollie shared Omar 's high - risk occupation of robbing drug dealers , his faithfulness to his own personal code of ethics , and his willingness to work with the police as an informant . Both were inspired by the same group of Baltimore street desperadoes that Simon knew from his crime reporting days , and Hollie 's name references two of those figures , Ferdinand Harvin and Anthony Hollie . Played by Giancarlo Esposito , who later appeared on the show in another role . Internal affairs ( edit ) Sgt . Jerry Martens -- Originally appeared as a one - dimensional `` Rat Squad '' leader who was happy to ruin Det . Kelly 's career , earning him hatred from Andy which never fully disappeared . However , over time Martens was revealed to be a decent cop . In Season 3 , he used an informant 's deal to arrest a smug detective who 'd arranged for a robbery that killed two retired cops . He later let Bobby know that his shady `` friend '' Ray DiSalvo had tried to turn informant on Bobby after Bobby tried to help him avoid a drug bust . Martens exercised his own judgment in not pursuing a case against Simone , telling him philosophically that `` Everything 's a situation '' . Martens assisted Sipowicz in obtaining information about Captain Fraker from internal affairs , which Sipowicz used to force Fraker to end a vendetta against Lt. Rodriguez . He also aided in exposing the corrupt Det . Stan Hatcher , which caused Hatcher to quit the police department . Martens ' first name was n't revealed until a casual mention of it in Season 12 . Played by Scott Allan Campbell . Captain Pat Fraker -- A corrupt Internal Affairs Captain who used his position to harass Lieutenant Tony Rodriguez .",
"12": "Fraker got stuck in Internal Affairs after a report from Rodriguez which contained no officer 's names ended up exposing Fraker 's corrupt partner from Narcotics ; other cops assumed the `` rat '' had been Fraker , so IAB became the only unit where he could without being harassed . Fraker would later attempt to sabotage Rodriguez 's career and the rest of the 15th Detective Squad until Sipowicz intervened and threatened to tell Fraker 's wife about the affair he was having with a female detective . After Fraker 's secrets were later revealed by someone other than Sipowicz , Fraker was passed over for promotion to deputy inspector and his marriage ended . He blamed Rodriguez and tried to kill him during a confrontation in Rodriguez 's office ; after Fraker shot Rodriguez without warning , Rita Ortiz shot Fraker before he could fire a second time . Rodriguez survived , and Fraker was left permanently disabled , but was acquitted after a defense by unsavory attorney James Sinclair , who had previously clashed with Sipowicz . Fraker 's acquittal led to Rodriguez first being passed over for promotion to captain , and later deciding to retire and take a lucrative private security job . Fraker 's career was in ruins after the trial , so he quit the police force and ended up working in a sleazy bar , where he had an angry confrontation with Sipowicz when Sipowicz tried to determine who was stalking and menacing him . ( It turned out to be Stan Hatcher , not Fraker . ) Played by Casey Siemaszko , who had previously appeared in another role . Other police ( edit ) Officer Janice Licalsi -- Began sleeping with Det . Kelly in Season 1 , when a mob boss told her to get close to Kelly ( who had been shutting down his businesses ) and kill him . Janice instead killed the mob boss and his driver , and later was blackmailed by the mob into doing some illegal work for them , which was authorized by her sleazy , ambitious boss . Janice was legally free when Kelly destroyed evidence of her guilt , but her own conscience led to confess to a priest and then turn herself in for the killings . She was acquitted of second - degree murder charges and convicted of manslaughter early in Season 2 . Played by Amy Brenneman .",
"13": "Janice would have returned later if not for David Caruso 's departure from the series , as Brenneman noted her character was a `` mob chick '' who did n't have any room for stories in the absence of Caruso 's Det . John Kelly . Officer Roy Larson -- A hot - tempered , workout - obsessed uniformed cop who partnered with Licalsi in the middle of Season 1 and showed himself to be a subpar cop when he screwed up an arrest of a rapist and left a victim needing to tell her husband ( who blamed her ) that she had been raped . ( The fact that the case was closed did nothing to improve Larson 's abilities or his attitude . ) Licalsi rebuffed Larson 's efforts to date her , for which he blamed Kelly . Larson 's erratic behavior resulted in his supervisors directing him to undergo a drug test ; he tested positive for steroids and methamphetamine , and was immediately fired . He blamed Kelly for his firing , and instigated a fight with Kelly and Sipowicz in the main lobby of the precinct headquarters . Kelly punched Larson , knocked him down , and left him with a bloody lip and nose . After this altercation , Larson left and was not seen at the precinct again . Played by John Wesley Shipp . Desk Sgt Vinnie Agostini -- The One - Five Desk Sergeant . Generally got along well with the 15th 's detectives , at one point furiously lambasting two corrupt plainclothes cops who had been robbing drug dealers before being arrested by Kelly and Sipowicz . Played by Vincent Guastaferro . Insp . Anthony Lastarza -- The sleazy , ambitious OCCB boss who forced Janice to work for the mobsters ( and coldly shut down her efforts to confess to killing Giardello and his driver by stating a mob hitman had claimed credit for those killings and `` those cases are closed , period '' ) and later clashed with Andy and Kelly over his treatment of a mob informant case . He rode his dubious successes out of the NYPD and into an off - screen job with the DEA . Played by Tom Towles . Detective Mike Roberts -- In Season 1 , he was part of the detective squad but was disliked by Lt. Fancy and did n't seem to be doing a great job .",
"14": "Roberts had a sexual relationship with a drug - addicted informant , who threatened to call his wife to reveal their affair . After an altercation with Mike over this , she committed suicide and left a diary that talked of wanting to get clean and being kept in drugs and violence by Roberts . The circumstances were suspicious , and the entire matter was enough for Fancy to force him to quit the job at a reduced pension ( Roberts ' other choice was to fight the charges and face Fancy 's threat to terminate him without any severance ) . Roberts became a private investigator and second - rate `` security consultant '' whose work sometimes brought him back to the 15th Precinct , and usually made him look worse than ever . He finally tried to do a good deed in Season 6 when he nearly confessed to Sipowicz about a murder - for - hire plot he was being blackmailed into by Malcolm Cullinan ; the intended victim was John Irvin . Roberts gave Irvin a veiled warning , which came shortly before Roberts was himself murdered . A badly - written book of fictionalized detective stories Roberts penned gave clues to the blackmail plot and Roberts ' murder , and led to Cullinan 's arrest . Played by Michael Harney . Detective Sharon LaSalle -- She had attended the police academy with John Kelly , and transferred into the 15th Precinct in Season 1 to work as a detective . Her husband Danny , a retired police officer in charge of public safety at a city university , was killed while trying to stop a robbery on her first day at the 15th . She was later offered a position as an investigator in the department 's Equal Employment Opportunity office . After being assaulted by a suspect during an interview , she decided that the raise that came with promotion to Detective First Grade and the regular hours that enabled her to spend more time with her children made the EEO opportunity too good to pass up ; she accepted , and was not seen again at the 15th Precinct . Played by Wendy Makkena . Detective Art Stillwell -- An aging , fat Detective seen in Season 1 as a part of the 15th 's squad . Stillwell had a crippling gambling addiction that would often wipe out much of his paycheck and would play practical jokes that often irritated the other officers of the 15th .",
"15": "After losing his entire pension and the rest of his money , Stillwell played a final practical joke , which led Lt. Fancy to send him to a mental hospital and out of the 15th for good . Played by John Capodice . Det . Nick Savino -- A narcotics officer of great success , who accidentally arrested Andy Jr. in Season 1 ( he resembled a drug dealer Savino was investigating ) and then helped free him without charges . Savino later helped Andy on a murder case involving a store Andy had worked at when he was a kid , and also with some murders at an apartment building Bobby inherited . Played by Steve Antin . Officer Mike Shannon -- A uniformed cop who was the main `` man in blue '' that the 15th 's detectives tended to interact with when arriving at a crime scene . While he was generally a stand - up guy who helped the detectives when he could ( he helped find Andy 's assailant and saved his career , and turned in a corrupt fellow officer who had framed Clark Jr . ) , he sometimes clashed with the detectives , mostly in cases where the detectives suspected that uniform cops had done something wrong . He was afraid that he would be forced out of the department after he cleared Clark Jr. 's name by admitting knowledge of Laughlin 's attempt to frame Clark Jr. , but subsequent appearances showed he remained on the job , and was a well - regarded officer at the 15th . Played by James Luca McBride . Officer Miller -- In addition to Shannon , one of the uniformed officers most likely to be in charge of a crime scene when detectives arrived . Played by Billy Concha . Josh Astrachan & N.D. `` Hank '' Harold -- A black - and - white team of plainclothes Anti-Crime cops , they were mostly on hand to take care of babysitting suspects and witnesses , and to handle unpleasant tasks the detectives and uniformed cops tried to avoid , such as monitoring a suspect who had swallowed balloons full of drugs so they could be collected as evidence after the suspect passed them . Played by Ray LaTulipe and Henry Murph . Officer Abby Sullivan -- A uniformed officer who met and became friends with Greg Medavoy in Season 4 when the portly detective undertook a fitness regimen to shed excess pounds .",
"16": "Greg later asked her out , only to learn she was a lesbian , but they remained friends and Abby and her partner Kathy decided they wanted Greg to be a sperm donor so Abby could have a child . Greg was unsure about this , but eventually did make a donation and Abby did get pregnant . In Season 5 , Kathy was murdered during a fake robbery that was set up by her bitter ex-lover , and Abby resolved to be a single mother , with Greg promising he would be there to help her if she needed him . She gave birth off - screen late in Season 5 and was never seen or mentioned again . Played by Paige Turco . Lt. Joe Abner -- A bitter African - American lieutenant who previously commanded Baldwin Jones in the Bias Crimes office . Abner held a grudge against Jones ' boss , Lieutenant Fancy , specifically over Fancy 's refusal to get rid of Andy Sipowicz for his racist attitudes , but later revealed he steered Jones to Fancy 's command so he 'd be learning from a good boss in a position ( general crime solving ) he was more suited for than judging whether cases involved hate crimes . Abner was depressed over the belief that his work had not done anything to change racism in the department , and he committed suicide , which had a negative effect on the emotions of both Fancy and Jones -- they both knew if they 'd liked Abner more personally they would have interceded to get him help before his tragic death . Played by James Pickens Jr. , who had previously appeared in another role . Sgt . Bill Dornan -- Another bitter African - American officer who did n't like Andy based on a racist remark he once heard Andy make to a homeless black panhandler , as well as Andy 's seeking to re-open a murder case ( at Sylvia 's instigation ) that Dornan had cleared . A convicted and imprisoned murderer , Suarez , told Sylvia that he had falsely confessed to prevent the real killer from retaliating against his family . Dornan overcame his initial anger at Sipowicz 's second - guessing and told him that maybe Suarez had confessed too easily and Sipowicz should re-open the case .",
"17": "Sipowicz informed Sylvia , but by then Suarez had been murdered in prison to prevent him from officially recanting ; subsequent events revealed that Suarez had been bribed and coerced into confessing , and while he was in prison , he was regularly beaten and raped , while the real killer carried on an affair with Suarez 's wife . Dornan later got demoted ; Andy worried that it was over Dornan 's handling of the Suarez case , but in fact the demotion was unrelated . Dornan later fell into heavy drinking and left his job , leading Fancy and Andy to try to help him ; Dornan was last seen in the Season 6 finale , making a concerted effort to stay sober and telling Fancy that in the aftermath of Sylvia 's death , Andy was `` tough guy '' who `` will be all right '' . Talking to Dornan made Andy realize that Andy 's father was not a victim of violence at the hands of a black man , as Andy had thought , but a bigot who was attacked by a black man who was defending himself . This realization caused Andy to begin questioning his own racist attitudes , which he began to moderate . Dornan was in some ways a black version of Andy , possessing several of the same traits -- gruffness , pride , suspicion of authority figures , alcoholism , and racist attitudes -- that initially defined Andy 's character . Played by Richard Gant . Officer Mary Franco -- In Season 7 , Danny met her on a murder case and they soon began sleeping together . Mary was nice but brittle , and Danny showed little interest in sharing details of his messed - up life with her , preferring to do so with Diane Russell ( something Mary noticed ) . They broke up when Danny hit bottom over an informant 's death , then got back together on rocky terms , before Danny finally did the right thing and broke up with her for good early in Season 8 , after which she left the 15th . Played by Sheeri Rappaport . Officer Ed Laughlin -- On the same case where Danny met Mary , they also met Ed , who was upset about turning in two other uniformed cops for beating a punk to death . Ed later interfered with a case Jill was working , taunting an abusive drunk until he ended up killing his wife and leaving his children parentless .",
"18": "In Season 9 , Ed ran afoul of Clark Jr. by making advances on recently widowed Rita Ortiz , leading to a boxing challenge where Clark beat Laughlin despite Laughlin 's low blows and other attempts to cheat . In Season 10 , Andy and Clark found out Ed had been having sex with an underage auxiliary cop and ignored her pleas for help on a stalking complaint which later led to her death . The detectives gave Laughlin a choice : retire immediately or face an IAB investigation . He resigned , and Clark Jr. later discussed the case with his father . Clark Sr. informed on Laughlin to IAB , and Clark Jr. tried to make things right by trying to get IAB to reinstate Laughlin . Despite returning to work as a police officer , Laughlin blamed Clark Jr. for his troubles , and responded by planting heroin in Clark 's car , followed by an anonymous call that resulted in Clark 's arrest . Shannon was aware of what Laughlin had done , and eventually decided to turn him in , which resulted in Laughlin 's arrest , followed by Clark 's release from jail and return to duty . Played by Anthony Mangano . Det . Harry Denby -- A sleazy narcotics officer who was working on the drug dealers that Don Kirkendall was involved with , later faking Don 's death and dealing with him . He was suspended from the force and began working at a courier company , where he put together a new drug ring and began an affair that ended with him killing the woman and her husband . When a sting in Brooklyn led to him killing two dealers and wounding an undercover DEA agent , Diane Russell stepped in and shot him in a suicide - by - cop to end his reign of terror . Played by Scott Cohen . Sgt . Ray Kahlins -- The head of a combined NYPD - federal drug task force that worked with the 15th investigating drug gangs . An alcoholic loudmouth and liar regarded by Sipowicz as a `` hump '' with inept investigative skills , Kahlins was more often concerned with raking in overtime pay than in making good cases , and was held in low regard by both his task force and the 15th 's detectives , though he appeared to be able to make major cases based on his good relationship with the U.S. Attorney .",
"19": "He clashed with Sipowicz and Simone over lies about his involvement in the Vietnam War and his exposure of informant Ferdinand Hollie , who was murdered as a result . He later appeared during a case that involved Fancy 's foster son Maceo being caught while transporting heroin ; Maceo agreed to become an informant , and made a controlled delivery that enabled Kahlins 's task force to arrest the drug gang for whom Maceo had been working . Played by Daniel von Bargen . Det . John Clark Sr. -- John Clark Jr. 's father . An average detective from a low crime precinct mutually despised by Sipowicz , who called him `` Dutch Boy '' in reference to a plaster marketing statue he once shot in the dark thinking it was a suspect with a gun . He threw his son out of the house when John Jr. decided to work at the 15th with Andy ; his partner and he later worked a case with Clark Jr. and Andy that revealed Clark Sr. 's by - the - book approach and hyper - sensitivity to his son being anything like Andy . ( In fact , Andy was much more the kind of detective Clark Jr. wanted to be , which is why he chose to transfer to the 15th when he earned a detective 's shield and pick of assignments . ) Clark Sr. later got busted for sleeping with a prostitute and let his son face the IAB accusation and potential discipline until Andy told him Clark Jr. was on the verge of being fired , which caused Clark Sr. to confess . After this , Clark Sr. began drinking heavily and became an IAB informant , which nearly ruined John 's career at the 15th . His actions helped lead to the campaign by Officer Laughlin against Clark Jr. , who finally told his father to stop making bad decisions on his behalf and stop drinking so much . A depressed Clark Sr. later committed suicide , which sent his son into a long depression of his own . Played by Joe Spano . Det . Stan Hatcher -- Hatcher 's uncle was the Deputy Chief of Personnel , and he was assigned to the 15th Precinct as a replacement for Connie McDowell in Season 11 when she went on maternity leave .",
"20": "Hatcher had killed his wife years previously , but the case had gone unsolved because it was attributed to the perpetrator in one of his cases trying to kill him . He emerged as a devious , violent , corrupt cop who used his connection to his uncle to get Sipowicz transferred to Morgue duty . Sipowicz , Clark , and Detective Wally Dorland from the Morgue worked together and determined that Hatcher had killed his wife . Even though they did n't have enough evidence to bring criminal charges , Sipowicz and Clark confronted Hatcher and told him to leave the 15th ; Hatcher quit because his uncle decided to stop protecting him . While working as a private investigator , he harassed a former girlfriend , and got shot when he was mistaken for a burglar while stalking her . In Season 12 , he launched a harassment campaign to ruin Sipowicz ; Sipowicz retaliated and threatened Hatcher 's life , but Hatcher had actually set Sipowicz up and recorded the threats . The dispute ended when Bale reluctantly brokered a deal with Hatcher 's uncle which kept Andy out of trouble and sent Stan to a private security job in Miami . Played by Scott William Winters . Sgt . McNamara -- A bigoted officer who had both gone to the academy and worked with Lt. Fancy . He was the supervisor of Fancy 's brother Reggie , who was involved in a verbal altercation with McNamara that seemed to be racially motivated . Fancy mediated , which resulted in a brief respite , but McNamara later aided a Haitian gypsy cab driver to file a harassment complaint against Reggie . Fancy perceived that McNamara was using the groundless complaint to have Reggie fired ; McNamara claimed it was departmental procedure to take complaints from minority citizens seriously even when minority officers were accused of police harassment . Fancy recognized the racism in McNamara 's actions , and took action to save Reggie 's job . Played by Danny Goldring . Officer Reggie Fancy -- Lt. Fancy 's younger brother ( who was not close to Arthur as evident by his failure to visit Arthur 's first - born son until Arthur brought it up ) , who was a uniformed officer at a neighboring precinct .",
"21": "Reggie 's willingness to complain about his supervisor 's racism drew the ire of that supervisor , Sgt . McNamara . McNamara later tried to end Reggie 's career by supporting a harassment complaint from a Haitian gypsy cab driver complaining that Reggie had shaken him down for money . Fancy 's detectives teamed up to uncover the false story , after which Reggie seemed appreciative of his brother 's help , while Fancy informed Reggie that none of the cops who saved his career were African - American , teaching Reggie a serious lesson in trust , and sincerely telling his brother to transfer the hell away from McNamara immediately before his career was successfully ruined . Played by Michael Jai White . Officer Jack Hanlon -- An old officer who had been on the force with John Kelly Sr. dating back to the department 's dominance by Irish Americans . Hanlon was a corrupt racist who worked part - time as the superintendent of a rent - controlled building ; the landlord paid him to brutalize tenants in an effort to make them move so that the landlord could acquire new tenants who would pay more . Martinez 's brother lived in the building , and Martinez became aware of Hanlon 's bad acts . Hanlon disgusted Martinez , Sipowicz , and John Kelly Jr. ; because they thought that `` wearing a wire '' and turning in another cop might get Martinez a reputation as a `` snitch '' and transferred to IAB , Kelly worked to get Hanlon to confess to him on tape , knowing that Kelly was established enough that his reputation would n't suffer . Martinez and Kelly were able to turn Hanlon in for the murders of two tenants , which were caused when Hanlon created incidents that initially appeared to be accidents . Played by Mitchell Ryan . Det . Walker -- A tired , likely - alcoholic officer who appeared in the Season 1 episode `` True Confessions '' , when Andy Sipowicz was restored by Lt. Fancy to active duty and joined him and Det . Kelly in investigating a double - murder at a liquor store . Walker did not want Andy on the case , ignored his work , and refused to listen to his concerns that they 'd arrested the wrong man .",
"22": "When an anonymous tip about the robbery was phoned in from a local bar , Walker snidely said Andy wanted to check it out so he could drink rather than investigate , but Andy 's instincts paid off when the lead ended up nabbing the man who really committed the crimes . Walker was still hostile towards Andy and asked how he was going to get screwed , but after Andy said the case was made and no one including himself would care about the wrong initial arrest , he finally apologized to Andy , and revealed that he wished he could find a way to sobriety like Andy did . Walker is mentioned once more in Season 1 , as a character says the portly detective is n't able to play the 15th 's Santa Claus because he 's out with medical problems . Played by Robert Breuler . Officer Syzmanski -- A bigoted uniformed officer who stopped Lt. Fancy and his wife for driving in an all - White neighborhood of Bayside , Queens . Art figured that Syzmanski had little interaction with Blacks working in Bayside ( aside from the ones he pulled over , according to Art ) and then called in a favor to send Syzmanski to work in an all - Black precinct located in either Brooklyn North or Harlem as a means of teaching him to learn which Black citizens to treat with respect . Syzmanski was then transferred to the all - Black neighborhood Bedford - Stuyvesant but later was transferred to the 15th when Captain Bass said it was a bad idea to put a cop who disliked black people in a problematic neighborhood like Bed - Stuy . Syzmanski was later falsely accused of robbing a drug dealer and was involved in shooting an undercover Black officer , both cases where Fancy and he clashed , but in both Syzmanski was later cleared . In Season 7 , his brother was killed accidentally and another brother later killed a man in a drunken rage . Played by Christopher Stanley . Officer John McCaslin -- The rookie partner of Officer Syzmanski , who stopped Lt. Fancy in Queens . Seeing that McCaslin was a rookie who had merely backed up the veteran Syzmanski in the traffic stop , Fancy spared him the payback that Syzmanski received . Officer Lucas -- A patrol officer at the 15th .",
"23": "Detective Vince Gotelli -- A night shift detective and union delegate . Near the end of season 4 , he stole and crashed an unattended city bus . ( The bus was unattended while the driver ran into a store for a bathroom break . ) It was revealed that Gotelli was drunk and depressed over health problems which would force him to retire when he was only two months away from reaching 30 years of service and qualifying for a higher pension . Fancy met with the bus driver 's boss , and they agreed to keep both Gotelli and the bus driver out of trouble . Fancy then informed Gotelli that he needed to retire immediately with a pension for medical disability . Gotelli later had heart surgery and made a full recovery , after which he returned to work as a claims investigator for an insurance company . Played by Carmine Caridi . Desk Sergeant Baumgartner -- An obnoxious uniformed sergeant who first appeared in Season 4 's `` Upstairs Downstairs '' , when an off - duty uniformed officer named Mike Zorzi was investigated following the death of a friend for whom he had been providing security . Baumgartner whipped up anger among the uniformed officers against Andy and Bobby for investigating one of their own , but Baumgartner unintentionally revealed information that implicated Zorzi in the crime , which led to his arrest ( Zorzi 's friend was a courier for illegal gambling money , and Zorzi killed him to steal the cash , after which he fabricated a story about a mugger committing the crime ) . After Zorzi 's arrest , Baumgartner acted like there had been no animosity , but Andy bluntly told him he was a mean drunk who wanted to make everyone else miserable . Baumgartner appeared again in Season 6 's `` Cop in a Bottle '' , when Andy went to him for alcohol so Andy , Diane , and Greg could `` focus '' Mike Walsh , an alcoholic cop who was involved a shooting while he was off - duty ; Baumgartner brought up his past with Sipowicz in a negative context , and denied drinking on the job ; Andy replied that Baumgartner could either help or take a beating .",
"24": "Baumgartner then conceded that he did keep a flask on hand , and gave it to Andy so Andy could let the alcoholic cop have a few drinks and stop his DTs ( the shooting turned out to be justified ) . Played by Matt Landers . Desk Sergeant Mahoney . A uniformed supervisor who had an altercation with Danny ; Danny had requested that an informant , Nicholas , be held in jail overnight for his own protection . Mahoney decided that he needed to free up the cell to detain suspects who had been arrested and were pending booking , so he released Nicholas , who was then murdered by the suspect against whom he was informing . When Sorenson found out the next morning that Nicholas was dead , he got into a screaming match with Mahoney , which was observed by several other officers . Believing that Sorenson had undercut his authority , Mahoney approached Fancy to demand punishment . Fancy reminded Mahoney that he once caught Mahoney drinking on the job , and agreed to handle the problem unofficially . Mahoney agreed , and reminded Fancy that he had apologized to Fancy in person -- `` like a man '' -- and insisted that unofficial resolution of his dispute with Sorenson would also require an in person apology . Sorenson put it off until Fancy ordered him to do it ; he then attempted to deliver his apology one - on - one . Mahoney compelled Sorenson to make the apology in full view of the 15th 's uniformed officers . Sorenson did so , which Mahoney accepted as an unspoken restoration of his authority . In return , Mahoney told Sorenson that the death of Nicholas was no one person 's fault , but rather the unintended consequence of unfortunate circumstances . Played by Jack McGee , who had appeared twice previously in other roles . Lt. Steve Graham . The commanding officer of the detective squad at the 27th Precinct ( a running meta - reference to the precinct on the rival NBC drama Law & Order ) , Graham was an inflexible , unlikable boss . He appeared twice in Season 6 when detectives from his squad crossed paths with the 15th 's detectives . The first appearance had him looking forward to ending the career of the alcoholic Detective Mike Walsh , but backing down in the face of evidence that Walsh had acted properly during a shooting ( even though he had been drinking ) and Lt.",
"25": "Fancy 's anger over his crusade . The second appearance had Graham dealing with Bill Dornan , the recently demoted sergeant who brought a bad attitude to his detective 's position that was matched by Graham 's contempt for him , though Graham was not behind Dornan 's demotion . The two detective squads handled a gun - smuggling case that led to Lt. Fancy being shot and wounded in the arm . Graham wanted to grandstand after the arrests , and deny credit to Fancy , which caused Sipowicz to lead the 15th Precinct 's detectives in a boycott of the planned press conference to show solidarity with Fancy . An angry Graham then canceled the press conference . Played by Steve Rankin . Family , friends , and love interests ( edit ) Andy Sipowicz Jr . -- Andy 's son with Katie . Hated his father due to Andy being a drunken , abusive , non-parenting figure in his life , but began to respect his dad when he realized Andy Sr. was staying sober and was a great cop . Andy Jr. joined the Air Force , later getting an honorable discharge because of a torn rotator cuff , and then joined the Hackensack , New Jersey police department . His father taught him lessons about being a policeman until Andy Jr. was killed when he intervened in a robbery / rape , and one of the perpetrator 's shot him . His death sent his father into a tailspin that nearly destroyed his life . After his death , Andy Jr. appeared on occasion in dreams and visions to talk with his dad , often contentiously but always with father and son saying they loved each other . Played by Michael DeLuise . Lillian Fancy -- Art 's wife , who is happy and outgoing in comparison to her private and serious husband . She scared Art when she got pregnant because her diabetes nearly killed her during her pregnancy with their second daughter , but she healthily delivered a son . Worked for a natural - foods company that Art very reluctantly told his detectives about , and told him he should lighten up after Art became upset at the notion that he was forcing his subordinates to buy the items ( they actually liked them and were happy to make purchases ) . Heard a lot about Andy over the years and decided Art had little reason to side with him over his past behavior .",
"26": "Played by Tamara Tunie . Robin Wirkus -- The longtime girlfriend of Det . Kelly 's shadowy , rich friend Jimmy Wexler , whom she married not long before he died because Jimmy wanted to ensure she 'd inherit his fortune . Slept with Det . Kelly in the Season 1 finale and they began dating between the seasons , but she broke up with him in the Season 2 premiere when she realized he was in love with Janice Licalsi . Played by Debrah Farentino . Benita Alden -- A reporter Bobby began dating in Season 2 . After she used private information from him in a story that led to a cop committing suicide , Bobby broke things off . Played by Melina Kanakaredes . Marie Medavoy -- Greg 's unpleasant wife , whom he left in Season 1 when he learned she was cheating on him . Marie and Greg would reconcile a few times , but finally got divorced in Season 4 . Marie initially refused to attend their daughter 's wedding if Greg was there , which caused Greg 's daughter to ask him not to attend ; eventually their daughter insisted that both attend and remain civil with each other , and the wedding went ahead with Marie and Greg in attendance ( off - screen ) . Played by Deborah Taylor . Dr. Mondzac -- A physician at Bellevue who treated James Martinez when he was shot and concealed Andy 's identity when a beating case could have led to Andy getting fired . He later examined Bobby 's mentor and determined that he was suffering from Alzheimer 's Disease . When Andy was diagnosed with prostate cancer , Mondzac encouraged him and helped him through the crisis . Played by Titus Welliver Theo Sipowicz -- Andy and Sylvia 's son . Theo looked a lot like his dad and was a sweetheart who did sometimes show the kind of stubbornness that befitted a Sipowicz . He adjusted remarkably well when Sylvia was killed and later became attached to Connie , who ended up marrying Andy and forming a new family with him , Theo , her adopted daughter Michelle , and Andy and Connie 's son Matthew . Played by Austin Majors . Katie Sipowicz -- Andy 's ex-wife , who initially hated him ( like Andy Jr . )",
"27": "but later saw he was a new , different and good person ( like Andy Jr . ) . Andy found out she had become an alcoholic after her son died and helped her find support through Alcoholics Anonymous . Katie moved in with him for a while to help take care of Theo after Sylvia died , but her hopes they would reunite romantically did n't pan out . Andy later asked her to marry him and she said yes ; it was quickly apparent that Andy did n't really want to marry her , so she packed up and left after assuring Andy that they would remain friendly . Played by Debra Monk . Henry Coffield -- The son of a woman who left Bobby her apartment building in her will . Henry was initially angry when Bobby inherited the building , because he 'd counted on selling it to pay off gambling debts . Henry stayed on as the building 's maintenance man . The woman who lived in the apartment he 'd previously occupied was killed by drug dealers whom Henry had planned to do a deal with , but backed out when he did n't get the building . Bobby went from hating him to sort of tolerating him to later clearing him when an elderly tenant was killed and it looked at first like Henry had done it ( it was a relative who wanted her money ) . When Bobby died , he left the building and his pigeons to Henry , and Henry later stopped to talk with Diane , revealing that Bobby had also asked him to check in on Diane after his death to make sure she was OK . Played by Willie Garson . Dr. Victor Carreras -- The young ER doctor who took care of Bobby during his heart failure crisis in Season 6 . Bobby and Diane liked and trusted him , especially when compared to the arrogant , senior - level surgeon who performed Bobby 's transplant . Dr. Carreras forthrightly told Diane that Bobby would not survive his post-operative infections and the rejection of his new heart ; she tearfully said she did not want her husband to suffer before he died . In Season 8 , Diane ran into Dr. Carreras again and they began dating , which angered Danny Sorensen and made him jealous . Played by David Barreras . Cynthia Bunin -- Eddie Gibson 's niece , whom Eddie convinced Andy to date .",
"28": "They ran into each other again in Season 8 and dated until Cynthia 's insecurities and Eddie 's meddling led Andy to call things off . Cynthia returned in Season 9 and Andy was afraid she wanted to date again , but she had contacted him only to help Eddie confront and get treatment for his prostate cancer ( which Andy did ; Eddie did get treated and recovered fully ) . Played by Juliana Donald . Don Harrison -- Rita Ortiz 's ADA husband , who quickly emerged as controlling and possibly violent . Rita found out he was cheating on her with another ADA , and she threw him out of their apartment and filed for divorce . Don insisted Rita had also cheated on him , which was untrue , and made sure to contest the divorce fully , putting a drain on Rita 's emotions and finances . Don was killed by his girlfriend 's husband after they resumed their affair ; the husband then committed suicide . Played by Stan Cahill . Michael Woodruff ( Andre Kinney ) -- A young African - American whose mother was murdered in Season 11 . Baldwin was sure Michael knew his worthless father Craig ( Cyrus Farmer ) had committed the crime , but Michael refused to talk about it , and Baldwin served as Michael 's mentor while Michael 's aunt raised him . Andy finally gave Michael a talking - to that led him to turn on his dad and get him arrested . Michael became Baldwin 's foster father while Craig was tried and acquitted for the crime , and later stayed with him after Craig was killed . Brigid Scofield -- Greg Medavoy was smitten by this lovely real - estate agent when he helped bust a con man who 'd swindled her . They began dating and Brigid fell for Greg 's goofy charm and honesty . Near the series ' end , Greg retired from the police department to begin a new career working with Brigid in real estate sales . Played by Mary Page Keller . Adversaries ( edit ) James Sinclair , Esq . -- A brilliant , high paid , but underhanded defense attorney . Usually found defending the worst criminals , the exception came in Season 2 when he defended Officer Licalsi , and obtained a manslaughter conviction instead of a guilty verdict on first degree murder , as the prosecutors had argued .",
"29": "Sinclair appeared for the last time defending crooked IAB Captain Pat Fraker and getting him acquitted for the shooting of Lt. Tony Rodriguez . Played by Daniel Benzali . Alphonse Giardella -- A gross mobster with a bad toupee , who hated Andy and was hated by him in turn . He set up an ambush for Andy by luring him with a prostitute after he had been drinking ; Giardella then emerged from hiding and shot Andy several times . Giardella was later arrested for the crime but became a prosecution witness ; he was killed by a mob hitman before he could testify . Played by Robert Costanzo . Kwasi Oloshula -- Formerly known as Kenny Parker , Kwasi was a community activist in the housing projects located in the 15th precinct . Kwasi organized a basketball game in memory of a young boy who died in police custody , only to have the game be taken over by local drug lords who started a gun fight . Kwasi was intensely distrustful of the police and would often get belligerent when dealing with them ( with the exception of Fancy , with whom he had a cold but respectful relationship ) . Kwasi provoked Sipowicz into using the word `` nigger '' , causing further conflict between Fancy and Sipowicz during a homicide investigation . Kwasi was later found murdered , with Sipowicz solving the case and apologizing to Kwasi 's ex-wife and daughter for his past language . Played by Tom Wright . Jimmy Liery -- A thug with IRA connections whom Russell had known during a previous undercover assignment ; she was asked to resume the undercover identity and reconnct with Liery in Season 4 . Jimmy knew Diane as `` Mouse '' and his bad acts included anti-Semitic violence , and slipping Diane a roofie to undisclosed results . Bobby got angry enough to barge in on the operation and beat up and arrest Jimmy ; later Bobby and Andy spread false information that led to Jimmy being murdered by his partner in arms - smuggling . Played by Christopher Meloni . Malcolm Cullinan -- A wealthy man who appeared in Season 6 , Cullinan hired PAA Dolores Mayo as a prostitute , watched as she died of a heroin overdose ( which he videotaped ) , and then buried her body in New Jersey .",
"30": "PAA John Irvin punched Cullinan in the face when he saw the tape , and it later emerged that Cullinan deliberately gave prostitutes high - grade drugs so he could watch them die of overdoses , and that he also tried to hire sleazy ex-cop Mike Roberts to kill Irvin , only to arrange for Roberts ' death when Roberts tried to turn in Cullinan . After his actions indirectly led to the death of Sylvia Costas , Cullinan broke down and finally confessed when a nearly - silent Andy told him `` Why do n't you just cut it out ? '' and said he should confess so `` You do n't have to do this anymore '' . Played by Todd Waring . Don Kirkendall -- Jill 's ex-husband and father of her two boys , Don returned to Jill 's life in Season 7 . She claimed to believe that he was legitimately working , but quickly learned he was part of a major drug - trafficking ring . However , Jill 's inability to turn him in or let him get arrested nearly ended her career before Don was apparently killed by the drug cartel . It later emerged that he and Denby had faked the death and begun their own dealing ; Jill 's career was destroyed because she hid this information ( Don had kidnapped one of her sons for leverage ) . Diane , Andy , and the others arrested Don for the kidnapping , and he was murdered by his former narcotics partners while in prison . Played by Erich Anderson . Craig Woodruff -- An ex-con who was suspected of murdering his ex-wife . The only witness in the case was his son Michael , a good kid Baldwin Jones took under his wing , to Craig 's anger . Craig later assaulted Michael 's aunt , who was Michael 's foster mother , but a lecture from Andy to Michael convinced Michael to tell what he knew about Craig , which led to Craig 's arrest . After Craig was acquitted , he had a confrontation with Baldwin that led to a fistfight , but he then stayed away . In the final season , Craig reappeared and tried to worm his way back into Michael 's life by claiming to now be clean , sober , and reformed , greatly upsetting a suspicious Baldwin .",
"31": "Craig was murdered , and both the married woman with whom he 'd been having an affair and her husband individually confessed , so the case remained unresolved because the police could n't prove who had done it . Played by Marcus Farmer . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Giancarlo Esposito on IMDb Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106079/fullcredits#cast ( hide ) NYPD Blue Characters Andy Sipowicz John Kelly Bobby Simone Diane Russell Danny Sorenson John Clark Jr . Arthur Fancy James Martinez Greg Medavoy Sylvia Costas Janice Licalsi Tony Rodriguez Baldwin Jones Rita Ortiz Connie McDowell Laura Murphy Episodes Season 1 ( `` Pilot '' ) Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 ( `` Hearts and Souls '' ) Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NYPD_Blue_characters&oldid=836917682 '' Categories : NYPD Blue characters Lists of American crime television series characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"32": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
what does the pearl symbolize in the bible
|
[
"the Kingdom of Heaven"
] |
{
"0": "Parable of the pearl - wikipedia Parable of the pearl Jump to : navigation , search The Parable of the Hidden Treasure ( left ) paired with the Parable of the Pearl ( right ) on a stained glass window in Scots ' Church , Melbourne . The Parable of the Pearl ( also called the Pearl of Great Price ) is one of the parables of Jesus . It appears in Matthew 13 : 45 - 46 and illustrates the great value of the Kingdom of Heaven . It is the penultimate parable in Matthew 13 , just before the Parable of the Dragnet . It immediately follows the Parable of the Hidden Treasure , which has a similar theme . It does not appear in the other synoptic gospels but a version of this parable does appear in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas , Saying 76 . The parable has been depicted by artists such as Domenico Fetti . The parable reads as follows : Again , the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man , seeking goodly pearls : Who , when he had found one pearl of great price , went and sold all that he had , and bought it . -- Matthew 13 : 45 - 46 , King James Version Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretation 2 Gospel of Thomas 3 Depictions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Interpretation ( edit ) The Pearl of Great Price , by Domenico Fetti , 17th century . This parable is generally interpreted as illustrating the great value of the Kingdom of Heaven . Anglican bishop Charles Ellicott notes that : `` the caprices of luxury in the Roman empire had given a prominence to pearls , as an article of commerce , which they had never had before , and have probably never had since . They , rather than emeralds and sapphires , were the typical instance of all costliest adornments ( Matthew 7 : 6 ; 1 Timothy 2 : 9 ) .",
"1": "The story of Cleopatra and the fact that the opening of a new pearl market was one of the alleged motives which led the Emperor Claudius to invade Britain , are indications of the value that was then set on the `` goodly pearls '' of the parable `` , and theologian John Nolland likewise notes that pearls at that time had a greater value than they do today , , and it thus has a similar theme to its partner , the parable of the Hidden Treasure . Nolland comments that it shares with that parable the notions of `` good fortune and demanding action in attaining the kingdom of heaven '' , but adds in this case the notion of `` diligent seeking '' . The valuable pearl is the `` deal of a lifetime '' for the merchant in the story . However , those who do not believe in the kingdom of heaven enough to stake their whole future on it are unworthy of the kingdom . This interpretation of the parable is the inspiration for a number of hymns , including the anonymous Swedish hymn Den Kostliga Pärlan ( O That Pearl of Great Price ! ) , which begins : O that Pearl of great price ! have you found it ? Is the Savior supreme in your love ? O consider it well , ere you answer , As you hope for a welcome above . Have you given up all for this Treasure ? Have you counted past gains as but loss ? Has your trust in yourself and your merits Come to naught before Christ and His cross ? A less common interpretation of the parable is that the merchant represents Jesus , and the pearl represents the Christian Church . This interpretation would give the parable a similar theme to that of the Parable of the Lost Sheep , the Lost Coin , and the Prodigal Son . The phrase `` Pearl of Great Price '' has also been interpreted more widely to apply to things of great value in a number of religious contexts . For example , it is the title of a selection of Mormon writings . Pope Pius XII used the phrase to describe virginity . The pearl itself is a beautiful , single entity , formed through suffering in the heart of the oyster ( in the same way that believers endure lack of wealth or comfort ) and like the Church , will be put on display in a coming day .",
"2": "Unlike precious stones which must be cut and polished to reveal their clarity and beauty , the pearl is perfect as it comes from the oyster . Anonymous , 1900 Gospel of Thomas ( edit ) A version of the parable also appears in the Gnostic Gospel of Thomas ( Saying 76 ) : Jesus said , `` The Father 's kingdom is like a merchant who had a supply of merchandise and found a pearl . That merchant was prudent ; he sold the merchandise and bought the single pearl for himself . So also with you , seek his treasure that is unfailing , that is enduring , where no moth comes to eat and no worm destroys . '' -- Gospel of Thomas 76 , Patterson / Meyer translation This work 's version of the parable of the Hidden Treasure appears later ( Saying 109 ) , rather than immediately preceding , as in Matthew . However , the mention of a treasure in Saying 76 may reflect a source for the Gospel of Thomas in which the parables were adjacent , so that the original pair of parables has been `` broken apart , placed in separate contexts , and expanded in a manner characteristic of folklore . '' In Gnostic thought the pearl may represent Christ or the true self . In the Gnostic Acts of Peter and the Twelve , found with the Gospel of Thomas in the Nag Hammadi library , the travelling pearl merchant Lithargoel is eventually revealed to be Jesus . Depictions ( edit ) There have been several depictions of the New Testament parable in art , including works by Domenico Fetti , John Everett Millais , and Jan Luyken . See also ( edit ) Five Discourses of Matthew Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Matthew 13 , accessed 15 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : Gospel of Thomas : Lamb translation and Patterson / Meyer translation . Jump up ^ Ellicott 's Commentary for Modern Readers on Matthew 13 , accessed 15 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : John Nolland , The Gospel of Matthew : A commentary on the Greek text , Eerdmans , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2389 - 0 , pp. 565 -- 566 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ Craig S. Keener , A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew , Eerdmans , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3821 - 9 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ The Cyber Hymnal , O That Pearl of Great Price ! Jump up ^ Herbert Lockyer , All the Parables of the Bible , Zondervan , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28111 - 3 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII , Sacra Virginitas . Jump up ^ The Homiletic review , Volume 52 ' ( 1 ) ' ^ Jump up to : Brad H. Young , The Parables : Jewish Tradition and Christian Interpretation , Hendrickson Publishers , 2008 , ISBN 1 - 59856 - 303 - 3 , pp. 202 -- 206 . Jump up ^ David Noel Freedman , Allen C. Myers , and Astrid B. Beck , Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 5 , p. 1041 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Parable of the Pearl at Wikimedia Commons Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb",
"4": "Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard",
"5": "Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Pearl&oldid=819340708 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Gospel of Matthew Pearls Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6618861498865762011
|
when did the song here comes the boom come out
|
[
"May 2002",
"May 14, 2002",
"May 2002"
] |
{
"0": "Boom ( P.O.D. Song ) - wikipedia Boom ( P.O.D. Song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Boom '' Single by P.O.D. from the album Satellite Released May 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 14 ) Format CD single , 7 '' Recorded 2001 at Bay 7 in Valley Village , California and Sparky Dark in Calabasas , California Genre Nu metal rap metal Length 3 : 08 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Noah Bernardo , Marcos Curiel , Traa Daniels , Sonny Sandoval Producer ( s ) Howard Benson , P.O.D. P.O.D. singles chronology `` Youth of the Nation '' ( 2002 ) `` Boom '' ( 2002 ) `` Satellite '' ( 2002 ) `` Youth of the Nation '' ( 2002 ) `` Boom '' ( 2002 ) `` Satellite '' ( 2002 ) `` Boom '' is a song by American rock band P.O.D. It was released in May 2002 as the third single from their second major label studio album Satellite . While it did not chart as well as the album 's previous singles , the song has appeared significantly in film and television . `` Boom ( The Crystal Method remix ) '' was included on the remix album Community Service and as a bonus track on the special edition re-release of Satellite available August 27 , 2002 . A limited edition , gatefold picture disc of the single was also available in the UK . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , `` Boom '' was the only P.O.D. song included on the list of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel Communications . The single 's release followed a highly successful yet dark , brooding tone in `` Youth of the Nation '' . Guitarist Marcos Curiel stated , `` We wanted to go back to the spirit we had with ' Alive ' and have a song that encourages people to be happy and thankful that they 're alive ... We wanted to say , ' Let 's not forget how to have fun this time . ' ' Boom ' is just raw , in your face . When we play it live , the crowd just goes nuts .",
"1": "Fists are in the air and the pit 's going . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Video 3 In pop culture 4 Awards 4.1 2002 San Diego Music Awards 4.2 2003 GMA Dove Awards 5 Track listing 6 Chart and sales 7 References Content ( edit ) `` Boom '' has often served as the opening song at P.O.D. 's concerts . The song 's lyrics revolve around the band and their San Diego background , describing the group 's rise to popularity with lines like `` rock the masses , from Madrid to Calabasas . '' However , the explosive , multitracked `` Boom ! '' of the chorus gives the song its impact and versatility as a soundtrack piece . In contrast to P.O.D. 's more faith - oriented tracks , `` Boom '' has been described by vocalist Sonny Sandoval as `` just a fun rock song . '' Video ( edit ) The music video for `` Boom '' was recorded in the first quarter of 2002 and directed by Gavin Bowden , debuting in May with heavy rotation on MTV2 and MMUSA . It is an unusual video for P.O.D. in its obvious sense of humor ; `` Boom '' revolves around a table tennis ( aka : Ping Pong ) tournament between the band , dressed in orange jumpsuits , and a Swedish team played by fellow Christian metal group Blindside . The latter group was heavily supported by P.O.D. during this time and signed by them under the Elektra Records subsidiary , 3 Points . The teams are evenly matched until Traa Daniels performs a comically impressive move to win the game , enraging their opponents . Regarding the video , Curiel stated , `` The funny thing is , people take us really seriously . We are a serious band , but we know that , at times , we do n't have to take ourselves so seriously . We have fun . That 's why we went ahead and did a video like ' Boom . ' We wanted to show people that we could have fun . They have a movie out now called Balls of Fury , but we did that same topic back in the day . '' The music video for `` Boom '' was No.",
"2": "8 on TVU 's 50 Best Videos of All Time list . In pop culture ( edit ) The song appeared in the films Grind and Here Comes the Boom in addition to an episode of Brooklyn Nine - Nine . It was used by WWE for their Saturday Night 's Main Event program from 2006 to 2008 . Awards ( edit ) 2002 San Diego Music Awards ( edit ) Song of the Year 2003 GMA Dove Awards ( edit ) Hard Music Recorded Song of the Year Track listing ( edit ) Boom Set it Off ( Tweaker Mix ) Hollywood ( Live ) Chart and sales ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 43 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 38 U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 23 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 21 U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon `` P.O.D. To Drop ' Boom , ' DVD '' MTV.com ( December 6 , 2001 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DiBiase , John P.O.D. , Blindside , Lacuna Coil , Hazen Street JesusFreakHideout.com ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moring , Mark `` Time to Testify '' ChristianityToday.com ( January 23 , 2006 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blatt , Mitchell `` P.O.D. Interview : Back Together , New Album in April '' Archived April 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . JuicedSportsBlog.com ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ferfuson , LaToya `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine gets `` weird '' in its escape from Coral Palms `` avclub.com ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- P.O.D.",
"3": "-- Boom '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- P.O.D. Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Boom '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` P.O.D. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. Album & Song Chart History : Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . ( hide ) P.O.D. Sonny Sandoval Wuv Bernardo Traa Daniels Marcos Curiel Jason Truby Gabe Portillo Studio albums Snuff the Punk ( 1994 ) Brown ( 1996 ) The Fundamental Elements of Southtown ( 1999 ) Satellite ( 2001 ) Payable on Death ( 2003 ) Testify ( 2006 ) When Angels & Serpents Dance ( 2008 ) Murdered Love ( 2012 ) The Awakening ( 2015 ) Live albums Payable on Death Live Compilation albums Greatest Hits : The Atlantic Years Extended plays The Warriors EP The Warriors EP , Volume 2 Singles `` Southtown '' `` Rock the Party ( Off the Hook ) '' `` Alive '' `` Youth of the Nation '' `` Boom '' `` Satellite '' `` Sleeping Awake '' `` Will You '' `` Change the World '' `` Goodbye for Now '' Related articles Discography Linkin Park and Friends -- Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boom_(P.O.D._song)&oldid=791936210 '' Categories : P.O.D.",
"4": "songs 2002 singles Songs about California Theme music 2001 songs Atlantic Records singles Songs written by Noah Bernardo Songs written by Marcos Curiel Songs written by Traa Daniels Songs written by Sonny Sandoval Song recordings produced by Howard Benson Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8498615954207222098
|
does archie end up with betty or veronica in riverdale
|
[
"Betty",
"neither issue made it clear whether Archie was married to Betty or Veronica"
] |
{
"0": "Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty - Wikipedia Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' Cover of Archie 600 ( Oct 2009 ) . Art by Stan Goldberg . Publisher Archie Comics Publication date October 2009 -- April 2010 Genre Romantic comedy Title ( s ) Archie # 600 -- 606 Creative team Writer ( s ) Michael Uslan Artist ( s ) Stan Goldberg Bob Smith `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600 -- 606 . In issues # 600 -- 602 , the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper . In Issues # 603 -- 605 , the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica . Issue # 606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Proposal '' 2.1. 1 Synopsis 2.2 Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Wedding '' 2.2. 1 Synopsis 2.3 Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` It 's Twins ! '' 2.3.",
"1": "1 Synopsis 2.4 Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Will You Marry Me ? '' 2.4. 1 Synopsis 2.5 Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' 2.5. 1 Synopsis 2.6 Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Happily Ever After '' 2.6. 1 Synopsis 2.7 Epilogue : Archie Gets Married : `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' 2.7. 1 Synopsis 3 Spin - offs 3.1 Life with Archie : The Married Life 3.2 Archie Marries Valerie 4 Sources Background ( edit ) In May 2009 , Archie Comics released plans for what they would call `` The Archie Story Of The Century '' and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600 , the first issue of a six - part story arc detailing their engagement , marriage and life together . The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they would get from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie 's choice . The New York Times would later reveal that the whole story is simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie 's life with Veronica , and the second half would show his life with Betty . Plot ( edit ) Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the proposal '' ( edit ) `` The Proposal '' is Part 1 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 600 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Veronica Lodge after his college graduation . Synopsis ( edit ) The night before the gang 's graduation from Riverdale High , The Archies play their final concert and mourn the oncoming changes . Archie comes home and after getting heat from his father about picking a college , he takes a walk down Memory Lane ... literally . Archie realizes he 's never walked up Memory Lane before and switches directions . After traveling through a yellow wood , Memory Lane splits into two dirt roads . He chooses the left one and `` saves the right one for another day . ''",
"2": "Archie is then cast four years into the future on the eve of his college graduation . Archie soon makes it back to his house no longer wearing his high school lettermen 's jacket but one that reads `` State U '' on the back . His mother exclaims how excited she is for her son 's graduation and Fred states how he wishes Archie had majored in business instead of history and that he 's still excited he 's graduating from college . Archie dismisses this when Mary states that Veronica Lodge is waiting for him inside the house . He and Veronica discuss the changes in their lives , but both accept growing up . After a successful graduation , Veronica hosts a party at her mansion with Josie and the Pussycats headlining . Archie learns that Veronica is planning to work for her father 's company in either London or Hong Kong . As for the rest of the gang , Moose Mason is going to manage his uncle 's burger joint on Staten Island while his girlfriend Midge Klump will be running her own nail salon in Bayonne , New Jersey . Dilton Doiley is going to M.I.T. for his doctorate in quantum mechanics , Reggie Mantle will fulfill his destiny as a used car salesman in Atlanta and Jughead Jones will stick around Riverdale grilling burgers at Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe until he figures things out . Finally , Betty Cooper will be working as a buyer at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City . After the party , Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents . A few weeks later , he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica . He proposes to her in `` Spiffany 's '' just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness . Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction . Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan . Eventually , Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge , who accepts Archie as his future son - in - law as long as he works for Lodge Industries . Without any other jobs lined up , Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen . The residents of Riverdale are overwhelmed with shock that Archie finally chose between his two favorite gals , but also concerned with Betty 's well being .",
"3": "In the end , Veronica calls Betty and asks her to be her maid of honor . Instead of answering , Betty simply leaves the phone on her bed . Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the wedding '' ( edit ) `` The Wedding '' is Part 2 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 601 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his wedding to longtime girlfriend Veronica Lodge . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie is preparing for his upcoming nuptials with his groomsmen , Reggie Mantle , Moose Mason , Dilton Doiley , and best man Jughead Jones . Meanwhile , Veronica is treating her bridesmaids Midge Klump , Ethel Muggs , and Nancy Woods to a day at the spa . Veronica is sad that Betty Cooper is not there . However , Betty shows up at that moment and her position as Veronica 's maid of honor is cemented . Betty brings along a `` friend '' of hers named Henry who works with her . Ethel states that he reminds her of Archie as Betty rushes him out the door . On the eve of the wedding , Archie and Veronica discuss their future . The big day comes and everything seems to be going as planned . All of Riverdale is attending the wedding . Before the ceremony , Archie asks Betty to take a walk with him . He tells her that she was his first friend when his family moved to Riverdale and how he always enjoyed dating her , but then Veronica moved to town . Archie tells Betty that he loves her like a sister and asks her to promise to always be his friend . Betty obliges after they tell each other they love one another . The wedding goes smoothly . Mr. and Mrs. Lodge walk Veronica down the aisle as all of Riverdale watches . Archie and Veronica become husband and wife as Betty looks on tearfully , but happily . At the reception , Archie and Veronica share their first dance to `` Sugar , Sugar '' , speeches are made , the cake is cut , and the bouquet is tossed . Betty catches it and walks away trying to hide her tears . Veronica catches up to her to make sure she 's okay .",
"4": "Archie and Veronica then depart on their honeymoon to a remote island in the Caribbean owned by the Lodges . One year later , Archie is a big executive at Lodge Enterprises . Reggie shows up and asks for a job after he 's been laid off and Archie gives him a job in sales . It 's obvious that he 's running himself ragged with work . When he comes home exhausted , Veronica reminds him of a dinner date they have with Ethel and her fiancé . Archie is simply too tired and refuses to move , until Veronica announces that she 's pregnant and he promptly faints . Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` it 's twins ! '' ( edit ) `` It 's Twins '' is Part 3 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 602 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Veronica Lodge as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie announces Veronica 's pregnancy to his parents , Fred and Mary . At that moment , Jughead , Reggie , and Moose burst in with congratulations and mention the various ways they will add to `` Little Archie '' or `` Little Veronica 's '' life . Archie then breaks the news to Mr. Lodge who immediately has his will changed to bestow his most prized possession , a sled named `` Rosebuddy '' to his grandchild . Meanwhile , Veronica flies to New York City to meet with Betty at a run down diner . Betty has n't been faring well in the city . She 's recently been laid off and her relationship with Henry has ended because it 's `` hard to meet nice guys in the city . '' Veronica announces that she is pregnant and asks Betty to be the godmother , to which she agrees . Two trimesters later , Archie and Veronica begin Lamaze class , which proves to be a slapstick disaster for Archie . One night when Veronica 's ill , Jughead fills in for her replete with a pillow under his shirt and hilarity ensues . Despite all of this , Archie promises to be calm when the big day arrives . Shortly thereafter , Veronica goes into labor and he drives her to the hospital with minimal drama .",
"5": "Soon , Veronica delivers a redheaded boy named Archie , and a black haired girl named Veronica . Time passes and Archie and Veronica move back to Riverdale and buy a minivan . Parenting is exhausting for both of them , but they lovingly raise their children past diapers and bottles . When the children are around three , the Andrews and the Lodges celebrate Christmas together . The children are sent to bed and Archie and Veronica discuss their happiness . Archie claims that he would be just as happy without the money . `` All you need is love , '' he says . Archie tucks his children to bed and reads them `` The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost in its entirety . Before wrapping up the rest of the presents , Archie insists on going for a walk during the first snow of the season . He and Veronica exchange `` I Love You 's '' and he heads out the door , looking distraught . He walks up Memory Lane and comes to the yellow wood and begins walking down the right fork in the road . Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` will You marry Me ? '' ( edit ) `` Will You Marry Me ? '' is Part 4 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 603 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Betty Cooper after college in an alternate reality . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie , still in his winter coat from his walk during the first snow of the season , arrives back in time right before his college graduation and meets Jughead , Reggie , and Moose . He is confused at first by the summer heat and his apparent time travel . Archie then rushes home to get ready for graduation , and the ceremony proceeds much as it did in Part 1 , with Dilton giving the valedictorian address . After graduation , Archie , Reggie , and Jughead drive to Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe for a party . Reggie comments on how unlikely marriage is after college . Jughead is relieved at this statistic , but Archie seems optimistic and announces that he has finally made his choice between Veronica and Betty , but he refuses to tell `` until he talks to the girls first . ''",
"6": "Upon entering Pop 's , Betty asks Archie for a dance , but he has Veronica on the brain and Betty points him in her direction . Veronica , surrounded by a group of handsome young men , is telling about a graduation trip around the world in 80 days . Archie asks to speak with her privately and starts to reminisce about the day she moved to Riverdale , but she keeps interrupting him . Reggie and Jughead spy from afar and are unclear if he 's `` proposing or letting her down easy . '' Before anything serious can be said , Moose demands that The Archies play a few songs . Even though the group has n't played since high school , they entertain everyone with one of their hits , `` Jingle Jangle '' . Moose then starts a food fight that Jughead thoroughly enjoys . After the gang cleans up their mess , Archie attempts to resume his conversation with Veronica , but she interrupts him again to tell him she 's moving to Paris after her trip to run her father 's fashion holdings . After this news , Archie has no need to continue his speech and asks Betty to share a malt with him while Veronica goes back to her bastion of beaux . Archie reminds Betty of how they first met and were always friends ... sometimes more . He claims he can never fit into Veronica 's high society world . Betty assumes he 's going to ask her to `` go steady , '' but he claims that 's not what he 's thinking . Betty beats herself up and calls herself a jerk for assuming Archie wants to just date her . Archie laughs and calls her `` the nicest , most loveable and beautiful jerk in Riverdale '' and then pops the question . Betty , in shock for a moment , jumps for joy and answers yes . Archie and Betty kiss as Veronica watches in awe and disgust . Midge swoons at the romantic moment and prods her longtime boyfriend , Moose for a similar proposal , but he makes a joke instead . She slams his mortarboard over his head . Meanwhile , Reggie tries to make his move on Veronica , pretending to comfort her . She also breaks his mortarboard over his head . Veronica screams at Archie , claiming he missed his chance , but Archie defends his engagement to Betty in turn claiming that `` she '' was the one who missed her chance with him .",
"7": "Later that evening , Archie and Betty tell both their parents about the engagement . The Andrews are very pleased with their son 's choice of `` marrying for love , not money . '' The Coopers are also very happy . Betty then tells them that they plan to have a small , inexpensive wedding at Pop Tate 's . Meanwhile , Veronica cries on her father 's shoulder , but he assures her that there are plenty of men out there and `` things always work out for the best . '' All of Riverdale is gossiping about the upcoming nuptials , and whether Veronica 's fortune should be a factor . On the night of Archie 's bachelor party at Pop Tate 's , his groomsmen , Jughead , Reggie , Moose , Dilton , and Chuck express concern for Veronica and her place among Betty 's bridesmaids . Meanwhile , Betty goes to the Lodge estate and asks Veronica to be her maid of honor , who promptly slams the door in her face . But after seeing her so upset , Veronica agrees and tells Betty `` she won Archie fair and square '' . Later that night , Archie and Betty go for a walk . Archie has been sending out resumes , but is finding it difficult to find a job during the recession . He apologizes for not offering a better honeymoon than at the Blue Roof Inn in Centerville . Betty is entirely satisfied with it , however , and claims it 's all part of `` life with Archie . '' Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May kiss the Bride ! '' ( edit ) `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' is Part 5 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 604 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and his wedding to Betty Cooper . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie continues to search for work with no luck . In desperation , he goes to meet with Mr. Lodge at his office . Mr. Lodge tells him that despite jilting his daughter , he thinks Archie is a bright fellow but that his company is not hiring . Archie tells Mr. Lodge that he did n't jilt Veronica , he chose Betty . Archie thanks Mr.",
"8": "Lodge for his time and goes back to his job search , but after applying for work everywhere from a recording studio to a coffee bar , he still has no success . In the midst of their wedding preparations , Betty reveals to Archie that she has received a job offer as a buyer for Saks 5th Avenue in New York City . She had applied before they became engaged because it was something she wanted to try , but plans to turn down the job in order to be a teacher and to be with Archie . He is shocked at first , but tells her that instead of putting everyone else first , she needs to follow her dreams for once , and decides they should move up their wedding day to the following weekend and then move to New York . Everyone arrives to celebrate the party of the year . When Veronica arrives , escorted by Reggie , some expect trouble at first . Just as she is about to reveal the dress she bought hoping to draw attention away from the bride , the wedding cake that Betty made herself collapses and is ruined . Seeing this , Veronica decides to save the day by ordering the biggest most expensive wedding cake money can buy and changes into something she feels is more appropriate for the occasion , a waitress 's uniform . Archie and Betty exchange their vows . The Bride and Groom then invite all the guests to join them in their first dance . When Betty tosses the bouquet , Miss Grundy catches it while Mr. Weatherbee looks on . The biggest surprise of the night comes when the wedding cake Veronica ordered arrives . Everyone is very proud of her , and Archie and Betty thank her for her very generous gift . Veronica asks them where they plan to go for their honeymoon , but they tell her that they ca n't afford one yet . She takes Archie aside and tells him that she will pay for a honeymoon for them . He thanks her for the offer but turns her down , saying that he is responsible for Betty now . They say goodbye to their families , friends and Riverdale , and set off for New York City . Betty impresses Cassie , her new boss on her very first day on the job . Archie 's efforts to find a job continue to be unsuccessful until he has a chance encounter with a club owner who is looking for someone who can play the guitar and sing .",
"9": "Several months pass and the Andrews attend Betty 's first corporate dinner with Cassie and her boss , Mr. Hugo . When they first meet him he makes a crack about Archie 's clothes and talent . Archie tries to defend himself , but Betty tries to pass it off as a joke . He tries to insult Archie again , but Betty loses it and tells him she would punch him if she was n't as classy as her husband , and quits her job on the spot . Betty apologizes to Archie for not standing up for him sooner , and Archie calls her his hero . They decide to move back to Riverdale . The next day while packing their bags , Cassie shows up at their apartment with flowers , asking them to stay and tells Betty she still has a great future with the company . Betty thanks her and says she already has a great future with Archie back in their hometown . Cassie tells them both how lucky they are and wishes them well . Back in Riverdale , Archie and Betty move in with Archie 's parents , but Betty assures him it is temporary . She has found out from Mr. Weatherbee that a teaching position is available at Riverdale High , and lets Archie know that he wishes to speak to him about something important . Mr. Weatherbee offers him the position of the school 's music teacher , and Archie accepts . That night , Archie and Betty celebrate their first anniversary with a romantic dinner and share a malt with three straws in it . Archie , confused and thinking that Veronica would be joining them , is told that the third straw is n't for her , but for someone he will love . Betty tells him she 's pregnant , and Archie immediately faints . Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` happily ever after '' ( edit ) `` Happily Ever After '' is Part 6 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 605 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Betty Cooper as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie & Betty discover many things have changed in Riverdale in the year they were in New York City . They run into Jughead & Midge and are shocked to learn that they are now married .",
"10": "Moose is now the custodian at Riverdale High and practises yoga and meditation and is `` at peace with his inner self . '' When they all decide to go for dinner , Archie and Betty learn that Pop Tate is retiring and has sold the Chok'lit Shoppe to Jughead and Midge and it has been renamed `` Juggie 's '' . At the new Juggie 's , the gang runs into Veronica & Reggie , and learn they have a surprise of their own ; they are engaged . On their ride home , Archie & Betty argue about the news of their friends ' engagement . Archie believes it is wrong , but Betty thinks that he is wishing it was him . He assures Betty that he thinks it is wrong of them to marry because he believes it will end badly , and that he only wants her money . Betty accepts his statement and they make up . As the next few months pass , Archie & Betty become two of the most popular teachers at Riverdale High , and as Betty 's pregnancy advances , they start to have less time for the rest of the old gang . Then one fall day , as Archie plans to go for a bike ride , Betty goes into labor while he goes into a panic . Instead of calling an ambulance , Archie calls the water department . Archie then drives Betty to the hospital , but they end up getting a flat tire . Luckily , Archie had his bike in the trunk , and takes her the rest of the way by bike . After a few misunderstandings at the admitting desk , Betty is rushed to the maternity ward , and soon gives birth to twins ; a red haired boy named Archie and a blonde haired girl named Betty . Soon , Mr. & Mrs. Cooper and Mr. & Mrs. Andrews arrive along with all their friends and colleagues . Archie and Betty ask Jughead , Veronica and Reggie to be the twins ' godparents , while Reggie & Veronica ask them to be their best man and maid of honor at their wedding . The next weekend they fly the whole gang out to Las Vegas for the star studded ceremony . As Archie & Betty adjust to parenthood , life goes on in Riverdale . Jughead & Midge are soon expecting a child of their own . Mr. Weatherbee & Miss Grundy along with Miss Beazley & Mr.",
"11": "Svenson have started dating . Archie & Betty receive a postcard from Veronica & Reggie detailing all of their world travels and new ventures . Betty comments to him that could have been his life , but Archie tells her he does n't want that life when he already has the best life with her . Betty suggests they go to bed early , but Archie says he 's not tired and decides to go for a walk in the woods . He tells her not to wait up , and she says she 'll be waiting no matter how long . He then decides to walk up Memory Lane , and soon finds himself back in the present ... he is once again a teenager . On his way home , he runs into Jughead who reminds him of the poetry recital in Miss Grundy 's class the next day . Archie tells him he worries too much , while Jughead tells him to be prepared . As the two best friends walk home , he reads his part of the poetry reading , the last stanza of `` The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost . Epilogue : Archie gets married : `` yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' ( edit ) `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' is the epilogue that ties together Part 1 through 6 of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline that was originally presented in Archie # 606 . Archie is left in a vision of the future and struggles to explain it to his friends ... and Betty and Veronica . Synopsis ( edit ) After his experiences walking up Memory Lane , Archie is left in a bewildered state . He tries talking about it to Betty and Veronica , but they are both too busy to talk to him . Needing to talk to someone about it he tells Reggie and Jughead about his strange visions . Reggie immediately thinks that he has gone nuts , but Jughead believes him . In order to clear his mind Archie decides to go bowling with Reggie and Jughead . When Betty arrives Archie asks her if she wants to go on a date Saturday night , which she accepts . However , as he was overwhelmed with a kiss moments ago , Archie somehow mishears Betty and thinks she said `` Friday '' . Later he goes to Lodge Mansion to ask Veronica for a date on the same night and she says yes . When Saturday night arrives Archie realizes he asked both Betty and Veronica out on the same night .",
"12": "When the girls find out they respond by pouring two milkshakes on his head . The next day , Betty and Veronica are still mad at Archie , but he vows that he will make it up to both of them . When talking about the future , Archie asks Jughead if he ever thought about buying Pop 's place after he retires . Jughead however denies this , because he would have to think about the future and prefers to live in the present . Spin - offs ( edit ) The success of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline led to the comic series , Life with Archie : The Married Life , and a similar storyline called `` Archie Marries Valerie '' , depicting Archie marrying Valerie from Josie and the Pussycats , shown in Archie # 631 - 634 . Life with Archie : the married life ( edit ) Life with Archie : The Married Life was based on the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but was not a direct continuation on it . The series lasted from 2010 to 2014 , ending with 37 issues . Issues 1 - 35 contained two stories each , the first story was Archie Marries Veronica and the second one was Archie Marries Betty . The last two issues , on the other hand , were structured differently . Instead of having two stories both issues had one , but were twice as long as the others . Also , neither issue made it clear whether Archie was married to Betty or Veronica . Together both issues make up The Death of Archie storyline . Archie Marries Valerie ( edit ) The `` Archie Marries Valerie '' storyline was similar to the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but had some major differences . For instance , Valerie was the one who walked up Memory Lane instead of Archie and she could see the future in portals rather than actually experiencing it . She sees a future in where she marries Archie , then they both quit their respective bands due to their touring schedules keeping them apart , and later have a little girl named Star who is gifted with her parents ' musical talent . However , she decides to stop watching it after she sees that they can not get a moment 's peace due to Star becoming an object of attention for the media . Then she witness glimpses of other futures and in each one Archie is married to a different woman .",
"13": "Some of these futures had Archie being married to Cheryl Blossom , Sabrina Spellman , and even Josie . Seeing these futures Valerie runs out of Memory Lane and happily reunites with Archie . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comic suspense : Archie Andrews pops question '' . CNN.com. 2009 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This time , Archie plans to marry Betty '' ... canada.com. 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Issue no . 600 , October 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 601 , November 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 602 , December 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 603 , January 2010 Jump up ^ Issue no . 604 , February 2010 Jump up ^ Issue no . 605 , March 2010 ( hide ) Archie Comics publications Imprints Mighty Comics / Red Circle Comics / Dark Circle Comics Archie Horror Archies Archie Archie ( 2 volumes ) Little Archie Life with Archie ( 2 volumes ) Archie and Me Everything 's Archie Archie at Riverdale High Archie Meets the Punisher Afterlife with Archie Archie vs. Predator Archie vs.",
"14": "Sharknado Archie ( comic strip ) Betty and Veronica Archie 's Girls Betty and Veronica Jughead Archie 's Pal Jughead Comics ( 2 volumes ) Jughead ( 3 volumes ) Jughead 's Double Digest Reggie Archie 's Rival Reggie Reggie Reggie and Me Anthologies Laugh Comics ( 2 volumes ) Pep Comics Archie 's Pals ' n ' Gals Archie 's Mad House Archie Giant Series Laugh Comics Digest Archie 's TV Laugh - Out Archie Americana Series Archie 's Holiday Fun Digest Tales from Riverdale Related titles Josie and The Pussycats ( 2 volumes ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 2 volumes ) Sabrina Chilling Adventures of Sabrina New Riverdale Licensed properties Sonic Sonic the Hedgehog issues Knuckles the Echidna Sonic X Sonic Universe Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures ( 3 volumes ) Mighty Mutanimals ( 2 volumes ) Other Wild West C.O.W.",
"15": "- Boys of Moo Mesa ( 2 volumes ) Street Sharks ( 2 volumes ) Nights into Dreams Mega Man Superhero Blue Ribbon Comics ( 2 volumes ) Top - Notch Comics Shield - Wizard Comics Zip Comics Hangman Comics Black Hood Comics The Adventures of The Fly Adventures of the Jaguar Fly Man Mighty Crusaders ( 2 volumes ) Black Hood The Comet Anthologies Pep Comics Jackpot Comics Others Super Duck Comics Wilbur Comics Katy Keene ( 2 volumes ) Li'l Jinx Cosmo the Merry Martian That Wilkin Boy Storylines `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' `` Bad Boy Trouble '' `` Love Showdown '' See also : List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Books , CDs and DVDs Spire Christian Comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_Marries_Veronica/Archie_Marries_Betty&oldid=800873614 '' Categories : Storylines in comics 2009 in comics Humor comics Romance comics Archie Comics titles Works about wedding Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2009 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Comics infobox image less alt text Story arc pop Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who wrote most of the declaration of independance
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"0": "United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule . With the Declaration , these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America . The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . The Declaration was passed on July 2 with no opposing votes . A committee of five had drafted it to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams , a leader in pushing for independence , had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress edited to produce the final version . The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Adams wrote to his wife Abigail , `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America '' -- although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand .",
"1": "Jefferson 's original draft is preserved at the Library of Congress , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , as well as Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his policies and his rhetoric , as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The US Declaration of Independence inspired many similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence in Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 9.8 Popular culture 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies .",
"3": "The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf .",
"4": "They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence , which before the pamphlet had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration . Paine connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity , structuring it as if it were a sermon , thereby stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action .",
"5": "Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 , by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence .",
"6": "In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved .",
"7": "Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push This idealized depiction of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration was widely reprinted ( by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence .",
"8": "But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure .",
"9": "They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 , and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress .",
"10": "The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status .",
"11": "America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed .",
"12": "But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers .",
"13": "He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands .",
"14": "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 .",
"15": "We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr.",
"16": ", Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however .",
"17": "Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate .",
"18": "Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' .",
"19": "A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority .",
"20": "An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among Creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals .",
"21": "In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia .",
"22": "Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 , it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people .",
"23": "Legacy The Declaration was given little attention in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it .",
"24": "These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 , during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document .",
"25": "A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence has played a significant role in popular conceptions of the Declaration of Independence . The painting is 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size and was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 ; it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 .",
"26": "It is sometimes described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence , but it actually shows the Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . Trumbull painted the figures from life whenever possible , but some had died and images could not be located ; hence , the painting does not include all the signers of the Declaration . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact , the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull 's painting has been depicted multiple times on U.S. currency and postage stamps . Its first use was on the reverse side of the $100 National Bank Note issued in 1863 . A few years later , the steel engraving used in printing the bank notes was used to produce a 24 - cent stamp , issued as part of the 1869 Pictorial Issue . An engraving of the signing scene has been featured on the reverse side of the United States two - dollar bill since 1976 . United States two - dollar bill ( reverse ) Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement .",
"27": "Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers .",
"28": "Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant .",
"29": "They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . ''",
"30": "Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later The Declaration was chosen to be the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . The Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was dedicated in 1984 in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . Popular culture The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 and the 1972 movie version , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . In 1970 , The 5th Dimension recorded the opening of the Declaration , through the phrase `` for their future Security '' . It is the only known musical setting of any portion of the Declaration , which was not sung in 1776 . The name of the song is `` Declaration , '' and it was performed on the Ed Sullivan Show on December 7 , 1969 . At the time , it was taken as a song of protest against the Vietnam War . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 .",
"31": "^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp.",
"36": "42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p.",
"38": "137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 .",
"40": "Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) .",
"41": "The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed.",
"42": ", We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com .",
"44": "Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Journal Gazette Editorial Staff ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` Independence '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ It is found on their album Portrait . Bibliography Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F.",
"45": "`` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 .",
"46": "ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James .",
"47": "Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America .",
"48": "New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutUnited States Declaration of Independenceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource `` Declare the Causes : The Declaration of Independence '' lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities Declaration of Independence at the National Archives Declaration of Independence at the Library of Congress `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' by Stephen E. Lucas Short film released in 2002 with actors reading the Declaration , with an introduction by Morgan Freeman Mobile - Friendly Declaration of Independence Various editions of the Declaration of Independence at the Online Books Page Loyalist responses to the Declaration of Independence Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia ( London 1776 ) , Thomas Hutchinson 's reaction to the Declaration The Loyalist Declaration of Independence published in The Royal Gazette , ( New York ) on November 17 , 1781 ( Transcription provided by Bruce Wallace and posted on The On - Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies . ) Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17",
"49": "18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of",
"50": "the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St.",
"51": "Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr .",
"52": "Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry ,",
"53": "Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 ,",
"54": "1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence Physical history of the Declaration of Independence , Memorial J. Adams S. Adams Bartlett Braxton Carroll Chase Clark Clymer Ellery Floyd Franklin Gerry Gwinnett Hall Hancock Harrison Hart Hewes Heyward Hooper Hopkins Hopkinson Huntington Jefferson F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Livingston Lynch McKean Middleton L. Morris R.",
"55": "Morris Morton Nelson Paca Paine Penn Read Rodney Ross Rush Rutledge Sherman Smith Stockton Stone Taylor Thornton Walton Whipple Williams Wilson Witherspoon Wolcott Wythe United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern",
"56": "Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance",
"57": "Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Pennsylvania during the American",
"58": "Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny VIAF : 179420344 LCCN : n79029194 GND : 4187277 - 0 SUDOC : 03432576X BNF : cb125091927 ( data ) NLA : 35068086 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=837303977 '' Categories : United States Declaration of Independence 1776 in law 1776 in the United States 1776 works American Enlightenment American political philosophy literature American Revolution Continental Congress History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Independence Day ( United States ) National human rights instruments Official documents of the United States Thomas Jefferson United States historical documents 1776 in international relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely",
"59": "semi-protected pages Use American English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Good articles Talk Read View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ",
"60": "ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who does brant daugherty play in pretty little liars
|
[
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{
"0": "Brant Daugherty - wikipedia Brant Daugherty Jump to : navigation , search Brant Daugherty ( 1985 - 08 - 20 ) August 20 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Mason , Ohio , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor Years active 2008 -- present Home town Mason , Ohio Height 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Brant David Daugherty ( born August 20 , 1985 ) is an American actor , known for his recurring role as Noel Kahn on the teen drama television series , Pretty Little Liars . In 2013 , he had a recurring role as Brian in the long - running NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) In 2013 , he was a regular of the cast of Lifetime Network 's Army Wives for season 7 , which began airing in April 2013 , in the role of Patrick Clarke . He had a credited role in Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer 's motion picture comedy film , The Starving Games released in fall 2013 . In 2014 , he had a credited role in the Charlie Sheen FX series Anger Management . Daugherty was a contestant in season 17 of Dancing with the Stars in which he partnered with professional dancer Peta Murgatroyd . They were eliminated in the eighth week of competition , finishing in seventh place . In 2018 , he played Luke Sawyer in the film Fifty Shades Freed . Personal life ( edit ) Daugherty was born and raised in Mason , Ohio , the son of David Daugherty , an art teacher , and his wife , Mary Beth ( née Hirt ) Daugherty , head of rehabilitation services for Shriners Hospitals for Children , Cincinnati . He grew up along with his brother , Adam , and sister , Caitey . Brant 's father , David , was an art teacher at Mason Middle School when he died of cancer on February 19 , 2009 at age 57 .",
"1": "Daugherty attended William Mason High School , where he played football until his sophomore year and later tried out for the school play . He continued to perform in school plays until his graduation in 2004 . He moved to Los Angeles in 2008 after earning a film degree from Columbia College Chicago . He now resides in West Hollywood . He started dating actress Kimberly Hidalgo in 2016 . They got engaged in February 2018 , during a trip to Amsterdam . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Suspended Bill Short film 2013 The Starving Games Dale 2013 Something Wicked Aiden Short film 2015 Merry Kissmas Dustin Casey 2016 Oranges Danny Foster 2017 Broken Strings Agent Short film 2018 Fifty Shades Freed Luke Sawyer Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Super Sportlets Ben / Ballistico Main role ; 27 episodes 2010 -- 2016 Pretty Little Liars Noel Kahn Recurring role ; 27 episodes 2012 -- 2013 Days of Our Lives Brian Recurring role ; 14 episodes 2013 Army Wives Lt.",
"2": "Patrick Clarke Recurring role ; 9 episodes 2013 Dancing with the Stars Himself Contestant 2014 Anger Management Tiffer Episode : `` Charlie Pledges a Sorority Sister '' 2014 The Michaels Tom Stanfield Television film 2015 Ungodly Acts Daniel Television film 2015 Merry Kissmas Dustin Casey Television Film 2016 Suicide Note Brady Faris Television film 2016 Accidentally Engaged Chas Hunter Television film 2017 Dear White People Thane Lockwood Recurring role ; 2 episodes 2017 Freakish Jake Recurring role Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Private Thomas Pearson 10 episodes 2012 Pretty Dirty Secrets Noel Kahn Episode : `` I 'm a Free Man '' 2016 Relationship Status Church 3 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Renewed for Season Two ; Plus , Scoop ! '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Brant Daugherty : Noel could bring Rosewood to its knees ! '' . NYPost . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Hires New Actor '' . Soap Opera Digest . April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives History '' . About.com Entertainment . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Joins ' Army Wives ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allen . `` Army Wives '' . TV Fanatic .",
"3": "Jump up ^ `` '' Dancing with the Stars `` : Leah Remini , Valerie Harper , Snooki among new cast '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television - Cincinnati.com - cincinnati.com '' . Cincinnati.com . Jump up ^ `` David Daugherty Obituary - Deerfield , Ohio - Hodapp Funeral Homes '' . tributes.com . Jump up ^ `` David Daugherty Obituary : View David Daugherty 's Obituary by Dayton Daily News '' . Dayton Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati.com '' . masonbuzz.com . Jump up ^ https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/fifty-shades-freeds-brant-daugherty-engaged-to-kimberly-hidalgo/ External links ( edit ) Official website Brant Daugherty on IMDb Brant Daugherty on Twitter VIAF : 182171342 LCCN : no2011132561 GND : 1052077056 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brant_Daugherty&oldid=838262092 '' Categories : 1985 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Ohio People from Warren County , Ohio Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 22 : 49 . About Wikipedia",
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how does the power of judicial review check the legislative and executive branches
|
[
"to supervise the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority"
] |
{
"0": "Judicial review - wikipedia Judicial review Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Law review . This article is about court power over non-judicial branches . For court power over lower courts , see Appellate review . Judicial review is a process under which executive and ( in some countries ) legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary . A court with judicial review power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority ; an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a written constitution . Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers : the power of the judiciary to supervise the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority . The doctrine varies between jurisdictions , so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 General principles 1.1 Administrative acts 1.2 Primary legislation 1.2. 1 No review by any courts 1.2. 2 Review by general courts 1.2. 3 Review by a specialized court 2 In specific jurisdictions 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links General principles ( edit ) Judicial review can be understood in the context of two distinct -- but parallel -- legal systems , civil law and common law , and also by two distinct theories of democracy regarding the manner in which government should be organized with respect to the principles and doctrines of legislative supremacy and the separation of powers . First , two distinct legal systems , civil law and common law , have different views about judicial review . Common - law judges are seen as sources of law , capable of creating new legal principles , and also capable of rejecting legal principles that are no longer valid . In the civil - law tradition , judges are seen as those who apply the law , with no power to create ( or destroy ) legal principles . Secondly , the idea of separation of powers is another theory about how a democratic society 's government should be organized . In contrast to legislative supremacy , the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu ; it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison under the court of John Marshall .",
"1": "Separation of powers is based on the idea that no branch of government should be able to exert power over any other branch without due process of law ; each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government , thus creating a regulative balance among all branches of government . The key to this idea is checks and balances . In the United States , judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary . Differences in organizing `` democratic '' societies led to different views regarding judicial review , with societies based on common law and those stressing a separation of powers being the most likely to utilize judicial review . Nevertheless , many countries whose legal systems are based on the idea of legislative supremacy have learned the possible dangers and limitations of entrusting power exclusively to the legislative branch of government . Many countries with civil - law systems have adopted a form of judicial review to stem the tyranny of the majority . Another reason why judicial review should be understood in the context of both the development of two distinct legal systems ( civil law and common law ) and two theories of democracy ( legislative supremacy and separation of powers ) is that some countries with common - law systems do not have judicial review of primary legislation . Though a common - law system is present in the United Kingdom , the country still has a strong attachment to the idea of legislative supremacy ; consequently , judges in the United Kingdom do not have the power to strike down primary legislation . However , since the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union there has been tension between its tendency toward legislative supremacy and the EU 's legal system , which specifically gives the Court of Justice of the European Union the power of judicial review . Administrative acts ( edit ) Most modern legal systems allow the courts to review administrative acts ( individual decisions of a public body , such as a decision to grant a subsidy or to withdraw a residence permit ) . In most systems , this also includes review of secondary legislation ( legally enforceable rules of general applicability adopted by administrative bodies ) . Some countries ( notably France and Germany ) have implemented a system of administrative courts which are charged with resolving disputes between members of the public and the administration .",
"2": "In other countries ( including the United States and United Kingdom ) , judicial review is carried out by regular civil courts although it may be delegated to specialized panels within these courts ( such as the Administrative Court within the High Court of England and Wales ) . The United States employs a mixed system in which some administrative decisions are reviewed by the United States district courts ( which are the general trial courts ) , some are reviewed directly by the United States courts of appeals and others are reviewed by specialized tribunals such as the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims ( which , despite its name , is not technically part of the federal judicial branch ) . It is quite common that before a request for judicial review of an administrative act is filed with a court , certain preliminary conditions ( such as a complaint to the authority itself ) must be fulfilled . In most countries , the courts apply special procedures in administrative cases . Primary legislation ( edit ) There are three broad approaches to judicial review of the constitutionality of primary legislation -- that is , laws passed directly by an elected legislature . No review by any courts ( edit ) Some countries do not permit a review of the validity of primary legislation . In the United Kingdom , statutes can not be set aside under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty . Another example is the Netherlands , where the constitution expressly forbids the courts to rule on the question of constitutionality of primary legislation . Review by general courts ( edit ) In the United States , federal and state courts ( at all levels , both appellate and trial ) are able to review and declare the `` constitutionality '' , or agreement with the Constitution ( or lack thereof ) of legislation by a process of judicial interpretation that is relevant to any case properly within their jurisdiction . In American legal language , `` judicial review '' refers primarily to the adjudication of constitutionality of statutes , especially by the Supreme Court of the United States . This is commonly held to have been established in the case of Marbury v. Madison , which was argued before the Supreme Court in 1803 . A similar system was also adopted in Australia . Review by a specialized Court ( edit ) Further information : Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic In 1920 , Czechoslovakia adopted a system of judicial review by a specialized court , the Constitutional Court as written by Hans Kelsen , a leading jurist of the time .",
"3": "This system was later adopted by Austria and became known as the Austrian System , also under the primary authorship of Hans Kelsen , being emulated by a number of other countries . In these systems , other courts are not competent to question the constitutionality of primary legislation ; they often may , however , initiate the process of review by the Constitutional Court . Russia adopts a mixed model since ( as in the US ) courts at all levels , both federal and state , are empowered to review primary legislation and declare its constitutionality ; as in the Czech Republic , there is a constitutional court in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of primary legislation . The difference is that in the first case , the decision about the law ′ s adequacy to the Russian Constitution only binds the parties to the lawsuit ; in the second , the Court 's decision must be followed by judges and government officials at all levels . In specific jurisdictions ( edit ) Judicial review in Bangladesh Judicial review in Canada Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic Judicial review in Denmark Judicial review in Germany Judicial review in Hong Kong Judicial review in Ireland Judicial review in Malaysia Judicial review in New Zealand Judicial review in the Philippines Judicial review in South Africa Judicial review in Sweden Judicial review in Switzerland Judicial Yuan - Taiwan Judicial review in English law -- also similar in Wales Judicial review in Scotland Judicial review in the United States See also ( edit ) Judicial Appeal Judicial activism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montesquieu , Baron Charles de , The Spirit of the Laws Jump up ^ Article 120 of the Netherlands Constitution Jump up ^ Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth ( 1951 ) 83 CLR 1 AustLII Jump up ^ The strength of the combination Government - Parliament ... far from outperform the reasons of the Constitutional scrutiny , makes the judicial review more necessary than ever : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2006 ) . `` Peculato d'uso : perché il condannato non può fare il Sindaco . Dalla Consulta `` no '' ai Dl senza necessità e urgenza `` . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Further reading ( edit ) Edward S. Corwin , The Doctrine of Judicial Review : Its Legal and Historical Basis and Other Essays .",
"4": "Piscataway , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Judicial Review : A Legal Guide Corrado , Michael Louis ( 2005 ) . Comparative Constitutional Law : Cases and Materials . ISBN 0 - 89089 - 710 - 7 . ( Country by country case studies ) N. Jayapalan ( 1999 ) . Modern Governments . Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 837 - 6 . ( A comparison of modern constitutions ) Beatty , David M ( 1994 ) . Human rights and judicial review . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 2968 - 8 . ( A comparison of national judicial review doctrines ) Wolfe , Christopher ( 1994 ) . The American doctrine of judicial supremacy . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8226 - 3026 - 5 . ( This book traces the doctrine 's history in an international / comparative fashion ) Vanberg , Georg ( 2005 ) . `` Constitutional Review in Comparative Perspective '' . The politics of constitutional review in Germany . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83647 - 0 . ( The effects of politics in law in Germany ) Galera , S. ( ed . ) , Judicial Review .",
"5": "A Comparative Analysis inside the European Legal System , Council of Europe , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 871 - 6723 - 1 , ( 1 ) Separation of powers Typical branches Executive Legislature Judiciary Atypical branches Civil service commission Auditory Electoral Prosecutory By country Australia United Kingdom United States Singapore See also Fusion of powers Separation of duties Judicial independence Judicial review Dual mandate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_review&oldid=836876073 '' Categories : Judicial review Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3312666837228082099
|
who played amy grant i i can only imagine
|
[
"Nicole DuPort",
"Nicole DuPort",
"Nicole DuPort"
] |
{
"0": "I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $80.4 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It has grossed $80 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Millard is in high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant and Michael W. Smith . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again .",
"2": "Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard .",
"3": "The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 22 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $79.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $80.4 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 23 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . ''",
"4": "On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) .",
"5": "`` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros.",
"6": "Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=837811469 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"7": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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art of learning from text objects or speech
|
[
"Natural-language processing (NLP)",
"Natural-language processing (NLP)"
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{
"0": "Natural - language processing - wikipedia Natural - language processing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about language processing by computers . For the processing of language by the human brain , see Language processing in the brain . An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page , an example of an application where natural - language processing is a major component . Natural - language processing ( NLP ) is an area of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human ( natural ) languages , in particular how to program computers to fruitfully process large amounts of natural language data . Challenges in natural - language processing frequently involve speech recognition , natural - language understanding , and natural - language generation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistical natural - language processing ( SNLP ) 3 Major evaluations and tasks 3.1 Syntax 3.2 Semantics 3.3 Discourse 3.4 Speech 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The history of natural - language processing generally started in the 1950s , although work can be found from earlier periods . In 1950 , Alan Turing published an article titled `` Computing Machinery and Intelligence '' which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence . The Georgetown experiment in 1954 involved fully automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences into English . The authors claimed that within three or five years , machine translation would be a solved problem . However , real progress was much slower , and after the ALPAC report in 1966 , which found that ten - year - long research had failed to fulfill the expectations , funding for machine translation was dramatically reduced . Little further research in machine translation was conducted until the late 1980s , when the first statistical machine translation systems were developed . Some notably successful natural - language processing systems developed in the 1960s were SHRDLU , a natural - language system working in restricted `` blocks worlds '' with restricted vocabularies , and ELIZA , a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist , written by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966 . Using almost no information about human thought or emotion , ELIZA sometimes provided a startlingly human - like interaction .",
"1": "When the `` patient '' exceeded the very small knowledge base , ELIZA might provide a generic response , for example , responding to `` My head hurts '' with `` Why do you say your head hurts ? '' . During the 1970s , many programmers began to write `` conceptual ontologies '' , which structured real - world information into computer - understandable data . Examples are MARGIE ( Schank , 1975 ) , SAM ( Cullingford , 1978 ) , PAM ( Wilensky , 1978 ) , TaleSpin ( Meehan , 1976 ) , QUALM ( Lehnert , 1977 ) , Politics ( Carbonell , 1979 ) , and Plot Units ( Lehnert 1981 ) . During this time , many chatterbots were written including PARRY , Racter , and Jabberwacky . Up to the 1980s , most natural - language processing systems were based on complex sets of hand - written rules . Starting in the late 1980s , however , there was a revolution in natural - language processing with the introduction of machine learning algorithms for language processing . This was due to both the steady increase in computational power ( see Moore 's law ) and the gradual lessening of the dominance of Chomskyan theories of linguistics ( e.g. transformational grammar ) , whose theoretical underpinnings discouraged the sort of corpus linguistics that underlies the machine - learning approach to language processing . Some of the earliest - used machine learning algorithms , such as decision trees , produced systems of hard if - then rules similar to existing hand - written rules . However , part - of - speech tagging introduced the use of hidden Markov models to natural - language processing , and increasingly , research has focused on statistical models , which make soft , probabilistic decisions based on attaching real - valued weights to the features making up the input data . The cache language models upon which many speech recognition systems now rely are examples of such statistical models . Such models are generally more robust when given unfamiliar input , especially input that contains errors ( as is very common for real - world data ) , and produce more reliable results when integrated into a larger system comprising multiple subtasks . Many of the notable early successes occurred in the field of machine translation , due especially to work at IBM Research , where successively more complicated statistical models were developed .",
"2": "These systems were able to take advantage of existing multilingual textual corpora that had been produced by the Parliament of Canada and the European Union as a result of laws calling for the translation of all governmental proceedings into all official languages of the corresponding systems of government . However , most other systems depended on corpora specifically developed for the tasks implemented by these systems , which was ( and often continues to be ) a major limitation in the success of these systems . As a result , a great deal of research has gone into methods of more effectively learning from limited amounts of data . Recent research has increasingly focused on unsupervised and semi-supervised learning algorithms . Such algorithms are able to learn from data that has not been hand - annotated with the desired answers , or using a combination of annotated and non-annotated data . Generally , this task is much more difficult than supervised learning , and typically produces less accurate results for a given amount of input data . However , there is an enormous amount of non-annotated data available ( including , among other things , the entire content of the World Wide Web ) , which can often make up for the inferior results . In recent years , there has been a flurry of results showing deep learning techniques achieving state - of - the - art results in many natural - language tasks , for example in language modeling , parsing , and many others . Statistical natural - language processing ( snlp ) ( edit ) Since the so - called `` statistical revolution '' in the late 1980s and mid 1990s , much natural - language processing research has relied heavily on machine learning . Formerly , many language - processing tasks typically involved the direct hand coding of rules , which is not in general robust to natural - language variation . The machine - learning paradigm calls instead for using statistical inference to automatically learn such rules through the analysis of large corpora of typical real - world examples ( a corpus ( plural , `` corpora '' ) is a set of documents , possibly with human or computer annotations ) . Many different classes of machine learning algorithms have been applied to natural - language processing tasks . These algorithms take as input a large set of `` features '' that are generated from the input data . Some of the earliest - used algorithms , such as decision trees , produced systems of hard if - then rules similar to the systems of hand - written rules that were then common .",
"3": "Increasingly , however , research has focused on statistical models , which make soft , probabilistic decisions based on attaching real - valued weights to each input feature . Such models have the advantage that they can express the relative certainty of many different possible answers rather than only one , producing more reliable results when such a model is included as a component of a larger system . Systems based on machine - learning algorithms have many advantages over hand - produced rules : The learning procedures used during machine learning automatically focus on the most common cases , whereas when writing rules by hand it is often not at all obvious where the effort should be directed . Automatic learning procedures can make use of statistical inference algorithms to produce models that are robust to unfamiliar input ( e.g. containing words or structures that have not been seen before ) and to erroneous input ( e.g. with misspelled words or words accidentally omitted ) . Generally , handling such input gracefully with hand - written rules -- or more generally , creating systems of hand - written rules that make soft decisions -- is extremely difficult , error - prone and time - consuming . Systems based on automatically learning the rules can be made more accurate simply by supplying more input data . However , systems based on hand - written rules can only be made more accurate by increasing the complexity of the rules , which is a much more difficult task . In particular , there is a limit to the complexity of systems based on hand - crafted rules , beyond which the systems become more and more unmanageable . However , creating more data to input to machine - learning systems simply requires a corresponding increase in the number of man - hours worked , generally without significant increases in the complexity of the annotation process . Major evaluations and tasks ( edit ) The following is a list of some of the most commonly researched tasks in natural - language processing . Note that some of these tasks have direct real - world applications , while others more commonly serve as subtasks that are used to aid in solving larger tasks . Though natural - language processing tasks are closely intertwined , they are frequently subdivided into categories for convenience . A coarse division is given below . Syntax ( edit ) Lemmatization Morphological segmentation Separate words into individual morphemes and identify the class of the morphemes . The difficulty of this task depends greatly on the complexity of the morphology ( i.e. the structure of words ) of the language being considered .",
"4": "English has fairly simple morphology , especially inflectional morphology , and thus it is often possible to ignore this task entirely and simply model all possible forms of a word ( e.g. `` open , opens , opened , opening '' ) as separate words . In languages such as Turkish or Meitei , a highly agglutinated Indian language , however , such an approach is not possible , as each dictionary entry has thousands of possible word forms . Part - of - speech tagging Given a sentence , determine the part of speech for each word . Many words , especially common ones , can serve as multiple parts of speech . For example , `` book '' can be a noun ( `` the book on the table '' ) or verb ( `` to book a flight '' ) ; `` set '' can be a noun , verb or adjective ; and `` out '' can be any of at least five different parts of speech . Some languages have more such ambiguity than others . Languages with little inflectional morphology , such as English , are particularly prone to such ambiguity . Chinese is prone to such ambiguity because it is a tonal language during verbalization . Such inflection is not readily conveyed via the entities employed within the orthography to convey intended meaning . Parsing ( see also : Stochastic grammar ) Determine the parse tree ( grammatical analysis ) of a given sentence . The grammar for natural languages is ambiguous and typical sentences have multiple possible analyses . In fact , perhaps surprisingly , for a typical sentence there may be thousands of potential parses ( most of which will seem completely nonsensical to a human ) . There are two primary types of parsing , Dependency Parsing and Constituency Parsing . Dependency Parsing focuses on the relationships between words in a sentence ( marking things like Primary Objects and predicates ) , whereas Constituency Parsing focuses on building out the Parse Tree using a Probabilistic Context - Free Grammar ( PCFG ) . Sentence breaking ( also known as sentence boundary disambiguation ) Given a chunk of text , find the sentence boundaries . Sentence boundaries are often marked by periods or other punctuation marks , but these same characters can serve other purposes ( e.g. marking abbreviations ) . Stemming Word segmentation Separate a chunk of continuous text into separate words . For a language like English , this is fairly trivial , since words are usually separated by spaces .",
"5": "However , some written languages like Chinese , Japanese and Thai do not mark word boundaries in such a fashion , and in those languages text segmentation is a significant task requiring knowledge of the vocabulary and morphology of words in the language . Terminology extraction The goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus . Semantics ( edit ) Lexical semantics What is the computational meaning of individual words in context ? Machine translation Automatically translate text from one human language to another . This is one of the most difficult problems , and is a member of a class of problems colloquially termed `` AI - complete '' , i.e. requiring all of the different types of knowledge that humans possess ( grammar , semantics , facts about the real world , etc . ) in order to solve properly . Named entity recognition ( NER ) Given a stream of text , determine which items in the text map to proper names , such as people or places , and what the type of each such name is ( e.g. person , location , organization ) . Note that , although capitalization can aid in recognizing named entities in languages such as English , this information can not aid in determining the type of named entity , and in any case is often inaccurate or insufficient . For example , the first word of a sentence is also capitalized , and named entities often span several words , only some of which are capitalized . Furthermore , many other languages in non-Western scripts ( e.g. Chinese or Arabic ) do not have any capitalization at all , and even languages with capitalization may not consistently use it to distinguish names . For example , German capitalizes all nouns , regardless of whether they refer to names , and French and Spanish do not capitalize names that serve as adjectives . Natural language generation Convert information from computer databases or semantic intents into readable human language . Natural language understanding Convert chunks of text into more formal representations such as first - order logic structures that are easier for computer programs to manipulate . Natural - language understanding involves the identification of the intended semantic from the multiple possible semantics which can be derived from a natural - language expression which usually takes the form of organized notations of natural - language concepts . Introduction and creation of language metamodel and ontology are efficient however empirical solutions .",
"6": "An explicit formalization of natural - language semantics without confusions with implicit assumptions such as closed - world assumption ( CWA ) vs. open - world assumption , or subjective Yes / No vs. objective True / False is expected for the construction of a basis of semantics formalization . Optical character recognition ( OCR ) Given an image representing printed text , determine the corresponding text . Question answering Given a human - language question , determine its answer . Typical questions have a specific right answer ( such as `` What is the capital of Canada ? '' ) , but sometimes open - ended questions are also considered ( such as `` What is the meaning of life ? '' ) . Recent works have looked at even more complex questions . Recognizing Textual entailment Given two text fragments , determine if one being true entails the other , entails the other 's negation , or allows the other to be either true or false . Relationship extraction Given a chunk of text , identify the relationships among named entities ( e.g. who is married to whom ) . Sentiment analysis Extract subjective information usually from a set of documents , often using online reviews to determine `` polarity '' about specific objects . It is especially useful for identifying trends of public opinion in the social media , for the purpose of marketing . Topic segmentation and recognition Given a chunk of text , separate it into segments each of which is devoted to a topic , and identify the topic of the segment . Word sense disambiguation Many words have more than one meaning ; we have to select the meaning which makes the most sense in context . For this problem , we are typically given a list of words and associated word senses , e.g. from a dictionary or from an online resource such as WordNet . Discourse ( edit ) Automatic summarization Produce a readable summary of a chunk of text . Often used to provide summaries of text of a known type , such as articles in the financial section of a newspaper . Coreference resolution Given a sentence or larger chunk of text , determine which words ( `` mentions '' ) refer to the same objects ( `` entities '' ) . Anaphora resolution is a specific example of this task , and is specifically concerned with matching up pronouns with the nouns or names to which they refer .",
"7": "The more general task of coreference resolution also includes identifying so - called `` bridging relationships '' involving referring expressions . For example , in a sentence such as `` He entered John 's house through the front door '' , `` the front door '' is a referring expression and the bridging relationship to be identified is the fact that the door being referred to is the front door of John 's house ( rather than of some other structure that might also be referred to ) . Discourse analysis This rubric includes a number of related tasks . One task is identifying the discourse structure of connected text , i.e. the nature of the discourse relationships between sentences ( e.g. elaboration , explanation , contrast ) . Another possible task is recognizing and classifying the speech acts in a chunk of text ( e.g. yes - no question , content question , statement , assertion , etc . ) . Speech ( edit ) Speech recognition Given a sound clip of a person or people speaking , determine the textual representation of the speech . This is the opposite of text to speech and is one of the extremely difficult problems colloquially termed `` AI - complete '' ( see above ) . In natural speech there are hardly any pauses between successive words , and thus speech segmentation is a necessary subtask of speech recognition ( see below ) . Note also that in most spoken languages , the sounds representing successive letters blend into each other in a process termed coarticulation , so the conversion of the analog signal to discrete characters can be a very difficult process . Speech segmentation Given a sound clip of a person or people speaking , separate it into words . A subtask of speech recognition and typically grouped with it .",
"8": "Text - to - speech See also ( edit ) Automated essay scoring Biomedical text mining Compound term processing Computational linguistics Computer - assisted reviewing Controlled natural language Deep learning Deep linguistic processing Foreign language reading aid Foreign language writing aid Information extraction Information retrieval Language technology Latent Dirichlet allocation ( LDA ) Latent semantic indexing List of natural language processing toolkits Native - language identification Natural language programming Natural language search Query expansion Reification ( linguistics ) Semantic folding Speech processing Spoken dialogue system Text - proofing Text simplification Thought vector Truecasing Question answering Word2vec Hierarchical Deep Learning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Implementing an online help desk system based on conversational agent Authors : Alisa Kongthon , Chatchawal Sangkeettrakarn , Sarawoot Kongyoung and Choochart Haruechaiyasak . Published by ACM 2009 Article , Bibliometrics Data Bibliometrics . Published in : Proceeding , MEDES ' 09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems , ACM New York , NY , USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60558 - 829 - 2 , doi : 10.1145 / 1643823.1643908 Jump up ^ Hutchins , J. ( 2005 ) . `` The history of machine translation in a nutshell '' . Jump up ^ Chomskyan linguistics encourages the investigation of `` corner cases '' that stress the limits of its theoretical models ( comparable to pathological phenomena in mathematics ) , typically created using thought experiments , rather than the systematic investigation of typical phenomena that occur in real - world data , as is the case in corpus linguistics . The creation and use of such corpora of real - world data is a fundamental part of machine - learning algorithms for natural - language processing . In addition , theoretical underpinnings of Chomskyan linguistics such as the so - called `` poverty of the stimulus '' argument entail that general learning algorithms , as are typically used in machine learning , can not be successful in language processing . As a result , the Chomskyan paradigm discouraged the application of such models to language processing . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Yoav ( 2016 ) .",
"9": "A Primer on Neural Network Models for Natural Language Processing . Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 57 ( 2016 ) 345 -- 420 Jump up ^ Ian Goodfellow , Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville . http://www.deeplearningbook.org/ Deep Learning ) . MIT Press . Jump up ^ Rafal Jozefowicz , Oriol Vinyals , Mike Schuster , Noam Shazeer , and Yonghui Wu ( 2016 ) . https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02410 Exploring the Limits of Language Modeling Jump up ^ Do Kook Choe and Eugene Charniak ( EMNLP 2016 ) . http://www.aclweb.org/website/old_anthology/D/D16/D16-1257.pdf Parsing as Language Modeling Jump up ^ Vinyals , Oriol , et al. ( NIPS2015 ) . https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5635-grammar-as-a-foreign-language.pdf Jump up ^ Mark Johnson . How the statistical revolution changes ( computational ) linguistics . Proceedings of the EACL 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics . Jump up ^ Philip Resnik . Four revolutions . Language Log , February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winograd , Terry ( 1971 ) . Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language . http://hci.stanford.edu/winograd/shrdlu/ Jump up ^ Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson ( 1977 ) . Scripts , plans , goals , and understanding : An inquiry into human knowledge structures Jump up ^ Kishorjit , N. , Vidya Raj RK. , Nirmal Y. , and Sivaji B. ( 2012 ) `` Manipuri Morpheme Identification '' , Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing ( SANLP ) , pages 95 -- 108 , COLING 2012 , Mumbai , December 2012 Jump up ^ Yucong Duan , Christophe Cruz ( 2011 ) , Formalizing Semantic of Natural Language through Conceptualization from Existence .",
"10": "International Journal of Innovation , Management and Technology ( 2011 ) 2 ( 1 ) , pp. 37 - 42 . Jump up ^ `` Versatile question answering systems : seeing in synthesis '' , Mittal et al. , IJIIDS , 5 ( 2 ) , 119 - 142 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PASCAL Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge ( RTE - 7 ) https://tac.nist.gov//2011/RTE/ Further reading ( edit ) Bates , M ( 1995 ) . `` Models of natural language understanding '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 92 ( 22 ) : 9977 -- 9982 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.22. 9977 . PMC 40721 . Steven Bird , Ewan Klein , and Edward Loper ( 2009 ) . Natural Language Processing with Python . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 51649 - 9 . Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin ( 2008 ) . Speech and Language Processing , 2nd edition . Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 187321 - 6 . Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi ( 2016 ) . Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics : speech , morphology , and syntax , Volume 1 . ISTE - Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1848218482 . Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi ( 2017 ) . Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics : semantics , discourse , and applications , Volume 2 . ISTE - Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1848219212 . Christopher D. Manning , Prabhakar Raghavan , and Hinrich Schütze ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Information Retrieval . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86571 - 5 . Official html and pdf versions available without charge . Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze ( 1999 ) . Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing . The MIT Press .",
"11": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 13360 - 9 . David M.W. Powers and Christopher C.R. Turk ( 1989 ) . Machine Learning of Natural Language . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 19557 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Natural - language processing at Wikimedia Commons Natural language processing General terms Text corpus Speech corpus Stopwords Bag - of - words AI - complete n - gram ( Bigram , Trigram ) Text analysis Text segmentation Part - of - speech tagging Text chunking Compound term processing Collocation extraction Stemming Lemmatisation Named - entity recognition Coreference resolution Sentiment analysis Concept mining Parsing Word - sense disambiguation Terminology extraction Truecasing Automatic summarization Multi-document summarization Sentence extraction Text simplification Machine translation Computer - assisted Example - based Rule - based Automatic identification and data capture Speech recognition Speech synthesis Optical character recognition Natural language generation Topic model Pachinko allocation Latent Dirichlet allocation Latent semantic analysis Computer - assisted reviewing Automated essay scoring Concordancer Grammar checker Predictive text Spell checker Syntax guessing Natural language user interface Automated online assistant Chatbot Interactive fiction Question answering NDL : 00562347 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Natural-language_processing&oldid=838099675 '' Categories : Natural language processing Computational linguistics Speech recognition Computational fields of study Artificial intelligence Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Economy of India - Wikipedia Economy of India Jump to : navigation , search Economy of India Mumbai , Maharashtra the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 100 Paise Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , G - 20 and others Statistics GDP $2.439 trillion ( nominal ; 2017 ) $9.446 trillion ( PPP ; 2017 ) GDP rank 6th ( nominal ) ; 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 6.7 % ( IMF , 2017 ) GDP per capita $1,852 ( nominal est. ; 2017 ) $7,173 ( PPP est ; 2017 ) GDP per capita rank 141st ( nominal ) / 123rd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 1.54 % ( June 2017 ) Base borrowing rate 6.25 % ( as on 10 Nov. 2017 ) Population below poverty line 21.2 % live less than $1.90 / day 58 % live less than $3.10 / day ( 2011 ; World bank estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.4 million ( 2017 ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 4.9 % Urban 5.1 % Rural 5.0 % National ( 2016 , Labour Bureau ) Average net salary ₹ 82,269 / $1,284 annually ( 2016 - 17 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $275.",
"1": "8 billion ( 2017 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $384.3 billion ( 2017 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $318.50 billion Outward : $144.13 billion ( 2016 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $471.9 billion ( 31 March 2017 ) Net international investment position - $406.4 billion ( June 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Revenues ₹ 35.41 trillion ( US $560 billion ) ( 2017 ) Expenses ₹ 46.25 trillion ( US $730 billion ) ( 2017 ) Economic aid $3.16 billion ( 2015 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $413.825 billion ( 12 January 2018 ) ( 8th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) .",
"2": "The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $6,616 as of 2016 . After 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2017 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy surpassing China . The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Growth is expected to have declined slightly to 7.1 % for the 2016 -- 17 fiscal year . According to the IMF , India 's growth is expected to rebound to 7.2 % in the 2017 -- 18 fiscal and 7.7 % in 2018 -- 19 . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three - wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 .",
"3": "India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Industry 4.1 Petroleum products and chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Mining 4.7 Iron and steel 4.8 Defence 4.9 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Banking and finance 5.3 Financial technology 5.4 Information technology 5.5 Insurance 5.6 Electricity sector 5.7 Infrastructure 5.8 Retail 5.9 Tourism 5.10 Construction 5.11 Education 5.12 Entertainment industry 5.13 Healthcare 5.14 Printing 5.15 Telecommunications 6 Foreign trade and investment 6.1 Foreign trade 6.2 Balance of payments 6.3 Foreign direct investment 6.3. 1 Outflows 6.4 Remittances 7 Currency 8 Income and consumption 8.1 Poverty 9 Employment 10 Economic trends and issues 10.1 Agriculture 10.2 Corruption 10.3 Education 10.4 Economic disparities 11 Security markets 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth .",
"4": "Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD , India is the top most economy constituting 35 to 40 % of world GDP . Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown is in Sanskrit ( above ) and Persian . Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century .",
"5": "Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century .",
"6": "The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century .",
"7": "After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy .",
"8": "Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system .",
"9": "This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e.",
"10": "five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers .",
"11": "The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 .",
"12": "The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2014 -- 15 when the growth rate accelerated to 7.2 % . In 2015 , India went through a startup boom and manufacturing expanded in 2015 -- 16 with growth of 7.6 % . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 .",
"13": "In mid-2015 , during the global stock market rout , India witnessed a sharp fall in stock markets and the rupee ; this repeated in January 2016 . India 's economic growth is expected to be 8.0 % + for 2016 -- 17 . India is ranked 100th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2018 ease of doing business index , up 30 points from the last year 's 130 . This is first time in history where India got into the top 100 rank . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , health care , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development .",
"14": "Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand was a highly successful co-operative started during the green revolution in the 1960s India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) .",
"15": "Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Industry Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals Main article : Oil and gas industry in India Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings .",
"16": "India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . Pharmaceuticals Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors .",
"17": "India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . Gems and jewellery Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $39 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $79 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery .",
"18": "Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Mining Main article : Mining in India India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore .",
"19": "On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barites , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel Main article : Iron and steel industry in India In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Defence Main article : Defence industry of India With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Services Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force .",
"20": "Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India India is the fourth - largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . In 2015 , Boeing projected India 's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740 , valued at $240 billion , over the next 20 years . This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . According to Airbus , India will be one of the top three aviation markets in the next 20 years . Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market over the next ten years , while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would be more than 10 per cent . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , with the first commercial flight from Allahabad to Naini . Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane . On 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India . In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act . India 's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time , Deccan Airways , Airways India , Bharat Airways , Himalayan Aviation , Kalinga Airlines , Indian National Airways , Air India and Air Services of India were merged into two government - owned entities . Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 .",
"21": "East - West Airlines was the first national - level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 . The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buy outs and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and Finance Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies .",
"22": "Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $930 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $600 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Financial technology Main article : FinTech in India According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion .",
"23": "The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets . Information technology Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 .",
"24": "The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 .",
"25": "Electricity sector Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $130 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) .",
"26": "India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure Vizag Sea Port , Visakhapatnam Port in Bay of Bengal Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the second - largest road network in the world . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations .",
"27": "This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . Retail industry contributes between 14 % and 20 % of India 's GDP . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline .",
"28": "The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 8.31 lakh crore ( US $130 billion ) or 6.3 % of the nation 's GDP in 2015 and supported 37.315 million jobs , 8.7 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7.5 % to ₹ 18.36 lakh crore ( US $290 billion ) by 2025 ( 7.2 % of GDP ) . India attracted 8.027 million international tourist arrivals in 2015 , compared to 7.679 million in 2014 , a growth of 4.5 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Construction Main article : Construction industry of India Education Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance .",
"29": "Printing Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in India The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $35 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Foreign trade and investment A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians .",
"30": "India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Treemap of India Exports ( 2016 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $13 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $20 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $7.4 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $6.3 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative .",
"31": "Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows .",
"32": "From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime .",
"33": "In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . Outflows Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 .",
"34": "Currency The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July .",
"35": "In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion .",
"36": "Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Per capita gross national income of India in 2013 compared to other countries , on purchasing power parity basis , per World Bank data . According to New World Wealth , the total wealth held by Indian residents was $6.2 trillion as of December 2016 , the seventh - highest in the world . There are 264,000 millionaires and 101 billionaires in India . Mumbai is the wealthiest city with a total net worth of $820 billion , followed by Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty Main article : Poverty in India In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished .",
"37": "A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc .",
"38": "The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $39 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % .",
"39": "Economic trends and issues Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in India Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size .",
"40": "Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . In 2014 , India saw a reduction in corruption and improved the ranking to 85th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets .",
"41": "India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education Main article : Education in India India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups .",
"42": "Economic disparities Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 .",
"43": "Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . See also India portal Business and economics portal Economic Advisory Council Economic development in India Make in India -- a government program to encourage manufacturing in India Events : Late - 2000s recession Oil price increases since 2003 Lists : List of companies of India List of the largest trading partners of India Trade unions in India Natural resources of India References Jump up ^ `` Information About Maharashtra , Industries , Economy , Exports of Maharashtra '' . ibef.org . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ SUDALAIMUTHU , S. ; RAJ , S.A. ( 2009 ) . Logistics Management for International Business : Text and Cases . PHI Learning . ISBN 9788120337923 . ^ Jump up to : `` India '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMF World Economic Outlook Update , July 2017 '' . WEO . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sector-wise Contribution of GDP of India-Statistics.com '' .",
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"69": "Jump up ^ Sarkar & Kumar ( 2011 ) , Impact of MGNREGA on Reducing Rural Poverty and Improving Socio - economic Status of Rural Poor : A Study in Burdwan District of West Bengal , Agricultural Economics Research Review , Vol 24 Jump up ^ Swain & Ray ( 2013 ) , Social welfare through guaranteed wage employment : experience of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in an Indian state , Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy , 29 ( 1 ) , 79 - 90 Jump up ^ Aggarwal & Kumar ( November 2012 ) , Structural change , industrialization and poverty reduction : the case of India , in United Nation 's UNIDO workshop `` The Untold Story : Structural Change for Poverty Reduction -- The Case of the BRICS '' , Vienna , 16 -- 17 August ( pp 1 - 68 ) Jump up ^ Kotwal , Ramaswami & Wadhwa ( 2011 ) , Economic liberalization and Indian economic growth : What 's the evidence ? , Journal of Economic Literature , Vol. 49 , No. 4 , 1152 - 1199 ^ Jump up to : `` Report on Employment & Unemployment Survey ( 2012 -- 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labour Statistics , Indian Government . January 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , pp. 423 -- 424 Jump up ^ Desai , Sonalde , Amaresh Dubey , B.L. Joshi , Mitali Sen , Abusaleh Shariff and Reeve Vanneman ( 201 ) India Human Development in India : Challenges for a Society in Transition Archived 16 May 2015 at WebCite , Oxford University Press , page 40 - 44 Jump up ^ Economic Survey 2010 , pp. 275 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , pp. 434 -- 436 Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , p. 431 Jump up ^ Kaushik Basu ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` Why India needs labour law reform '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 December 2010 .",
"70": "Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , p. 434 Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Child Labour and India -- Embassy of India '' . Embassy of India . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , pp. 130 -- 131 Jump up ^ Desai , Sonalde , Amaresh Dubey , B.L. Joshi , Mitali Sen , Abusaleh Shariff and Reeve Vanneman ( 201 ) India Human Development in India : Challenges for a Society in Transition Archived 16 May 2015 at WebCite , Oxford University Press , page 131 Jump up ^ `` India has largest diaspora population in world '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ Leone Lakhani , Dubai 's expat Indians : The world 's most productive foreign workers CNN ( 19 May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Banerjee , Ajay ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` NRIs do n't invest as much as they remit , says Montek '' . The Tribune . India . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` India Country Overview 2013 '' . World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` The Food Chain in Fertile India , Growth Outstrips Agriculture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India : Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Panagariya 2008 , p. 318 Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , p. 502 Jump up ^ `` Agriculture production to double with Rs 80000 crore irrigation scheme , others : Nitin Gadkari '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ India : Potential for a Parliamentary Budget Office .",
"71": "Social Science Research Network ( SSRN ) . Accessed 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Transparency International India . `` India Corruption Study 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Media Studies . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India Corruption Study -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2011 '' . Transparency International . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , p. 180 Jump up ^ `` Survey on Bribery and Corruption -- Impact on Economy and Business Environment '' ( PDF ) . KPMG. 2011 . Jump up ^ Debroy and Bhandari ( 2011 ) . `` Corruption in India '' . The World Finance Review . Jump up ^ `` Corruption in India -- A rotten state '' . The Economist. 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India 's civil service : Battling the babu raj '' . The Economist. 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Muralidharan , Karthik . `` Teachers and Medical Worker Incentives in India '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaushik ( 29 November 2004 ) . `` Combating India 's truant teachers '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Jayaraman , K.S. ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` Report row ousts top Indian scientist '' . Nature . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuldip Nayar ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Laundering black money '' . Deccan Herald . India . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ V. Venkateswara Rao ( 13 August 2010 ) .",
"72": "`` Black , bold and bountiful '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No ' black money ' statistics exist : Swiss banks '' . The Times of India . 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Banking secrecy spices up Indian elections '' . SWISSINFO -- A member of Swiss Broadcasting Corporation . 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Education in India '' . World Bank . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Economic Survey 2010 , pp. 280 -- 281 . Jump up ^ `` A special report on India : An elephant , not a tiger '' . The Economist. 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Ranking of states and union territories by lireacy rate : 2011 Census of India , Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , pp. 474 -- 475 Jump up ^ `` Country Strategy for India ( CAS ) 2009 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Panagariya 2008 , pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Harvard University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Planning Commission of India . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Datt & Ravallion ( 2011 ) , Has India 's economic growth become more pro-poor in the wake of economic reforms ?",
"73": ", The World Bank Economic Review , 25 ( 2 ) , pp 157 - 189 Jump up ^ Tripathi , Sabyasachi ( December 2013 ) , Has urban economic growth in Post-Reform India been pro-poor between 1993 - 94 and 2009 - 10 ? Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations , MPRA Paper No. 52336 , Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Jump up ^ `` ' Modi Mania ' propels India 's stock market into world 's top 10 '' . The Financial Times . 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BSE Ltd . ( Bombay Stock Exchange ) - Live Stock Market Updates for S&P BSE SENSEX , Stock Quotes & Corporate Information '' . www.BSEIndia.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ WFE Archived 17 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : EY Global IPO Trends Global IPO Trends Q4 2013 Ernst & Young ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Listing abroad sans domestic IPO set to be a reality soon '' . Business Standard . 28 July 2013 . Further reading Books Datt , Ruddar ; Sundharam , K.P.M. ( 2009 ) . Indian Economy . New Delhi : S. Chand Group . p. 976 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 219 - 0298 - 4 . Drèze , John ; Sen , Amartya ( 1996 ) . India : Economic Development and Social Opportunity . Oxford University Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564082 - 3 . Kumar , Dharma ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume II : c. 1757 -- 2003 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 1115 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2710 - 2 . Nehru , Jawaharlal ( 1946 ) . The Discovery of India . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303103 - 1 .",
"74": "Panagariya , Arvind ( 2008 ) . India : The Emerging Giant . Oxford University Press . p. 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531503 - 5 . Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . International Center for Public Policy , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University . `` Economic reforms in India : Task force report '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2009 . `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . p. 294 . Articles `` Growth of India '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2005 .",
"75": "`` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . `` Infrastructure in India : Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment '' . Retrieved 14 August 2005 . Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms in India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Centre for Media Studies ( 2005 ) . `` India Corruption Study 2005 : To Improve Governance Volume -- I : Key Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Ghosh , Jayati . `` Bank Nationalisation : The Record '' . Macroscan . Archived from the original on 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2005 . Gordon , Jim ; Gupta , Poonam ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding India 's Services Revolution '' ( PDF ) . 12 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2004 ) . `` India in the 1980s and 1990s : A Triumph of Reforms '' . Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Srinivasan , T.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic Reforms and Global Integration '' ( PDF ) . 17 January 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' .",
"76": "News Ravi S Jha . `` India , the Goliath , Falls with a Thud '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . `` India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . `` Economic structure '' . The Economist. 6 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . a `` Regional stock exchanges -- Bulldozed by the Big Two '' . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of India . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Economy of India Government Ministry of Finance , Government of India Reserve Bank of India Department of Commerce , Government of India Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion Office of the Economic Adviser Investment and Trade in India Union Budget and Economic Survey General statistics India Home -- World Bank India and the IMF UNdata country profile India CIA -- The World Factbook -- India Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks",
"77": "Insurance Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Commons Wikiquotes Links to related articles Economy of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South",
"78": "Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Life in India Arts and Entertainment Caste Cinema Citizenship Climate Cuisine Culture Corruption Demographics Economy Education Ethnic relations Flag Geography Government History Holidays Languages Law Police Politics Poverty Literacy Military Religion Sports Transport Unemployment Aviation Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility",
"79": "Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - related violence Dalit Reservation Communalism Proposed states and territories Ethnic relations Religious conflicts Religious violence Secularism Separatist movements Crime Corruption Groom kidnapping Human trafficking Illegal housing Illegal immigration Illegal mining Organised crime Terrorism Vigilantism Cybercrime Health Epidemics HIV / AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Obesity Suicide Media Censorship Internet Films about social issues Freedom of expression Social impact of Indian soap opera Other issues Feudalism Gambling Hijra Homosexuality Human rights Prohibition Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Superstitions South Asian Free Trade Area ( SAFTA ) Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism",
"80": "Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan",
"81": "Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . India portal Business and economics portal Technology portal Energy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_India&oldid=821291580 '' Categories : Economy of India World Trade Organization member economies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from",
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"83": "Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played the villain in tiger zinda hai
|
[
"Sajjad Delafrooz",
"Sajjad Delafrooz"
] |
{
"0": "Tiger Zinda Hai - Wikipedia Tiger Zinda Hai Jump to : navigation , search Tiger Zinda Hai Directed by Ali Abbas Zafar Produced by Aditya Chopra Screenplay by Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra Story by Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra Starring Salman Khan Katrina Kaif Narrated by Salman Khan Music by Songs : Vishal - Shekhar Background score : Julius Packiam Cinematography Marcin Laskawiec Edited by Rameshwar S. Bhagat Production company Yash Raj Films Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 161 minutes Country India Language Hindi Urdu Budget ₹ 210 crore Box office ₹ 552 crore Tiger Zinda Hai ( English : Tiger Is Alive ) , also known as TZH , is a 2017 Hindi action thriller film co-written and directed by Ali Abbas Zafar . The film stars Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif and Sajjad Delfrooz in leading roles , with Angad Bedi , Kumud Mishra , Nawab Shah , Girish Karnad and Paresh Rawal in supporting roles . The film is the sequel to the 2012 film Ek Tha Tiger and the second installment of the Tiger film series , and is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL . The first look of the poster was revealed by Salman Khan through his official Twitter account on 18 October 2017 on the occasion of Diwali . The official trailer was released on 7 November . The film was released on 22 December 2017 . With a budget of ₹ 2.1 billion ( US $33 million ) , it is the most expensive Hindi film ( alongside Yash Raj 's Thugs of Hindostan ) and one of the most expensive Indian films of all time . It has grossed more than ₹ 5.5 billion ( US $86 million ) at the box office , becoming a major commercial success and one of the highest - grossing Indian films of all time .",
"1": "At the 63rd Filmfare Awards , Tom Struthers won the Filmfare Award for Best Action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Marketing and release 5 Critical reception 6 Box office 7 Soundtrack 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Plot Eight years have passed since the events of Ek Tha Tiger and the whereabouts of Tiger and Zoya are not known . In Ikrit , Syria , 40 nurses -- 25 Indian and 15 Pakistani -- are held hostage in their own hospital by Abu Usman , the head of ISC , a terrorist organisation . The chairman of the Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) , Shenoy , feels that only Tiger would be able to rescue the nurses and that too within a period of 7 days as the United States will launch an airstrike within 7 days to kill Usman . Presently , Tiger and Zoya live in Innsbruck , Austria and have a son , Junior . Shenoy and his deputy , Karan manage to find Tiger and requests him to undertake the mission . Although hesitant at first , Tiger agrees after Zoya asks him to carry out the mission for his country . Tiger and three other RAW agents Azaan , Namit and Rakesh travel to Syria . Meanwhile , Zoya comes to know of the Pakistani nurses held hostage along with the Indians and joins Tiger with two other ISI members Abrar and Javed . On the day of the airstrike , Tiger managed to rescue the nurses from the hospital . Meanwhile , Abu Usman holds Zoya hostage and captures Tiger , who is put into a poison chamber . Tiger , Zoya and the nurses flee after Tiger defeats Abu Usman and his troops . Tiger and Zoya go into hiding once again due to Tiger 's belief that the RAW will never forgive him for deserting them , but tells Shenoy he will always be there if his country is in trouble .",
"2": "Cast Salman Khan as Avinash `` Tiger '' Singh Rathore Katrina Kaif as Zoya Sajjad Delafrooz as Abu Usman Paresh Rawal as Firdauz aka Tohbaan Angad Bedi as Namit Kumud Mishra as Rakesh Girish Karnad as Shenoy Neha Hinge as Maria Gavie Chahal as Captain Abrar Danish Bhatt as Captain Javed Anupriya Goenka as Poorna Anant Vidhaat Sharma as Karan Ivan Rodrigues as India 's Ambassador to Iraq Nawab Shah as Pawan Zachary Coffin as Gary Casey Shannon as Sam Jacobs Siddhartha Basu as Indian Defense Minister . Rohit KaduDeshmukh as Rohit Paresh Pahuja as Azaan Najmeddin Al Hadad as Hakim Vibhoutee Sharma as Jiya Sartaaj Kakkar as Junior Jineet Rath as Hasaan Anjana Om Kashyap as Herself ( Indian TV Reporter ) Production Filming took place in Abu Dhabi , Austria , Greece and Morocco . The last song of the movie was shot in the Aegean island of Naxos , Greece in October 2017 . Iranian actor Sajjad Delafrooz was roped in to play the role of Abu Usman , leader of terrorist organisation ISC . Sajjad Delafrooz had worked in the 2015 Hindi film Baby . The film 's production budget is reportedly ₹ 210 crore ( US $33 million ) , or ₹ 140 crore ( US $22 million ) excluding Salman Khan 's fees . This would make it one of the most expensive Yash Raj Films productions , along with Dhoom 3 , Sultan and Thugs of Hindostan . Marketing and release The film 's trailer was released on 6 November 2017 . Within 24 hours , it broke many records for Hindi film trailers on YouTube , with more than 29 million views , 480 thousand likes and 250 thousand shares . On 11 November , it became the most liked film trailer on YouTube with 700 thousand likes , surpassing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) then .",
"3": "The record was later surpassed by the trailer of Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) with about 2 million likes . The film was released on 22 December 2017 worldwide . The film received U / A certificate from Central Board of Film Certification . Despite having a song featuring Pakistani singer Atif Aslam , the film has not been given No - Objection Certificate by Central Board of Film Censors in Pakistan , stating the reason as was said for Ek Tha Tiger that `` The image of Pakistan and its law enforcement agencies '' have been compromised . Tiger Zinda Hai was in controversy on its release and faced protests from Valmiki community , when Salman Khan allegedly made a casteist slur , where he compared his dancing skills to a sanitation worker , `` or `` bhangi '' in a dance show . Shilpa Shetty also laughed along with him , and said that she also looked like one . Valmiki group is made up of a cluster of dalit communities -- a few of whom are Bhangi , Mehtar , Chuhra , Lal Beghi and Halalkhor . Valmiki commmunity filed a legal case against both actors for hurting their sentiments . Maharashtra Navnirman Sena also unsuccessfully protested urging Mumbai multiplexes to promote Marathi film Deva instead of Tiger Zinda Hai . Their leaders raised issue about the loss of screens to Marathi films like Deva and Ek Atrangi which released alongside . Critical reception Tiger Zinda Hai opened to generally favourable reviews . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4.5 stars , and said `` Salman is the lifeline , the real treasure of Tiger Zinda Hai . He sinks his teeth into the character and , in several sequences , peels off the mask of super-stardom and brings the actor to the fore . Katrina is in solid form , in action sequences specifically . Commands attention . '' Umesh Punwani of Koimoi gave 4 stars , and said `` Katrina Kaif is brilliant ! She has very few dialogues , and no that 's not the reason she 's good . Working amazingly well with her expressions , she has turned into an athlete for this one . Performing few major action sequences , she is flawless . ''",
"4": "Aarti Jhurani of The National gave 4 stars , and said `` While logic is not a very important factor in Khan 's films , emotions certainly are , and the director made sure to hit all the soft spots -- from patriotism to Indo - Pakistan bonding to a multitude of cheesy dialogues -- which is a smart move , and sure to bring in both Indian and Pakistani audiences . '' Lasyapriya Sundaram of The Times of India gave 3.5 stars , and said `` The film is visually stunning in parts and Salman Khan plays Tiger with roaring confidence and dialogues packed with punch . Of course , his fans get a true - blue Salman Khan moment when he bares his torso . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave 3.5 stars , and said `` It may look like a Hollywood action thriller , but at its heart , Tiger Zinda Hai is an unabashed masala movie . The heady mixture of an international looking action film and the regular tropes of Hindi cinema make it a pleasing watch . '' Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave 3 stars , and said `` Ali Abbas Zafar smoothly takes Ek Tha Tiger franchise ahead by telling a real story and inserting whole lot of drama and thrill . The film also touches upon relationships between India and Pakistan but subtly . The biggest hiccup of the film is its length . '' Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave 3 stars , and said `` The film has some thrilling action , while logic and subtlety are sacrificed at the altar of spectacle and sentiment . Katrina gets some terrific action moments and she executes them well , but make no mistake , the heavy lifting here is left to Salman Khan , and he 's clearly up for the challenge . '' Raja Sen of NDTV India gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Tiger Zinda Hai breaks for intermission at a point when most self - respecting action films would have rushed into the climax . Long before the finish eventually rolled around , I found myself wishing Tiger would croak just so I could make it out alive . '' Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave 2.5 stars , and said `` It 's better for the filmmakers to set a character trajectory that matches the star 's current image rather than basking in the glory of the past . ''",
"5": "Anna M.M. Vetticad of Firstpost gave 2.5 stars , stating that both Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif delivered fun with equal parts swag , silliness and schmaltz . Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Only once in a while , the film gives in and provides us a killing which sobers us up , but very quickly it 's back to the base , with Bhai taking over , and everyone including Nurse Poorna and Zoya making way for him . But you can see she enjoys kicking butt : you wish she had more to do . '' Box Office Tiger Zinda Hai made a new non-holiday record in India as it collected ₹ 34.1 crore nett on its first day . It went on to collect ₹ 35.30 crore nett gross on second day . The film recorded the second highest day of all time ( after third day of Bahubali 2 : The Conclusion ) on its third day with net - gross of ₹ 45.53 crore and the highest ever for the Hindi film industry . With three day nett gross collections of over ₹ 1.14 billion , Tiger Zinda Hai had the second highest opening weekend of all time ( after Bahubali 2 : The Conclusion ) and the highest opening weekend of all time in the Bollywood film industry . Tiger Zinda Hai grossed Rs 154 crore in first four days in India . Tiger Zinda Hai grossed $2 million in two days , $450,000 on day one in US / Canada and around £ 150,000 in the UK . The film grossed $7 million in its opening weekend in overseas , including $2,535,825 in US / Canada . The film grossed ₹ 190 crore worldwide in its opening weekend . As of 23 January 2018 , the film has grossed ₹ 552 crore ( US $87 million ) worldwide , including at least ₹ 427.67 crore ( US $67 million ) in India and ₹ 122.98 crore ( US $19 million ) overseas .",
"6": "Soundtrack Tiger Zinda Hai Soundtrack album by Vishal -- Shekhar Released 12 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) Recorded 2017 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 25 : 26 Label YRF Music Producer Aditya Chopra Vishal -- Shekhar chronology Befikre ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Raazi ( upcoming ) External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube The film score was composed by Julius Packiam . The soundtrack album featuring the main theme by Packiam and 6 songs composed by Vishal Shekar was released on 12 December 2017 by YRF Music . The Arabic version of `` Swag Se Swagat '' was sung by Rabih Baroud and Brigitte Yaghi . All lyrics written by Irshad Kamil . Tracklist No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Swag Se Swagat '' Vishal Dadlani & Neha Bhasin 03 : 55 2 . `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' Atif Aslam 04 : 20 3 . `` Zinda Hai '' ( Tiger Theme by Julius Packiam ) Sukhwinder Singh , Rap by Raftaar 04 : 13 4 . `` Daata Tu '' Shreya Ghoshal 04 : 13 5 . `` Tera Noor '' Jyoti Nooran 04 : 42 6 . `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' ( Unplugged ) Neha Bhasin 04 : 03 Total length : 25 : 26 Awards and nominations Date of Ceremony Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 16 January 2018 3rd FOI Online Awards , India Best Action Direction Tom Struthers Won 20 January 2018 63rd Filmfare Awards Best Action Tom Struthers Won References Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Official Trailer '' . YouTube .",
"7": "^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai - Movie '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Grossers - Tiger Zinda Hai Sixth '' . Box Office India . 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nair , Vipin ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Second time 's the charm '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Ali Abbas Zaffar : Didn t write Tiger Zinda Hai as a sequel '' . Mid Day . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Today . `` Times of India '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ News , 18 . `` News 18 , Tiger Zinda Hai '' . News 18 . News 18 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Today , India . `` Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The real story of Tiger Zinda Hai : How India got 46 nurses back from ISIS '' . Rediff.com. 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai First Look Poster : Salman Khan Sends A Perfect Diwali Gift To Fans '' . News18.com . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Trailer : Tiger Zinda Hai trailer : Watch Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif blow up buildings , torch cars and rescue hostages '' . GQ ( Indian edition ) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sushmita ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Audience loved Salman Khan - starrer ; ready to give it more than 5 ratings '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmfare Awards 2018 : Complete List Of Winners '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paresh Rawal to join Team ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' '' .",
"8": "Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 9 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gavie Chahal says Punjabi film industry badly needs professional film makers '' . Daily Hunt . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is Tiger Zinda Hai villain ? Meet Sajjad Delfrooz . He is locking horns with Salman and Katrina '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai adds Paresh Rawal to its cast '' . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angad Bedi kicked about working with Salman Khan in Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 27 Apr 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Trailer : Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif 's ' Roar ' Is What You Just Heard '' . NDTV. 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif in Greece for the shooting of their film Tiger Zinda Hai '' . www.elinepa.org . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Sajjad Delafrooz , the Salman Khan 's arch nemesis in Tiger Zinda Hai '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Is ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' YRF 's costliest film ? '' . Republic World . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIGER ZINDA HAI Trailer Creates Multiple Records Within 24 Hours '' . YRF. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajat Tripathi ( 11 November 2017 ) . `` Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai trailer becomes the most liked movie trailer on YouTube in the world ! '' . BollywoodLife.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer sets record for most views in a single day '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' cleared by CBFC , gets U / A certificate '' . Zee News .",
"9": "16 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai not cleared for Pakistan screening by CBFC '' . DAWN Images . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Has Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif 's ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' been banned in Pakistan ? '' . The Express Tribune . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khans-tiger-zinda-hai-faces-valmiki-wrath/articleshow/62215726.cms Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tiger-zinda-hai-protests-salman-khan-attack-theatre-agra/1/1116736.html Jump up ^ http://www.bombaytimes.com/celebs/salman-khan-and-shilpa-shetty-kundra-in-legal-trouble-for-their-bhangi-comment/articleshow/62209126.cms Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/multiplexes-to-screen-salman-khan-starrer-tiger-zinda-hai-despite-mns-threat/articleshow/62140219.cms Jump up ^ `` Shiv Sena joins MNS against Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai , says our tiger is ' zinda ' too '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://m.businesstoday.in/story/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-tiger-zinda-hai-blockbuster-hit-2017-bollywood-waiting-for/1/266572.html Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh ( @ taran_adarsh ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif - Entertainment Abhi Zinda Hai '' . Koimoi. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Film review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . The National . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : This Tiger is alive and kicking '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . filmfare.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman roars , Katrina packs a punch '' . https://www.deccanchronicle.com/. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/movies/tiger-zinda-hai-movie-review-a-beloved-leading-man-and-some-thrilling-action-1612245.html Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : Salman Khan Is Alive And Kicking In A Film That Is Too Long '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman Khan on a horse is far more lethal than ISIS '' . Hindustan Times . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tiger-zinda-hai-movie-review-salman-katrina-deliver-fun-with-equal-parts-swag-silliness-and-schmaltz-4271153.html Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : The Katrina and Salman starrer is an enjoyable fare '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Sets Non Holiday Record - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Days In History - Tiger Zinda Hai Second - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com .",
"11": "Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Opening Weekends - Tiger Zinda Hai Second - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Monday Early Estimate '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Runs Riot On Monday - Challenges Bahubali '' . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3512 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Strong In US / Canada On Monday '' . Jump up ^ `` Overseas - Tiger Zinda Hai Set To Be Number One Weekend '' . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Opening Weekends All Time - Tiger 5th '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Bollywood Hungama. 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Tiger Zinda Hai grosses 533 crores worldwide '' . Bollywood Hungama. 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Swag se swagat ' gets Arabic version '' . Jump up ^ `` FOI Online Awards '' . FOI Online Awards . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 .",
"12": "External links India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Tiger Is Alive on IMDb Tiger Zinda Hai at Bollywood Hungama Tiger Zinda Hai ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) on iTunes Arabic : Swag Se Swagat عربى Song Tiger Zinda Hai Salman Khan Katrina Kaif Rabih Brigitte Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible !",
"13": "( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa !",
"14": "( 2009 ) Badmaash Company ( 2010 ) Aurangzeb ( 2013 ) Aaha Kalyanam ( 2014 ) Bewakoofiyaan ( 2014 ) Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Titli ( 2015 ) Meri Pyaari Bindu ( 2017 ) Hichki ( 2018 ) List of films released by Yash Raj Films Tiger ( franchise ) Films Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Graphic novels Ek Tha Tiger : Saving The High Seas ( 2012 ) Ek Tha Tiger : Caught In The Web ( 2012 ) Games Ek Tha Tiger ( Android game ) Ek Tha Tiger ( Windows game ) Related Hum Tum ( 2003 ) Hum Tum : The War Begins ! ( 2012 ) Yomics World List of films released by Yash Raj Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Zinda_Hai&oldid=821996823 '' Categories : 2017 films Hindi - language films Indian spy films Films about the Research and Analysis Wing Indian action thriller films Films shot in Austria Indian action films Films about terrorism Yash Raj Films films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français हिन्दी मैथिली മലയാളം नेपाली Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"15": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "From Under the Cork Tree - wikipedia From Under the Cork Tree Jump to : navigation , search From Under the Cork Tree Studio album by Fall Out Boy Released May 3 , 2005 Recorded November 2004 -- January 2005 in Los Angeles , California Genre Pop punk emo Length 43 : 00 Label Island Producer Neal Avron Fall Out Boy chronology My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue ( 2004 ) My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue 2004 From Under the Cork Tree ( 2005 ) Infinity on High ( 2007 ) Infinity on High 2007 Alternative cover Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' edition Singles from From Under the Cork Tree `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' Released : April 12 , 2005 `` Dance , Dance '' Released : October 17 , 2005 `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' Released : June 6 , 2006 From Under the Cork Tree is the second studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy . It was released on May 3 , 2005 , through Island Records as the band 's major label debut . The music was composed by lead vocalist and guitarist Patrick Stump , with all lyrics penned by bassist Pete Wentz , continuing the band 's songwriting approach they took for some songs on their prior 2003 effort Take This to Your Grave . Neal Avron handled production duties . Commenting on the record 's lyrical themes , Wentz said the lyrics were about `` the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life . '' In support of their release the group headlined tours worldwide and played at various music festivals . For their Black Clouds and Underdogs tour the album was re-released as From Under the Cork Tree ( Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' Edition ) , featuring new songs and remixes . The album was Fall Out Boy 's breakthrough mainstream success . Spearheaded by the lead single `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' , the album debuted at No.",
"1": "9 on the US Billboard 200 with 68,000 first week sales , a position it stayed at for two non-consecutive weeks , earning the band their first top ten album and becoming their longest charting and best - selling album . It logged fourteen weeks in the top twenty out of its seventy - eight chart weeks . The album as well as its singles won several awards and achieved Double Platinum status . It has sold over 2.5 million albums in the United States as of 2007 , and over 3 million worldwide . As of February 2013 Cork Tree has 2.7 million US sales . The album produced two hugely popular hit singles , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' and `` Dance , Dance '' peaking at No. 8 and No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 respectively and receiving regular radio play at both Pop and Alternative stations . In 2005 the album was ranked eighteenth on the `` Top 100 best - selling albums of the year in the US '' with 1,654,320 sales and at No. 43 on IFPI 's list of the `` Top 50 Best Selling Albums of 2005 '' worldwide . Internationally it impacted in the UK and Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 3.1 Music 3.2 Lyrics 4 Title and artwork 5 Critical reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Commercial performance 6.1 Singles 7 Track listing 8 Song notes 9 Personnel 10 Charts 11 Certifications 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Fall Out Boy formed near Chicago , Illinois in 2001 . The band debuted with a self - released demo in the same year , and in 2002 released a split EP with Project Rocket through Uprising Records . A first mini-album , Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend was recorded in 2002 but released in 2003 by Uprising against the band 's wishes . Both releases helped Fall Out Boy gain notoriety on the internet and attention from record labels . The band signed with indie label Fueled by Ramen and received an advance from major label Island Records , which financed the production of Take This to Your Grave .",
"2": "Grave became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase . Fall Out Boy returned to the studio in November 2004 to begin work on a new album . However , the group suffered a setback in February 2005 after Wentz 's anxieties about creating a new record culminated in a suicide attempt . Wentz explained , `` It was overwhelming . I was either totally anxious or totally depressed . It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop . I was racked with self - doubt . '' After undergoing therapy , Wentz rejoined the band and headed to Burbank , California to record the album . Recording and production ( edit ) From Under the Cork Tree was recorded in Burbank , California , and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time . The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album . In contrast to Take This to Your Grave 's rushed recording schedule , Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree . It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics , continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave . Stump felt that this process was much more `` smooth '' as every member was able to focus on their individual strengths . He explained : `` We have n't had any of those moments when I play the music and he 'll say , ' I do n't like that , ' and he 'll read me lyrics and I 'll say , ' I do n't like those lyrics . ' It 's very natural and fun . '' Despite this , the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album , constantly scrapping new material . Two weeks before recording sessions began , the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more , including the album 's first single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' . The chorus of `` Sugar We 're Goin Down '' was nearly thrown away by the group 's label , but it was ultimately salvaged . Wentz recalled , `` Our label told us the chorus was too wordy and the guitars were too heavy and that the radio was n't going to play it . ''",
"3": "Island Records also intervened when the band wanted to title the album 's first track `` My Name is David Ruffin And These Are The Temptations '' . Wentz stated `` Our label said , ' You 're going to get sued for doing that , ' and our lawyer said , ' You 're definitely going to get sued for doing that , ' which totally sucked . So we said , ' OK , why do n't we immortalize you in a song ? ' '' The group subsequently retitled the song `` Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Would n't Get Sued '' . Composition ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Stump served as the primary composer for From Under the Cork Tree . He said of the album 's musical style : `` We experimented quite a bit with all sorts of stuff . Some metal , some folk , some R&B . But ultimately , your band sounds like your band . You can put those things in it , but it 's still going to sound like you . '' Niyaz Pirani of The Orange County Register referred to `` Dance , Dance '' as `` pop - punk - meets - swing - dance glory '' . Lyrics ( edit ) On earlier works , Stump collaborated with Wentz on the lyrics . For From Under the Cork Tree and albums thereafter , Wentz handled all the lyrical duties . He called them `` more introspective '' than the group 's previous album . `` Take This To Your Grave was very reactionary , '' says Wentz . `` It was like this person does this to you . But part of growing up is understanding that if you end up in the same situation over and over again you probably have to examine your own self and wonder whether that 's one of the reasons that you have ended up in the same situation repeatedly . This time the lyrics were more about the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life . '' He also said of his lyrics , `` This is where we 're going to be a year from now , and this is what you 're going to be saying about us . '' Wentz described `` I 've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea that Says You Should Shut Your Mouth ( Summer Song ) '' as `` looking in the mirror and not feeling safe in your own skin '' .",
"4": "The band wanted to create a record that was `` a lot more developed , '' Wentz said . `` When we did Take This to Your Grave , we were really young , we had two weeks to do it and it was like , make it or break it , this is your only shot . This time we had more time to sit with the songs and make them work and more of a chance to plan things out . To us , we 're throwing the fight , but we did n't write a record that 's throwing a fight . We wrote a record that means a lot to us but maybe is n't going to mean a lot to the people who are hyping us as the next big thing . And that 's fine . We do n't want to be the saviors of anything -- we just want to be ourselves . We made a record we really like , and that 's all we ever wanted . Fall Out Boy have never been about goals or ambitions . We started out just for fun , and it became this huge thing . In 2007 , it emerged that the band had reached an out of court settlement with American Nightmare vocalist Wesley Eisold , over the use of his poetry in some songs from From Under the Cork Tree and Infinity on High . The settlement led to future pressings of both albums listing Eisold in the credits . Title and artwork ( edit ) The title is taken from a line in the 1936 children 's book The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf , which Wentz was intrigued by . The story focuses on a bull named Ferdinand who would rather sniff flowers under a cork tree than participate in fights . The album cover features a van with a trailer in a slump of snow . This is a reference to the car accident the band was in while they were driving to New York City to film the video for `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' from their album Take This to Your Grave . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Alternative Press The Boston Phoenix Entertainment Weekly B+ IGN 3.6 / 10 Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide USA Today The Village Voice C+ Critical reaction to From Under the Cork Tree was generally positive .",
"5": "In an extremely positive review of the album , Johnny Loftus of Allmusic said : `` Musically , Cork Tree 's first five tracks are relentless , with razor - sharp melodies that seem familiar but sound totally unique at the same time . The ' Oh ! Oh ! 's and punchy chords of ' Of All the Gin Joints in All the World ' are a thrill greater than any Jimmy Eat World album ever ; ' Sugar , We 're Going Down ' ' s half - time shifts are triumphs of tumbling words ; and the opening track meditates wryly on all - ages shows ' fame . Further , when Fall Out Boy rip into ' Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year , ' summer 2005 will not be able to ignore them . ' We 're the therapists pumping through your speakers / Delivering just what you need , ' they sing . It 's obviously time to embrace our inner mall kid . '' Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+ in one of its `` short takes '' and called it `` Peppy pop - punk aimed at the Warped Tour crowd . If the infectious songs do n't get you , the snarky titles will '' . However , mixed criticism was dealt by reviewers for the band being part of a saturated scene of pop - punk bands . In Rolling Stone 's review , they gave it 3 stars out of 5 saying `` ... FOB 's knack for crafting ginormous , soaring anthems is in full - force : even with its demented , inscrutable lyrics , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' will likely still be blasting from radios ten years on . '' Music critic Robert Christgau , in a C+ review of the album , said that `` these Warped Tour cover boys are n't terrible , but are they ever ordinary . Only their record company would claim that emotional vocals , dramatic dynamics , poppy - punky tempos , and not actually all that catchy tunes add up to their own sound . '' IGN was very negative towards the album , giving it a 3.6 out of 10 saying : `` Pop - punk had to begin somewhere , and when it rains , it apparently pours ; Fall Out Boy is merely another addition to a stable bursting at the seams . ''",
"6": "Accolades ( edit ) Rolling Stone listed it among the `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' in 2016 , with Brittany Spanos writing it `` changed the course of emo - punk , pop - punk and pop itself with From Under the Cork Tree , which brought the scene mainstream . '' Year Publication Country Rank List 2012 Rock Sound U.K. 7 101 Modern Classics 2014 Rock Sound U.K. 14 The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time 2016 Rolling Stone U.S. 9 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time Commercial performance ( edit ) From Under the Cork Tree debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 68,000 copies sold in its first week . It became the band 's first top 10 effort , as their 2003 album Take This to Your Grave did not chart in the top 200 . Logging 78 weeks on the chart , Cork Tree has sold over 2.7 million copies in the US and over three million worldwide , making it Fall Out Boy 's best selling album . It is certified RIAA double platinum for shipments of two million copies . During Christmas 2005 , the album again reached its peak of No. 9 with 157,000 sales , posting the band 's second biggest sales week to date 2013 . By August 2006 , the album had sold nearly 2,400,000 copies . Upon the release of Fall Out Boy 's 2007 follow - up album Infinity on High , which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , From Under the Cork Tree re-entered the Billboard 200 at No. 168 with 5,300 sales . In early 2015 , the album re-entered the Billboard 200 at No. 190 for a 78th week on the strength of the band 's American Beauty / American Psycho No. 1 album release . On the 2005 year - end charts , Cork Tree was No. 53 on the Billboard 200 , No. 26 in 2006 , and No. 187 on the 2000s decade - end chart .",
"7": "Singles ( edit ) Three singles were released from this album : `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' , `` Dance , Dance '' and `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' `` . The first two singles enjoyed mainstream and commercial success and exposed Fall Out Boy to a new audience . From Under the Cork Tree 's lead single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' , debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at No. 93 and eleven weeks later it peaked at No. 8 in September 2005 . It spent five weeks in the top 10 and 20 weeks ( five months ) in the top 20 , logging a total of 42 weeks on the chart before it was retired . The track received heavy airplay spins on Alternative as well as Pop stations , being a crossover hit . It reached No. 3 on Billboard Alternative Songs . Its MTV2 - award - winning video enjoyed regular rotation on TV music programs . This exposed the band to the mainstream audience and helped them reach great popularity . In the UK , `` Sugar '' also reached No. 8 , and spent 21 weeks in the top 75 . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' has sold over two million copies in the US and was certified Triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting the shipment of three million copies . It stands as the band 's best - selling single to date . The second single from the album , `` Dance , Dance '' was also released to commercial success , charting at No. 9 in the US in January 2006 and No. 8 in the UK , a second top 10 hit single for the band in both regions . In the US it spent 14 weeks in the top 20 out of a total of 30 chart weeks before it was retired , being certified Platinum by the RIAA for the shipment of one million units . `` Dance , Dance '' is Fall Out Boy 's highest hit on Alternative radio , peaking at No. 2 on Billboard Alternative Songs . It charted at No. 35 on Ireland 's singles chart .",
"8": "`` Dance , Dance '' 's music video won an award for `` Viewer 's Choice '' at the 2006 MTV awards , two Teen Choice Awards for `` Rock Track '' and `` Single '' , and helped the band win `` People 's Choice : Favorite International Group '' at the MuchMusic Video Awards . `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' `` , the album 's third and last single , was much less popular than Cork Tree 's first two singles but managed to reach No. 65 on the Hot 100 . It charted for 13 weeks . On Billboard Alternative Songs , it peaked at No. 38 . In the UK , `` Sixteen Candles '' reached No. 38 on the singles chart . The band considered between `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles ... '' and `` Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year '' as the third and last single , deciding on the former . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Pete Wentz ; all music composed by Fall Out Boy . No . Title Length 1 . `` Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Would n't Get Sued '' 3 : 09 2 . `` Of All the Gin Joints in All the World '' 3 : 11 3 . `` Dance , Dance '' 3 : 00 4 . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' 3 : 49 5 . `` Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner '' 3 : 21 6 . `` I 've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth ( Summer Song ) '' 3 : 11 7 . `` 7 Minutes in Heaven ( Atavan Halen ) '' 3 : 02 8 . `` Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year '' 3 : 23 9 . `` Champagne for My Real Friends , Real Pain for My Sham Friends '' 3 : 23 10 . `` I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' 3 : 31 11 .",
"9": "`` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' 2 : 49 12 . `` Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying ( Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows ) '' 3 : 27 13 . `` XO '' 3 : 40 Total length : 43 : 00 Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' edition On March 14 , 2006 , a separate version of the album was released entitled From Under the Cork Tree ( Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' edition ) . This consisted of a total 18 tracks , the first 13 being the original release . The album rose to No. 9 on the Billboard 200 upon its re-release , its second week at its peak position . The three new songs and two dance remixes are as follows and in this order : No . Title Length 14 . `` Snitches and Talkers Get Stitches and Walkers '' 2 : 50 15 . `` The Music or the Misery '' 3 : 28 16 . `` My Heart Is the Worst Kind of Weapon '' ( demo ) 3 : 22 17 . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' ( Patrick Stump remix ) 4 : 00 18 . `` Dance , Dance '' ( Lindbergh Palace remix ) 3 : 28 Total length : 60 : 28 The iTunes Store released a similar From Under the Cork Tree ( Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' Edition ) EP consisting of 8 tracks : the above 5 as well as the music videos for `` Sugar We 're Goin Down '' and `` Dance , Dance '' . It also contains a live performance of `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' . The limited edition is sometimes sold along with the regular edition under the same name . The album was repressed on vinyl in January 2013 with the bonus `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' tracks . It was on swirled Maroon vinyl , and limited to 1500 copies , and exclusively sold at Hot Topic . Song notes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources .",
"10": "Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Snitches and Talkers get Stitches and Walkers '' was featured in the 2006 videogame FlatOut 2 . `` Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Would n't Get Sued '' was originally called `` My Name Is David Ruffin and These Are The Temptations '' , but the band changed it when both their record label and lawyer said they would get sued . It is also featured on the soundtrack for the video game NHL 06 . `` Of All the Gin Joints in All the World '' is a reference to a quote by Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca ( 1942 ) . The line is also quoted in Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) by Terry Benedict ( Andy García ) and in Out Cold ( 2001 ) by Rick Rambis ( Jason London ) . And it 's featured in the 2006 video game Saints Row `` Dance , Dance '' is featured in multiple video games , such as Burnout Revenge , Juiced : Eliminator , Madden NFL 06 , Rock Revolution and Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , among others . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' is featured on the setlist of the 2009 release of the Guitar Hero franchise , Band Hero . `` Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner '' is taken from a Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) quote spoken by Johnny Castle ( Patrick Swayze ) . `` 7 Minutes in Heaven ( Atavan Halen ) '' refers to bassist Pete Wentz 's suicide attempt in 2005 , by way of an Ativan overdose . The reference to Van Halen stems from the similarity of the song 's intro riff to a popular chord progression used by Eddie Van Halen in songs such as `` Panama '' and `` Dance the Night Away '' . This song was also in the 2006 videogame FlatOut 2 . `` Champagne for My Real Friends , Real Pain for My Sham Friends '' is taken from a quote by Edward Norton in the film 25th Hour ( 2002 ) ; however , the saying is also attributed to Francis Bacon .",
"11": "The line is spoken by actor Derek Jacobi in John Maybury 's Love Is the Devil : Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon ( 1998 ) . It is also attributed to artist Tom Waits . `` I Slept With Someone From Fall Out Boy And All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' was featured in the 2006 gymnastics sports film Stick It , but is not on the movie soundtrack . `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' was originally titled `` A Little Less Molly Ringwald , a Little More Samantha Fox '' . `` Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying ( Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows ) '' refers to a quote from The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) . The title was referred to as `` You 're a Concrete Boy Now ( Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows ) '' in an issue of Alternative Press magazine prior to the album 's release . `` XO '' is a reference to American singer - songwriter Elliott Smith 's fourth album of the same name . `` The Music or the Misery '' is from a quote by Rob Fleming in the 1995 novel High Fidelity , written by British author Nick Hornby . Personnel ( edit ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , piano on `` Sugar , We 're Going Down '' Pete Wentz -- bass guitar , backing vocals , unclean vocals on tracks 1 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 Joe Trohman -- lead guitar , backing vocals Andy Hurley -- drums , percussion Guest artists William Beckett ( of The Academy Is ... ) -- guest vocals on `` Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year '' Brendon Urie ( of Panic !",
"12": "at the Disco ) -- backing vocals on `` 7 Minutes in Heaven ( Atavan Halen ) '' Chad Gilbert ( of New Found Glory ) -- guest vocals on `` I Slept With Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written about Me '' Artwork Louis Marino -- Creative Direction Frank Gargiulo -- Art Direction and Album Design Other Wesley Eisold - `` Inspirador '' Production Neal Avron -- Producer , mixing on tracks : 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 Tom Lord - Alge -- Mixing on tracks : 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 11 Femio Hernandez -- Mixing assistant Brian `` Big Bass '' Gardner -- Mastering Travis Huff -- Pro Tools Engineer Mike Fasano -- Drum Tech Dan Suh -- Guitar Tech Management Bob Mclynn -- Management for Crush Music Media Andrew Simon -- Booking for APA Mike Mckoy -- Legal Mareia Hyman -- Business Management for East Bay Business Robert Stevenson -- A&R for Island Records John Janick -- A&R for Fueled By Ramen Records Eric Wong -- Marketing Tara Podolsky & Erica Bowen -- A&R Administration Charts ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chart Peak position Australian Albums Chart 8 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 99 Canadian Albums Chart 7 French Albums Chart 131 Irish Albums Chart Japanese Albums Chart 86 New Zealand Albums Chart Scottish Albums Chart 12 UK Albums Chart 12 US Billboard 200 9 US Rock ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Sharp , Tyler .",
"13": "`` Fall Out Boy 's ' From Under The Cork Tree ' turns 10 '' . AltPress.com . Alternative Press . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` From Under the Cork Tree -- Fall Out Boy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` EW reviews four new albums '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 29 , 2005 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fall Out Boy -- From Under the Cork Tree '' . IGN . July 8 , 2005 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cripps , Charlotte ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Last year , Fall Out Boy 's bassist Pete Wentz attempted suicide ; now the band are punk - pop gods '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/995682 ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- From Under the Cork Tree '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Scene Is Believing : Fall Out Boy '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy to ' Save Rock and Roll ' in May . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon . `` You Hear It First - Fall Out Boy '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` Biography : Fall Out Boy '' . All Music Guide .",
"14": "Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bands - Fall Out Boy - Biography '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Press Magazine , Inc . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits ( CD liner ) . Fall Out Boy . Island Records . 2009 . 0015133 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Yes , R&B influences this emo band , But they 'll be sure to stick with rock at Bamboozle Fest '' . Newsday . Fred Groser . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Sound Has Changed , But The Weirdly Long Song Titles Remain '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marchese , David ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . Spin . Bob Guccione Jr . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( March 16 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy steps up to Arena stardom '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Kevin Mowbray . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pirani , Niyaz ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy shows in a spirited Irvine show why it rules pop punk '' . The Orange County Register . Terry Horne . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Nearly Done Writing ' Way Different ' Next LP '' . Vh1.com . Vh1 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dan Goss ( 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Local Lyricist '' . Fall Out Boy 's local lyricist . Philly.com .",
"15": "Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Iwasaki , Scott ( April 7 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy not after perfection '' . Deseret News . Deseret News Publishing Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Simon , Leslie ( October 12 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy -- From Under The Cork Tree '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sands , Ian M. ( October 7 -- 13 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : From Under the Cork Tree ( Island ) '' . The Boston Phoenix . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoard , Christian ( May 26 , 2005 ) . `` From Under The Cork Tree '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Giberti , Jamie . `` Fall Out Boy : Album Guide '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , From Under the Cork Tree '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Turkey Shoot 2005 '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jonah Bayer ; Aaron Burgess ; Suzy Exposito ; Leor Galil ; James Montgomery ; Brittany Spanos ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` Rock Sound 's 101 Modern Classics : The Final Instalment ! '' . Rock Sound Magazine . July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , ed. 2014 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Tops Kid Cudi on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kohli , Rohan ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` Soundscan Results : Week Ending August 27th , 2006 '' . absolutepunk.net . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Take It To The Top , Score First Billboard # 1 - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ BILLBOARD 200 ALBUM CHART 02 FEB creativedisc.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2005 YEAR END CHARTS The Billboard 200 Titles billboard.biz . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ YEAR END CHARTS Top Billboard 200 Albums 2006 billboard.biz . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Best of the 2000s Billboard 200 Albums Billboard . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending July 5 , 2009 : All Michael , All The Time - Chart Watch '' . New.music.yahoo.com. 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- Goin Down '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Marino , Kelly ; Moss , Corey ( 22 Dec 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Working On Their Grammy Acceptance Speech '' .",
"17": "MTV News . Retrieved 15 Apr 2011 . Jump up ^ CD liner notes Jump up ^ NME.COM . `` Pete Wentz : ' I tried to kill myself ' - NME.COM '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- From Under the Cork Tree '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- From Under the Cork Tree '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter From Under the Cork Tree in the search field and then press Enter . Sources Bird , Ryan , ed. ( September 2014 ) . `` The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time '' . Rock Sound . London : Freeway Press Inc. ( 191 ) . ISSN 1465 - 0185 . External links ( edit ) From Under the Cork Tree at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) Absolutepunk.net Interview with Pete Wentz , Part 2 MTV.com Article on From Under the Cork Tree ( hide ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Llamania Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene ,",
"18": "It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"19": "php?title=From_Under_the_Cork_Tree&oldid=838322379 '' Categories : 2005 albums Island Records albums Fall Out Boy albums Emo albums Albums produced by Neal Avron Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2011 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 08 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Division of Korea - wikipedia Division of Korea Jump to : navigation , search The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel , later along the demarcation line Detail of the DMZ Part of a series on the History of Korea Prehistory Jeulmun Mumun Ancient Gojoseon ? -- 108 BC Jin state Proto -- Three Kingdoms Buyeo Goguryeo Okjeo Dongye Samhan Ma Byeon Jin Han Commanderies Three Kingdoms Goguryeo 37 BC -- 668 AD Baekje 18 BC -- 660 AD Silla 57 BC -- 935 AD Gaya confederacy 42 -- 562 North -- South States Later Silla ( Unified Silla ) 668 -- 935 Balhae 698 -- 926 Later Three Kingdoms Later Baekje 892 -- 936 Taebong ( Later Goguryeo ) 901 -- 918 Later Silla 668 -- 935 Unitary dynastic period Goryeo 918 -- 1392 Joseon 1392 -- 1897 Korean Empire 1897 -- 1910 Colonial period Japanese rule 1910 -- 1945 Provisional Government 1919 -- 1948 Division of Korea Military Governments 1945 -- 1948 North Korea 1948 -- present South Korea 1948 -- present By topic Art Language Military ( Goguryeo ) Monarchs Naval Science and technology Timeline Korea portal The division of Korea between North and South Korea occurred after World War II , ending the Empire of Japan 's 35 - year rule over Korea in 1945 . The United States and the Soviet Union occupied two parts of the country , with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel . With the onset of the Cold War , negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent , unified Korea . In 1948 , UN-supervised elections were held in the US - occupied south only .",
"1": "The anti-communist Syngman Rhee won the election while Kim Il - Sung was appointed as the leader of North Korea by Joseph Stalin . This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea , which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in North Korea . The United States supported the South , the Soviet Union supported the North , and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula . The subsequent Korean War , which lasted from 1950 to 1953 , ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) up to the present day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 1.2 End of World War II 2 Post-World War II 2.1 US occupation of South Korea 2.2 Soviet occupation of North Korea 2.3 UN intervention and the formation of separate governments 3 Korean War 4 Geneva Conference and NNSC 5 Post-armistice relations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Historical background ( edit ) Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule When the Russo - Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of Japan , and was annexed by Japan in 1910 . The Korean king Gojong was removed . In the following decades , nationalist and radical groups emerged , mostly in exile , to struggle for independence . Divergent in their outlooks and approaches , these groups failed to unite in one national movement . The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition . End of World War II ( edit ) Main article : World War II In November 1943 , Franklin Roosevelt , Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai - shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan 's colonies , and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force . In the declaration after this conference , Korea was mentioned for the first time .",
"2": "The three powers declared that they were , `` mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea , ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent . '' Roosevelt floated the idea of a trusteeship over Korea , but did not obtain agreement from the other powers . Roosevelt raised the idea with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . Stalin did not disagree , but advocated that the period of trusteeship be short . Regional movement of Soviet forces in 1945 At the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe . On August 8 , 1945 , three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe , and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan . Soviet troops advanced rapidly , and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea . On August 10 , 1945 two young officers -- Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel -- were assigned to define an American occupation zone . Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared , they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel . They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control . No experts on Korea were consulted . The two men were unaware that forty years before , Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel . Rusk later said that had he known , he `` almost surely '' would have chosen a different line . The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone . To the surprise of the Americans , the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division . The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 ( approved on 17 August 1945 ) for the surrender of Japan . Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north - east of the country , and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan . On August 24 , the Red Army reached Pyongyang .",
"3": "General Abe Nobuyuki , the last Japanese Governor - General of Korea , had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand - over of power . Throughout August , Koreans organized people 's committee branches for the `` Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence '' ( CPKI , 조선 건국 준비 위원회 ) , headed by Lyuh Woon - hyung , a left - wing politician . On September 6 , 1945 , a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea . Post-world War II ( edit ) South Korean citizens protest Allied trusteeship in December 1945 . In December 1945 , at the Moscow Conference , the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union , the US , the Republic of China , and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead - up to independence . Many Koreans demanded independence immediately ; however , the Korean Communist Party , which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party , supported the trusteeship . A Soviet - US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration , but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship . Meanwhile , the division between the two zones deepened . The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics , and a transfer of population between North and South . In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit . US occupation of South Korea ( edit ) Main article : United States Army Military Government in Korea Lyuh Woon - hyung giving a speech in the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence in Seoul on August 16 , 1945 With the American government fearing Soviet expansion , and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum , the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times . On September 7 , 1945 , General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs , and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day . The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , which had operated from China , sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge , but he refused to meet with them .",
"4": "Likewise , Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People 's Republic of Korea and its People 's Committees , and outlawed it on 12 December . In September 1946 , thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government . This uprising was quickly defeated , and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly . The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee , who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US , became the most prominent politician in the South . Rhee pressured the American government to abandon negotiations for a trusteeship and create an independent Republic of Korea in the south . On July 19 , 1947 , Lyuh Woon - hyung , the last senior politician committed to left - right dialogue , was assassinated by a right - winger . The occupation government conducted a number of military campaigns against left - wing insurgents . Over the course of the next few years , between 30,000 and 100,000 people were killed . Soviet occupation of North Korea ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Civil Administration and Provisional People 's Committee for North Korea Welcome celebration for the Red Army in Pyongyang on 14 October 1945 When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang , they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man - sik . The Soviet Army allowed these `` People 's Committees '' ( which were friendly to the Soviet Union ) to function . Colonel - General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration , taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions . In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People 's Committee was formed under Kim Il - sung , who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria . Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government . In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land - reform program : land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers . Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people 's committees , a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes .",
"5": "Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land , thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land . The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam . Official American sources stated : `` From all accounts , the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed , but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power . '' The farmers responded positively ; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south , where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government . According to the U.S. military government , 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees . Key industries were nationalized . The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south , as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north . Soviet forces departed in 1948 . UN intervention and the formation of separate governments ( edit ) South Korean demonstration in support of the U.S. - Soviet Joint Commission in 1946 South Korean general election on May 10 , 1948 With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress , the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947 . The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement . At that time , the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR . The UN passed a resolution on November 14 , 1947 , declaring that free elections should be held , foreign troops should be withdrawn , and a UN commission for Korea , the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea ( UNTCOK ) , should be created . The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding , arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections . In the absence of Soviet co-operation , it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only . Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right - wing candidates , but they were overruled . The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans , who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country . General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948 . In April , Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country .",
"6": "South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion . Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate , 70 % of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops . The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War . In April 1948 , a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang , but the conference produced no results . The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu - sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south , as did other politicians and parties . Kim Koo was assassinated the following year . On May 10 , 1948 the south held a general election . On August 15 , the `` Republic of Korea '' formally took over power from the U.S. military , with Syngman Rhee as the first president . In the North , the `` Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' was declared on September 9 , with Kim Il - sung as prime minister . On December 12 , 1948 , the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the `` only lawful government in Korea '' . Unrest continued in the South . In October 1948 , the Yeosu -- Suncheon Rebellion took place , in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government . In 1949 , the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents . The majority of the Bodo League 's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership . The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War . On December 24 , 1949 , South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists . Korean War ( edit ) Main article : Korean War This division of Korea , after more than a millennium of being unified , was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes . From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25 , 1950 , the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border . In 1950 , these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea , triggering the Korean War .",
"7": "The United Nations intervened to protect the South , sending a US - led force . As it occupied the south , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea attempted to unify Korea under its regime , initiating the nationalisation of industry , land reform , and the restoration of the People 's Committees . While UN intervention was conceived as restoring the border at the 38th parallel , Syngman Rhee argued that the attack of the North had obliterated the boundary . Similarly UN Commander in Chief , General Douglas MacArthur stated that he intended to unify Korea , not just drive the North Korean forces back behind the border . However , the North overran 90 % of the south until a counter-attack by US - led forces . As the North Korean forces were driven from the south , South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel on 1 October , and American and other UN forces followed a week later . This was despite warnings from the People 's Republic of China that it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel . As it occupied the North , the Republic of Korea , in turn , attempted to unify the country under its regime , with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination . As US - led forces pushed into north , China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south . In 1951 , the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel , and both sides began to consider an armistice . Rhee , however , demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership . The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel , but the United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side , which was defensible , and this position prevailed . The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war . The two sides agreed to create a four - kilometer - wide buffer zone between the states , known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) . This new border , reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war , crossed the 38th parallel diagonally . Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force . Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country , the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S.",
"8": ", and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South . Geneva Conference and NNSC ( edit ) As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice , a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question . Despite efforts by many of the nations involved , the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea . The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice . Since 1953 , members of the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ . Post-armistice relations ( edit ) Main article : Korean conflict Since the war , Korea has remained divided along the DMZ . North and South have remained in a state of conflict , with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country . Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification . See also ( edit ) Korea portal List of border incidents involving North Korea Korean conflict Korean reunification North Korea -- South Korea relations History of North Korea History of South Korea Partition of Vietnam Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 31 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 156 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Cairo Communique , December 1 , 1943 '' . Japan National Diet Library . December 1 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Savada , Andrea Matles ; Shaw , William , eds.",
"9": "( 1990 ) , `` World War II and Korea '' , South Korea : A Country Study , GPO , Washington , DC : Library of Congress Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 187 -- 188 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , p. 20 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 Jump up ^ Walker , J Samuel ( 1997 ) . Prompt and Utter Destruction : Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2361 - 9 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don ; Carlin , Robert ( 2014 ) . The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History . Basic Books . p. 5 . ISBN 9780465031238 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 306 . ISBN 9780742567177 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Hyung Gu Lynn ( 2007 ) . Bipolar Orders : The Two Koreas since 1989 . Zed Books . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A Concise History of Modern Korea : From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present . Hawaìi studies on Korea . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 9780742567139 .",
"10": "Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 53 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bluth , Christoph ( 2008 ) . Korea . Cambridge : Polity Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 07456 - 3357 - 2 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 59 -- 60 , 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyung Gu Lynn ( 2007 ) . Bipolar Orders : The Two Koreas since 1989 . Zed Books . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hart - Landsberg , Martin ( 1998 ) . Korea : Division , Reunification , & U.S. Foreign Policy . Monthly Review Press . pp. 71 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) .",
"11": "Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 49 , 55 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Arthur Millet , The War for Korea , 1945 -- 1950 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings , Korea : The Unknown War , Viking Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81903 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce . The Origins of the Korean War : Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes , 1945 -- 1947 . Princeton University Press , 1981 , 607 pages , ISBN 0 - 691 - 09383 - 0 . Jump up ^ Allan R. Millet , The War for Korea : 1945 -- 1950 ( 2005 ) p. 59 . Jump up ^ Gbosoe , Gbingba T. ( 2006 ) . Modernization of Japan . iUniverse . p. 212 . ISBN 9780595411900 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Although Soviet occupation forces were withdrawn on December 10 , 1948 , ( ... ) the Soviets had maintained ties with the Democratic Peoples ' Republic of Korea ( ... ) Jump up ^ Lone , Stewart ; McCormack , Gavan ( 1993 ) . Korea since 1850 .",
"12": "Melbourne : Longman Cheshire . pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Cheju '' . Newsweek. 2000 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 211 , 507 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . pp. 47 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . pp. 48 , 496 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea .",
"13": "London : Routledge . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 439 civilians confirmed dead in Yeosu - Suncheon Uprising of 1948 New report by the Truth Commission places blame on Syngman Rhee and the Defense Ministry , advises government apology '' . The Hankyoreh. 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't Killed 3,400 Civilians During War '' . The Korea Times . 2 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 두 민간인 학살 사건 , 상반된 판결 왜 나왔나 ? ' 울산 보도 연맹 ' -- ' 문경 학살 사건 ' 판결문 비교 분석해 봤더니 ... OhmyNews ( in Korean ) . 2009 - 02 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lone , Stewart ; McCormack , Gavan ( 1993 ) . Korea since 1850 . Melbourne : Longman Cheshire . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp.",
"14": "281 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 139,180 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 189 -- 193 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 188 -- 189 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` NNSC in Korea '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Korea '' . Swedish Armed Forces . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Feffer , John ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` Korea 's slow - motion reunification '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . References ( edit ) Oberdorfer , Don . The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History . Addison - Wesley , 1997 , 472 pages , ISBN 0 - 201 - 40927 - 5 Cumings , Bruce . The Origins of the Korean War : Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes , 1945 - 1947 .",
"15": "Princeton University Press , 1981 , 607 pages , ISBN 0 - 691 - 09383 - 0 Hoare , James ; Daniels , Gordon ( February 2004 ) . `` The Korean Armistice North and South : The Low - Key Victory ( Hoare ) ; The British Press and the Korean Armistice : Antecedents , Opinions and Prognostications ( Daniels ) '' . The Korean Armistice of 1953 and its Consequences : Part I ( PDF ) ( Discussion Paper No . IS / 04 / 467 ed . ) . London : The Suntory Centre ( London School of Economics ) . External links ( edit ) South Korean Ministry of Unification ( Korean and English ) North Korean News Agency ( Korean and English ) Korea Web Weekly ( English ) NDFSK ( Mostly Korean ; some English ) Koreascope ( Korean and English ) Rulers.org , has list of Post-World War II US and Soviet administrators ( English ) Korean Unification Studies Ongoing armed conflicts Africa ADF insurgency Batwa - Luba clashes Boko Haram insurgency Burundian unrest Central African Republic Civil War Communal conflicts in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Eritrean -- Ethiopian border conflict Second Afar insurgency Ethnic violence in South Sudan South Sudanese Civil War Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb ISIL insurgency in Tunisia Ituri conflict Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Katanga insurgency Kivu conflict Libyan Crisis Second Civil War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Northern Mali conflict Ogaden insurgency Oromo - Somali clashes RENAMO insurgency Sinai insurgency Somali Civil War War in Somalia Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Sudanese nomadic conflicts War in Darfur Americas Colombian conflict EPP insurgency Mexican Drug War Peruvian internal conflict East",
"16": "and South Asia Balochistan conflict Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgency in Laos Insurgency in Northeast India Assam Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Insurgency in the Philippines CPP -- NPA -- NDF Moro Internal conflict in Bangladesh Internal conflict in Myanmar Kachin Karen Rohingya Kashmir conflict Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency Papua conflict Sectarianism in Pakistan South Thailand insurgency War in Afghanistan 2015 -- present War in North - West Pakistan Xinjiang conflict Europe Insurgency in the North Caucasus War in Donbass West Asia Arab separatism in Khuzestan Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Kurdish separatism in Iran West Iran clashes Kurdish -- Turkish conflict 2015 -- present Lebanese conflict Nagorno - Karabakh conflict Qatif conflict 2017 Qatif unrest Syrian Civil War Yemeni Crisis civil war in World maps Post -- Cold War conflicts in Asia South Asia Nepalese conflicts Civil War ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Royal massacre ( 2001 ) Sri Lankan Civil War ( 1983 -- 2009 ) Other Sri Lankan conflicts 1971 JVP insurrection 1987 -- 89 JVP insurrection Kashmir conflict ( 1947 -- present ) 2013 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes India -- Pakistan border skirmishes ( 2014 -- 2015 ) India -- Pakistan military confrontation ( 2016 -- present ) Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar ( 1947 -- present ) Kargil War ( 1999 ) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency",
"17": "( 1989 -- present ) Insurgency in Northeast India ( 1964 -- present ) Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency ( 1967 -- present ) Afghanistan -- Pakistan skirmishes Afghan Wars 1989 -- 92 1992 -- 96 1996 -- 2001 2001 -- 14 2015 -- present War in North - West Pakistan ( 2004 -- present ) Balochistan conflict ( 2004 -- present ) East Asia Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1996 ) Korean dispute Maritime border incidents ( 1967 -- present ) 2013 crisis 2017 crisis Xinjiang conflict ( 1960s -- present ) Southeast Asia Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Insurgency in Laos East Timorese conflicts Indonesian occupation ( 1975 -- 99 ) 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Cambodian -- Thai border dispute ( 2008 -- 11 ) Other Indonesian conflicts Papua conflict ( 1969 -- present ) Aceh insurgency ( 1976 -- 2005 ) Burmese internal conflict ( 1947 -- present ) Karen conflict Kachin ( 2011 -- present ) Civil conflict in the Philippines CPP -- NPA -- NDF Moro Al - Ma'unah ( 2000 - 2001 ) Kampung Medan riots ( 2001 ) South Thailand insurgency ( 2004 -- present ) Central Asia Tajikistani Civil War ( 1992 -- 97 ) Kyrgyz Revolution ( 2010 ) South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes ( 2010 ) Tajikistan Insurgency ( 2010 -- 12 ) Western Asia ( excluding South Caucasus ) Iraqi conflicts Iraqi -- Kurdish ( 1918 -- 2003 ) Civil War ( 1994 -- 97 )",
"18": "Kurdistan Islamist conflict ( 2001 -- 03 ) War ( 2003 -- 11 ) Post-War insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Conflicts with Israel Israeli -- Palestinian ( 1948 -- present ) Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Gaza -- Israel ( 2006 -- present ) Israeli -- Lebanese ( 1948 -- present ) South Lebanon ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Yemeni conflicts Yemeni Civil War ( 1994 ) al - Qaeda ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Houthi ( 2004 -- 15 ) South Yemen ( 2009 -- 15 ) Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Coup d'état ( 2014 -- 15 ) Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Civil conflict in Turkey Political violence ( 1976 -- 80 ) Maoist insurgency DHKP / C insurgency PKK conflict Turkey -- ISIL conflict Others Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency ( 1989 -- 96 ) Iran -- PJAK conflict ( 2004 -- present ) Sinai insurgency ( 2011 -- present ) Bahraini uprising ( 2011 ) Syrian Civil War ( 2011 -- present ) Regional spillover Related topics War on Terror ( 2001 -- present ) Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 11 ) Arab Winter Colour revolutions European conflicts African conflicts Conflicts in the Americas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"19": "php?title=Division_of_Korea&oldid=815244313 '' Categories : History of Korea History of North Korea History of South Korea Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of North Korea Territorial disputes of South Korea Territorial disputes of North Korea Korea -- United States relations Korea -- Soviet Union relations North Korea -- South Korea border Partition ( politics ) Aftermath of the Korean War Allied occupation of Korea Hidden categories : CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Lumbaart മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
2,
3,
11,
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12,
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0,
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5,
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18
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[
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3,
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2946148717870363954
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who discovered the atom and in what year
|
[
"John Dalton",
"early 1800s"
] |
{
"0": "Atom - wikipedia Atom Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Atom ( disambiguation ) . Helium atom An illustration of the helium atom , depicting the nucleus ( pink ) and the electron cloud distribution ( black ) . The nucleus ( upper right ) in helium - 4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud , although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case . The black bar is one angstrom ( 6990100000000000000 ♠ 10 m or 6990100000000000000 ♠ 100 pm ) . Classification Smallest recognized division of a chemical element Properties Mass range : 6973167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 × 10 to 6975452000000000000 ♠ 4.52 × 10 kg Electric charge : zero ( neutral ) , or ion charge Diameter range : 62 pm ( He ) to 520 pm ( Cs ) ( data page ) Components : Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are very small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( a ten - billionth of a meter , in the short scale ) . Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics -- as if they were billiard balls , for example -- gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects . Through the development of physics , atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior . Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94 % of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons have no electric charge . If the number of protons and electrons are equal , that atom is electrically neutral .",
"1": "If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons , then it has an overall negative or positive charge , respectively , and it is called an ion . The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force . The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force , the nuclear force , which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another . Under certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force , and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus , leaving behind a different element : nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation . The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs : for example , all copper atoms contain 29 protons . The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element . The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom . Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules . The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of atomic theory 1.1 Atoms in philosophy 1.2 First evidence - based theory 1.3 Brownian motion 1.4 Discovery of the electron 1.5 Discovery of the nucleus 1.6 Discovery of isotopes 1.7 Bohr model 1.8 Chemical bonding explained 1.9 Further developments in quantum physics 1.10 Discovery of the neutron 1.11 Fission , high - energy physics and condensed matter 2 Structure 2.1 Subatomic particles 2.2 Nucleus 2.3 Electron cloud 3 Properties 3.1 Nuclear properties 3.2 Mass 3.3 Shape and size 3.4 Radioactive decay 3.5 Magnetic moment 3.6 Energy levels 3.7 Valence and bonding behavior 3.8 States 4 Identification 5 Origin and current state 5.1 Formation 5.2 Earth 5.3 Rare and theoretical forms 5.3.",
"2": "1 Superheavy elements 5.3. 2 Exotic matter 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links History of atomic theory Main article : Atomic theory Atoms in Philosophy Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . As a result , their views on what atoms look like and how they behave were incorrect . They also could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , when the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that only the concept of atoms could explain . First evidence - based theory Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In the early 1800s , John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) . For instance , there are two types of tin oxide : one is 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen and the other is 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen . 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 , a ratio of small whole numbers . This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units -- in other words , atoms . In the case of tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbs different gases in different proportions . For example , he found that water absorbs carbon dioxide far better than it absorbs nitrogen .",
"3": "Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences between the masses and configurations of the gases ' respective particles , and carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Brownian motion In 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically , a phenomenon that became known as `` Brownian motion '' . This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about . In 1905 , Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first Statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion . French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein 's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms , thereby conclusively verifying Dalton 's atomic theory . Discovery of the electron The Geiger -- Marsden experiment Top : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Bottom : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . The physicist J.J. Thomson measured the mass of cathode rays , showing they were made of particles , but were around 1800 times lighter than the lightest atom , hydrogen . Therefore , they were not atoms , but a new particle , the first subatomic particle to be discovered , which he originally called `` corpuscle '' but was later named electron , after particles postulated by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874 . He also showed they were identical to particles given off by photoelectric and radioactive materials . It was quickly recognized that they are the particles that carry electric currents in metal wires , and carry the negative electric charge within atoms . Thomson was given the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work . Thus he overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible , ultimate particles of matter . Thomson also incorrectly postulated that the low mass , negatively charged electrons were distributed throughout the atom in a uniform sea of positive charge . This became known as the plum pudding model . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Geiger - Marsden experiment In 1909 , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the direction of Ernest Rutherford , bombarded a metal foil with alpha particles to observe how they scattered .",
"4": "They expected all the alpha particles to pass straight through with little deflection , because Thomson 's model said that the charges in the atom are so diffuse that their electric fields could not affect the alpha particles much . However , Geiger and Marsden spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles greater than 90 ° , which was supposed to be impossible according to Thomson 's model . To explain this , Rutherford proposed that the positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center of the atom . Rutherford compared his findings to one firing a 15 - inch shell at a sheet of tissue paper and it coming back to hit the person who fired it . Discovery of isotopes While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element . J.J. Thomson created a technique for separating atom types through his work on ionized gases , which subsequently led to the discovery of stable isotopes . Bohr model The Bohr model of the atom , with an electron making instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' from one orbit to another . This model is obsolete . Main article : Bohr model In 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits , and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon . This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable ( given that normally , charges in acceleration , including circular motion , lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation , see synchrotron radiation ) and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete spectra . Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor of Niels Bohr 's theory . These results refined Ernest Rutherford 's and Antonius Van den Broek 's model , which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table . Until these experiments , atomic number was not known to be a physical and experimental quantity .",
"5": "That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today . Chemical bonding explained Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained , by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916 , as the interactions between their constituent electrons . As the chemical properties of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the periodic law , in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner . Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of electron shells about the nucleus . Further developments in quantum Physics The Stern -- Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence of the quantum nature of the atom . When a beam of silver atoms was passed through a specially shaped magnetic field , the beam was split based on the direction of an atom 's angular momentum , or spin . As this direction is random , the beam could be expected to spread into a line . Instead , the beam was split into two parts , depending on whether the atomic spin was oriented up or down . In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all particles behave to an extent like waves . In 1926 , Erwin Schrödinger used this idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom that described the electrons as three - dimensional waveforms rather than point particles . A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at a given point in time ; this became known as the uncertainty principle , formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926 . In this concept , for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum , and vice versa . This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not , such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen . Thus , the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed . Discovery of the neutron The development of the mass spectrometer allowed the mass of atoms to be measured with increased accuracy . The device uses a magnet to bend the trajectory of a beam of ions , and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of an atom 's mass to its charge .",
"6": "The chemist Francis William Aston used this instrument to show that isotopes had different masses . The atomic mass of these isotopes varied by integer amounts , called the whole number rule . The explanation for these different isotopes awaited the discovery of the neutron , an uncharged particle with a mass similar to the proton , by the physicist James Chadwick in 1932 . Isotopes were then explained as elements with the same number of protons , but different numbers of neutrons within the nucleus . Fission , high - energy Physics and condensed matter In 1938 , the German chemist Otto Hahn , a student of Rutherford , directed neutrons onto uranium atoms expecting to get transuranium elements . Instead , his chemical experiments showed barium as a product . A year later , Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch verified that Hahn 's result were the first experimental nuclear fission . In 1944 , Hahn received the Nobel prize in chemistry . Despite Hahn 's efforts , the contributions of Meitner and Frisch were not recognized . In the 1950s , the development of improved particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies . Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons , or composites of smaller particles called quarks . The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions . Structure Subatomic particles Main article : Subatomic particle Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that can not be cut into smaller particles , in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles . The constituent particles of an atom are the electron , the proton and the neutron ; all three are fermions . However , the hydrogen - 1 atom has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no electrons . The electron is by far the least massive of these particles at 6969911000000000000 ♠ 9.11 × 10 kg , with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques . It is the lightest particle with a positive rest mass measured . Under ordinary conditions , electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges .",
"7": "If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number , then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole ; a charged atom is called an ion . Electrons have been known since the late 19th century , mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson ; see history of subatomic physics for details . Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron , at 6973167260000000000 ♠ 1.6726 × 10 kg . The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number . Ernest Rutherford ( 1919 ) observed that nitrogen under alpha - particle bombardment ejects what appeared to be hydrogen nuclei . By 1920 he had accepted that the hydrogen nucleus is a distinct particle within the atom and named it proton . Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of the electron , or 6973169290000000000 ♠ 1.6929 × 10 kg , the heaviest of the three constituent particles , but it can be reduced by the nuclear binding energy . Neutrons and protons ( collectively known as nucleons ) have comparable dimensions -- on the order of 6985250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 m -- although the ' surface ' of these particles is not sharply defined . The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick . In the Standard Model of physics , electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure . However , both protons and neutrons are composite particles composed of elementary particles called quarks . There are two types of quarks in atoms , each having a fractional electric charge . Protons are composed of two up quarks ( each with charge + 2 / 3 ) and one down quark ( with a charge of − 1 / 3 ) . Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks . This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles . The quarks are held together by the strong interaction ( or strong force ) , which is mediated by gluons .",
"8": "The protons and neutrons , in turn , are held to each other in the nucleus by the nuclear force , which is a residuum of the strong force that has somewhat different range - properties ( see the article on the nuclear force for more ) . The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons , which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces . Nucleus Main article : Atomic nucleus The binding energy needed for a nucleon to escape the nucleus , for various isotopes All the bound protons and neutrons in an atom make up a tiny atomic nucleus , and are collectively called nucleons . The radius of a nucleus is approximately equal to 1.07 √ A fm , where A is the total number of nucleons . This is much smaller than the radius of the atom , which is on the order of 10 fm . The nucleons are bound together by a short - ranged attractive potential called the residual strong force . At distances smaller than 2.5 fm this force is much more powerful than the electrostatic force that causes positively charged protons to repel each other . Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons , called the atomic number . Within a single element , the number of neutrons may vary , determining the isotope of that element . The total number of protons and neutrons determine the nuclide . The number of neutrons relative to the protons determines the stability of the nucleus , with certain isotopes undergoing radioactive decay . The proton , the electron , and the neutron are classified as fermions . Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle which prohibits identical fermions , such as multiple protons , from occupying the same quantum state at the same time . Thus , every proton in the nucleus must occupy a quantum state different from all other protons , and the same applies to all neutrons of the nucleus and to all electrons of the electron cloud . However , a proton and a neutron are allowed to occupy the same quantum state . For atoms with low atomic numbers , a nucleus that has more neutrons than protons tends to drop to a lower energy state through radioactive decay so that the neutron -- proton ratio is closer to one . However , as the atomic number increases , a higher proportion of neutrons is required to offset the mutual repulsion of the protons .",
"9": "Thus , there are no stable nuclei with equal proton and neutron numbers above atomic number Z = 20 ( calcium ) and as Z increases , the neutron -- proton ratio of stable isotopes increases . The stable isotope with the highest proton -- neutron ratio is lead - 208 ( about 1.5 ) . Illustration of a nuclear fusion process that forms a deuterium nucleus , consisting of a proton and a neutron , from two protons . A positron ( e ) -- an antimatter electron -- is emitted along with an electron neutrino . The number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus can be modified , although this can require very high energies because of the strong force . Nuclear fusion occurs when multiple atomic particles join to form a heavier nucleus , such as through the energetic collision of two nuclei . For example , at the core of the Sun protons require energies of 3 -- 10 keV to overcome their mutual repulsion -- the coulomb barrier -- and fuse together into a single nucleus . Nuclear fission is the opposite process , causing a nucleus to split into two smaller nuclei -- usually through radioactive decay . The nucleus can also be modified through bombardment by high energy subatomic particles or photons . If this modifies the number of protons in a nucleus , the atom changes to a different chemical element . If the mass of the nucleus following a fusion reaction is less than the sum of the masses of the separate particles , then the difference between these two values can be emitted as a type of usable energy ( such as a gamma ray , or the kinetic energy of a beta particle ) , as described by Albert Einstein 's mass -- energy equivalence formula , E = mc , where m is the mass loss and c is the speed of light . This deficit is part of the binding energy of the new nucleus , and it is the non-recoverable loss of the energy that causes the fused particles to remain together in a state that requires this energy to separate . The fusion of two nuclei that create larger nuclei with lower atomic numbers than iron and nickel -- a total nucleon number of about 60 -- is usually an exothermic process that releases more energy than is required to bring them together . It is this energy - releasing process that makes nuclear fusion in stars a self - sustaining reaction . For heavier nuclei , the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus begins to decrease .",
"10": "That means fusion processes producing nuclei that have atomic numbers higher than about 26 , and atomic masses higher than about 60 , is an endothermic process . These more massive nuclei can not undergo an energy - producing fusion reaction that can sustain the hydrostatic equilibrium of a star . Electron cloud Main articles : Atomic orbital and Electron configuration A potential well , showing , according to classical mechanics , the minimum energy V ( x ) needed to reach each position x . Classically , a particle with energy E is constrained to a range of positions between x and x . The electrons in an atom are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by the electromagnetic force . This force binds the electrons inside an electrostatic potential well surrounding the smaller nucleus , which means that an external source of energy is needed for the electron to escape . The closer an electron is to the nucleus , the greater the attractive force . Hence electrons bound near the center of the potential well require more energy to escape than those at greater separations . Electrons , like other particles , have properties of both a particle and a wave . The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three - dimensional standing wave -- a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus . This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital , a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location when its position is measured . Only a discrete ( or quantized ) set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus , as other possible wave patterns rapidly decay into a more stable form . Orbitals can have one or more ring or node structures , and differ from each other in size , shape and orientation . Wave functions of the first five atomic orbitals . The three 2p orbitals each display a single angular node that has an orientation and a minimum at the center . Play media How atoms are constructed from electron orbitals and link to the periodic table Each atomic orbital corresponds to a particular energy level of the electron . The electron can change its state to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon with sufficient energy to boost it into the new quantum state . Likewise , through spontaneous emission , an electron in a higher energy state can drop to a lower energy state while radiating the excess energy as a photon .",
"11": "These characteristic energy values , defined by the differences in the energies of the quantum states , are responsible for atomic spectral lines . The amount of energy needed to remove or add an electron -- the electron binding energy -- is far less than the binding energy of nucleons . For example , it requires only 13.6 eV to strip a ground - state electron from a hydrogen atom , compared to 2.23 million eV for splitting a deuterium nucleus . Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an equal number of protons and electrons . Atoms that have either a deficit or a surplus of electrons are called ions . Electrons that are farthest from the nucleus may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms . By this mechanism , atoms are able to bond into molecules and other types of chemical compounds like ionic and covalent network crystals . Properties Nuclear properties Main articles : Isotope , Stable isotope , List of nuclides , and List of elements by stability of isotopes By definition , any two atoms with an identical number of protons in their nuclei belong to the same chemical element . Atoms with equal numbers of protons but a different number of neutrons are different isotopes of the same element . For example , all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton , but isotopes exist with no neutrons ( hydrogen - 1 , by far the most common form , also called protium ) , one neutron ( deuterium ) , two neutrons ( tritium ) and more than two neutrons . The known elements form a set of atomic numbers , from the single proton element hydrogen up to the 118 - proton element oganesson . All known isotopes of elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 are radioactive , although the radioactivity of element 83 ( bismuth ) is so slight as to be practically negligible . About 339 nuclides occur naturally on Earth , of which 254 ( about 75 % ) have not been observed to decay , and are referred to as `` stable isotopes '' . However , only 90 of these nuclides are stable to all decay , even in theory . Another 164 ( bringing the total to 254 ) have not been observed to decay , even though in theory it is energetically possible . These are also formally classified as `` stable '' .",
"12": "An additional 34 radioactive nuclides have half - lives longer than 80 million years , and are long - lived enough to be present from the birth of the solar system . This collection of 288 nuclides are known as primordial nuclides . Finally , an additional 51 short - lived nuclides are known to occur naturally , as daughter products of primordial nuclide decay ( such as radium from uranium ) , or else as products of natural energetic processes on Earth , such as cosmic ray bombardment ( for example , carbon - 14 ) . For 80 of the chemical elements , at least one stable isotope exists . As a rule , there is only a handful of stable isotopes for each of these elements , the average being 3.2 stable isotopes per element . Twenty - six elements have only a single stable isotope , while the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten , for the element tin . Elements 43 , 61 , and all elements numbered 83 or higher have no stable isotopes . Stability of isotopes is affected by the ratio of protons to neutrons , and also by the presence of certain `` magic numbers '' of neutrons or protons that represent closed and filled quantum shells . These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus ; filled shells , such as the filled shell of 50 protons for tin , confers unusual stability on the nuclide . Of the 254 known stable nuclides , only four have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons : hydrogen - 2 ( deuterium ) , lithium - 6 , boron - 10 and nitrogen - 14 . Also , only four naturally occurring , radioactive odd -- odd nuclides have a half - life over a billion years : potassium - 40 , vanadium - 50 , lanthanum - 138 and tantalum - 180m . Most odd -- odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even -- even , and are therefore more strongly bound , due to nuclear pairing effects . Mass Main articles : Atomic mass and mass number The large majority of an atom 's mass comes from the protons and neutrons that make it up .",
"13": "The total number of these particles ( called `` nucleons '' ) in a given atom is called the mass number . It is a positive integer and dimensionless ( instead of having dimension of mass ) , because it expresses a count . An example of use of a mass number is `` carbon - 12 , '' which has 12 nucleons ( six protons and six neutrons ) . The actual mass of an atom at rest is often expressed using the unified atomic mass unit ( u ) , also called dalton ( Da ) . This unit is defined as a twelfth of the mass of a free neutral atom of carbon - 12 , which is approximately 6973166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 × 10 kg . Hydrogen - 1 ( the lightest isotope of hydrogen which is also the nuclide with the lowest mass ) has an atomic weight of 1.007825 u . The value of this number is called the atomic mass . A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal ( within 1 % ) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit ( for example the mass of a nitrogen - 14 is roughly 14 u ) . However , this number will not be exactly an integer except in the case of carbon - 12 ( see below ) . The heaviest stable atom is lead - 208 , with a mass of 7002207976652100000 ♠ 207.976 6521 u . As even the most massive atoms are far too light to work with directly , chemists instead use the unit of moles . One mole of atoms of any element always has the same number of atoms ( about 7023602200000000000 ♠ 6.022 × 10 ) . This number was chosen so that if an element has an atomic mass of 1 u , a mole of atoms of that element has a mass close to one gram . Because of the definition of the unified atomic mass unit , each carbon - 12 atom has an atomic mass of exactly 12 u , and so a mole of carbon - 12 atoms weighs exactly 0.012 kg . Shape and size Main article : Atomic radius Atoms lack a well - defined outer boundary , so their dimensions are usually described in terms of an atomic radius .",
"14": "This is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus . However , this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape , which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space . Atomic radii may be derived from the distances between two nuclei when the two atoms are joined in a chemical bond . The radius varies with the location of an atom on the atomic chart , the type of chemical bond , the number of neighboring atoms ( coordination number ) and a quantum mechanical property known as spin . On the periodic table of the elements , atom size tends to increase when moving down columns , but decrease when moving across rows ( left to right ) . Consequently , the smallest atom is helium with a radius of 32 pm , while one of the largest is caesium at 225 pm . When subjected to external forces , like electrical fields , the shape of an atom may deviate from spherical symmetry . The deformation depends on the field magnitude and the orbital type of outer shell electrons , as shown by group - theoretical considerations . Aspherical deviations might be elicited for instance in crystals , where large crystal - electrical fields may occur at low - symmetry lattice sites . Significant ellipsoidal deformations have been shown to occur for sulfur ions and chalcogen ions in pyrite - type compounds . Atomic dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the wavelengths of light ( 400 -- 700 nm ) so they can not be viewed using an optical microscope . However , individual atoms can be observed using a scanning tunneling microscope . To visualize the minuteness of the atom , consider that a typical human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms in width . A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion ( 7021200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 ) atoms of oxygen , and twice the number of hydrogen atoms . A single carat diamond with a mass of 6996200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 kg contains about 10 sextillion ( 10 ) atoms of carbon . If an apple were magnified to the size of the Earth , then the atoms in the apple would be approximately the size of the original apple . Radioactive decay Main article : Radioactive decay This diagram shows the half - life ( T ) of various isotopes with Z protons and N neutrons .",
"15": "Every element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that are subject to radioactive decay , causing the nucleus to emit particles or electromagnetic radiation . Radioactivity can occur when the radius of a nucleus is large compared with the radius of the strong force , which only acts over distances on the order of 1 fm . The most common forms of radioactive decay are : Alpha decay : this process is caused when the nucleus emits an alpha particle , which is a helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons . The result of the emission is a new element with a lower atomic number . Beta decay ( and electron capture ) : these processes are regulated by the weak force , and result from a transformation of a neutron into a proton , or a proton into a neutron . The neutron to proton transition is accompanied by the emission of an electron and an antineutrino , while proton to neutron transition ( except in electron capture ) causes the emission of a positron and a neutrino . The electron or positron emissions are called beta particles . Beta decay either increases or decreases the atomic number of the nucleus by one . Electron capture is more common than positron emission , because it requires less energy . In this type of decay , an electron is absorbed by the nucleus , rather than a positron emitted from the nucleus . A neutrino is still emitted in this process , and a proton changes to a neutron . Gamma decay : this process results from a change in the energy level of the nucleus to a lower state , resulting in the emission of electromagnetic radiation . The excited state of a nucleus which results in gamma emission usually occurs following the emission of an alpha or a beta particle . Thus , gamma decay usually follows alpha or beta decay . Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection of neutrons or protons or clusters of nucleons from a nucleus , or more than one beta particle . An analog of gamma emission which allows excited nuclei to lose energy in a different way , is internal conversion -- a process that produces high - speed electrons that are not beta rays , followed by production of high - energy photons that are not gamma rays . A few large nuclei explode into two or more charged fragments of varying masses plus several neutrons , in a decay called spontaneous nuclear fission .",
"16": "Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period -- the half - life -- that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay . This is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50 % every half - life . Hence after two half - lives have passed only 25 % of the isotope is present , and so forth . Magnetic moment Main articles : Electron magnetic moment and Nuclear magnetic moment Elementary particles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as spin . This is analogous to the angular momentum of an object that is spinning around its center of mass , although strictly speaking these particles are believed to be point - like and can not be said to be rotating . Spin is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant ( ħ ) , with electrons , protons and neutrons all having spin 1⁄2 ħ , or `` spin - 1⁄2 '' . In an atom , electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin , while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin . The magnetic field produced by an atom -- its magnetic moment -- is determined by these various forms of angular momentum , just as a rotating charged object classically produces a magnetic field . However , the most dominant contribution comes from electron spin . Due to the nature of electrons to obey the Pauli exclusion principle , in which no two electrons may be found in the same quantum state , bound electrons pair up with each other , with one member of each pair in a spin up state and the other in the opposite , spin down state . Thus these spins cancel each other out , reducing the total magnetic dipole moment to zero in some atoms with even number of electrons . In ferromagnetic elements such as iron , cobalt and nickel , an odd number of electrons leads to an unpaired electron and a net overall magnetic moment . The orbitals of neighboring atoms overlap and a lower energy state is achieved when the spins of unpaired electrons are aligned with each other , a spontaneous process known as an exchange interaction . When the magnetic moments of ferromagnetic atoms are lined up , the material can produce a measurable macroscopic field .",
"17": "Paramagnetic materials have atoms with magnetic moments that line up in random directions when no magnetic field is present , but the magnetic moments of the individual atoms line up in the presence of a field . The nucleus of an atom will have no spin when it has even numbers of both neutrons and protons , but for other cases of odd numbers , the nucleus may have a spin . Normally nuclei with spin are aligned in random directions because of thermal equilibrium . However , for certain elements ( such as xenon - 129 ) it is possible to polarize a significant proportion of the nuclear spin states so that they are aligned in the same direction -- a condition called hyperpolarization . This has important applications in magnetic resonance imaging . Energy levels These electron 's energy levels ( not to scale ) are sufficient for ground states of atoms up to cadmium ( 5s 4d ) inclusively . Do not forget that even the top of the diagram is lower than an unbound electron state . The potential energy of an electron in an atom is negative , its dependence of its position reaches the minimum ( the most absolute value ) inside the nucleus , and vanishes when the distance from the nucleus goes to infinity , roughly in an inverse proportion to the distance . In the quantum - mechanical model , a bound electron can only occupy a set of states centered on the nucleus , and each state corresponds to a specific energy level ; see time - independent Schrödinger equation for theoretical explanation . An energy level can be measured by the amount of energy needed to unbind the electron from the atom , and is usually given in units of electronvolts ( eV ) . The lowest energy state of a bound electron is called the ground state , i.e. stationary state , while an electron transition to a higher level results in an excited state . The electron 's energy raises when n increases because the ( average ) distance to the nucleus increases . Dependence of the energy on l is caused not by electrostatic potential of the nucleus , but by interaction between electrons . For an electron to transition between two different states , e.g. grounded state to first excited level ( ionization ) , it must absorb or emit a photon at an energy matching the difference in the potential energy of those levels , according to Niels Bohr model , what can be precisely calculated by the Schrödinger equation .",
"18": "Electrons jump between orbitals in a particle - like fashion . For example , if a single photon strikes the electrons , only a single electron changes states in response to the photon ; see Electron properties . The energy of an emitted photon is proportional to its frequency , so these specific energy levels appear as distinct bands in the electromagnetic spectrum . Each element has a characteristic spectrum that can depend on the nuclear charge , subshells filled by electrons , the electromagnetic interactions between the electrons and other factors . An example of absorption lines in a spectrum When a continuous spectrum of energy is passed through a gas or plasma , some of the photons are absorbed by atoms , causing electrons to change their energy level . Those excited electrons that remain bound to their atom spontaneously emit this energy as a photon , traveling in a random direction , and so drop back to lower energy levels . Thus the atoms behave like a filter that forms a series of dark absorption bands in the energy output . ( An observer viewing the atoms from a view that does not include the continuous spectrum in the background , instead sees a series of emission lines from the photons emitted by the atoms . ) Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of atomic spectral lines allow the composition and physical properties of a substance to be determined . Close examination of the spectral lines reveals that some display a fine structure splitting . This occurs because of spin -- orbit coupling , which is an interaction between the spin and motion of the outermost electron . When an atom is in an external magnetic field , spectral lines become split into three or more components ; a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect . This is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom and its electrons . Some atoms can have multiple electron configurations with the same energy level , which thus appear as a single spectral line . The interaction of the magnetic field with the atom shifts these electron configurations to slightly different energy levels , resulting in multiple spectral lines . The presence of an external electric field can cause a comparable splitting and shifting of spectral lines by modifying the electron energy levels , a phenomenon called the Stark effect . If a bound electron is in an excited state , an interacting photon with the proper energy can cause stimulated emission of a photon with a matching energy level . For this to occur , the electron must drop to a lower energy state that has an energy difference matching the energy of the interacting photon .",
"19": "The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases . That is , the wave patterns of the two photons are synchronized . This physical property is used to make lasers , which can emit a coherent beam of light energy in a narrow frequency band . Valence and bonding behavior Main articles : Valence ( chemistry ) and Chemical bond Valency is the combining power of an element . It is equal to number of hydrogen atoms that atom can combine or displace in forming compounds . The outermost electron shell of an atom in its uncombined state is known as the valence shell , and the electrons in that shell are called valence electrons . The number of valence electrons determines the bonding behavior with other atoms . Atoms tend to chemically react with each other in a manner that fills ( or empties ) their outer valence shells . For example , a transfer of a single electron between atoms is a useful approximation for bonds that form between atoms with one - electron more than a filled shell , and others that are one - electron short of a full shell , such as occurs in the compound sodium chloride and other chemical ionic salts . However , many elements display multiple valences , or tendencies to share differing numbers of electrons in different compounds . Thus , chemical bonding between these elements takes many forms of electron - sharing that are more than simple electron transfers . Examples include the element carbon and the organic compounds . The chemical elements are often displayed in a periodic table that is laid out to display recurring chemical properties , and elements with the same number of valence electrons form a group that is aligned in the same column of the table . ( The horizontal rows correspond to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . ) The elements at the far right of the table have their outer shell completely filled with electrons , which results in chemically inert elements known as the noble gases . States Main articles : State of matter and Phase ( matter ) Snapshots illustrating the formation of a Bose -- Einstein condensate Quantities of atoms are found in different states of matter that depend on the physical conditions , such as temperature and pressure . By varying the conditions , materials can transition between solids , liquids , gases and plasmas . Within a state , a material can also exist in different allotropes . An example of this is solid carbon , which can exist as graphite or diamond .",
"20": "Gaseous allotropes exist as well , such as dioxygen and ozone . At temperatures close to absolute zero , atoms can form a Bose -- Einstein condensate , at which point quantum mechanical effects , which are normally only observed at the atomic scale , become apparent on a macroscopic scale . This super-cooled collection of atoms then behaves as a single super atom , which may allow fundamental checks of quantum mechanical behavior . Identification Scanning tunneling microscope image showing the individual atoms making up this gold ( 100 ) surface . The surface atoms deviate from the bulk crystal structure and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them ( See surface reconstruction ) . The scanning tunneling microscope is a device for viewing surfaces at the atomic level . It uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon , which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would normally be insurmountable . Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two planar metal electrodes , on each of which is an adsorbed atom , providing a tunneling - current density that can be measured . Scanning one atom ( taken as the tip ) as it moves past the other ( the sample ) permits plotting of tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current . The calculation shows the extent to which scanning - tunneling - microscope images of an individual atom are visible . It confirms that for low bias , the microscope images the space - averaged dimensions of the electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels -- the Fermi level local density of states . An atom can be ionized by removing one of its electrons . The electric charge causes the trajectory of an atom to bend when it passes through a magnetic field . The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom . The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass - to - charge ratio of ions . If a sample contains multiple isotopes , the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions . Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis .",
"21": "A more area - selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy , which measures the energy loss of an electron beam within a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a portion of a sample . The atom - probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3 - D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time - of - flight mass spectrometry . Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars . Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms . These colors can be replicated using a gas - discharge lamp containing the same element . Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth . Origin and current state Atoms form about 4 % of the total energy density of the observable Universe , with an average density of about 0.25 atoms / m . Within a galaxy such as the Milky Way , atoms have a much higher concentration , with the density of matter in the interstellar medium ( ISM ) ranging from 10 to 10 atoms / m . The Sun is believed to be inside the Local Bubble , a region of highly ionized gas , so the density in the solar neighborhood is only about 10 atoms / m . Stars form from dense clouds in the ISM , and the evolutionary processes of stars result in the steady enrichment of the ISM with elements more massive than hydrogen and helium . Up to 95 % of the Milky Way 's atoms are concentrated inside stars and the total mass of atoms forms about 10 % of the mass of the galaxy . ( The remainder of the mass is an unknown dark matter . ) Formation Electrons are thought to exist in the Universe since early stages of the Big Bang . Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions . In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium , lithium , and deuterium in the Universe , and perhaps some of the beryllium and boron . Ubiquitousness and stability of atoms relies on their binding energy , which means that an atom has a lower energy than an unbound system of the nucleus and electrons . Where the temperature is much higher than ionization potential , the matter exists in the form of plasma -- a gas of positively charged ions ( possibly , bare nuclei ) and electrons .",
"22": "When the temperature drops below the ionization potential , atoms become statistically favorable . Atoms ( complete with bound electrons ) became to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang -- an epoch called recombination , when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei . Since the Big Bang , which produced no carbon or heavier elements , atomic nuclei have been combined in stars through the process of nuclear fusion to produce more of the element helium , and ( via the triple alpha process ) the sequence of elements from carbon up to iron ; see stellar nucleosynthesis for details . Isotopes such as lithium - 6 , as well as some beryllium and boron are generated in space through cosmic ray spallation . This occurs when a high - energy proton strikes an atomic nucleus , causing large numbers of nucleons to be ejected . Elements heavier than iron were produced in supernovae through the r - process and in AGB stars through the s - process , both of which involve the capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei . Elements such as lead formed largely through the radioactive decay of heavier elements . Earth Most of the atoms that make up the Earth and its inhabitants were present in their current form in the nebula that collapsed out of a molecular cloud to form the Solar System . The rest are the result of radioactive decay , and their relative proportion can be used to determine the age of the Earth through radiometric dating . Most of the helium in the crust of the Earth ( about 99 % of the helium from gas wells , as shown by its lower abundance of helium - 3 ) is a product of alpha decay . There are a few trace atoms on Earth that were not present at the beginning ( i.e. , not `` primordial '' ) , nor are results of radioactive decay . Carbon - 14 is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere . Some atoms on Earth have been artificially generated either deliberately or as by - products of nuclear reactors or explosions . Of the transuranic elements -- those with atomic numbers greater than 92 -- only plutonium and neptunium occur naturally on Earth . Transuranic elements have radioactive lifetimes shorter than the current age of the Earth and thus identifiable quantities of these elements have long since decayed , with the exception of traces of plutonium - 244 possibly deposited by cosmic dust .",
"23": "Natural deposits of plutonium and neptunium are produced by neutron capture in uranium ore . The Earth contains approximately 7050133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 × 10 atoms . Although small numbers of independent atoms of noble gases exist , such as argon , neon , and helium , 99 % of the atmosphere is bound in the form of molecules , including carbon dioxide and diatomic oxygen and nitrogen . At the surface of the Earth , an overwhelming majority of atoms combine to form various compounds , including water , salt , silicates and oxides . Atoms can also combine to create materials that do not consist of discrete molecules , including crystals and liquid or solid metals . This atomic matter forms networked arrangements that lack the particular type of small - scale interrupted order associated with molecular matter . Rare and theoretical forms Superheavy elements Main article : Transuranium element While isotopes with atomic numbers higher than lead ( 82 ) are known to be radioactive , an `` island of stability '' has been proposed for some elements with atomic numbers above 103 . These superheavy elements may have a nucleus that is relatively stable against radioactive decay . The most likely candidate for a stable superheavy atom , unbihexium , has 126 protons and 184 neutrons . Exotic matter Main article : Exotic matter Each particle of matter has a corresponding antimatter particle with the opposite electrical charge . Thus , the positron is a positively charged antielectron and the antiproton is a negatively charged equivalent of a proton . When a matter and corresponding antimatter particle meet , they annihilate each other . Because of this , along with an imbalance between the number of matter and antimatter particles , the latter are rare in the universe . The first causes of this imbalance are not yet fully understood , although theories of baryogenesis may offer an explanation . As a result , no antimatter atoms have been discovered in nature . However , in 1996 the antimatter counterpart of the hydrogen atom ( antihydrogen ) was synthesized at the CERN laboratory in Geneva . Other exotic atoms have been created by replacing one of the protons , neutrons or electrons with other particles that have the same charge . For example , an electron can be replaced by a more massive muon , forming a muonic atom .",
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"40": "Jump up ^ Kansas Geological Survey ( 4 May 2005 ) . `` Age of the Earth '' . University of Kansas . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Manuel 2001 , pp. 407 -- 430 , 511 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , G. Brent ( 2001 ) . `` The age of the Earth in the twentieth century : a problem ( mostly ) solved '' . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . 190 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2001GSLSP. 190 ... 205D . doi : 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 2001.190. 01.14 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Don L. ; Foulger , G.R. ; Meibom , Anders ( 2 September 2006 ) . `` Helium : Fundamental models '' . MantlePlumes.org . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Pennicott , Katie ( 10 May 2001 ) . `` Carbon clock could show the wrong time '' . PhysicsWeb . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yarris , Lynn ( 27 July 2001 ) . `` New Superheavy Elements 118 and 116 Discovered at Berkeley Lab '' . Berkeley Lab . Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Diamond , H ; et al. ( 1960 ) . `` Heavy Isotope Abundances in Mike Thermonuclear Device '' . Physical Review . 119 ( 6 ) : 2000 -- 04 . Bibcode : 1960PhRv ... 119.2000 D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 119.2000 . Jump up ^ Poston Sr. ; John W. ( 23 March 1998 ) . `` Do transuranic elements such as plutonium ever occur naturally ? ''",
"41": ". Scientific American . Jump up ^ Keller , C. ( 1973 ) . `` Natural occurrence of lanthanides , actinides , and superheavy elements '' . Chemiker Zeitung. 97 ( 10 ) : 522 -- 30 . OSTI 4353086 . Jump up ^ Zaider , Marco ; Rossi , Harald H. ( 2001 ) . Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers . Springer . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46403 - 9 . OCLC 44110319 . Jump up ^ Manuel 2001 , pp. 407 -- 430,511 -- 519 . Jump up ^ `` Oklo Fossil Reactors '' . Curtin University of Technology . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Weisenberger , Drew . `` How many atoms are there in the world ? '' . Jefferson Lab . Retrieved 16 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Pidwirny , Michael . `` Fundamentals of Physical Geography '' . University of British Columbia Okanagan . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Don L. ( 2002 ) . `` The inner inner core of Earth '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 99 ( 22 ) : 13966 -- 68 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9913966A . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 232565899 . PMC 137819 . PMID 12391308 . Jump up ^ Pauling , Linus ( 1960 ) . The Nature of the Chemical Bond . Cornell University Press . pp. 5 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0333 - 2 . OCLC 17518275 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 2 October 2001 ) . `` Second postcard from the island of stability '' . CERN Courier . Archived from the original on 3 February 2008 .",
"42": "Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Jacoby , Mitch ( 2006 ) . `` As - yet - unsynthesized superheavy atom should form a stable diatomic molecule with fluorine '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 84 ( 10 ) : 19 . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v084n010. p019a . Jump up ^ Koppes , Steve ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter - Antimatter Asymmetry '' . University of Chicago . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Cromie , William J. ( 16 August 2001 ) . `` A lifetime of trillionths of a second : Scientists explore antimatter '' . Harvard University Gazette . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hijmans , Tom W. ( 2002 ) . `` Particle physics : Cold antihydrogen '' . Nature . 419 ( 6906 ) : 439 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 419 ... 439H . doi : 10.1038 / 419439a . PMID 12368837 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 30 October 2002 ) . `` Researchers ' look inside ' antimatter '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Roger ( 1990 ) . `` The Strange World of the Exotic Atom '' . New Scientist ( 1728 ) : 77 -- 115 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Indelicato , Paul ( 2004 ) . `` Exotic Atoms '' . Physica Scripta . T112 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 26 . arXiv : physics / 0409058 . Bibcode : 2004PhST ... 112 ... 20I . doi : 10.1238 / Physica. Topical. 112a00020 . Jump up ^ Ripin , Barrett H. ( July 1998 ) .",
"43": "`` Recent Experiments on Exotic Atoms '' . American Physical Society . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Sources Manuel , Oliver ( 2001 ) . Origin of Elements in the Solar System : Implications of Post-1957 Observations . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46562 - 0 . OCLC 228374906 . Further reading Dalton , J. ( 1808 ) . A New System of Chemical Philosophy , Part 1 . London and Manchester : S. Russell . Gangopadhyaya , Mrinalkanti ( 1981 ) . Indian Atomism : History and Sources . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Humanities Press . ISBN 0 - 391 - 02177 - X . OCLC 10916778 . Harrison , Edward Robert ( 2003 ) . Masks of the Universe : Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77351 - 2 . OCLC 50441595 . Iannone , A. Pablo ( 2001 ) . Dictionary of World Philosophy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17995 - 5 . OCLC 44541769 . King , Richard ( 1999 ) . Indian philosophy : an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0954 - 7 . Levere , Trevor , H. ( 2001 ) . Transforming Matter -- A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the Buckyball . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6610 - 3 . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert . `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' . Perseus Digital Library . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert . `` ἄτομος '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . McEvilley , Thomas ( 2002 ) .",
"44": "The shape of ancient thought : comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies . Allworth Press . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 203 - 5 . Moran , Bruce T. ( 2005 ) . Distilling Knowledge : Alchemy , Chemistry , and the Scientific Revolution . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01495 - 2 . Ponomarev , Leonid Ivanovich ( 1993 ) . The Quantum Dice . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0251 - 8 . OCLC 26853108 . Roscoe , Henry Enfield ( 1895 ) . John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry . Century science series . New York : Macmillan . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Siegfried , Robert ( 2002 ) . From Elements to Atoms : A History of Chemical Composition . DIANE . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 924 - 9 . OCLC 186607849 . Teresi , Dick ( 2003 ) . Lost Discoveries : The Ancient Roots of Modern Science . Simon & Schuster . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4379 - X . Various ( 2002 ) . Lide , David R. , ed . Handbook of Chemistry & Physics ( 88th ed . ) . CRC . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . OCLC 179976746 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Wurtz , Charles Adolphe ( 1881 ) . The Atomic Theory . New York : D. Appleton and company . ISBN 0 - 559 - 43636 - X . External links Find more aboutAtomat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Quantum Mechanics and the Structure of Atoms '' on YouTube The actual physics lesson begins 2 : 20 into the video .",
"45": "Freudenrich , Craig C. `` How Atoms Work '' . How Stuff Works . Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2007 . `` The Atom '' . Free High School Science Texts : Physics . Wikibooks . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Anonymous ( 2007 ) . `` The atom '' . Science aid+ . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . -- a guide to the atom for teens . Anonymous ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Atoms and Atomic Structure '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Various ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Physics 2000 , Table of Contents '' . University of Colorado . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Various ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` What does an atom look like ? '' . University of Karlsruhe . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Particles in physics Elementary Fermions Quarks Up ( quark antiquark ) Down ( quark antiquark ) Charm ( quark antiquark ) Strange ( quark antiquark ) Top ( quark antiquark ) Bottom ( quark antiquark ) Leptons Electron Positron Muon Antimuon Tau Antitau Electron neutrino Electron antineutrino Muon neutrino Muon antineutrino Tau neutrino Tau antineutrino Bosons Gauge Photon Gluon W and Z bosons Scalar Higgs boson Others Ghosts Hypothetical Superpartners",
"46": "Gauginos Gluino Gravitino Photino Others Higgsino Neutralino Chargino Axino Sfermion ( Stop squark ) Others Planck particle Axion Dilaton Dual graviton Graviton Leptoquark Majoron Majorana fermion Magnetic monopole Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W ′ and Z ′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite Hadrons Baryons / hyperons Nucleon Proton Antiproton Neutron Antineutron Delta baryon Lambda baryon Sigma baryon Xi baryon Omega baryon Mesons / quarkonia Pion Rho meson Eta and eta prime mesons Phi meson J / psi meson Omega meson Upsilon meson Kaon B meson D meson Exotic hadrons Tetraquark Pentaquark Others Atomic nuclei Atoms Exotic atoms Positronium Muonium Tauonium Onia Superatoms Molecules Hypothetical Hypothetical baryons Hexaquark Skyrmion Hypothetical mesons Glueball Theta meson T meson Others Mesonic molecule Pomeron Diquarks Quasiparticles Davydov soliton",
"47": "Dropleton Exciton Hole Magnon Phonon Plasmaron Plasmon Polariton Polaron Roton Trion Lists Baryons Mesons Particles Quasiparticles Timeline of particle discoveries Related History of subatomic physics timeline Standard Model mathematical formulation Subatomic particles Particles Antiparticles Nuclear physics Eightfold Way Quark model Exotic matter Massless particle Relativistic particle Virtual particle Wave -- particle duality Wikipedia books Hadronic Matter Particles of the Standard Model Leptons Quarks Physics portal Into matter Macroscopic object > Molecule > Atom > Subatomic particle ( Composite particle Elementary particle ) Hierarchy of life Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule LCCN : sh85009333 GND : 4003412 - 4 NDL : 00562368 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atom&oldid=819128708 '' Categories : Atoms Chemistry Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2011 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk",
"48": "View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն",
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"50": "ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"51": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the purpose of the muscles that line the esophagus
|
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"push the food down the esophagus",
"push the food down the esophagus."
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{
"0": "Esophagus - wikipedia Esophagus Jump to : navigation , search Esophagus The digestive tract , with the esophagus marked Details Precursor Foregut System Part of the digestive system Artery Esophageal arteries Vein Esophageal veins Nerve Sympathetic trunk , vagus Identifiers Latin Oesophagus MeSH D004947 TA A05. 4.01. 001 FMA 7131 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The esophagus ( American English ) or oesophagus ( British English ) ( / ɪˈsɒfəɡəs / ) , commonly known as the food pipe or gullet , is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes , aided by peristaltic contractions , from the pharynx to the stomach . The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube , about 25 centimetres long in adults , which travels behind the trachea and heart , passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach . During swallowing , the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs . The word esophagus is the Greek word οἰσοφάγος oisophagos , meaning `` gullet '' . The wall of the esophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa , submucosa ( connective tissue ) , layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue , and an outer layer of connective tissue . The mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells , which contrasts to the single layer of columnar cells of the stomach . The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig - zag line . Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper third . It has two muscular rings or sphincters in its wall , one at the top and one at the bottom . The lower sphincter helps to prevent reflux of acidic stomach content . The esophagus has a rich blood supply and venous drainage .",
"1": "Its smooth muscle is innervated by involuntary nerves ( sympathetic nerves via the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic nerves via the vagus nerve ) and in addition voluntary nerves ( lower motor neurons ) which are carried in the vagus nerve to innervate its striated muscle . The esophagus may be affected by gastric reflux , cancer , prominent dilated blood vessels called varices that can bleed heavily , tears , constrictions , and disorders of motility . Diseases may cause difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ) , painful swallowing ( odynophagia ) , chest pain , or cause no symptoms at all . Clinical investigations include X-rays when swallowing barium , endoscopy , and CT scans . Surgically , the esophagus is very difficult to access . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Sphincters 1.2 Nerve supply 1.3 Gastro - esophageal junction 1.4 Microanatomy 2 Development 3 Function 3.1 Swallowing 3.2 Reducing gastric reflux 4 Gene and protein expression 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Inflammation 5.2 Barrett 's esophagus 5.3 Cancer 5.4 Varices 5.5 Motility disorders 5.6 Malformations 5.7 Imaging 6 History 7 Other animals 7.1 Vertebrates 7.2 Invertebrates 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) The esophagus is one of the upper parts of the digestive system . There are taste buds on its upper part . It begins at the back of the mouth , passing downwards through the rear part of the mediastinum , through the diaphragm , and into the stomach . In humans , the esophagus generally starts around the level of the sixth cervical vertebra behind the cricoid cartilage of the trachea , enters the diaphragm at about the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra , and ends at the cardia of the stomach , at the level of the eleventh thoracic vertebra . The esophagus is usually about 25 cm ( 10 in ) in length .",
"2": "Many blood vessels serve the esophagus , with blood supply varying along its course . The upper parts of the esophagus and the upper esophageal sphincter receive blood from the inferior thyroid artery , the parts of the esophagus in the thorax from the bronchial arteries and branches directly from the thoracic aorta , and the lower parts of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter receive blood from the left gastric artery and the left inferior phrenic artery . The venous drainage also differs along the course of the esophagus . The upper and middle parts of the esophagus drain into the azygos and hemiazygos veins , and blood from the lower part drains into the left gastric vein . All these veins drain into the superior vena cava , with the exception of the left gastric vein , which is a branch of the portal vein . Lymphatically , the upper third of the esophagus drains into the deep cervical lymph nodes , the middle into the superior and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes , and the lower esophagus into the gastric and celiac lymph nodes . This is similar to the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal structures that arise from the foregut , which all drain into the celiac nodes . Position The esophagus ( yellow ) passes behind the trachea and the heart . The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum . Seen from behind . The upper esophagus lies at the back of the mediastinum behind the trachea , adjoining along the tracheoesophageal stripe , and in front of the erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column . The lower esophagus lies behind the heart and curves in front of the thoracic aorta . From the bifurcation of the trachea downwards , the esophagus passes behind the right pulmonary artery , left main bronchus , and left atrium . At this point it passes through the diaphragm . The thoracic duct , which drains the majority of the body 's lymph , passes behind the esophagus , curving from lying behind the esophagus on the right in the lower part of the esophagus , to lying behind the esophagus on the left in the upper esophagus .",
"3": "The esophagus also lies in front of parts of the hemiazygos veins and the intercostal veins on the right side . The vagus nerve divides and covers the esophagus in a plexus . Constrictions The esophagus is constricted in three places . The esophagus has four points of constriction . When a corrosive substance , or a solid object is swallowed , it is most likely to lodge and damage one of these four points . These constrictions arise from particular structures that compress the esophagus . These constrictions are : At the start of the esophagus , where the laryngopharynx joins the esophagus , behind the cricoid cartilage Where it is crossed on the front by the aortic arch in the superior mediastinum Where the esophagus is compressed by the left main bronchus in the posterior mediastinum The esophageal hiatus where it passes through the diaphragm in the posterior mediastinum Sphincters ( edit ) The esophagus is surrounded at the top and bottom by two muscular rings , known respectively as the upper esophageal sphincter and the lower esophageal sphincter . These sphincters act to close the esophagus when food is not being swallowed . The esophageal sphincters are functional but not anatomical , meaning that they act as sphincters but do not have distinct thickenings like other sphincters . The upper esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper part of the esophagus . It consists of skeletal muscle but is not under voluntary control . Opening of the upper esophageal sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex . The primary muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter is the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor . The lower esophageal sphincter , or gastroesophageal sphincter , surrounds the lower part of the esophagus at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach . It is also called the cardiac sphincter or cardioesophageal sphincter , named from the adjacent part of the stomach , the cardia .",
"4": "Dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter causes gastroesophageal reflux , which causes heartburn and if it happens often enough , can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease , with damage of the esophageal mucosa . Nerve supply ( edit ) The esophagus is innervated by the vagus nerve and the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk . The vagus nerve has a parasympathetic function , supplying the muscles of the esophagus and stimulating glandular contraction . Two sets of nerve fibers travel in the vagus nerve to supply the muscles . The upper striated muscle , and upper esophageal sphincter , are supplied by neurons with bodies in the nucleus ambiguus , whereas fibers that supply the smooth muscle and lower esophageal sphincter have bodies situated in the dorsal motor nucleus . The vagus nerve plays the primary role in initiating peristalsis . The sympathetic trunk has a sympathetic function . It may enhance the function of the vagus nerve , increasing peristalsis and glandular activity , and causing sphincter contraction . In addition , sympathetic activation may relax the muscle wall and cause blood vessel constriction . Sensation along the esophagus is supplied by both nerves , with gross sensation being passed in the vagus nerve and pain passed up the sympathetic trunk . Gastro - esophageal junction ( edit ) The gastro - esophageal junction ( also known as the esophagogastric junction ) is the junction between the esophagus and the stomach , at the lower end of the esophagus . The pink color of the esophageal mucosa contrasts to the deeper red of the gastric mucosa , and the mucosal transition can be seen as an irregular zig - zag line , which is often called the z - line . Histological examination reveals abrupt transition between the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach . Normally , the cardia of the stomach is immediately distal to the z - line and the z - line coincides with the upper limit of the gastric folds of the cardia ; however , when the anatomy of the mucosa is distorted in Barrets esophagus the true gastro - eshophageal junction can be identified by the upper limit of the gastric folds rather than the mucosal transition .",
"5": "The functional location of the lower oesophageal sphincter is generally situated about 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) below the z - line . Microanatomy ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal wall H&E stain of a biopsy of the normal esophageal wall , showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium of the esophageal wall . Histological section of the gastro - esophageal junction , with a black arrow indicating the junction . The human esophagus has a mucous membrane consisting of a tough stratified squamous epithelium without keratin , a smooth lamina propria , and a muscularis mucosae . The epithelium of the esophagus has a relatively rapid turnover , and serves a protective function against the abrasive effects of food . In many animals the epithelium contains a layer of keratin , representing a coarser diet . There are two types of glands , with mucus - secreting esophageal glands being found in the submucosa , and esophageal cardiac glands , similar to cardiac glands of the stomach , located in the lamina propria and most frequent in the terminal part of the organ . The mucus from the glands gives a good protection to the lining . The submucosa also contains the submucosal plexus , a network of nerve cells that is part of the enteric nervous system . The muscular layer of the esophagus has two types of muscle . The upper third of the esophagus contains striated muscle , the lower third contains smooth muscle , and the middle third contains a mixture of both . Muscle is arranged in two layers : one in which the muscle fibers run longitudinal to the esophagus , and the other in which the fibers encircle the esophagus . These are separated by the myenteric plexus , a tangled network of nerve fibers involved in the secretion of mucus and in peristalsis of the smooth muscle of the esophagus . The outermost layer of the esophagus is the adventitia in most of its length , with the abdominal part being covered in serosa . This makes it distinct from many other structures in the gastrointestinal tract that only have a serosa . Development ( edit ) In early embryogenesis , the esophagus develops from the endodermal primitive gut tube .",
"6": "The ventral part of the embryo abuts the yolk sac . During the second week of embryological development , as the embryo grows , it begins to surround parts of the sac . The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract . The sac is surrounded by a network of vitelline arteries . Over time , these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract : the celiac artery , superior mesenteric artery , and inferior mesenteric artery . The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the midgut , hindgut and foregut . The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut . Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract , such as the esophagus , stomach , and intestines . The esophagus develops as part of the foregut tube . The innervation of the esophagus develops from the pharyngeal arches . Function ( edit ) Swallowing ( edit ) Food is ingested through the mouth and when swallowed passes first into the pharynx and then into the esophagus . The esophagus is thus one of the first components of the digestive system and the gastrointestinal tract . After food passes through the esophagus , it enters the stomach . When food is being swallowed , the epiglottis moves backward to cover the larynx , preventing food from entering the trachea . At the same time , the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes , allowing a bolus of food to enter . Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the food down the esophagus . These rhythmic contractions occur both as a reflex response to food that is in the mouth , and also as a response to the sensation of food within the esophagus itself . Along with peristalsis , the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes . Reducing gastric reflux ( edit ) The stomach produces gastric acid , a strongly acidic mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and potassium and sodium salts to enable food digestion . Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters help to prevent reflux ( backflow ) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus , protecting the esophageal mucosa .",
"7": "In addition , the acute angle of His and the lower crura of the diaphragm helps this sphincteric action . Gene and protein expression ( edit ) About 20,000 protein - coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal esophagus . Some 250 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the esophagus with less than 50 genes being highly specific . The corresponding esophagus - specific proteins are mainly involved in squamous differentiation such as keratins KRT13 , KRT4 and KRT6C . Other specific proteins that help lubricate the inner surface of esophagus are mucins such as MUC21 and MUC22 . Many genes with elevated expression are also shared with skin and other organs that are composed of squamous epithelia . Clinical significance ( edit ) The main conditions affecting the esophagus are described here . For a more complete list , see esophageal disease . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Esophagitis Inflammation of the esophagus is known as esophagitis . Reflux of gastric acids from the stomach , infection , substances ingested ( for example , corrosives ) , some medications ( such as bisphosphonates ) , and food allergies can all lead to esophagitis . Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the yeast candida albicans that may occur when a person is immunocompromised . As of 2014 the cause of some forms of esophagitis , such as eosinophilic esophagitis , is not known . Esophagitis can cause painful swallowing and is usually treated by managing the cause of the esophagitis - such as managing reflux or treating infection . Barrett 's esophagus ( edit ) Main article : Barrett 's esophagus Prolonged esophagitis , particularly from gastric reflux , is one factor thought to play a role in the development of Barrett 's esophagus . In this condition , there is metaplasia of the lining of the lower esophagus , which changes from stratified squamous epithelia to simple columnar epithelia . Barrett 's esophagus is thought to be one of the main contributors to the development of esophageal cancer .",
"8": "Cancer ( edit ) Main article : Esophageal cancer There are two main types of cancer of the esophagus . Squamous cell carcinoma is a carcinoma that can occur in the squamous cells lining the esophagus . This type is much more common in China and Iran . The other main type is an adenocarcinoma that occurs in the glands or columnar tissue of the esophagus . This is most common in developed countries in those with Barrett 's esophagus , and occurs in the cuboidal cells . In its early stages , esophageal cancer may not have any symptoms at all . When severe , esophageal cancer may eventually cause obstruction of the esophagus , making swallowing of any solid foods very difficult and causing weight loss . The progress of the cancer is staged using a system that measures how far into the esophageal wall the cancer has invaded , how many lymph nodes are affected , and whether there are any metastases in different parts of the body . Esophageal cancer is often managed with radiotherapy , chemotherapy , and may also be managed by partial surgical removal of the esophagus . Inserting a stent into the esophagus , or inserting a nasogastric tube , may also be used to ensure that a person is able to digest enough food and water . As of 2014 , the prognosis for esophageal cancer is still poor , so palliative therapy may also be a focus of treatment . Varices ( edit ) Main article : Esophageal varices Esophageal varices are swollen twisted branches of the azygous vein in the lower third of the esophagus . These blood vessels anastomose ( join up ) with those of the portal vein when portal hypertension develops . These blood vessels are engorged more than normal , and in the worst cases may partially obstruct the esophagus . These blood vessels develop as part of a collateral circulation that occurs to drain blood from the abdomen as a result of portal hypertension , usually as a result of liver diseases such as cirrhosis . This collateral circulation occurs because the lower part of the esophagus drains into the left gastric vein , which is a branch of the portal vein .",
"9": "Because of the extensive venous plexus that exists between this vein and other veins , if portal hypertension occurs , the direction of blood drainage in this vein may reverse , with blood draining from the portal venous system , through the plexus . Veins in the plexus may engorge and lead to varices . Esophageal varices often do not have symptoms until they rupture . A ruptured varix is considered a medical emergency , because varices can bleed a lot . A bleeding varix may cause a person to vomit blood , or suffer shock . To deal with a ruptured varix , a band may be placed around the bleeding blood vessel , or a small amount of a clotting agent may be injected near the bleed . A surgeon may also try to use a small inflatable balloon to apply pressure to stop the wound . IV fluids and blood products may be given in order to prevent hypovolemia from excess blood loss . Motility disorders ( edit ) Several disorders affect the motility of food as it travels down the esophagus . This can cause difficult swallowing , called dysphagia , or painful swallowing , called odynophagia . Achalasia refers to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax properly , and generally develops later in life . This leads to progressive enlargement of the esophagus , and possibly eventual megaesophagus . A nutcracker esophagus refers to swallowing that can be extremely painful . Diffuse esophageal spasm is a spasm of the esophagus that can be one cause of chest pain . Such referred pain to the wall of the upper chest is quite common in esophageal conditions . Sclerosis of the esophagus , such as with systemic sclerosis or in CREST syndrome may cause hardening of the walls of the esophagus and interfere with peristalsis . Malformations ( edit ) Esophageal strictures are usually benign and typically develop after a person has had reflux for many years . Other strictures may include esophageal webs ( which can also be congenital ) and damage to the esophagus by radiotherapy , corrosive ingestion , or eosinophilic esophagitis . A Schatzki ring is fibrosis at the gastro - esophageal junction .",
"10": "Strictures may also develop in chronic anemia , and Plummer - Vinson syndrome . Two of the most common congenital malformations affecting the esophagus are an esophageal atresia where the oesophagus ends in a blind sac instead of connecting to the stomach ; and an esophageal fistula -- an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea . Both of these conditions usually occur together . These are found in about 1 in 3500 births . Half of these cases may be part of a syndrome where other abnormalities are also present , particularly of the heart or limbs . The other cases occur singly . Imaging ( edit ) A mass seen during an endoscopy and an ultrasound of the mass conducted during the endoscopy session . An X-ray of swallowed barium may be used to reveal the size and shape of the esophagus , and the presence of any masses . The esophagus may also be imaged using a flexible camera inserted into the esophagus , in a procedure called an endoscopy . If an endoscopy is used on the stomach , the camera will also have to pass through the esophagus . During an endoscopy , a biopsy may be taken . If cancer of the esophagus is being investigated , other methods , including a CT scan , may also be used . History ( edit ) The word esophagus ( British English : oesophagus ) , comes from the Greek : οἰσοφάγος ( oisophagos ) meaning gullet . It derives from two roots ( eosin ) to carry and ( phagos ) to eat . The use of the word oesophagus , has been documented in anatomical literature since at least the time of Hippocrates , who noted that `` the oesophagus ... receives the greatest amount of what we consume . '' Its existence in other animals and its relationship with the stomach was documented by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder ( AD23 -- AD79 ) , and the peristaltic contractions of the esophagus have been documented since at least the time of Galen . The first attempt at surgery on the esophagus focused in the neck , and was conducted in dogs by Theodore Billroth in 1871 .",
"11": "In 1877 Czerny carried out surgery in people . By 1908 , an operation had been performed by Voeckler to remove the esophagus , and in 1933 the first surgical removal of parts of the lower esophagus , ( to control esophageal cancer ) , had been conducted . The Nissen fundoplication , in which the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter to stimulate its function and control reflux , was first conducted by Rudolph Nissen in 1955 . Other animals ( edit ) Vertebrates ( edit ) In tetrapods , the pharynx is much shorter , and the esophagus correspondingly longer , than in fish . In the majority of vertebrates , the esophagus is simply a connecting tube , but in some birds , which regurgitate components to feed their young , it is extended towards the lower end to form a crop for storing food before it enters the true stomach . In ruminants , animals with four stomachs , a groove called the sulcus reticuli is often found in the esophagus , allowing milk to drain directly into the hind stomach , the abomasum . In the horse the esophagus is about 1.2 to 1.5 m ( 4 to 5 ft ) in length , and carries food to the stomach . A muscular ring , called the cardiac sphincter , connects the stomach to the esophagus . This sphincter is very well developed in horses . This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus connects to the stomach explains why horses can not vomit . The esophagus is also the area of the digestive tract where horses may suffer from choke . The esophagus of snakes is remarkable for the distension it undergoes when swallowing prey . In most fish , the esophagus is extremely short , primarily due to the length of the pharynx ( which is associated with the gills ) . However , some fish , including lampreys , chimaeras , and lungfish , have no true stomach , so that the esophagus effectively runs from the pharynx directly to the intestine , and is therefore somewhat longer . In many vertebrates , the esophagus is lined by stratified squamous epithelium without glands .",
"12": "In fish , the esophagus is often lined with columnar epithelium , and in amphibians , sharks and rays , the esophageal epithelium is ciliated , helping to wash food along , in addition to the action of muscular peristalsis . In addition , in the bat Plecotus auritus , fish and some amphibians , glands secreting pepsinogen or hydrochloric acid have been found . The muscle of the esophagus in many mammals is striated initially , but then becomes smooth muscle in the caudal third or so . In canines and ruminants , however , it is entirely striated to allow regurgitation to feed young ( canines ) or regurgitation to chew cud ( ruminants ) . It is entirely smooth muscle in amphibians , reptiles and birds . Contrary to popular belief , a human body would not be able to pass through the esophagus of a whale , which generally measures less than 10 centimetres ( 4 in ) in diameter , although in larger baleen whales it may be up to 25 centimetres ( 10 in ) when fully distended . Invertebrates ( edit ) A structure with the same name is often found in invertebrates , including molluscs and arthropods , connecting the oral cavity with the stomach . In terms of the digestive system of snails and slugs , the mouth opens into an esophagus , which connects to the stomach . Because of torsion , which is the rotation of the main body of the animal during larval development , the esophagus usually passes around the stomach , and opens into its back , furthest from the mouth . In species that have undergone de-torsion , however , the esophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach , which is the reverse of the usual gastropod arrangement . There is an extensive rostrum at the front of the esophagus in all carnivorous snails and slugs . In the freshwater snail species Tarebia granifera , the brood pouch is above the esophagus . In the cephalopods , the brain often surrounds the esophagus . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology .",
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"19": "PMID 21708724 . Jump up ^ Giffen , James M. ; Gore , Tom ( 1998 ) ( 1989 ) . Horse Owner 's Veterinary Handbook ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Howell Book House . ISBN 0 - 87605 - 606 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cundall , D. ; Tuttman , C. ; Close , M. ( Mar 2014 ) . `` A model of the anterior esophagus in snakes , with functional and developmental implications '' . Anat Rec. 297 ( 3 ) : 586 -- 98 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 22860 . Jump up ^ Eveleth , Rose ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Could a Whale Accidentally Swallow You ? It Is Possible '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Tinker , Spencer Wilkie ( 1988 ) . Whales of the world . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 935848 - 47 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hartenstein , Volker ( September 1997 ) . `` Development of the insect stomatogastric nervous system '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 20 ( 9 ) : 421 -- 427 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 97 ) 01066 - 7 . PMID 9292972 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert D. ( 1982 ) . Invertebrate Zoology . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056747 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , J. ; Van Bruggen , A.C. ( 1998 ) . `` A first record of a terrestrial mollusc without a radula '' . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 64 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 250 . doi : 10.1093 / mollus / 64.2. 249 . Jump up ^ Appleton C.C. , Forbes A.T.",
"20": "& Demetriades N.T. ( 2009 ) . `` The occurrence , bionomics and potential impacts of the invasive freshwater snail Tarebia granifera ( Lamarck , 1822 ) ( Gastropoda : Thiaridae ) in South Africa '' . Zoologische Mededelingen 83 . Jump up ^ Kutsch , with a coda written by T.H. Bullock ; edited by O. Breidbach , W. ( 1994 ) . The nervous systems of invertebrates : an evolutionary and comparative approach . Basel : Birkhäuser . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 5076 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Esophagus . Look up esophagus in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .",
"21": "Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract ,",
"22": "excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4056119 - 7 NDL : 00572160 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&oldid=837446400 '' Categories : Digestive system Thorax ( human anatomy )",
"23": "Organs ( anatomy ) Human head and neck Abdomen Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Good articles Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული",
"24": "Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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creating appropriation bills falls under which power of congress
|
[
"raising revenue"
] |
{
"0": "Appropriation bill - wikipedia Appropriation bill Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this article be merged with Money bill . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2016 . An appropriation bill ( also known as a running bill or supply bill ) is proposed law that authorizes the expenditure of government funds . It is a bill that sets money aside for specific spending . In most democracies , approval of the legislature is necessary for the government to spend money . In a Westminster parliamentary system , the defeat of an appropriation bill in a parliamentary vote generally necessitates either the resignation of a government or the calling of a general election . One of the more famous examples of the defeat of a supply bill was the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , when the Senate , which was controlled by the opposition , refused to approve a package of appropriation and loan bills , prompting Governor - General Sir John Kerr to dismiss Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and appoint Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister until the next election ( where the Fraser government was elected ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appropriation bills by country 1.1 New Zealand 1.2 United States 2 See also 3 References Appropriation bills by country ( edit ) New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , an Appropriation Bill is the formal name for the annual act of Parliament which gives legal effect to the Budget , that is , the Government 's taxing and spending policies for the forthcoming year ( from 1 July to 30 June ) . Like other bills , it is enacted , following debate , by the House of Representatives , and assented to by the Governor - General . The main Appropriation Bill is traditionally placed before the House for its first reading in May amid considerable media interest , an event known as the introduction of the Budget .",
"1": "An Appropriation Bill is not sent to a select committee , a lengthy process undergone by most bills during which they are scrutinised in detail by the committee , which also receives public submissions relating to the bill . Instead , an expedited process is followed in which the Appropriation Bill essentially goes directly to its second reading for consideration by the committee of the whole House . Royal assent is granted after the formality of a third reading . The main Appropriation Bill is formally called an `` Appropriation ( Estimates ) Bill '' , or , after assented to , an `` Appropriation ( Estimates ) Act '' . Supplementary Budgetary legislation in New Zealand includes an annual `` Appropriation ( Confirmation and Validation ) Bill '' , which serves to validate taxation and spending incurred in the previous year which fell outside the previous year 's Budget , and `` Imprest Supply Bills , '' typically several in a year , which grant interim authority to the Government to tax and spend . Both Appropriation and Imprest Supply bills fall under the rubric of confidence and supply . A refusal by the House to pass such a Bill conventionally leads to either the resignation of the Government ( unlikely , since there is usually no alternative Government immediately available ) or to a dissolution of the House and a subsequent general election . United States ( edit ) Main article : Appropriations bill ( United States ) Under the U.S. presidential system , the support of the Congress for the President 's appropriations requests is not necessary for the separately elected President to remain in office , but can severely limit the President 's ability to govern effectively . In the United States , there are two types of appropriations . When Congress sets up particular programs , the legislation may itself set up the necessary appropriation mechanism , such as the social security program where payment of benefits are `` mandatory '' . A mandatory program does not need an additional authorisation in order for spending under the program to occur . An authorization bill can create programs and make known Congress 's intended level of spending for programs that also require an appropriation . What distinguishes a mandatory program from a discretionary program is that after Congress enacts a law creating a mandatory program , the program is permitted to spend funds until the program expires based on a provision in law , or until a subsequent law either terminates the program or reauthorizes it . `` Discretionary '' programs typically require annual appropriations legislation .",
"2": "An appropriation bill is used to actually provide money for `` discretionary '' programs . Appropriations are generally done on an annual basis , although multi-year appropriations are occasionally passed . According to the United States Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 , clause 12 ) , Army appropriations can not be for more than two years at a time . An annual appropriation requires that the funds appropriated be obligated ( spent ) by the end of the fiscal year of the appropriation . Once the fiscal year ends , no more money can be spent via the prior year 's appropriation . A new appropriation for the new fiscal year must be passed in order for continued spending to occur , or passage of a special appropriations bill known as a continuing resolution , which generally permits continued spending for a short period of time -- usually at prior year levels . The Anti-Deficiency Act makes void any attempt to spend money for which there is no current appropriation . According to the Origination Clause of the United States Constitution , all bills for raising revenue , generally tax bills , must originate in the House of Representatives , similar to the Westminster system requirement that all money bills originate in the lower house . Traditionally , though , appropriation bills also originate in the House of Representatives . House appropriations bills begin with `` H.R. '' , meaning `` House of Representatives '' . In reference to revenue bills , the Constitution also states that the `` Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . '' As with revenue bills , the Senate and House each drafts and considers its own appropriation bill . The Senate then `` cuts - and - pastes , '' substituting the language of its version of a particular appropriation bill for the language of the House bill , then agrees to the bill as amended . The United States House Committee on Appropriations and the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations have jurisdiction over appropriations bills . Both committees have twelve matching subcommittees tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills . Other Committees and lawmakers in Congress write legislation creating programs and reauthorizing old ones to continue . This legislation is called an authorization bill . In this legislation , they authorize these programs to exist , and they authorize the expenditure of funds on them , but they can not actually give them the money . That second step , of granting the money , is done in an appropriations bill .",
"3": "The appropriations committees have power because they can decide whether to fund these programs at the maximum level authorized , a lesser amount , or not at all . Appropriations bills in the United States can also come in the format of an omnibus spending bill , a continuing resolution , or a supplemental appropriation bill . If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the start of a new fiscal year , it can pass a continuing resolution , which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year ( or with minor modifications ) for a set amount of time . An omnibus spending bill is simply a combination of multiple appropriations bills into one larger appropriations bill . Supplemental appropriations bills increase funding for activities that were already funded in previous appropriations bills or the provide new funding for unexpected expenses . For example , both the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War were funded with a variety of supplemental appropriations . Supplemental appropriations bills also provide funding for recovering from unexpected natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy ( the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act , 2013 ) . Annual appropriations are divided into 12 separate pieces of legislation : Agriculture , Commerce , Justice , and Science , Defense , Energy and Water , Financial Services , Homeland Security , Interior and Environment , Labor , Health and Human Services , and Education , Legislative , Military and Veterans , State and Foreign Operations , Transportation and Housing and Urban Development . See also ( edit ) Appropriation Act ( U.K. ) Loss of supply References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Disagreements between the Houses '' ( PDF ) . House of Representatives Practice ( 6th ed . ) . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2008 ) . Congressional procedures and the policy process ( 7 . ed. , ( Nachdr . ) . ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . p.",
"4": "42 . ISBN 9780872893030 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Andrew ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2011 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process , 8th ed . Washington , DC 20037 : CQ Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60426 - 613 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Forms of Congressional Action '' . How Our Laws Are Made . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tollestrup , Jessica ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The Congressional Appropriations Process : An Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2007 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87289 - 303 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tollestrup , Jessica ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The Congressional Appropriations Process : An Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 13 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ National Priorities Project Bringing the Federal Budget Home from the Cost of War website Jump up ^ `` Congressional Reports : Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan since 9 / 11 '' . zFacts.org. 2006 - 04 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 15 .",
"5": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_bill&oldid=836801663 '' Categories : Government budgets Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2016 Articles to be merged from November 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the movie wonder based off of
|
[
"on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio"
] |
{
"0": "Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Izabela Vidovic Mandy Patinkin Daveed Diggs Music by Marcelo Zarvos Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $218.8 million Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay . The film follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate and has grossed over $218 million worldwide on a $20 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast members 2.2 Other cast members 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a fifth - grade boy living in North River Heights in upper Manhattan . He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . ''",
"1": "Due to numerous ( 27 ) surgeries , Auggie had been homeschooled by his mother Isabel , but as Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and Nate decide to enroll him in Beecher Prep , a private school , for the start of middle school . At first , Auggie is ostracized by nearly all the student body , but he is soon befriended by a boy named Jack Will . During Halloween , Auggie wears an old GhostFace mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his Boba Fett costume . Unrecognized , he walks around school knowing he would not get tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom he overhears Jack telling Julian Albans that he was only pretending to be friends with Auggie . Feeling betrayed , Auggie wants to quit Beecher Prep and go back to homeschooling , but his older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to another friend , a girl named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the term `` Ghost Face '' as a clue ; Jack is shocked when it suddenly dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the GhostFace costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian. When Julian wants Jack to switch partners to be with him in a science fair project Jack refuses . When Julian asks Jack does he want to work with that `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by Mr. Browne and Ms. Petosa . Jack is suspended for two days , and decides not to get Julian suspended to knowing it would not be fair. He later writes an apology letter to Mr. Tushman . Auggie , over winter break , requests Jack 's Minecraft coordinates , which Jack sends . Jack apologizes to Auggie , and Auggie accepts . During the rest of the school year , Auggie is repeatedly bullied by Julian and his group ; they leave hurtful notes on his desk and tape to his locker their class picture with Auggie photoshopped out . When Mr.",
"2": "Tushman later confronts Julian and his parents using all the notes and the doctored picture as evidence , Julian 's mother proclaims that she had had Auggie edited out of the photo to make it look more presentable to her friends at home ; she then says that the school should not be inclusive and that Auggie does not belong there . But despite her threats to pull their funding from the school , Tushman suspends Julian for two days . Julian showed remorse to Tushman for his actions to Auggie . Meanwhile , Via signs up for Drama Club at her high school after her best friend , Miranda , ignores her ; in the process , she meets Justin , a friendly boy with whom she forms a close friendship , which later develops into a romantic relationship . Later , Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of Our Town , with Justin as the lead actor . Later on , Isabel and Nate find out that Via 's play is coming around , and Via never told them about it , and they get into a fight with Auggie overhearing everything . Auggie later confronts his mom and his sister , who brush it off . Auggie then accuses them of lying and storms off to his room , and then Daisy starts to whimper . Via then rushes up to Auggie 's room telling him that Daisy is sick . They say goodbye to Isabel who meets Nate at the hospital . They then return that night without the dog , implying that Daisy was put to sleep . On the night of the play , Miranda , the lead actress and Via 's former best friend , pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . After the play , everyone , including Miranda and Justin , go home to the Pullmans and eat pizza to celebrate . During a school trip to a nature reserve , when Auggie and Jack are accosted and threatened by a group of seventh graders from another school , several of their classmates come to their defense . At the year 's end during the graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for standing out ; Auggie receives a standing ovation , and the movie ends with everyone applauding Auggie , and Isabel commenting on him being a wonder .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Main cast members ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia Noah Jupe as Jack Will Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody Millie Davis as Summer Dawson Ty Consiglio as Amos Conti Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas Nadji Jeter as Justin Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog Other cast members ( edit ) Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Albans Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans Erika McKitrick as Ella Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca William Dickinson as Eddie Emma Tremblay as Michelle Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan Armen Bagdasrov as Danny Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay . Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time .",
"4": "On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in the film to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct the film . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined the film to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the film to play Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast in the film to play Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sonia Braga joined the cast of the film , portraying the role of Roberts ' character 's mother . Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate . On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of January 4 , 2018 , Wonder has grossed $126.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $92.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $218.7 million , against a production budget of $20 million .",
"5": "In the United States and Canada , Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend . However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales , weekend projections were upped to $15 million . Weekend projections were again increased , this time to $28 million , after the film made $9.4 million on its first day . The film went on to debut to $27.1 million , finishing second at the box office behind Justice League . In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7 % , grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 154 reviews and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wonder does n't shy away from its bestselling source material 's sentiment , but this well - acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able - bodied actor as Auggie and for its inspirational message . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref .",
"6": "British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hair Naomi Bakstad , Robert Pandini and Arjen Tuiten Pending Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Deborah Aquila , Kara Eide , Tricia Wood and Kris Woz Pending Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Young Actor / Actress Jacob Tremblay Pending Best Adapted Screenplay Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad and Stephen Chbosky Pending Best Hair & Makeup Wonder Pending Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Stephen Chbosky Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Makeup Naomi Bakstad , Jean Black and Megan Harkness Pending Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Pending Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Pending Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Performance by a Youth Jacob Tremblay Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Justice League ' Perform Like ' Wonder Woman ' or ' Suicide Squad ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 .",
"8": "Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder the Film '' . Natalie Merchant . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Henley , Ariel . `` Hollywood 's Approach to Disabled Characters Is Still a Disaster '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren . `` What it 's really like to have the rare disease in ' Wonder ' '' . New York Post . New York Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Barack , Lauren . `` Critics Question the Representation of Disability in ' Wonder ' '' . School Library Journal . School Library Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Film Critics Society '' . 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 .",
"10": "External links ( edit ) Wonder on IMDb Wonder at AllMovie Wonder at Box Office Mojo Wonder at Metacritic Wonder at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=819516652 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films about bullying Films about disability Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does eye of the round roast come from
|
[
"the rear leg of the cow",
"the rear leg of the cow",
"the rear leg of the cow"
] |
{
"0": "Round steak - wikipedia Round steak Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Round steak American beef cuts Type Beef steak Cookbook : Round steak Media : Round steak A raw top round steak in a pan A round steak is a beef steak from the `` round '' , the rear leg of the cow . The round is divided into cuts including the eye ( of ) round , bottom round , and top round , with or without the `` round '' bone ( femur ) , and may include the knuckle ( sirloin tip ) , depending on how the round is separated from the loin . This is a lean cut and it is moderately tough . Lack of fat and marbling makes round dry out when cooked with dry - heat cooking methods like roasting or grilling . Round steak is commonly prepared with slow moist - heat methods including braising , to tenderize the meat and maintain moisture . The cut is often sliced thin , then dried or smoked at low temperature to make jerky . Rump cover , with its thick layer of accompanying fat , is considered one of the best ( and most flavorful ) beef cuts in many South American countries , particularly Brazil and Argentina . This specific cut does not tend to be found elsewhere , however . Contents ( hide ) 1 Topside and Silverside 2 Dishes 3 Common preparations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Topside and Silverside ( edit ) British cuts Topside and Silverside together roughly replace the American Round cut . New Zealand cuts also use these terms ( or sometimes `` Outside Round '' for Silverside ) .",
"1": "Dishes ( edit ) Bresaola : Air - dried salted beef made with round steak London broil : Bias - cut roasted steak , commonly made with round steak Italian beef : Thinly sliced round steak cooked in stock Rinderbraten : Round steak stuffed with pork fat and spices Steak and Guinness pie : Round steak with Guinness stout , bacon , and onions , in pie crust Common preparations ( edit ) Ground round or beef mince : a type of ground beef made from round steak and trimmings from the primal round ; this is also the name of a U.S. restaurant chain , Ground Round Accordion cut : cutting on alternating sides and stretching to make a thinner overall steak Butterflying : cutting through the center , leaving a small hinge of meat , and unfolding to create a thinner steak Swiss steak : preparing by making a series of small cuts with a bladed roller or pounding flat , also called Swissing , cubing or tenderizing See also ( edit ) Food portal List of steak dishes Popeseye steak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cooking Tips - Beef and lamb New Zealand '' . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications '' . ( 687 KiB ) Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round",
"2": "Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato",
"3": "Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_steak&oldid=826024338 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1802461501489784989
|
who sings the song let me love you
|
[
"Justin Bieber",
"Singh H Spot",
"Justin Bieber",
"Singh H Spot",
"DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber"
] |
{
"0": "Let Me Love You ( DJ Snake song ) - wikipedia Let Me Love You ( DJ Snake song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let Me Love You '' Single by DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber from the album Encore Released 5 August 2016 Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre EDM Length 3 : 25 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) William Grigahcine Justin Bieber Andrew Watt Ali Tamposi Brian Lee Louis Bell Producer ( s ) DJ Snake ( also exec . ) DJ Snake singles chronology `` Talk '' ( 2016 ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) `` The Half '' ( 2017 ) `` Talk '' ( 2016 ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) `` The Half '' ( 2017 ) Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Cold Water '' ( 2016 ) Cold Water 2016 `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) Let Me Love You2016 `` Deja Vu '' ( 2016 ) Deja Vu 2016 `` Let Me Love You '' is a song recorded by French electronic music producer DJ Snake , taken as the third single from his debut studio album , Encore ( 2016 ) . It featured vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber and Singh H Spot . The artists co-wrote the song with Andrew Watt , Ali Tamposi , Brian Lee , and Louis Bell , while the song 's production was handled by DJ Snake . The song was released on 5 August 2016 , through Interscope Records . Its music video was released on November 29 , 2016 , on YouTube . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.1. 1 Original version 4.1. 2 Remix featuring R. Kelly 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Let Me Love You '' is written in the key of C minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute in common time .",
"1": "The song follows a chord progression of Cm7 -- E ♭ -- E ♭ / G -- A ♭ -- E ♭ / G -- A ♭ , and Bieber 's vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on 29 November 2016 . Rolling Stone magazine referred to the video as `` Bonnie and Clyde with a twist '' as it shows a few takes with a couple engaging in a high speed chase , a run in with a head boss and a makeout session in the getaway car . In the end , it is revealed that the action sequences are part of a video simulation and the players on the other side are in fact a kid and an unkempt adult male with virtual reality devices on . This video was directed by James Lees . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Let Me Love You '' debuted at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated 27 August 2016 . The single opened at number - one on Digital Songs with 113,000 downloads , becoming DJ Snake 's first and Bieber 's sixth number - one on the chart . On the issue dated 1 October 2016 , `` Let Me Love You '' advanced six places to reach number six , becoming DJ Snake 's third top 10 and Bieber 's twelfth top 10 single . It reached number four the following week . The remix of the song with the collaboration of American R&B singer R. Kelly debuted at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 on the issue dated 14 January 2017 . The remix opened at number 11 on Hot Dance / Electronic Songs with 25,000 downloads .",
"2": "Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Argentina Digital Songs ( CAPIF ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 30 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 15 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 92 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 72 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Remix featuring R.",
"3": "Kelly ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 24 US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 28 Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 35 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 27 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 68 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 14 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Poland ( ZPAV ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 41 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 78 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Diamond 250,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,",
"4": "000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 5 × Platinum 200,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` Ease Into the Weekend with Justin Bieber 's ' Let Me Love You ' '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Justin Bieber & DJ Snake 's ' Let Me Love You ' Collab '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber `` Let Me Love You '' Sheet Music in Eb Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake - Let Me Love You ft . Justin Bieber '' . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake & Justin Bieber Debut at No. 1 on Digital Songs & No. 12 on Hot 100 With ' Let Me Love You ' '' . Billboard. 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Closer ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week & D.R.A.M. 's ' Broccoli ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard. 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake 's ' Let Me Love You ' Remix With R. Kelly Hits Dance Charts '' . Billboard. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 14 al 20 de Noviembre , 2016 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' ( in Spanish ) .",
"5": "CAPIF . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . To view the peak position , select digital mensual , 2016 and Septiembre . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RANKINGS - Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Internet Group . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Música Nacional Radio '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201650 into search . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 24 August 2016 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake : Let Me Love You ( Feat . Justin Bieber ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 33 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dj Snake Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dj Snake ft . Justin Bieber , Banda MS y Ricky Martin ft . Maluma los # 1 de México '' . Monitor Latino . 17 October 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 42 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201647 into search . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201635 into search . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' Canciones Top 50 .",
"8": "Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake -- Chart History : Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association .",
"9": "Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2016 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual Argentina '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 409 '' . auspOp. 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Dj Snake ft . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber ; ' Let Me Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 26 August 2016 .",
"12": "Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love Yourself and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Enter Let Me Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Cold Water '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 16 October 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyric Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics DJ Snake Discography Studio albums Encore ( 2016 ) Singles `` Turn Down for What '' `` Get Low '' `` You Know You Like It '' `` Lean On '' `` Middle '' `` Talk '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` A Different Way '' Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? ''",
"13": "`` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Love_You_(DJ_Snake_song)&oldid=819302690 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Justin Bieber songs DJ Snake songs Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Ali Tamposi Songs written by Brian Lee ( songwriter ) Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Torch songs Songs written by Andrew Watt ( musician ) Tropical house songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy",
"14": "dates from August 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for",
"15": "United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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9,
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[
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307455002465526783
|
how many seasons are there for lost girl
|
[
"five",
"5",
"five",
"five"
] |
{
"0": "List of Lost Girl episodes - wikipedia List of Lost Girl episodes Jump to : navigation , search Lost Girl is a Canadian supernatural drama television series that aired on Showcase for five seasons , from September 12 , 2010 , to October 25 , 2015 . It follows the life of a bisexual succubus named Bo , played by Anna Silk , as she learns to control her superhuman abilities , help those in need , and discover the truth about her origins . The series was created by Michelle Lovretta and produced by Jay Firestone and Prodigy Pictures Inc. , with the participation of the Canadian Television Fund ( Canada Media Fund ) , and in association with Shaw Media . Following good ratings and positive reviews , it was renewed for a second season on November 12 , 2010 ( two months after its premiere ) , and the episodes order afterwards increased to 22 episodes ; a third season on December 9 , 2011 ; a fourth season on February 28 , 2013 ; and a fifth on February 27 , 2014 . On August 25 , 2014 , Showcase announced that the fifth season would be the last , with the original 13 - episode order increased to 16 final episodes and the season divided into two parts . In Australia , Lost Girl premiered on Sci Fi Australia on July 14 , 2011 . In the United Kingdom ( UK and Ireland ) , it premiered on Syfy on September 1 , 2011 . In the United States , it premiered on Syfy on January 16 , 2012 , after Syfy purchased the rights to the first 26 episodes from Prodigy Pictures Inc. on May 18 , 2011 . Total episode running time is 44 : 00 minutes , including opening title sequence and fade to black closing credits roll . Episodes broadcast on Syfy in the United States were 90 seconds shorter to allow for more commercial advertisement time . Starting with Season 3 , 30 seconds that would have otherwise been cut from the Syfy episodes were preserved by substituting the original opening title sequence with opening credits superimposed over the first scene of each episode .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3 Motion comics 4 Webisodes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 22 September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 13 January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 13 November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) 5 16 8 December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 8 September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lost Girl ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` It 's a Fae , Fae , Fae , Fae World '' Erik Canuel Michelle Lovretta September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) `` Where There 's a Will ,",
"2": "There 's a Fae '' Robert Lieberman Peter Mohan September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) `` Oh Kappa , My Kappa '' Paul Fox Michelle Lovretta September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) `` Faetal Attraction '' Steve DiMarco Jeremy Boxen October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 5 5 `` Dead Lucky '' John Fawcett Emily Andras October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 6 6 `` Food for Thought '' John Fawcett Pamela Pinch October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 7 7 `` ArachnoFaebia '' John Fawcett Emily Andras October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) 8 8 `` Vexed '' John Fawcett Michelle Lovretta November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 9 9 `` Fae Day '' Steve DiMarco Jeremy Boxen November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 10 10 `` The Mourning After '' Paul Fox Michelle Lovretta November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 11 11 `` Faetal Justice '' Robert Lieberman Peter Mohan November 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) 12 12 `` ( Dis ) Members Only '' Steve DiMarco Jeremy Boxen December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 13 13 `` Blood Lines '' Robert Lieberman Michelle Lovretta December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lost Girl ( season 2 ) No .",
"3": "overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date CAN viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Something Wicked This Fae Comes '' Robert Lieberman Michelle Lovretta September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) 0.420 15 `` I Fought the Fae ( and the Fae Won ) '' Steve DiMarco Michelle Lovretta September 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 11 ) 0.358 16 `` Scream a Little Dream '' George Mihalka Jeremy Boxen September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 0.332 17 `` Mirror , Mirror '' Steve DiMarco Emily Andras September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) N / A 18 5 `` BrotherFae of the Wolves '' Clark Johnson Alexandra Zarowny October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 0.345 19 6 `` It 's Better to Burn Out Than Fae Away '' Gail Harvey Steve Cochran October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 0.265 20 7 `` Fae Gone Wild '' Lynne Stopkewich Alexandra Zarowny November 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 0.236 21 8 `` Death Did n't Become Him '' Steve DiMarco Steve Cochrane November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) N / A 22 9 `` Original Skin '' Paul Fox Emily Andras November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 0.285 23 10 `` Raging Fae '' David Greene Jeremy Boxen November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) 0.",
"4": "223 24 11 `` Ca n't See the Fae - Rest '' Gail Harvey Shelley Scarrow December 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) 0.377 25 12 `` Masks '' Lee Rose Grant Rosenberg December 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 11 ) N / A 26 13 `` Barometz . Trick . Pressure . ''",
"5": "Paolo Barzman Steve Cochrane December 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 18 ) 0.308 27 14 `` Midnight Lamp '' David Winning Jeremy Boxen January 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 22 ) 0.330 28 15 `` Table for Fae '' David Greene Duana Taha January 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 29 ) 0.264 29 16 `` School 's Out '' James Dunnison Jay Firestone & Harris Goldberg February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) N / A 30 17 `` The Girl Who Fae 'd With Fire '' Brett Sullivan Emily Andras February 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 19 ) 0.232 31 18 `` Fae - nted Love '' Michael DeCarlo Shelley Scarrow March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) N / A 32 19 `` Truth and Consequences '' Lee Rose Grant Rosenberg March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) N / A 33 20 `` Lachlan 's Gambit '' Steve DiMarco Steve Cochrane March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 0.264 34 21 `` Into the Dark '' John Fawcett Emily Andras March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) 0.241 35 22 `` Flesh and Blood '' Steve DiMarco Alan McCullough April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 0.323 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lost Girl ( season 3 ) No . overall No.",
"6": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date CAN viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Caged Fae '' Paolo Barzman Emily Andras January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) N / A 37 `` SubterrFaenean '' Steve DiMarco Stephen Cochrane January 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) N / A 38 `` ConFaegion '' Paolo Barzman James Thorpe January 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) N / A 39 `` Fae - de To Black '' Ron Murphy Alexandra Zarowny January 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) N / A 40 5 `` Faes Wide Shut '' George Mihalka Jeremy Boxen February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) N / A 41 6 `` The Kenzi Scale '' David Greene Sandra Chwialkowska February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) N / A 42 7 `` There 's Bo Place Like Home '' Gail Harvey Brendon Yorke March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) N / A 43 8 `` Fae - ge Against The Machine '' George Mihalka Alexandra Zarowny March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) N / A 44 9 `` Ceremony '' Lee Rose James Thorpe March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) N / A 45 10 `` Delinquents '' Gail Harvey Michelle Lovretta March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) N / A 46 11 `` Adventures In Fae - bysitting '' Lee Rose Sandra Chwialkowska March 31 ,",
"7": "2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) N / A 47 12 `` Hail , Hale '' Steve DiMarco Stephen Cochrane April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) N / A 48 13 `` Those Who Wander '' Ron Murphy Emily Andras April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 0,269 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lost Girl ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 49 `` In Memoriam '' Paolo Barzman Emily Andras November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 50 `` Sleeping Beauty School '' Steve DiMarco Alexandra Zarowny November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 51 `` Lovers . Apart . ''",
"8": "Andy Mikita Steve Cochrane November 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) 52 `` Turn to Stone '' Paolo Barzman Michael Grassi December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 53 5 `` Let the Dark Times Roll '' Ron Murphy Jeremy Boxen December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 54 6 `` Of All the Gin Joints '' Mairzee Almas Alex Zarowney December 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 15 ) 55 7 `` La Fae Époque '' Steve DiMarco Michael Grassi December 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 22 ) 56 8 `` Groundhog Fae '' Ron Murphy Emily Andras & Sam Ruano December 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 29 ) 57 9 `` Destiny 's Child '' Steve DiMarco Steve Cochrane January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 58 10 `` Waves '' Director X Michael Grassi January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 59 11 `` End Of A Line '' Ron Murphy Steve Cochrane January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 60 12 `` Origin '' Steve DiMarco Alexandra Zarowny February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 61 13 `` Dark Horse '' Ron Murphy Emily Andras February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lost Girl ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 62 `` Like Hell Pt.",
"9": "1 '' Paolo Barzman Michael Grassi December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 63 `` Like Hell Pt. 2 '' Paolo Barzman Emily Andras December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 64 `` Big in Japan '' Ron Murphy Alexandra Zarowny December 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) 65 `` When God Opens a Window '' Mairzee Almas Steve Cochrane December 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 28 ) 66 5 `` It 's Your Lucky Fae '' Paolo Barzman Ley Lukins January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) 67 6 `` Clear Eyes , Fae Hearts '' David Greene Sandra Chwialkowska January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 68 7 `` Here Comes the Night '' Paolo Barzman Michael Grassi January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 69 8 `` End of Faes '' Ron Murphy Ley Lukins & Lauren Gosnell January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) Part 2 70 9 `` 44 Minutes to Save the World '' Gail Harvey Sandra Chwialkowska August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) online September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) on TV 71 10 `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' Paolo Barzman Alexandra Zarowny September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 72 11 `` Sweet Valkyrie High '' Bruce McDonald Emily Andras September 20 ,",
"10": "2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 73 12 `` Judgement Fae '' Lee Rose Lara Azzopardi & Lauren Gosnell September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 74 13 `` Family Portrait '' Ron Murphy Michael Grassi October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 75 14 `` Follow the Yellow Trick Road '' Paolo Barzman Ley Lukins October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 76 15 `` Let Them Burn '' Mairzee Almas Sandra Chwialkowska October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 77 16 `` Rise '' Paolo Barzman Michael Grassi October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) Motion comics ( edit ) As part of the show 's promotion , a series of motion comics , Lost Girl : The Interactive Motion Comic , was released on the official Lost Girl website . The first of these appeared on August 20 , 2010 . The plan was to release one chapter per month , for a total of six , during the Fall 2010 television season . Around the time of the release of No. 5 , the individual chapters were made available for downloading as well as being watchable on the Lost Girl website . File formats included M4V , MP4 and WMV files . It used elements of traditional print comic books with animation and audio effects . Called a motion comic by the producers , it provided a story - telling medium which was hoped would provide information about Bo and other characters from the show , and give additional insight into the supernatural world of Lost Girl . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Chapter 1 : Feed '' TBA Navid Khavari August 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 20 ) Bo struggles for survival and to discover her place in the world , while a mysterious force tracks her .",
"11": "`` Chapter 2 : Leftovers '' TBA Navid Khavari September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) Detectives Dyson and Hale investigate the remains of a grisly murder and an even stranger set of suspects . `` Chapter 3 : Futakuchi - onna '' TBA Navid Khavari October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) Bo reminisces on her first discovery of her ability , and chooses how to use it . `` Chapter 4 : Dead Leads '' TBA Navid Khavari November 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 20 ) Dyson and Hale continue their investigation , putting themselves in jeopardy . 5 `` Chapter 5 : Inhuman '' TBA Navid Khavari January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) Bo encounters an old foe under dangerous circumstances and is forced to make a difficult decision . 6 `` Chapter 6 : Reset '' TBA Navid Khavari February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) Dyson and Hale search for answers and get more than they bargained for . Webisodes ( edit ) A series of four webisodes were created as a promotional lead - in to the premiere of Season Four on Showcase , with the first installment released on October 13 , 2013 . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` UPYURS6 '' Paul Day Alexandra Zarowny October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) Alongside Bruce , Kenzi seeks out the Druid Mossimo , when their travel is interrupted by an internet troll who denies passage across a bridge . `` Red Tape '' Paul Day Michael Grassi October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) Vex runs into a few problems while trying to arrange a party .",
"12": "`` Getting to Know You : The Una Mens '' Steve Cochrane Steve Cochrane October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) An old timey video introducing The Una Mens : a powerful group of Fae elders created after the disappearance of The Blood King who use lethal means to enforce the Blood Laws . `` Prophecy '' Paul Day Sam Ruano November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) In The Dal Riata , Hale bets Trick that a Divination Plank is no better than a Magic 8 - Ball , unwittingly becomes possessed , and delivers an ominous prophecy . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Canada ratings results References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Mark . `` Review : ' Lost Girl ' '' . About.com ( Entertainment , Sci - Fi / Fantasy ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ drsquid ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Nine Questions with Lost Girl Creator and Writer Michelle Lovretta '' . RGB Filter . Bo is a succubus , a grown woman , and bisexual ... Jump up ^ `` Syfy Lost Girl Producer Jay Firestone Discusses New Season and Show Origins ( VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . GamerLiveTV . July 23 , 2012 . The basic premise when we started , my basic pitch was : she 's good , she 's bad , she 's bi . Jump up ^ Landau , Emily ( February 2013 ) . `` The Erotic Education of Anna Silk : the Lost Girl star on playing a bisexual succubus '' . Toronto Life Magazine . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Kathie ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Anna Silk , sexy succubus of Lost Girl , Syfy 's newest series '' . Blastr . Jump up ^ Vann , Helena ( 2011 ) . `` Interview with Michelle Lovretta '' . The Watercooler . Jump up ^ `` Jay Firestone.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Prodigy Pictures Inc '' . Jump up ^ `` LOST GIRL Renewed for Second Season ( via Press Release issued November 12 , 2010 ) '' . Channel Canada .",
"13": "November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wild , Diane ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Girl episode order upped to 22 ( from media release ) '' . TV , eh ? . Jump up ^ Wild , Diane ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` LOST GIRL RENEWED FOR SEASON 3 ( from media release ) '' . TV , eh ? . ; Jump up ^ Hooper , Kirk ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Showcase Renews Lost Girl for a Faetastic Fourth Season '' . Showcase Blog : Lost Girl . Shaw Media . ; Jump up ^ Pugsley , Sarah ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Lost Girl Renewed for a ' Fae'fth Season ! '' . Showcase Blog : Lost Girl . Shaw Media . Jump up ^ Shaw Media ( Press Release ) ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWCASE ANNOUNCES THE EPIC FINAL SEASON OF LOST GIRL '' . Shaw Media . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Pam ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Girl , Thursday , 6.30 pm , SCIFI '' . The West Australian . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Girl -- Premieres in the UK September 1st '' . SpoilerTV . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Will Premiere Supernatural Drama Series `` Lost Girl '' on Monday , January 16 at 10PM `` . The Futon Critic . October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Acquires Supernatural Drama Series ' Lost Girl ' from Prodigy Pictures '' ( Press Release ) `` . TV by the Numbers . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garner , Jim ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Lost Girl Season 3 Scoop : Going Dark ( Fae ) '' . TV Fanatic .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Lloyd Robertson goes out on top '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang Theory explodes , So You Think You Can Dance Canada fizzles '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Emmy Awards , Survivor , Mercer and 22 Minutes back big as season officially starts '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang remains No. 1 ; City hits high with Terra Nova ; Michael , Playboy Club down and out '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang still rules , but Rob Ford gets his 22 Minutes of fame '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Bang still big , X Factor no longer a factor in Canadian Top 10 '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` THE BRIOUX REPORT : Goodbye Reege , Hello Santa As House and The Amas Make the TV Top 10 '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill . `` The Brioux Report : The Grey Cup blasts Big Bang Theory out of the Canadian TV top spot '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Russell Peters beats Wonderful Life in Christmas TV showdown '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill . `` The Brioux Report : the tribe has spoken as hockey tops Survivor finale as week 's top show '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Canadians Love Hockey , Football and The Big Bang Theory '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang , CSI , All - Star hockey wins week before sweeps '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Survivor and The Amazing Race roar back in pre-Oscar week '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Brioux Report : Big Bang goes Missing '' . Brioux.tv . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : old favourites Survivor , Amazing Race , Idol , NCIS and CSI dominate '' . Brioux.tv .",
"16": "Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang easily tops Junos , Sun News gets lift from political boxing stunt show '' . Brioux.tv . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golder , Dave ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game Of Thrones & Continuum Ratings News '' . sfx.co.uk . SFX . Jump up ^ Hooper , Kirk ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Director X Makes His Television Directorial Debut When He Takes the Helm at Lost Girl '' . Showcase . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Aug21 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Lost Girl : The Interactive Motion Comic '' . Showcase . CW Media Inc. 2010 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Kirk ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lost Girl Webisodes Premiere This Sunday on Showcase.ca '' . Showcase Blog : Lost Girl . Shaw Media . External links ( edit ) Official website Lost Girl at Prodigy Pictures Inc . Lost Girl at Syfy Lost Girl at Showcase Blog Lost Girl official Twitter Lost Girl official page on Facebook Lost Girl at Lost Girl Writers Twitter Lost Girl episodes at Showcase Lost Girl at epguides.com Lost Girl list of episodes at Garn 's Guides Lost Girl on IMDb Lost Girl at BO SERIES INC .",
"17": "( Giant Ape Media ) Lost Girl at Lost Girl : The Official Site ( FUNimation ) Lost Girl at Funimation : Take Lost Girl Home Lost Girl at Spoiler TV Lost Girl at TV.com Lost Girl at TV Fanatic ( hide ) Lost Girl Episodes Season 1 5 Characters Bo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lost_Girl_episodes&oldid=817100894 '' Categories : Lost Girl Lists of drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Magyar Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6125736193771176822
|
who is the leading african producer of wool
|
[
"South Africa",
"Sudan"
] |
{
"0": "Wool - wikipedia Wool Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Wool ( disambiguation ) . `` Fleeces '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fleece ( disambiguation ) . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Australia and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wool just before processing Unshorn Merino sheep Shorn sheep Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals , including cashmere and mohair from goats , qiviut from muskoxen , angora from rabbits , and other types of wool from camelids . Wool mainly consists of protein together with a few percent lipids . In this regard it is chemically quite distinct from the more dominant textile , cotton , which is mainly cellulose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Processing 2.1 Shearing 2.2 Scouring 3 Fineness and yield 4 History 5 Production 6 Marketing 6.1 Australia 6.2 Other countries 7 Yarn 8 Uses 9 Events 10 See also 10.1 Production 10.2 Processing 10.3 Refined products 10.4 Organizations 10.5 Miscellaneous wool 11 References 12 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Champion hogget fleece , Walcha Show Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin . These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow . Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles . Primary follicles produce three types of fiber : kemp , medullated fibers , and true wool fibers . Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers . Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity . Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out .",
"1": "Fleece of fine New Zealand Merino wool and combed wool top on a wool table Wool 's scaling and crimp make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other , so they stay together . Because of the crimp , wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles , and they hold air , which causes the fabric to retain heat . Wool has a high specific heat coefficient , so it impedes heat transfer in general . This effect has benefited desert peoples , as Bedouins and Tuaregs use wool clothes for insulation . Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together . Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair / fur : it is crimped and elastic . The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers . A fine wool like Merino may have up to 100 crimps per inch , while coarser wool like karakul may have as few as one or two . In contrast , hair has little if any scale and no crimp , and little ability to bind into yarn . On sheep , the hair part of the fleece is called kemp . The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning , felting , or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products , including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland . Wool fibers readily absorb moisture , but are not hollow . Wool can absorb almost one - third of its own weight in water . Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics . It is generally a creamy white color , although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors , such as black , brown , silver , and random mixes . Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers . It has a lower rate of flame spread , a lower rate of heat release , a lower heat of combustion , and does not melt or drip ; it forms a char which is insulating and self - extinguishing , and it contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products when used in carpets . Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments , such as trains and aircraft .",
"2": "Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters , soldiers , and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire . Wool causes an allergic reaction in some people . Processing ( edit ) Shearing ( edit ) Fine Merino shearing Lismore , Victoria Main article : Sheep shearing Sheep shearing is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is cut off . After shearing , the wool is separated into four main categories : fleece ( which makes up the vast bulk ) , broken , bellies , and locks . The quality of fleeces is determined by a technique known as wool classing , whereby a qualified person called a wool classer groups wools of similar gradings together to maximize the return for the farmer or sheep owner . In Australia before being auctioned , all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for micron , yield ( including the amount of vegetable matter ) , staple length , staple strength , and sometimes color and comfort factor . Scouring ( edit ) Wool before and after scouring Wool straight off a sheep , known as `` greasy wool '' or `` wool in the grease '' , contains a high level of valuable lanolin , as well as the sheep 's dead skin and sweat residue , and generally also contains pesticides and vegetable matter from the animal 's environment . Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes , it must be scoured , a process of cleaning the greasy wool . Scouring may be as simple as a bath in warm water or as complicated as an industrial process using detergent and alkali in specialized equipment . In north west England , special potash pits were constructed to produce potash used in the manufacture of a soft soap for scouring locally produced white wool . In commercial wool , vegetable matter is often removed by chemical carbonization . In less - processed wools , vegetable matter may be removed by hand and some of the lanolin left intact through the use of gentler detergents . This semigrease wool can be worked into yarn and knitted into particularly water - resistant mittens or sweaters , such as those of the Aran Island fishermen . Lanolin removed from wool is widely used in cosmetic products such as hand creams .",
"3": "Fineness and yield ( edit ) Raw wool has many impurities ; vegetable matter , sand , dirt and yolk which is a mixture of suint ( sweat ) , grease , urine stains and dung locks . The sheep 's body yields many types of wool with differing strengths , thicknesses , length of staple and impurities . The raw wool ( greasy ) is processed into ' top ' . ' Worsted top ' requires strong straight and parallel fibres . Common Name Part of Sheep Style of Wool Fine Shoulder Fine uniform and very dense Near Sides Fine uniform and strong Downrights Neck Short and irregular , lower quality Choice Back Shorter staple , open and less strong Abb Haunches Longer , stronger large staples Seconds Belly Short , tender , Matted and dirty Top - not Head Stiff , very coarse , rough and kempy Brokes Forelegs Short irregular and faulty Cowtail Hindlegs Very strong , coarse and hairy Britch Tail Very coarse , kempy and dirty Various types and natural colors of wool , and a picture made from wool The quality of wool is determined by its fiber diameter , crimp , yield , color , and staple strength . Fiber diameter is the single most important wool characteristic determining quality and price . Merino wool is typically 3 -- 5 inches in length and is very fine ( between 12 and 24 microns ) . The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets . Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically more coarse , and has fibers 1.5 to 6 in ( 38 to 152 mm ) in length . Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece , resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break . Wool is also separated into grades based on the measurement of the wool 's diameter in microns and also its style . These grades may vary depending on the breed or purpose of the wool .",
"4": "For example : Merinos Diameter in microns Name < 15.5 Ultrafine Merino 15.6 -- 18.5 Superfine Merino 18.6 -- 20 Fine Merino 20.1 -- 23 Medium Merino > 23 Strong Merino Breeds Breeds Diameter Comeback 21 -- 26 microns , white , 90 -- 180 mm long Fine crossbred 27 -- 31 microns , Corriedales , etc . Medium crossbred 32 -- 35 microns Downs 23 -- 34 microns , typically lacks luster and brightness . Examples , Aussiedown , Dorset Horn , Suffolk , etc . Coarse crossbred > 36 microns Carpet wools 35 -- 45 microns Any wool finer than 25 microns can be used for garments , while coarser grades are used for outerwear or rugs . The finer the wool , the softer it is , while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling . The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP , which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer . This style represents the top level of fineness , character , color , and style as determined on the basis of a series of parameters in accordance with the original dictates of British wool as applied by the Australian Wool Exchange ( AWEX ) Council . Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP . In the United States , three classifications of wool are named in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 . `` Wool '' is `` the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat ( and may include the so - called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel , alpaca , llama , and vicuna ) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product '' . `` Virgin wool '' and `` new wool '' are also used to refer to such never used wool . There are two categories of recycled wool ( also called reclaimed or shoddy wool ) .",
"5": "`` Reprocessed wool '' identifies `` wool which has been woven or felted into a wool product and subsequently reduced to a fibrous state without having been used by the ultimate consumer '' . `` Reused wool '' refers to such wool that has been used by the ultimate consumer . History ( edit ) Further information : History of clothing and textiles and The medieval English wool trade A 1905 illustration of a Tibetan man spinning wool Wild sheep were more hairy than woolly . Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago , archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC , with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later . Woolly - sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC . The oldest known European wool textile , ca . 1500 BC , was preserved in a Danish bog . Prior to invention of shears -- probably in the Iron Age -- the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs . In Roman times , wool , linen , and leather clothed the European population ; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard , and silks , imported along the Silk Road from China , were extravagant luxury goods . Pliny the Elder records in his Natural History that the reputation for producing the finest wool was enjoyed by Tarentum , where selective breeding had produced sheep with superior fleeces , but which required special care . In medieval times , as trade connections expanded , the Champagne fairs revolved around the production of wool cloth in small centers such as Provins . The network developed by the annual fairs meant the woolens of Provins might find their way to Naples , Sicily , Cyprus , Majorca , Spain , and even Constantinople . The wool trade developed into serious business , a generator of capital . In the 13th century , the wool trade became the economic engine of the Low Countries and central Italy . By the end of the 14th century , Italy predominated , though Italian production turned to silk in the 16th century .",
"6": "Both industries , based on the export of English raw wool , were rivaled only by the 15th - century sheepwalks of Castile and were a significant source of income to the English crown , which in 1275 had imposed an export tax on wool called the `` Great Custom '' . The importance of wool to the English economy can be seen in the fact that since the 14th century , the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the `` Woolsack '' , a chair stuffed with wool . Economies of scale were instituted in the Cistercian houses , which had accumulated great tracts of land during the 12th and early 13th centuries , when land prices were low and labor still scarce . Raw wool was baled and shipped from North Sea ports to the textile cities of Flanders , notably Ypres and Ghent , where it was dyed and worked up as cloth . At the time of the Black Death , English textile industries accounted for about 10 % of English wool production . The English textile trade grew during the 15th century , to the point where export of wool was discouraged . Over the centuries , various British laws controlled the wool trade or required the use of wool even in burials . The smuggling of wool out of the country , known as owling , was at one time punishable by the cutting off of a hand . After the Restoration , fine English woolens began to compete with silks in the international market , partly aided by the Navigation Acts ; in 1699 , the English crown forbade its American colonies to trade wool with anyone but England herself . A great deal of the value of woolen textiles was in the dyeing and finishing of the woven product . In each of the centers of the textile trade , the manufacturing process came to be subdivided into a collection of trades , overseen by an entrepreneur in a system called by the English the `` putting - out '' system , or `` cottage industry '' , and the Verlagssystem by the Germans . In this system of producing wool cloth , once perpetuated in the production of Harris tweeds , the entrepreneur provides the raw materials and an advance , the remainder being paid upon delivery of the product . Written contracts bound the artisans to specified terms .",
"7": "Fernand Braudel traces the appearance of the system in the 13th - century economic boom , quoting a document of 1275 . The system effectively bypassed the guilds ' restrictions . Before the flowering of the Renaissance , the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool , overseen by the Arte della Lana , the wool guild : wool textile interests guided Florentine policies . Francesco Datini , the `` merchant of Prato '' , established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city . The sheepwalks of Castile shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula ; in the 16th century , a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission . The German wool market -- based on sheep of Spanish origin -- did not overtake British wool until comparatively late . The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production technology into wool and wool cloth manufacturing . Australia 's colonial economy was based on sheep raising , and the Australian wool trade eventually overtook that of the Germans by 1845 , furnishing wool for Bradford , which developed as the heart of industrialized woolens production . A World War I - era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide needed war supplies Due to decreasing demand with increased use of synthetic fibers , wool production is much less than what it was in the past . The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40 % drop ; with occasional interruptions , the price has tended down . The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities , in the case of sheep growers , to production of meat . Superwash wool ( or washable wool ) technology first appeared in the early 1970s to produce wool that has been specially treated so it is machine washable and may be tumble - dried . This wool is produced using an acid bath that removes the `` scales '' from the fiber , or by coating the fiber with a polymer that prevents the scales from attaching to each other and causing shrinkage . This process results in a fiber that holds longevity and durability over synthetic materials , while retaining its shape .",
"8": "In December 2004 , a bale of the then world 's finest wool , averaging 11.8 microns , sold for AU $3,000 per kilogram at auction in Melbourne , Victoria . This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5 % , 68 mm long , and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength . The result was A $279,000 for the bale . The finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU $2690 per kilo during June 2008 . This bale was produced by the Hillcreston Pinehill Partnership and measured 11.6 microns , 72.1 % yield , and had a 43 newtons per kilotex strength measurement . The bale realized $247,480 and was exported to India . In 2007 , a new wool suit was developed and sold in Japan that can be washed in the shower , and which dries off ready to wear within hours with no ironing required . The suit was developed using Australian Merino wool , and it enables woven products made from wool , such as suits , trousers , and skirts , to be cleaned using a domestic shower at home . In December 2006 , the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres , so as to raise the profile of wool and other natural fibers . Production ( edit ) Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes per year , of which 60 % goes into apparel . Wool comprises ca 3 % of the global textile market , but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material . Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight . New Zealand ( 2016 ) is the third - largest producer of wool , and the largest producer of crossbred wool . Breeds such as Lincoln , Romney , Drysdale , and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers , and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets . In the United States , Texas , New Mexico , and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet ( or French Merino ) .",
"9": "Also , a thriving home - flock contingent of small - scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand - spinning market . These small - scale farmers offer a wide selection of fleece . Global woolclip ( total amount of wool shorn ) 2004 / 2005 Australia : 25 % of global woolclip ( 475 million kg greasy , 2004 / 2005 ) China : 18 % United States : 17 % New Zealand : 11 % Argentina : 3 % Turkey : 2 % Iran : 2 % United Kingdom : 2 % India : 2 % Sudan : 2 % South Africa : 1 % Organic wool is becoming more and more popular . This wool is very limited in supply and much of it comes from New Zealand and Australia . It is becoming easier to find in clothing and other products , but these products often carry a higher price . Wool is environmentally preferable ( as compared to petroleum - based nylon or polypropylene ) as a material for carpets , as well , in particular when combined with a natural binding and the use of formaldehyde - free glues . Animal rights groups have noted issues with the production of wool , such as mulesing . Marketing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Australia ( edit ) `` Wool : Fibre of the gods , created -- not man - made '' CSIRO marketing poster describing the benefits of wool Merino wool samples for sale by auction , Newcastle , New South Wales About 85 % of wool sold in Australia is sold by open cry auction . `` Sale by sample '' is a method in which a mechanical claw takes a sample from each bale in a line or lot of wool . These grab samples are bulked , objectively measured , and a sample of not less than 4 kg is displayed in a box for the buyer to examine . The Australian Wool Exchange conducts sales primarily in Sydney , Melbourne , Newcastle , and Fremantle . About 80 brokers and agents work throughout Australia .",
"10": "Wool received by Australian brokers and dealers ( tonnes / quarter ) since 1973 Wool buyers ' room at a wool auction , Newcastle , New South Wales About 7 % of Australian wool is sold by private treaty on farms or to local wool - handling facilities . This option gives wool growers benefit from reduced transport , warehousing , and selling costs . This method is preferred for small lots or mixed butts to make savings on reclassing and testing . About 5 % of Australian wool is sold over the internet on an electronic offer board . This option gives wool growers the ability to set firm price targets , reoffer passed - in wool , and offer lots to the market quickly and efficiently . This method works well for tested lots , as buyers use these results to make a purchase . About 97 % of wool is sold without sample inspection ; however , as of December 2009 , 59 % of wool listed had been passed in from auction . Growers through certain brokers can allocate their wool to a sale and at what price their wool will be reserved . Sale by tender can achieve considerable cost savings on wool clips large enough to make it worthwhile for potential buyers to submit tenders . Some marketing firms sell wool on a consignment basis , obtaining a fixed percentage as commission . Forward selling : Some buyers offer a secure price for forward delivery of wool based on estimated measurements or the results of previous clips . Prices are quoted at current market rates and are locked in for the season . Premiums and discounts are added to cover variations in micron , yield , tensile strength , etc. , which are confirmed by actual test results when available . Another method of selling wool includes sales direct to wool mills . Other Countries ( edit ) The British Wool Marketing Board operates a central marketing system for UK fleece wool with the aim of achieving the best possible net returns for farmers . Less than half of New Zealand 's wool is sold at auction , while around 45 % of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end - users . United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses , but wool pools are common in many states . In some cases , wool is pooled in a local market area , but sold through a wool warehouse . Wool offered with objective measurement test results is preferred .",
"11": "Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets , where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers . Yarn ( edit ) Woollen yarn Shoddy or recycled wool is made by cutting or tearing apart existing wool fabric and respinning the resulting fibers . As this process makes the wool fibers shorter , the remanufactured fabric is inferior to the original . The recycled wool may be mixed with raw wool , wool noil , or another fiber such as cotton to increase the average fiber length . Such yarns are typically used as weft yarns with a cotton warp . This process was invented in the Heavy Woollen District of West Yorkshire and created a microeconomy in this area for many years . Rag is a sturdy wool fiber made into yarn and used in many rugged applications such as gloves . Worsted is a strong , long - staple , combed wool yarn with a hard surface . Woolen is a soft , short - staple , carded wool yarn typically used for knitting . In traditional weaving , woolen weft yarn ( for softness and warmth ) is frequently combined with a worsted warp yarn for strength on the loom . Uses ( edit ) In addition to clothing , wool has been used for blankets , horse rugs , saddle cloths , carpeting , insulation and upholstery . Wool felt covers piano hammers , and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers . Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with felt , and Roman legionnaires used breastplates made of wool felt . Wool has also been traditionally used to cover cloth diapers . Wool fiber exteriors are hydrophobic ( repel water ) and the interior of the wool fiber is hygroscopic ( attracts water ) ; this makes a wool garment suitable cover for a wet diaper by inhibiting wicking , so outer garments remain dry . Wool felted and treated with lanolin is water resistant , air permeable , and slightly antibacterial , so it resists the buildup of odor . Some modern cloth diapers use felted wool fabric for covers , and there are several modern commercial knitting patterns for wool diaper covers . Initial studies of woolen underwear have found it prevented heat and sweat rashes because it more readily absorbs the moisture than other fibers .",
"12": "Merino wool has been used in baby sleep products such as swaddle baby wrap blankets and infant sleeping bags . As an animal protein , wool can be used as a soil fertilizer , being a slow - release source of nitrogen . Researchers at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology school of fashion and textiles have discovered a blend of wool and Kevlar , the synthetic fiber widely used in body armor , was lighter , cheaper and worked better in damp conditions than Kevlar alone . Kevlar , when used alone , loses about 20 % of its effectiveness when wet , so required an expensive waterproofing process . Wool increased friction in a vest with 28 -- 30 layers of fabric , to provide the same level of bullet resistance as 36 layers of Kevlar alone . Events ( edit ) Andean woman sorting wool as part of the theme park Los Aleros in Mérida , Venezuela A buyer of Merino wool , Ermenegildo Zegna , has offered awards for Australian wool producers . In 1963 , the first Ermenegildo Zegna Perpetual Trophy was presented in Tasmania for growers of `` Superfine skirted Merino fleece '' . In 1980 , a national award , the Ermenegildo Zegna Trophy for Extrafine Wool Production , was launched . In 2004 , this award became known as the Ermenegildo Zegna Unprotected Wool Trophy . In 1998 , an Ermenegildo Zegna Protected Wool Trophy was launched for fleece from sheep coated for around nine months of the year . In 2002 , the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy was launched for wool that is 13.9 microns or finer . Wool from Australia , New Zealand , Argentina , and South Africa may enter , and a winner is named from each country . In April 2008 , New Zealand won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy for the first time with a fleece that measured 10.8 microns . This contest awards the winning fleece weight with the same weight in gold as a prize , hence the name .",
"13": "In 2010 , an ultrafine , 10 - micron fleece , from Windradeen , near Pyramul , New South Wales , won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum International Trophy . Since 2000 , Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world 's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor - made suits . The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year 's finest bale . The New England Merino Field days which display local studs , wool , and sheep are held during January , in even numbered years around the Walcha , New South Wales district . The Annual Wool Fashion Awards , which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers , are hosted by the city of Armidale , New South Wales , in March each year . This event encourages young and established fashion designers to display their talents . During each May , Armidale hosts the annual New England Wool Expo to display wool fashions , handicrafts , demonstrations , shearing competitions , yard dog trials , and more . In July , the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo , Victoria . This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world , with goats and alpacas , as well as woolcraft competitions and displays , fleece competitions , sheepdog trials , shearing , and wool handling . The largest competition in the world for objectively measured fleeces is the Australian Fleece Competition , which is held annually at Bendigo . In 2008 , 475 entries came from all states of Australia , with first and second prizes going to the Northern Tablelands , New South Wales fleeces .",
"14": "See also ( edit ) Production ( edit ) Glossary of sheep husbandry Lambswool Sheep husbandry Sheep shearing Wool bale Processing ( edit ) Canvas work Carding Combing Knitting Spinning Textile manufacturing Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Weaving Dyeing Fulling Refined products ( edit ) Felt Fiber art Tweed Worsted Yarn Wool crepe Wool satin Wool coating wool melton Organizations ( edit ) British Wool Marketing Board Worshipful Company of Woolmen IWTO The Natural Fibre Company ( in the UK ) Miscellaneous wool ( edit ) Angora wool Cashmere wool Chiengora wool Llama wool Lopi Mohair Pashmina Shahtoosh Tibetan fur Alpaca wool References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Braaten , Ann W. ( 2005 ) . `` Wool '' . In Steele , Valerie . Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion . 3 . Thomson Gale . pp. 441 -- 443 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 31394 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Paula ( 2009 ) . Storey 's Guide to Raising Sheep . North Adams , MA : Storey Publishing . pp. 315 -- 316 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy , J.B. , Sheep and Wool Technology , NSW University Press , Kensington , 1986 ISBN 0 - 86840 - 106 - 4 Jump up ^ Wool Facts Archived 2014 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Aussiesheepandwool.com.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wool History Archived 2008 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Tricountyfarm.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : The Land , Merinos -- Going for Green and Gold , p. 46 , US use flame resistance , 21 August 2008 Jump up ^ Admani , Shehla ; Jacob , Sharon E. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) .",
"15": "`` Allergic contact dermatitis in children : review of the past decade '' . Current Allergy and Asthma Reports . 14 ( 4 ) : 421 . doi : 10.1007 / s11882 - 014 - 0421 - 0 . PMID 24504525 . ^ Jump up to : Preparation of Australian Wool Clips , Code of Practice 2010 -- 2012 , Australian Wool Exchange ( AWEX ) , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Technology in Australia 1788 -- 1988 '' . Australian Science and Technology Heritage Center . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wu Zhao ( 1987 ) A study of wool carbonizing Archived 2014 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... PhD Thesis . University of New South Wales . School of Fibre Science and Technology Jump up ^ Bradford Industrial Museum 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merino Sheep in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Van Nostran , Don . `` Wool Management -- Maximizing Wool Returns '' . Mid-States Wool growers Cooperative Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy , J.B. , Sheep Management & Wool Technology , NSW University Press , 1986 , ISBN 0 - 86840 - 106 - 4 Jump up ^ 1PP Certification . awex.com.au ^ Jump up to : Robert E. Freer . `` The Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 . '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Temple Law Quarterly . 20.1 ( July 1946 ) . p. 47 . Reprinted at ftc.gov . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ensminger , M.E. ; R.O. Parker ( 1986 ) . Sheep and Goat Science , Fifth Edition .",
"16": "Danville , Illinois : The Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 8134 - 2464 - X . Jump up ^ Weaver , Sue ( 2005 ) . Sheep : small - scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit . 3 Burroughs Irvine , CA 92618 : Hobby Farm Press , an imprint of BowTie Press , a division of BowTie Inc . ISBN 1 - 931993 - 49 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith , Barbara ; Kennedy , Gerald ; Aseltine , Mark ( 1997 ) . Beginning Shepherd 's Manual , Second Edition . Ames , IA : Iowa State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 2799 - X . Jump up ^ `` Fibre history '' . Woolmark . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Fernand Braudel , 1982 . The Wheels of Commerce , vol 2 of Civilization and Capitalism ( New York : Harper & Row ) , pp. 312 -- 317 Jump up ^ Bell , Adrian R. ; Brooks , Chris ; Dryburgh , Paul ( 2007 ) . The English Wool Market , c. 1230 -- 1327 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521859417 . Jump up ^ `` The end of pastoral dominance '' Archived 2007 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Teara.govt.nz ( 2009 - 03 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1301.0 -- Year Book Australia , 2000 Archived 2017 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Bureau of Statistics Jump up ^ `` The History of Wool '' Archived 2015 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... johnhanly.com Jump up ^ Superwash Wool Archived 2009 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 10 November 2008 Jump up ^ World 's Finest Bale Record Broken .",
"17": "landmark.com.au , 22 November 2004 Jump up ^ Country Leader , NSW Wool Sells for a Quarter of a Million , 7 July 2008 Jump up ^ Shower suit Archived 2011 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 11 November 2008 Jump up ^ `` Sheep 101 '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . According to this chart , US production is around 10,000 metric tons , hugely at variance with the percentage list , and way outside year - to - year variability . Jump up ^ `` WoolFacts '' ( PDF ) . Australian Wool Innovation . September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Speer , Jordan K. ( 2006 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Shearing the Edge of Innovation '' . Apparel Magazine . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wool Production in New Zealand . maf.govt.nz Jump up ^ Wool Marketing . sheepusa.org ^ Jump up to : Kadolph , Sara J. , ed. : Textiles , 10th edition , Pearson / Prentice - Hall , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 118769 - 4 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Østergård , Else : Woven into the Earth : Textiles from Norse Greenland , Aarhus University Press , 2004 , ISBN 87 - 7288 - 935 - 7 , p. 50 Jump up ^ `` Washing Wool Diaper Covers '' . www.zany-zebra.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ ABC Rural Radio : Woodhams , Dr. Libby , New research shows woollen underwear helps prevent rashes Archived 2011 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2010 - 3 - 24 Jump up ^ Blenkin , Max ( 2011 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Wool 's tough new image '' . Country Leader .",
"18": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 / 51 / 1 Trophy and plaque , Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum trophy and plaque , plaster / bronze / silver / gold , trophy designed and made by Not Vital for Ermenegildo Zegna , Switzerland , 2001 '' . Powerhouse Museum , Sydney . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Country Leader , 26 April 2010 , Finest wool rewarded , Rural Press , North Richmond Jump up ^ Australian Wool Network News , Issue # 19 , July 2008 Jump up ^ Walcha News ( 2008 - 07 - 24 , Fletcher Wins Australian Fleece Comp , p. 3 External links ( edit ) `` Story of Wool '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` Wool '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Fibers Natural Plant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos Man - made Regenerated Art silk Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic Mineral",
"19": "Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene Dyneema Spectra Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Commons Fabric Woven Aertex Airdura Airguard Barathea Barkcloth Batiste Bedford cord Bengaline Beta cloth Bombazine Brilliantine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap C change Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Capilene Cedar bark Challis Char cloth Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Chintz Cloqué Cloth of gold Cordura Corduroy Duck Coutil Crape Crêpe Cretonne Dazzle Denim Dimity Donegal tweed Dornix Dowlas Drill Drugget Eolienne Flannel Foulard Fustian Gabardine Gauze Gazar Georgette Ghalamkar Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Grosgrain Habutai Haircloth Harris Tweed Herringbone Himroo Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Kerseymere Khādī Khaki drill Kente cloth Lamé Lawn Linsey - woolsey Loden",
"20": "Longcloth Mackinaw Madapolam Madras Moleskin Muslin Nainsook Nankeen Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Paduasoy Percale Pongee Poplin Rakematiz Rayadillo Rep Rinzu Ripstop Russell cord Saga Nishiki Samite Sateen Satin Saye Scarlet Seersucker Sendal Serge Scrim Shot silk Stuff Taffeta Tais Toile Tucuyo Tweed Twill Ultrasuede Vegetable flannel Ventile Vinyl coated polyester Viyella Voile Wadmal Wigan Whipcord Zephyr Zorbeez Figured woven Brocade Camlet Damask Lampas Songket Pile woven Baize Chenille Corduroy Crimplene Fustian Mockado Moquette Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasaï Velvet Velveteen Zibeline Nonwoven Felt Cedar bark Knitted Boiled wool Coolmax Machine knitting Milliskin Jersey Velour Netted Bobbinet Carbon fiber Lace Mesh Needlerun net Ninon Tulle Technical Ballistic nylon Ban - Lon Conductive Darlexx E-textiles Gannex Gore - Tex Silnylon Spandex Stub - tex",
"21": "SympaTex Windstopper Patterns Argyle Bizarre silk Chiné Herringbone Houndstooth Paisley Pin stripes Polka dot Shweshwe Tartan ( plaid ) Tattersall Textile fibers Acrylic Alpaca Angora Cashmere Coir Cotton Eisengarn Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfiber Olefin Pashmina Polyester Piña Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool Finishing and printing Androsia Batik Beetling Bingata Bògòlanfini Burnout Calendering Decatising Devoré Finishing Fulling Heatsetting Mercerization Moire Nap Rogan printing Rōketsuzome Roller printing Sanforization Tenterhook Textile printing Warp printing Waxed cotton Woodblock printing Indienne Fabric mills Carlo Barbera Cerruti Dormeuil Drago Ermenegildo Zegna E.",
"22": "Thomas Holland & Sherry Larusmiani Loro Piana Reda Scabal Vitale Barberis Canonico Related Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Shrinkage Swatches and strike - offs Synthetic fabric Terminology Manufacturing Preservation Weaving Yarn Clothing materials and parts Garment Structures Armscye Collar Cuff Dart Facing Fly Lapel Gore Hem Lining Placket Pleat Pocket Revers Ruffle Shoulder pad Strap Sleeve Train Waistband Yoke Textiles Artificial leather Cotton Elastic Fur Linen Nylon Polyester Rayon Silk Spandex Wool Animals hide / Leather Calf Deer Goat Kangaroo Ostrich Seal Sheep Snake Stingray Fasteners Back closure Belt hook Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Shank Hook - and - eye Hook and loop Velcro Snap Zipper Seams Neckline Bustline Waistline Hemline GND : 4066895 - 2 HDS : 13960 NDL : 00574306 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wool&oldid=836702682 '' Categories : Wool Animal hair Polyamides Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2017 Australia - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles prone to spam from August 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk",
"23": "Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl",
"24": "Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 10 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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-5069924657217440985
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where was the first nhl hockey game played
|
[
"Montreal",
"Ottawa"
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{
"0": "1917 -- 18 NHL season - wikipedia 1917 -- 18 NHL season Jump to : navigation , search 1917 -- 18 NHL season League National Hockey League Sport Ice hockey Duration December 19 , 1917 -- March 6 , 1918 Number of games 20 Number of teams 4 ( 3 ) Regular season Season champions Montreal Canadiens Top scorer Joe Malone ( Canadiens ) League Champions Toronto Runners - up Montreal Canadiens NHL seasons ← 1916 -- 17 ( NHA ) 1918 -- 19 → The 1917 -- 18 NHL season was the first season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The league was formed after the suspension of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . Play was held in two halves , December 19 to February 4 , and February 6 to March 6 . The Canadiens won the first half , and Toronto the second half . The Montreal Wanderers withdrew early in January 1918 after their rink , the Westmount Arena , burned down . Toronto won the NHL playoff and then won the Stanley Cup by defeating the PCHA 's Vancouver Millionaires three games to two in a best - of - five series . Contents ( hide ) 1 League business 1.1 Quebec dispersal draft 1.2 Rule changes 2 Regular season 2.1 Highlights 2.2 Final standings 3 Playoffs 3.1 NHL Championship 3.2 Stanley Cup series 4 Schedule and results 4.1 Results 5 Awards 6 Player statistics 6.1 Scoring leaders 6.2 Leading goaltenders 6.3 NHL playoff scoring leaders 7 Debuts 8 Last games 9 See also 10 References 11 External links League business ( edit ) Main article : History of the National Hockey League In November 1917 , the owners of the NHA , apparently unwilling to continue the league with Toronto NHA owner Eddie Livingstone , decided to suspend the NHA and form a new league , the NHL , without Livingstone .",
"1": "The events transpired as follows : On October 19 , a meeting of the NHA board of directors was held . Livingstone did not attend , sending lawyer Eddie Barclay . Barclay was informed by the directors that Toronto would not play in the 1917 -- 18 season due to the difficulty of operating a five - team league , both in scheduling and availability of players during wartime . Livingstone then publicly announced that he would set up an international circuit and raid the NHA players . On November 9 , 1917 , it was reported that the Toronto NHA franchise was sold to Charles Querrie of the Toronto Arena corporation . At this point , NHA president Robertson and secretary Frank Calder denied that the NHA would change , dissolve or adopt other subterfuge . This sale never completed . The November 10 , 1917 , annual meeting of the NHA was presided over by Calder , and attended by Martin Rosenthal and E.P Dey for Ottawa ; Sam Lichtenheim for the Wanderers ; George Kennedy for the Canadiens and M.J. Quinn and Charles Fremont for Quebec . At the meeting , Livingstone was represented by J.F. Boland , who stated that if the league operates that the Toronto franchise intended to be a full member . The NHA voted to suspend operations but not wind up the organization and meet in one year 's time . According to the Globe , there was a movement to form a new four - team league of Toronto , Ottawa and the two Montreal teams . The Toronto representative offered to allow the Arena Gardens to manage the Torontos and lease the players . There then followed a period of speculation in the newspapers as to whether Quebec would play in the new season and what would be the league organization . One name for the new league was speculated : the `` National Professional Hockey League '' . If Quebec could play then the Toronto players would be dispersed ; if Quebec could not play then the Toronto players would be loaned to a temporary Toronto franchise . Representatives of Ottawa , Quebec , and the Montreal teams met on November 22 , 1917 , but adjourned without a decision . On November 26 , 1917 , representatives of the Ottawa , Quebec , and Montreal NHA clubs met at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal . The decision to start a new league was finalized and announced .",
"2": "The decision was made to start a new league , the National Hockey League , with the following provisions : Constitution and rules the same as the NHA Frank Calder elected president and secretary M.J. Quinn of Quebec was named honorary president Franchises were granted to Ottawa , Canadiens , Wanderers , Quebec players to be dispersed among the other teams A Toronto franchise was to be operated ' temporarily ' by the Arena Gardens while the Toronto ownership situation was resolved . The franchise used the players of the Blueshirts , including those who had been transferred to other NHA teams for the second half of the 1916 -- 17 NHA season . While Livingstone agreed to a lease of the team , the NHL owners did not intend to share any revenues from the players . Livingstone would sue for the team 's revenues in 1918 . George Kennedy , owner of the Canadiens , would later say : `` The Toronto players belong as a body to the National Hockey League , for they were only loaned to the Toronto Arena Company , though Livingstone tried to make the Arena Company believe that he controlled those players '' The team played without a nickname for the season . According to Holzman , the NHL itself was intended to operate temporarily until the Toronto NHA franchise was resolved . The NHA had a pending lawsuit against the 228th Battalion , and could or would not fold until after that was heard . Quebec dispersal draft ( edit ) According to McFarlane , the owners of the Quebec franchise asked $200 per man selected ; but the amount received by the franchise is not recorded . The Wanderers took four players , but overlooked great Joe Malone , who was picked up by the Canadiens , who also took Joe Hall . Odie Cleghorn and Sprague Cleghorn joined the Wanderers , but Sprague broke a leg and was sidelined . Rule changes ( edit ) On January 9 , 1918 , the league decided to allow goaltenders to drop to the ice surface in order to make saves . This was the first implemented and amended rule change in the National Hockey League . It was done in response to Ottawa 's Clint Benedict constantly falling to make saves . According to NHL president Frank Calder , `` As far as I am concerned they can stand on their head ( s ) . ''",
"3": "Regular season ( edit ) The new league faced stiff competition for players from a number of other leagues including the Pacific Coast Hockey Association . Also , filling rosters was a challenge because the talent pool was decimated by World War I . The Wanderers were in trouble from the start of the season . They won their home opener but drew only 700 fans . The Wanderers then lost the next three games and owner Lichtenhein threatened to withdraw from the league unless he could get some players . Although they could have acquired Joe Malone in the draft , they turned to the PCHA and signed goaltender Hap Holmes . They also obtained permission to sign such players as Frank Foyston , Jack Walker and others if they could do so . The Wanderers loaned Holmes to the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA , but he eventually found his way back to the NHL when Seattle loaned him to Toronto . Ruins of Montreal Arena A league meeting was planned to deal with the situation , but on January 2 , 1918 , the matter was resolved when the Montreal Arena burned down , leaving the Canadiens and Wanderers homeless . The Canadiens moved into the 3,250 seat Jubilee Rink . The Hamilton arena offered to provide a home for the Wanderers , but Lichtenhein disbanded the team on January 4 , after the other clubs refused to give him any players . The remaining three teams would complete the season . The last active player from the inaugural season was Reg Noble , who retired following the 1933 Stanley Cup playoffs . Highlights ( edit ) The first game of the season , and in league history , featured the visiting Montreal Canadiens defeat the Ottawa Senators 7 - 4 , with Joe Malone scoring five of Montreal 's seven goals . On the same night a game featured the unnamed Toronto team versus the Wanderers . Montreal 's Dave Ritchie scored the first goal in NHL history and Harry Hyland had four goals ( the league 's first hat trick ) in the Wanderers ' 10 -- 9 victory , which would be their only one in the NHL ; Player - coach Art Ross earned the league 's first penalty . The game in Montreal was played in front of only 700 fans . On January 28 , when the Canadiens visited Toronto , players Alf Skinner and Joe Hall got into a stick - swinging duel .",
"4": "Both players received match penalties , $15 fines and were arrested by the Toronto Police for disorderly conduct , for which they received suspended sentences . In February , Ken Randall of Toronto was suspended pending payment of $35 in fines to the league . He brought $32 in paper money and 300 pennies . The pennies were refused . He tossed his bag of pennies onto the ice prior to the game against Ottawa , and one of the Ottawa players banged it with his stick , scattering the pennies around the ice . The game was delayed while the pennies were picked up . Final standings ( edit ) First Half GP Pts GF GA Montreal Canadiens 14 10 0 20 81 47 Toronto Hockey Club 14 8 6 0 16 71 75 Ottawa Senators 14 5 9 0 10 67 79 Montreal Wanderers 6 5 0 17 35 Second Half GP Pts GF GA Toronto Hockey Club 8 5 0 10 37 34 Ottawa Senators 8 0 8 35 35 Montreal Canadiens 8 5 0 6 34 37 Note : GP = Games Played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold . The Wanderers defaulted scheduled games against the Canadiens ( Jan. 2 , 1918 ) and Toronto ( Jan. 5 , 1918 ) , when their arena burned down . These appear as losses in the standings , but the games were not played . Wanderers defaulted scheduled games against the Canadiens ( Jan. 2 , 1918 ) and Toronto ( Jan. 5 , 1918 ) , when their arena burned down . These appear as losses in the standings , but the games were not played .",
"5": "`` The league did not accept the Wanderers ' resignation immediately , electing to wait and see whether the team showed up for its scheduled match in Toronto on Saturday January 5 ... The deadline did expire , and the once - powerful team that had been known as the Little Men of Iron was thrown onto the scrap heap of hockey history . The Wanderers ' scheduled games of January 2 and 5 were officially recorded in the standings as victories for their respective opponents , the Canadiens and Torontos . '' -- Holzman . Playoffs ( edit ) NHL championship ( edit ) Montreal had won the first half of the NHL split season and Toronto had won the second half . The two teams then played a two - game total goals series for the NHL championship . The series saw lots of fighting involving Bert Corbeau and Newsy Lalonde . Toronto won the series and advanced to the Stanley Cup final . Toronto vs. Montreal Canadiens Date Away Score Home Score Notes March 11 Montreal Canadiens Toronto 7 March 13 Toronto Montreal Canadiens Toronto wins total goals series 10 -- 7 for the O'Brien Cup . Stanley Cup series ( edit ) Main article : 1918 Stanley Cup Finals 1917 -- 18 season Toronto Arenas . Top row , from left : Rusty Crawford , Harry Meeking , Ken Randall , Corbett Denneny , Harry Cameron . Middle row , from left : Dick Carroll , Jack Adams , Charles Querrie , Alf Skinner , Frank Carroll . Bottom row , from left : O'Brien Cup , Harry Mummery , Harry `` Hap '' Homes , Reg Noble , Stanley Cup . The championship series was played at Arena Gardens in Toronto . The games alternated between seven - man PCHA rules and NHL six - man rules . Toronto won all three games played under NHL rules , and Vancouver won the two games played under PCHA rules . Although Vancouver 's Mickey MacKay was described as sensational in the fifth and deciding game , it was Corbett Denneny of Toronto who scored the winning goal and Toronto won the Stanley Cup . Vancouver Millionaires vs.",
"6": "Toronto Date Away Score Home Score Notes March 20 Vancouver Millionaires Toronto 5 March 23 Toronto Vancouver Millionaires 6 March 26 Vancouver Millionaires Toronto 6 March 28 Toronto Vancouver Millionaires 8 March 30 Vancouver Millionaires Toronto Toronto wins best - of - five series 3 games to 2 for the Stanley Cup Schedule and results ( edit ) Results ( edit ) First half Month Day Visitor Score Home Score Dec . 19 Canadiens 7 Ottawa 19 Toronto 9 Wanderers 10 21 Ottawa Toronto 11 21 Canadiens 11 Wanderers 26 Ottawa 6 Wanderers 26 Canadiens 5 Toronto 7 29 Wanderers Ottawa 9 29 Toronto Canadiens 9 Jan . Toronto 6 Ottawa 5 2 † Wanderers -- Canadiens -- 5 Ottawa 5 Canadiens 6 ( 27 ' OT ) 5 † Wanderers -- Toronto -- 9 Canadiens Toronto 6 12 Ottawa Canadiens 9 14 Toronto 6 Ottawa 9 16 Ottawa Toronto 5 19 Toronto Canadiens 5 21 Canadiens 5 Ottawa 23 Ottawa Canadiens 26 Toronto Ottawa 6 28 Canadiens Toronto 5 30 Canadiens 5 Ottawa Feb . Toronto Canadiens 11 Ottawa Toronto 8 † Montreal Arena burned down and Wanderers withdraw . Two Wanderers games count as wins for Canadiens and Toronto . Second half Month Day Visitor Score Home Score Feb .",
"7": "6 Canadiens Ottawa 6 9 Toronto 7 Canadiens 11 Ottawa Toronto 13 Toronto 6 Ottawa 16 Ottawa Canadiens 10 18 Canadiens 9 Toronto 0 20 Toronto Canadiens 5 23 Ottawa Toronto 9 25 Canadiens 0 Ottawa 8 27 Ottawa Canadiens 1 ( at Quebec ) Mar . Canadiens Toronto 5 6 Toronto Ottawa 9 Awards ( edit ) NHL champion -- Toronto Hockey Club Note : The O'Brien Cup , still considered the championship of the NHA , was not actually awarded to Toronto in 1918 . It remained under the care of the Canadiens who had won it in 1917 , until the death of their owner , George Kennedy , in 1921 , when the NHL made arrangements to re-use the trophy . The Hockey Hall of Fame lists Toronto as the winner for 1917 -- 18 . Player statistics ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) GP = Games Played , G = Goals , A = Assists , Pts = Points ,",
"8": "PIM = Penalties In Minutes Player Team GP Pts PIM Joe Malone Montreal Canadiens 20 44 48 30 Cy Denneny Ottawa Senators 20 36 10 46 80 Reg Noble Toronto 20 30 10 40 35 Newsy Lalonde Montreal Canadiens 14 23 7 30 51 Corbett Denneny Toronto 21 20 9 29 14 Harry Cameron Toronto 21 17 10 27 28 Didier Pitre Montreal Canadiens 20 17 6 23 29 Eddie Gerard Ottawa Senators 20 13 7 20 26 Jack Darragh Ottawa Senators 18 14 5 19 26 Frank Nighbor Ottawa Senators 10 11 8 19 6 Source : NHL Leading goaltenders ( edit ) Name Team GP Mins GA SO GAA Georges Vezina Canadiens 21 1282 12 9 0 84 3.93 Harry Holmes Toronto 16 965 9 7 0 76 4.73 Clint Benedict Ottawa 22 1337 9 13 0 114 5.12 Art Brooks Toronto 220 0 23 6.27 Sammy Hebert Toronto / Ottawa 80 0 0 10 7.5 Source : NHL NHL playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) GP = Games Played , G = Goals , A = Assists ,",
"9": "Pts = Points Player Team GP Pts Alf Skinner Toronto 7 8 11 Newsy Lalonde Canadiens 6 Harry Cameron Toronto 7 Harry Meeking Toronto 7 Reg Noble Toronto 7 Debuts ( edit ) The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1917 -- 18 ( listed with their first team , not including players who previously played in the NHA ) : Jack Adams , Toronto Last games ( edit ) The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1917 -- 18 ( listed with their last team ) : Jack Laviolette , Montreal Canadiens Art Ross , Montreal Wanderers Harry Hyland , Ottawa Senators See also ( edit ) List of Stanley Cup champions 1917 - 18 PCHA season References ( edit ) Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup , vol. 1 , 1893 -- 1926 inc . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 2000 ) . Total Hockey . Total Sports . p. 142 . ISBN 1 - 892129 - 85 - X . Dinger , Ralph , ed. ( 2011 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book 2012 . Dan Diamond & Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 22 - 5 . Dryden , Steve , ed. ( 2000 ) . Century of hockey . Toronto , ON : McClelland & Stewart Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 4179 - 9 . Fischler , Stan ; Fischler , Shirley ; Hughes , Morgan ; Romain , Joseph ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Hockey Chronicle : Year - by - Year History of the National Hockey League . Publications International Inc . ISBN 0 - 7853 - 9624 - 1 . Holzman , Morey ; Nieforth , Joseph ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross : How the NHL Conquered Hockey . Toronto , ON : Dundurn Press .",
"10": "McFarlane , Brian ( 1973 ) . The Story of the National Hockey League . New York , NY : Pagurian Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 13424 - 1 . Notes Jump up ^ `` Ed Livingstone Now Threatens To Break Up Pro Hockey Assn If Toronto is Forced Out '' . Ottawa Citizen . October 21 , 1917 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.A. Decides To Remain Idle '' . The Globe . November 12 , 1917 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` Same Old Story : N.H.A. Uncertain '' . The Globe . November 23 , 1917 . Jump up ^ from `` Trying Hard to Wreck Pro Hockey '' . Montreal Star . October 1 , 1918 . p. 6 . as quoted in Holzman2002 , page 371 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ McFarlane 1973 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Dryden 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Fischler 2003 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Kreiser , John ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` First games in NHL history occurred 99 years ago '' . NHL . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Randy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Solving the mystery of the NHL 's 1st game '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McFarlane 1973 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Standings : NHL Public Relations Department ( 2008 ) . Dave McCarthy ; et al. , eds . THE NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . National Hockey League . p. 145 .",
"11": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holzman , Morey ; Joseph Nieforth ( 2002 ) . `` Lichtenhein Loses the War '' . Deceptions and Doublecross : How the NHL Conquered Hockey . Toronto : Dundurn Press . pp. 169 -- 70 . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 . The league did not accept the Wanderers ' resignation immediately , electing to wait and see whether the team showed up for its scheduled match in Toronto on Saturday January 5 ... The deadline did expire , and the once - powerful team that had been known as the Little Men of Iron was thrown onto the scrap heap of hockey history . The Wanderers ' scheduled games of January 2 and 5 were officially recorded in the standings as victories for their respective opponents , the Canadiens and Torontos . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ McFarlane 1973 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` O'Brien Trophy To Be Given To Ottawa '' . The Morning Leader . Regina , Saskatchewan . November 17 , 1921 . p. 14 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dinger 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 -- 18 Regular Season -- Goalie Season Stats Leaders '' . NHL . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.nhl.com/player/newsy-lalonde-8447289?stats=career-p-nhl&season=19211922 External links ( edit ) NHL Official Website Hockey Database Preceded by 1916 -- 17 NHA season First NHL season 1917 -- 18 Succeeded by 1918 -- 19 NHL season NHL seasons 1910s 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20",
"12": "1920s 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972",
"13": "-- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 The 2004 -- 05 season was cancelled due to a lockout .",
"14": "1917 -- 18 NHL season Original Four Montreal Canadiens Montreal Wanderers Ottawa Toronto See also Stanley Cup Finals Transactions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1917 -- 18_NHL_season&oldid = 818044092 '' Categories : 1917 -- 18 NHL season 1917 -- 18 in Canadian ice hockey by league Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 05 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4,
7,
6,
8,
5,
11,
1,
3,
9,
2,
10,
0,
13,
14,
12
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[
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11
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-222467023790836304
|
how many inches is the iphone 5s screen
|
[
"4-inch screen size",
"4 in",
"4 in (10 cm)",
"4 in (10 cm)"
] |
{
"0": "IPhone 5S - Wikipedia IPhone 5S Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 5S iPhone 5S in Gold Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Slogan Since April 2014 : `` You 're more powerful than you think . ''",
"1": "Until April 2014 : `` Forward thinking '' Generation 7th Model A1457 ( Middle East ) A1518 , A1528 ( China ) A1530 ( Asia Pacific ) A1533 ( North America , China ) A1453 ( North America , Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA , 3G , EVDO , HSPA+ , LTE First released September 20 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) Availability by country September 20 , 2013 ( show ) United States United Kingdom Canada China France Germany India Australia Japan Hong Kong Singapore Pakistan October 25 , 2013 ( show ) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland French West Indies Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Reunion Island Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand November 1 , 2013 ( show ) Albania Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Colombia El Salvador Guam Guatemala India Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Saudi Arabia Turkey November 15 , 2013 ( show ) Philippines South Africa Vietnam November 22 , 2013 ( show ) Brazil January 26 , 2014 ( show ) Indonesia Discontinued March 21 , 2016 Predecessor iPhone 5 Successor iPhone 6 ( Plus ) iPhone SE Related iPhone 5C Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D Weight 112 g ( 3.95 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 7.0 Current : iOS 11.0.",
"2": "3 , released October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) System on chip Apple A7 , Apple M7 motion coprocessor CPU 64 - / 32 - bit 1.3 GHz dual - core Apple Cyclone GPU PowerVR G6430 ( four cluster@450 MHz ) Memory 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , 64 GB Battery 5.92 Whr ( 1560 mAh ) Lithium - ion battery Data inputs Multi-touch touchscreen display , triple microphone configuration , Apple M7 motion coprocessor , 3 - axis gyroscope , 3 - axis accelerometer , digital compass , proximity sensor , ambient light sensor , Touch ID fingerprint reader Display 4 in ( 100 mm ) diagonal ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) , multi-touch display , LED backlit IPS TFT LCD , 640 × 1136 pixels at 326 ppi , 800 : 1 contrast ratio ( typical ) , 500 cd / m max . brightness ( typical ) , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating on front Rear camera Custom Sony Exmor RS 8 MP back - side illuminated 1 / 3 `` sensor , HD video ( 1080p ) at 30 fps , Slow - motion video ( 720p ) at 120 fps , IR filter , dual warm / cool LED flashes , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 30 mm focal length , facial recognition ( stills only ) , image stabilization , burst mode Front camera 1.2 MP , 720p HD video , Burst mode at 10 fps , f / 2.4 aperture , 1.9 μm pixels , Auto HDR for photos Connectivity All models ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n : 2.4 and 5 GHz ) , Bluetooth 4.0 , GPS & GLONASS .",
"3": "GSM model ( A1533 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . CDMA model ( A1533 ) ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 1700 / 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , ( except China model : ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . CDMA model ( A1453 ) ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 1700 / 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . GSM model ( A1457 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 20 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , 850 , 2600 , 900 MHz , 800 DD ) .",
"4": "GSM model ( A1518 ) ( show ) TDD - LTE , TD - SCDMA GSM model ( A1528 ) ( show ) LTE ( unofficial ) GSM model ( A1530 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 20 , 38 , 39 , 40 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , 850 , 2600 , 900 MHz , 800 DD , TD 2600 , 1900 , 2300 ) , ( with software operator version China Mobile 15.6 or above :) TD - SCDMA Website apple.com/iphone-5s/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 ( Plus ) 6S ( Plus ) SE 7 ( Plus ) 8 ( Plus ) X List of iPhone models The iPhone 5S ( marketed with a stylized lowercase ' s ' as iPhone 5s ) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc . Part of the iPhone series , the device was unveiled on September 10 , 2013 , at Apple 's Cupertino headquarters . It was released on September 20 , 2013 , along with its lower - cost counterpart , the iPhone 5c . The iPhone 's nano - SIM card tray is made of aluminum . The iPhone 5S maintains almost the same external design as its predecessor , the iPhone 5 , although the 5S received a new white / gold color scheme in addition to white / silver and space gray / black , however the 5S has vastly upgraded internal hardware . The 5S introduced the A7 64 - bit dual - core system - on - chip , the first 64 - bit processor to be used on a smartphone , accompanied by the M7 `` motion co-processor '' . A redesigned home button with Touch ID , a fingerprint recognition system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate App Store and iTunes Store purchases , was introduced . The camera was also updated with a larger aperture and a dual - LED flash optimized for different color temperatures .",
"5": "The iPhone 5S was the first Apple device to ship with iOS 7 , which introduced a revamped visual appearance and other new features . Designed by Jonathan Ive , iOS 7 departed from skeuomorphic elements used by previous versions of iOS in favor of a flat , colorful design . Among new software features introduced to the iPhone 5S were AirDrop , an ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing platform ; Control Center , a control panel containing a number of commonly used functions ; and iTunes Radio , an internet radio service . Earphones known as EarPods were included with the 5S , and Apple released accessories including a case and a dock . Reception towards the device was generally positive , with some outlets considering it to be the best smartphone available on the market due to its upgraded hardware , Touch ID , and other changes introduced by iOS 7 . Some criticized the iPhone 5S for keeping the design and small display of the iPhone 5 , and others expressed security concerns about the Touch ID system . Nine million units of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were sold on their weekend of release , breaking Apple 's sales record for iPhones . The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on all major U.S. carriers in September 2013 . The iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple 's flagship smartphone by the larger iPhone 6 in September 2014 . On March 21 , 2016 , the 5S received a direct replacement with the announcement of the iPhone SE , which incorporated internal hardware similar to the iPhone 6S while retaining the smaller form factor and design of the 5S . The iPhone 5S is the third iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 . The 5S supports 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 , being the oldest iPhone to support iOS 11 since it was the earliest to have incorporated a 64 - bit SoC processor .",
"6": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Accessories 2.4 Operating system and software 3 Apple accessories 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Commercial reception 4.3 Impact of Touch ID 4.4 Problems 5 Timeline of models 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The iPhone 5S was announced during a keynote at 4 Infinite Loop on September 10 , 2013 . Before its official unveiling , media speculation primarily centered on reports that the next iPhone would include a fingerprint scanner ; including Apple 's July 2012 acquisition of AuthenTec , a developer of mobile security products , references to a fingerprint sensor on the home button in the beta release of iOS 7 and leaked packaging for an iPhone 5S showing that the traditional home button now had a metallic `` ring '' around it . Similar ring - based imagery was seen on the official invitation to Apple 's iPhone press event in September 2013 , where the new device was unveiled . Shortly before its official unveiling , The Wall Street Journal also reported the rumor . Apple announced the iPhone 5C and the iPhone 5S during a media event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10 , 2013 . While the iPhone 5C became available for preorder on September 13 , 2013 , the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder . Both devices were released on September 20 , 2013 . While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID , the 64 - bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event . This is the first - ever 64 - bit processor in a phone of any kind . I do n't think the other guys are even talking about it yet . Why go through all this ? The benefits are huge . The A7 is up to twice as fast as the previous - generation system at CPU tasks , and up to twice as fast at graphics tasks , too . -- Phil Schiller , Apple keynote at 4 Infinite Loop on September 10 , 2013 Schiller then showed demos of Infinity Blade III to demonstrate the A7 's processing power and the device 's camera using untouched photographs .",
"7": "The release of iOS 7 on September 18 , 2013 was also announced during the keynote . The iPhone 5S was released on September 20 , 2013 , in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , China , France , Germany , Australia , Japan , Hong Kong , and Singapore . It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25 , 2013 , and in 12 countries on November 1 , 2013 . Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S , on January 26 , 2014 . On September 19 , 2014 , the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple 's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus , but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price , while the 64GB version was discontinued . The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9 , 2015 , when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus The iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21 , 2016 , and succeeded by the iPhone SE , which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S . This was a break with Apple 's product positioning trend ( in North America and Western Europe ) , starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011 , which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone , then moving it to midrange for its second year of production , with the third and final year as the entry - level offering before discontinuation . While iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until September 2016 , replacing it and its A7 processor early means that Apple `` just reduced its long - term chip support window by a year '' for iOS . In addition , a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand , as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family may suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016 . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) Design and Hardware of iPhone 5S iPhone 5S 's home button has a flat design and is made of scratch - resistant , laser - cut sapphire crystal surrounded by a stainless steel finger detection ring for using Touch ID .",
"8": "The camera has af / 2.2 aperture and has dual `` True Tone '' flashes . The `` iPhone '' wordmark on the back of an iPhone 5S is now set in a thinner version of the Myriad typeface . The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5 , with a 4 in ( 10 cm ) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640 × 1136 at 326 ppi . Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser - cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring ; the button is no longer concave , nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models . The phone itself is 0.30 in ( 7.6 mm ) thick and weighs 112 grams ( 4.0 oz ) . The phone uses an aluminum composite frame . The device is available in three color finishes ; `` space - gray '' ( replacing black with slate trim on the iPhone 5 ) , white with silver trim , and white with gold trim . The iPhone 5S was the first iPhone to be available in gold color ; this decision was influenced by the fact that gold is seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers . Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 5S is powered by the Apple A7 system - on - chip , the first 64 - bit processor ever used on a smartphone . The device 's operating system and pre-loaded software were optimized to run in 64 - bit mode , promising increased performance , although third - party app developers would need to optimize their apps to take advantage of these enhanced capabilities . The A7 processor is designed by Apple and manufactured by Samsung . The A7 processor is accompanied by a new M7 `` motion co-processor '' , a dedicated processor for processing motion data from the iPhone 's accelerometer and gyroscopes without requiring the attention of the main processor , which integrates with iOS 7 's new CoreMotion APIs . The same A7 SoC and M7 motion co-processor are also found in the iPad Air and iPad Mini 2 which were released in the same quarter as the iPhone 5S . The phone includes a 1560 mAh battery , which provides 10 hours of talk time and 250 hours of standby time .",
"9": "While the camera is still 8 megapixels in resolution with the image capture size of 3264 × 2448 ( 4 : 3 ) , the lens has a larger aperture ( f / 2.2 ) and larger sized pixels in its image sensor than previous iPhone models . The flashlight has dual `` True Tone '' flashes , consisting of an amber LED and a white LED , which are variably used based on the color temperature of the photo to improve color balancing . The camera also includes automatic image stabilization , dynamic tone mapping , 10 fps burst mode , `` best shot '' mode and slow motion video at 120 fps . The home button on the iPhone 5S incorporates a fingerprint recognition system known as Touch ID , based on technology from AuthenTec , a company which Apple had acquired in 2012 . The sensor uses a capacitive CMOS - based sensor which can detect the `` sub-epidermal layers '' of fingers at 500 pixels per inch , and uses a 360 - degree design that can read the print at any angle . The sensor itself is activated by a touch - sensitive metallic ring surrounding the button . Touch ID can be used for various authentication activities within the operating system , such as unlocking the device or authenticating App Store and iTunes purchases instead of an Apple ID password . The sensor can be trained to recognize the fingerprints of multiple fingers and multiple users . Fingerprint data is stored in an encrypted format within a `` secure enclave '' of the A7 chip itself , and is not accessible to any other apps or servers ( including iCloud ) . Accessories ( edit ) Main article : iPhone accessories Earphones known as Apple EarPods are included with the iPhone 5S . According to technology commentators , the design of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely . Apple states that the design of their earphones allows it to `` rival high - end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more '' . Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the earphones sounded better than its predecessor , reviewers felt that quality of sound produced is poor . TechRadar further opined that the EarPods are inferior to other earphones of a similar price .",
"10": "Operating system and software ( edit ) Main articles : iOS , iOS 7 , iOS 8 , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 Further information : iOS version history The iPhone 5S is supplied with iOS 7 , released on September 20 , 2013 . Jonathan Ive , the designer of iOS 7 's new elements , described the update as `` bringing order to complexity '' , highlighting features such as refined typography , new icons , translucency , layering , physics , and gyroscope - driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design . The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite ( version 10.10 ) noticeably departs from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center , wood in Newsstand , and leather in Calendar , in favor of flat , colorful design . iOS 7 adds AirDrop , an ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing platform . Users can share files with the iPhone 5 onwards , the iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , iPad ( 4th generation ) onwards , or iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) onwards . The operating system also adds Control Center , a control panel accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen . Control Center contains a number of commonly used functions , such as volume and brightness controls , along with toggles for enabling Wi - Fi , Bluetooth , Airplane mode , and for using the rear camera 's flash LED as a flashlight . iTunes Radio , an Internet radio service , is also included on the iPhone 5S . It is a free , ad - supported service available to all iTunes users , featuring Siri integration on iOS . Users are able to skip tracks , customise stations , and purchase the station 's songs from iTunes Store . Users can also search through their history of previous songs . Apple accessories ( edit ) During the keynote , Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5 that is made of soft microfiber on the inside and leather on the outside . This case was announced along with iPhone 5C 's case , both of which are the first cases Apple has announced since the iPhone 4 Bumpers . Docks for both the iPhone 5S and 5C were found on the Apple online store after the announcement .",
"11": "Because of the casing difference between the iPhone 5S and 5C , they have separate docks , each made specifically for each respective phone . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The iPhone 5S received a mostly positive reception from reviewers and commentators . Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital gave the phone a favorable review , saying that Touch ID `` sounds like a gimmick , but it 's a real advance , the biggest step ever in biometric authentication for everyday devices , '' and labeled it `` the best smartphone on the market . '' David Pogue of The New York Times praised Touch ID , but said that the innovation of the smartphone market has been saturated , and `` maybe the age of annual mega-leaps is over . '' He focused much of his review on iOS 7 , which he believed was the biggest change of the device over previous generations , praising new Siri features , Control Center , and AirDrop . In an editorial , Pogue stated that iOS 7 was the biggest change in the iPhone series , citing utilitarian interface changes as the main contributor to this . Scott Stein of CNET criticized the lack of design change over iPhone 5 and said that although the iPhone 5S `` is not a required upgrade , but it 's easily the fastest and most advanced Apple smartphone to date . '' Although praised the new iPhone for its camera , 64 - bit A7 chip , M7 motion - chip , and fingerprint scanning capabilities , some investors thought that the iPhone 5S , although a notable improvement over the iPhone 5 , was still relatively unchanged from its predecessor , and worried that the iPhone line had become a stagnant , dull product . Apple 's share price fell 5.4 % after the launch to close at a month low of $467.71 on the NASDAQ . Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch who praised the iPhone 5S as the best smartphone available said `` looks may not be different from the iPhone 5 , but the internal components have a dramatic impact on day - to - day activities normal for a smartphone user , '' and went into detail explaining the impact of the improved camera and specifications on the phone . Etherington suggested that the 64 - bit A7 processor will not reach its full potential until developers create applications supporting it .",
"12": "Myriam Joire of Engadget found that the iPhone 5S could benefit significantly from the A7 if developers created applications optimized for the 64 - bit processor . Anand Lal Shimpi of AnandTech praised the phone 's A7 processor , describing it as `` seriously impressive '' , and stated that it was the most `` futureproof of any iPhone ever launched . As much as it pains me to use the word futureproof , if you are one of those people who likes to hold onto their device for a while - the iPhone 5S is as good a starting point as any . '' Scott Lowe of IGN also speaking highly of its 64 - bit processor , `` which has a substantial lead in processing power over the HTC One and Samsung Galaxy S4 , accounting for a graphics boost of up to 32 % and 38 % in CPU benchmarks . '' The debut of Apple 's 64 - bit A7 processor took rival Android smartphone makers by surprise , particularly Qualcomm whose own 64 - bit system - on - chip was not released until 2015 . Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time . The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5 , while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance / features thanks to its new 64 - bit A7 processor , as well as extra storage space , all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C ( US $650 versus US $550 in March 2014 ) . This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range , respectively ; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9 GB available to the user after installing iOS 8 . Furthermore , the 5C 's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost - cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5 's aluminum / glass case ; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish .",
"13": "As of 2015 -- 16 , there were still a significant number of customers who preferred the 4 - inch screen size of iPhone 5S , which remained the second-most popular iPhone after the iPhone 6 and ahead of the iPhone 6S. Apple stated in their event that they sold 30 million 4 - inch iPhones in 2015 , even as that form factor was succeeded as the flagship iPhone by the redesigned larger display 4.7 / 5.5 - inch iPhone 6 and 6 Plus back in September 2014 . Furthermore , the 5 and 5S design was regarded as `` long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general '' ( with the 5S 's gold finish adding a premium touch to the 5 's already well - regarded look ) , while the succeeding 6 and 6S design was less critically acclaimed as it `` felt a little bit wrong , as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap '' . The iPhone 5 was described as `` elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together . It felt streamlined , yet substantial , which is different from iPhone 6 , which feels substantial in size alone . Plus , unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6 , iPhone 5 did n't really look like anything else on the market at the time '' . However , the iPhone 5 / 5S design was not suited to scaling up , in contrast to the iPhone 6 / 6S which could better accommodate the growing consumer trend towards larger screen sizes and indeed spawned the 6 / 6S Plus phablet models . When Apple discontinued the iPhone 5S , it was replaced by the iPhone SE which outwardly appears almost identical to the 5S even as the SE 's internal hardware has been upgraded significantly . Commercial reception ( edit ) The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days , setting a record for first weekend smartphone sales , with the 5S selling three times more units than the 5C . After the first day of release , 1 % of all iPhones in the US were iPhone 5Ss , while 0.3 % were iPhone 5Cs .",
"14": "Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray reported that the line at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store contained 1,417 people on release day , compared to 1,300 for the iPhone 4 in 2010 , and 549 for the iPhone 3G in 2008 on their respective release days . This was the first time that Apple launched two models simultaneously . The first - day release in China also contributed to the record sales result . On launch day , major in - stock shortages were reported in most stores , across all countries where the iPhone 5S initially went on sale . A great many customers in line outside Apple Stores worldwide were left disappointed due to severe shortages across all 5S models , with the gold model in particular being in highly limited supply . While this situation eased in the US in the days following the launch , other countries reported receiving few restocks . Some commentators questioned how Apple handled the initial release , as online pre-orders were not offered for the iPhone 5S , meaning large numbers of people queuing outside physical stores , with most in line not receiving a unit . In the US , Apple offered an online reservation system , so customers could keep checking for units available at their local Apple Stores , and order for pickup . Online orders were also in short supply on launch day , with the shipping date across all model sizes and colors changing from `` 7 - 10 working days '' to `` October '' in all countries , within hours of online orders being taken . The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on AT&T , Sprint , Verizon , and T - Mobile in September 2013 in the United States , outselling the iPhone 5C and Samsung Galaxy S4 . According to Consumer Intelligence Research Partners , the iPhone 5S outsold the 5C by a two - to - one margin during its September release , confirming Apple CEO Tim Cook 's view that the high - end smartphone market was not reaching a point of market saturation . While commentators viewed the 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand , the 5S was viewed as a massive success . Apple admitted that it had failed to anticipate the sales ratio , leading to an overstocking of the 5C and shortages of the 5S .",
"15": "Six months after the release of the iPhone 5S , on March 25 , 2014 , Apple announced that sales of the iPhone brand had exceeded 500 million units . By May 2014 , despite having been on the market for eight months , the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40 % , with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units . The Galaxy S5 's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile , as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4 , in the first quarter of their releases , had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively . Impact of Touch ID ( edit ) See also : Touch ID § Impact A number of technology writers , including Adrian Kingsley - Hughes and Kevin Roose of New York believed that the fingerprint scanning functionality of the iPhone 5S could help spur the adoption of the technology as an alternative to passwords by mainstream users ( especially in `` bring your own device '' scenarios ) , as fingerprint - based authentication systems have only enjoyed wider usage in enterprise environments . However , citing research by biometrics engineer Geppy Parziale , Roose suggested that the CMOS - based sensor could become inaccurate and wear out over time unless Apple had designed the sensor to prevent this from occurring . Brent Kennedy , a researcher of the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team , recommended that users not immediately rely on the technology , citing the uncertainty over whether the system could properly reject a spoofed fingerprint . Following the release of the iPhone 5S , the German Chaos Computer Club announced on September 21 , 2013 that they had bypassed Apple 's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using `` easy everyday means '' . The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image to make a latex model thumb which was then pressed against the sensor to gain access . The spokesman for the group stated , `` We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics . It is plain stupid to use something that you ca n't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token . '' However , in 2013 , 39 % of American smartphone users used no security measures at all to protect their smartphone .",
"16": "Others have also tried Chaos Computer Club 's method , but concluded that it is not an easy process in either time or effort , given that the user has to use a high resolution photocopy of a complete fingerprint , special chemicals and expensive equipment , and because the spoofing process takes some time to achieve . Problems ( edit ) Several problems were experienced with the iPhone 5S 's hardware after its release . The most widely reported issue is that the angle reported by the phone 's level sensor had drifted by several degrees , which caused the gyroscope , compass , and accelerometer to become inaccurate . Reports suggested that this is a hardware - induced problem . Some encountered other problems such as crashing with a blue screen and then restarting , the power button making a rattling noise when the phone was shaken , overheating , the microphone not working , and Touch ID not working for iTunes purchases . Some of these issues have been fixed by software updates . Timeline of models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices History of iPhone Comparison of smartphones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5S Models '' . EveryiPhone.com . Jump up ^ Dumlao , Doris ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s , 5c coming to PH Nov. 15 '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shimpi , Anand Lal ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Apple 's Cyclone Microarchitecture Detailed '' . AnandTech . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review : GPU Architecture '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s internals and Apple A7 gallery '' . iMore . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Klug , Brian ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Apple Increases iPhone 5C and 5S Battery Sizes relative to iPhone 5 '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Develops `` Exmor RS , '' the World 's First * 1 Stacked CMOS Image Sensor Also introduces imaging modules that deliver high picture quality and compact size , for use in mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets `` . Sony Global . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s chips : Samsung - made A7 , NXP - made M7 , Bosch accelerometer , Sony CMOS '' . iDownloadBlog . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Some thoughts about the iPhone 5s camera improvements '' . anandTech . September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Low , Aloysius ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Unannounced China version of the iPhone 5s and 5c will support TD - LTE '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The iPhone 5s : fingerprint sensor and improved camera , starts at $199 and coming September 20th '' . The Verge . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mossberg , Walt ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` A New Touch for iPhone '' . All Things Digital . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Scott ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Same look , small screen , big potential '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Musil , Stephen ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hackers claim to have defeated Apple 's Touch ID print sensor '' . CNET . CBS Interactive .",
"18": "Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Brian X . ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Apple Sells Nine Million New iPhones '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Etherington , Darrell ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Analyst : Both iPhone 5s And 5c Outselling The Samsung Galaxy S4 At AT&T And Sprint '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE first look : Where 2012 meets 2016 '' . MacWorld . IDG . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple buys patent - rich security firm Authentec for $356 million '' . The Verge . Vox Media . July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple references iPhone fingerprint sensor in latest iOS 7 beta '' . The Verge . Vox Media . July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Rumored iPhone 5s packaging shows silver ring ' fingerprint sensor ' around home button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Latest iPhone Puts Focus Back on Fingerprint Security '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New iPhone to include fingerprint scanner : WSJ '' . The Verge . Vox Media . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 5s launch confirmed for September 10 '' . TechRadar . Future plc . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogowsky , Mark ( September 13 , 2013 ) .",
"19": "`` One New iPhone Is Ready For Pre-Order ; Yes , Just One '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paczkowski , John ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 5S , the A7 Chip , and That 64 - Bit Question '' . All Things Digital . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cava , Marco Della ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Recap : Apple unveils iPhone 5S , 5C smartphones '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dent , Steve ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s and 5s coming to 9 countries , including the US and China on September 20th '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s & iPhone 5c Arrive in Italy , Russia , Spain & More Than 25 Countries on Friday , October 25 '' ( Press release ) . Cupertino , CA : Apple Inc . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Nathan ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Apple drops iPhone 5S price to $99 , makes iPhone 5C its free option '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Discontinues Gold Color Options for Older iPhone 6 , 6 Plus , and 5s '' . MacRumors . September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where 'd all the gold iPhones go ? '' . TechRadar . September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple wo n't let you have gold unless you buy the new iPhone '' . The Verge . September 9 , 2015 .",
"20": "Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` With iPhone 6s launch , Apple no longer offers gold color option for iPhone 6 , 6 Plus , & 5s '' . 9to5mac . September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 21 March 2016 ) . `` Apple discontinues the iPhone 5S '' . The Verge . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone SE Reviews : Apple 's Strange Case Of Jekyll And Hyde '' . Forbes . 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` With the iPhone SE , Apple Returns to a Masterpiece of Design '' . WIRED. 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lendino , Jamie ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Apple iPhone 5S vs. Nokia Lumia 1020 : Camera Phone Heavyweights '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis Media . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mogull , Rich ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5S fingerprint reader : what you need to know '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple - iPhone 5s - Design '' . Apple Inc . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S or iPhone 5C : Which is Best for You ? '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone 5S : fingerprint sensor and improved camera , starts at $199 and coming September 20th '' . The Verge . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( September 10 , 2013 ) .",
"21": "`` iPhone 5S fingerprint sensor called Touch ID , recognizes your thumb on the Home button : here 's how it works and what it does '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chan & Chen . `` Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Why in the World Would You Need a 64 - bit Smartphone ? '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the iPhone 5s '' . Chipworks . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estes , Adam Clark ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` How Apple 's M7 Chip Makes the iPhone 5S the Ultimate Tracking Device '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sumra , Husain ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s Includes New ' M7 ' Motion Coprocessor for Health and Fitness Tracking '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mel ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 's M7 Motion coprocessor and Maps '' . TUAW . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Colon , Alex ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's M7 coprocessor might bring big improvements to its mapping abilities '' . GigaOM . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chris ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S Apple M7 coprocessor `` knows '' when you are sleeping `` . SlashGear . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klug , Brian ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Apple Increases iPhone 5C and 5S Battery Sizes relative to iPhone 5 '' . AnandTech . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Clark , Matt ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Apple Boosts Battery Sizes for iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEntegart , Jane ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S Teardown Reveals Glued Battery , Lack of M7 Chip '' . Tom 's Hardware . TechMediaNetwork . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grunin , Lori ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Apple iPhone 5S camera promises bigger pixels , slow - mo , better image processing '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Fla. company 's fingerprints all over iPhone security '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rieger , Frank ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Chaos Computer Club breaks Apple TouchID '' . Chaos Computer Club . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newton , Casey ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Confirmed : Apple iPhone 5S will include Touch ID fingerprint scanner '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Seth ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Fingerprint sensor Touch ID unlocks new iPhones '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Velazco , Chris ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's Touch ID Is A 500ppi Fingerprint Sensor Built Into The iPhone 5S Home Button '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s '' . Apple Online store . Apple Inc . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Ben ( September 12 , 2012 ) .",
"23": "`` Apple 's signature earbuds rebranded for iPhone 5 as ' EarPods ' '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple EarPods review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Mario ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Apple EarPods Review : Better ! ( But Still Garbage ) '' . Gizmodo . Gawker Media . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iOS 7 will come to iPhones and iPads on September 18th '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cue , Eddy ; Cook , Tim ; Federighi , Craig ; Ive , Jony et al. ( June 10 , 2013 ) . WWDC 2013 Keynote . Moscone West , San Francisco , California : Apple Inc . Event occurs at c. 1h 25min , to end . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Jason D. ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` 10 new iOS 7 features for the enterprise '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calderon , Justin ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's next innovation to intimidate Asia '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` iOS 7 to include Control Center for quick - access settings '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple - iTunes Radio - Hear where your music takes you . '' . Apple Inc . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 5s Case review : Slim , attractive case is a safe bet '' Check url = value ( help ) . Macworld . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5S Dock '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Eric ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S and 5C each gets a new nearly identical dock '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` In Arrival of 2 iPhones , 3 Lessons '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , There 's a New iPhone . But That 's Not the Big News . '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlastelica , Ryan ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` High iPhone price spooks investors , Apple shares drop '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s Review : Apple 's Latest Smartphone Goes For ( And Gets ) The Gold '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joire , Myriam ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s review '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5S Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ http://www.imore.com/apples-64-bit-a7-chip-hit-us-gut-says-qualcomm-employee Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewanspence/2015/04/27/apple-iphone-5s-qualcomm-snapdragon-810/#6f5fd9ae1d6c Jump up ^ Xavier Lanier . `` iPhone 5c : The iPhone That Is n't Worth Buying for $0 '' . Gotta Be Mobile . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S activations more than triple those of 5C , says report '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 5S And 5C Launch Draws Big Crowds , Including Biggest Ever Line At NYC Flagship Store '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Poornima ; Saba , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Apple polishes forecast after selling 9 million new iPhones '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Wilson ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` As iPhone 5S goes on sale , shortages already loom '' . NBC News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culzac , Natasha ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` t 's here ! iPhone 5S sold out within minutes in first day of trading '' . The Metro . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tibken , Shara ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S , 5C hunters hit up NYC , but 64GB gold is elusive '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( September 20 , 2013 ) .",
"26": "`` '' I 'm not leaving without a gold one ! '' Tales from the iPhone 5S line `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Apple reportedly cutting iPhone 5S wait times with in - store pickup '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grothaus , Michael ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S ship times get pushed back to October '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . AOL . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s Shipping Estimates Slip to October '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s Outselling iPhone 5c Two to One '' . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Is Apple 's iPhone 5C a flop ? '' . CNN . TimeWarner . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone crosses half billion in sales - BestMobs News '' . Bestmobs.com . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S with Touch ID is a big win for BYOD security '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will a fingerprint sensor be Apple 's next hit ? '' . invasivecode . August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will the New iPhone 's ' Touch ID ' Feature Finally Make Fingerprint Scanning Happen ? '' . New York Magazine . September 10 , 2013 .",
"27": "Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's New iPhone ' Touch ID ' Makes Fingerprint Scans Easy , But Do n't Ditch Passcodes Yet '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Motorola il iDEN ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` 39 % of smartphone users do n't take the most basic security measures '' . Intomobile.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Marc ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` Why I hacked TouchID ( again ) and still think it 's awesome '' . blog.lookout.com . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Mario ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5S Motion Sensors Are Totally Screwed Up '' . Gizmodo . Gawker Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonnington , Christina ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` 7 Known Issues With the iPhone 5s and iOS 7 -- And How to Deal With Them '' . Wired . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Simon ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S Problems and How to Fix Them ( Even the Blue Screen of Death ) '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2004 - 2016 ) . Press Release Library . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to iPhone . iPhone 5S -- official site Preceded by iPhone 5 iPhone 5C / iPhone 5S 7th generation Succeeded by iPhone 6 / iPhone 6 Plus iPhone SE iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple",
"28": "TV Apple Watch Series 2 Series 3 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto",
"29": "Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks PowerBook G3 G4 MacBook Pro Consumer electronics Apple TV Apple Watch 1st 2nd 3rd Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio iPad 1st 3rd 4th 5th iPad Air 1st iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus",
"30": "8 / 8 Plus X iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Accessories AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule iPod Click Wheel iPod Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Trackpad Magic Magic 2 Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Pencil AirPods Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive USB Modem Xserve RAID AirPower Apple hardware before 1998 Apple hardware Apple II Family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series Apple III Apple Lisa Mac Desktop Current iMac Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact Macintosh Macintosh II LC Quadra Performa Centris Power Macintosh eMac Laptop Current MacBook ( Retina ) MacBook Air MacBook Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook iBook MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV Apple Watch Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 HomePod iPad ( 5th ) iPad Mini 4",
"31": "iPad Pro iPhone 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod Touch Discontinued Interactive Television Box Apple Watch ( 1st ) iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 iPad Mini 1st iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus iPod Classic iPod Hi - Fi iPod Mini iPod Nano iPod Shuffle Newton Apple Pippin PowerCD Apple QuickTake Accessories Current AirPort AirPort Express Router AirPort Extreme Router AirPort Time Capsule Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Apple Pencil AirPods Smart Keyboard Remote Siri Remote External SuperDrive Magic Keyboard AirPower Discontinued Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio Drives iSight Modems Printers Scanners Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Magic Trackpad Apple Wireless Keyboard Apple Mobile Processors 64 - bit Apple A7 Apple A8 Apple A8X Apple A9 Apple A9X Apple A10 Apple A10X Apple A11 32 - bit Apple A4 Apple A5 Apple A5X Apple A6 Apple A6X Apple S1 Apple S2 Apple S3 Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple",
"32": "Inc. products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_5S&oldid=807081752 '' Categories : IPhone Mobile phones introduced in 2013 IOS ( Apple ) Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from September 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where do the signals for apoptosis come from
|
[
"from other cells"
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{
"0": "Apoptosis - Wikipedia Apoptosis Jump to : navigation , search Apoptosis An etoposide - treated DU145 prostate cancer cell exploding into a cascade of apoptotic bodies . The sub images were extracted from a 61 - hour time - lapse microscopy video , created using quantitative phase - contrast microscopy . The optical thickness is color - coded . With increasing thickness , color changes from gray to yellow , red , purple and finally black . See the video at The Cell : An Image Library Identifiers MeSH D017209 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Apoptosis ( from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις `` falling off '' ) is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms . Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes ( morphology ) and death . These changes include blebbing , cell shrinkage , nuclear fragmentation , chromatin condensation , chromosomal DNA fragmentation , and global mRNA decay . The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis . For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14 , approximately 20 to 30 billion cells die a day . In contrast to necrosis , which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury , apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism 's lifecycle . For example , the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis . Unlike necrosis , apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage to them . Because apoptosis can not stop once it has begun , it is a highly regulated process . Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways . In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress , while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells . Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases , which are proteases , or enzymes that degrade proteins . The two pathways both activate initiator caspases , which then activate executioner caspases , which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately .",
"1": "Research on apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s . In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon , defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases . Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy , whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation , such as cancer . Some factors like Fas receptors and caspases promote apoptosis , while some members of the Bcl - 2 family of proteins inhibit apoptosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery and etymology 2 Activation mechanisms 2.1 Intrinsic pathway 2.2 Extrinsic pathway 2.3 Apoptosis model in amphibians 3 Negative regulators of apoptosis 4 Proteolytic caspase cascade : Killing the cell 4.1 Apoptotic cell disassembly 4.2 Removal of dead cells 5 Pathway knock - outs 6 Methods for distinguishing apoptotic from necrotic ( necroptotic ) cells 7 Implication in disease 7.1 Defective pathways 7.1. 1 Dysregulation of p53 7.2 Inhibition 7.2. 1 HeLa cell 7.2. 2 Treatments 7.3 Hyperactive apoptosis 7.3. 1 Treatments 7.4 HIV progression 7.5 Viral infection 8 Plants 9 Caspase - independent apoptosis 10 Apoptosis protein subcellular location prediction 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Discovery and etymology ( edit ) Main article : History of apoptosis research German scientist Karl Vogt was first to describe the principle of apoptosis in 1842 . In 1885 , anatomist Walther Flemming delivered a more precise description of the process of programmed cell death . However , it was not until 1965 that the topic was resurrected . While studying tissues using electron microscopy , John Foxton Ross Kerr at University of Queensland was able to distinguish apoptosis from traumatic cell death . Following the publication of a paper describing the phenomenon , Kerr was invited to join Alastair R. Currie , as well as Andrew Wyllie , who was Currie 's graduate student , at University of Aberdeen .",
"2": "In 1972 , the trio published a seminal article in the British Journal of Cancer . Kerr had initially used the term programmed cell necrosis , but in the article , the process of natural cell death was called apoptosis . Kerr , Wyllie and Currie credited James Cormack , a professor of Greek language at University of Aberdeen , with suggesting the term apoptosis . Kerr received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize on March 14 , 2000 , for his description of apoptosis . He shared the prize with Boston biologist H. Robert Horvitz . For many years , neither `` apoptosis '' nor `` programmed cell death '' was a highly cited term . Two discoveries brought cell death from obscurity to a major field of research : identification of components of the cell death control and effector mechanisms , and linkage of abnormalities in cell death to human disease , in particular cancer . The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner , Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis . The genes were identified by studies in the nematode C. elegans and homologues of these genes function in humans to regulate apoptosis . John E. Sulston won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2002 , for his pioneering research on apoptosis . In Greek , apoptosis translates to the `` falling off '' of leaves from a tree . Cormack , professor of Greek language , reintroduced the term for medical use as it had a medical meaning for the Greeks over two thousand years before . Hippocrates used the term to mean `` the falling off of the bones '' . Galen extended its meaning to `` the dropping of the scabs '' . Cormack was no doubt aware of this usage when he suggested the name . Debate continues over the correct pronunciation , with opinion divided between a pronunciation with the second p silent ( / æpəˈtoʊsɪs / ap - ə - TOH - sis ) and the second p pronounced ( / eɪ pəpˈtoʊsɪs / ) , as in the original Greek . In English , the p of the Greek - pt - consonant cluster is typically silent at the beginning of a word ( e.g.",
"3": "pterodactyl , Ptolemy ) , but articulated when used in combining forms preceded by a vowel , as in helicopter or the orders of insects : diptera , lepidoptera , etc . In the original Kerr , Wyllie & Currie paper , there is a footnote regarding the pronunciation : `` We are most grateful to Professor James Cormack of the Department of Greek , University of Aberdeen , for suggesting this term . The word `` apoptosis '' ( ἀπόπτωσις ) is used in Greek to describe the `` dropping off '' or `` falling off '' of petals from flowers , or leaves from trees . To show the derivation clearly , we propose that the stress should be on the penultimate syllable , the second half of the word being pronounced like `` ptosis '' ( with the `` p '' silent ) , which comes from the same root `` to fall '' , and is already used to describe the drooping of the upper eyelid . '' Activation mechanisms ( edit ) Control Of The Apoptotic Mechanisms The initiation of apoptosis is tightly regulated by activation mechanisms , because once apoptosis has begun , it inevitably leads to the death of the cell . The two best - understood activation mechanisms are the intrinsic pathway ( also called the mitochondrial pathway ) and the extrinsic pathway . The intrinsic pathway is activated by intracellular signals generated when cells are stressed and depends on the release of proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria . The extrinsic pathway is activated by extracellular ligands binding to cell - surface death receptors , which leads to the formation of the death - inducing signaling complex ( DISC ) . A cell initiates intracellular apoptotic signaling in response to a stress , which may bring about cell suicide . The binding of nuclear receptors by glucocorticoids , heat , radiation , nutrient deprivation , viral infection , hypoxia and increased intracellular calcium concentration , for example , by damage to the membrane , can all trigger the release of intracellular apoptotic signals by a damaged cell . A number of cellular components , such as poly ADP ribose polymerase , may also help regulate apoptosis . Before the actual process of cell death is precipitated by enzymes , apoptotic signals must cause regulatory proteins to initiate the apoptosis pathway .",
"4": "This step allows those signals to cause cell death , or the process to be stopped , should the cell no longer need to die . Several proteins are involved , but two main methods of regulation have been identified : the targeting of mitochondria functionality , or directly transducing the signal via adaptor proteins to the apoptotic mechanisms . An extrinsic pathway for initiation identified in several toxin studies is an increase in calcium concentration within a cell caused by drug activity , which also can cause apoptosis via a calcium binding protease calpain . Intrinsic pathway ( edit ) The mitochondria are essential to multicellular life . Without them , a cell ceases to respire aerobically and quickly dies . This fact forms the basis for some apoptotic pathways . Apoptotic proteins that target mitochondria affect them in different ways . They may cause mitochondrial swelling through the formation of membrane pores , or they may increase the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and cause apoptotic effectors to leak out . They are very closely related to intrinsic pathway , and tumors arise more frequently through intrinsic pathway than the extrinsic pathway because of sensitivity . There is also a growing body of evidence indicating that nitric oxide is able to induce apoptosis by helping to dissipate the membrane potential of mitochondria and therefore make it more permeable . Nitric oxide has been implicated in initiating and inhibiting apoptosis through its possible action as a signal molecule of subsequent pathways that activate apoptosis . Mitochondrial proteins known as SMACs ( second mitochondria - derived activator of caspases ) are released into the cell 's cytosol following the increase in permeability of the mitochondria membranes . SMAC binds to proteins that inhibit apoptosis ( IAPs ) thereby deactivating them , and preventing the IAPs from arresting the process and therefore allowing apoptosis to proceed . IAP also normally suppresses the activity of a group of cysteine proteases called caspases , which carry out the degradation of the cell . Therefore , the actual degradation enzymes can be seen to be indirectly regulated by mitochondrial permeability . Cytochrome c is also released from mitochondria due to formation of a channel , the mitochondrial apoptosis - induced channel ( MAC ) , in the outer mitochondrial membrane , and serves a regulatory function as it precedes morphological change associated with apoptosis .",
"5": "Once cytochrome c is released it binds with Apoptotic protease activating factor -- 1 ( Apaf - 1 ) and ATP , which then bind to pro-caspase - 9 to create a protein complex known as an apoptosome . The apoptosome cleaves the pro-caspase to its active form of caspase - 9 , which in turn activates the effector caspase - 3 . MAC ( not to be confused with the membrane attack complex formed by complement activation , also commonly denoted as MAC ) , also called `` Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization Pore '' is regulated by various proteins , such as those encoded by the mammalian Bcl - 2 family of anti-apoptopic genes , the homologs of the ced - 9 gene found in C. elegans . Bcl - 2 proteins are able to promote or inhibit apoptosis by direct action on MAC / MOMPP . Bax and / or Bak form the pore , while Bcl - 2 , Bcl - xL or Mcl - 1 inhibit its formation . Extrinsic pathway ( edit ) Overview of signal transduction pathways . Overview of TNF ( left ) and Fas ( right ) signalling in apoptosis , an example of direct signal transduction . Two theories of the direct initiation of apoptotic mechanisms in mammals have been suggested : the TNF - induced ( tumor necrosis factor ) model and the Fas - Fas ligand - mediated model , both involving receptors of the TNF receptor ( TNFR ) family coupled to extrinsic signals . TNF path TNF - alpha is a cytokine produced mainly by activated macrophages , and is the major extrinsic mediator of apoptosis . Most cells in the human body have two receptors for TNF - alpha : TNFR1 and TNFR2 . The binding of TNF - alpha to TNFR1 has been shown to initiate the pathway that leads to caspase activation via the intermediate membrane proteins TNF receptor - associated death domain ( TRADD ) and Fas - associated death domain protein ( FADD ) . cIAP1 / 2 can inhibit TNF - α signaling by binding to TRAF2 . FLIP inhibits the activation of caspase - 8 .",
"6": "Binding of this receptor can also indirectly lead to the activation of transcription factors involved in cell survival and inflammatory responses . However , signalling through TNFR1 might also induce apoptosis in a caspase - independent manner . The link between TNF - alpha and apoptosis shows why an abnormal production of TNF - alpha plays a fundamental role in several human diseases , especially in autoimmune diseases . Fas path The fas receptor ( First apoptosis signal ) -- ( also known as Apo - 1 or CD95 ) is a transmembrane protein of the TNF family which binds the Fas ligand ( FasL ) . The interaction between Fas and FasL results in the formation of the death - inducing signaling complex ( DISC ) , which contains the FADD , caspase - 8 and caspase - 10 . In some types of cells ( type I ) , processed caspase - 8 directly activates other members of the caspase family , and triggers the execution of apoptosis of the cell . In other types of cells ( type II ) , the Fas - DISC starts a feedback loop that spirals into increasing release of proapoptotic factors from mitochondria and the amplified activation of caspase - 8 . Common components Following TNF - R1 and Fas activation in mammalian cells a balance between proapoptotic ( BAX , BID , BAK , or BAD ) and anti-apoptotic ( Bcl - Xl and Bcl - 2 ) members of the Bcl - 2 family are established . This balance is the proportion of proapoptotic homodimers that form in the outer - membrane of the mitochondrion . The proapoptotic homodimers are required to make the mitochondrial membrane permeable for the release of caspase activators such as cytochrome c and SMAC . Control of proapoptotic proteins under normal cell conditions of nonapoptotic cells is incompletely understood , but in general , Bax or Bak are activated by the activation of BH3 - only proteins , part of the Bcl - 2 family . Caspases Caspases play the central role in the transduction of ER apoptotic signals . Caspases are proteins that are highly conserved , cysteine - dependent aspartate - specific proteases .",
"7": "There are two types of caspases : initiator caspases , caspase 2 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , and effector caspases , caspase 3 , 6 , 7 . The activation of initiator caspases requires binding to specific oligomeric activator protein . Effector caspases are then activated by these active initiator caspases through proteolytic cleavage . The active effector caspases then proteolytically degrade a host of intracellular proteins to carry out the cell death program . Caspase - independent apoptotic pathway There also exists a caspase - independent apoptotic pathway that is mediated by AIF ( apoptosis - inducing factor ) . Apoptosis model in amphibians ( edit ) Amphibian Metamorphosis Amphibian frog Xenopus laevis serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis . In fact , iodine and thyroxine also stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills , tail and fins in amphibians metamorphosis , and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic , vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial , carnivorous frog . Negative regulators of apoptosis ( edit ) Negative regulation of apoptosis inhibits cell death signaling pathways , helping tumors to evade cell death and developing drug resistance . Many families of proteins act as negative regulators categorized into either antiapoptotic factors , such as IAP s and Bcl - 2 proteins or prosurvival factors like cFLIP , BNIP3 , FADD , Akt , and NF - κB . Proteolytic caspase cascade : killing the cell ( edit ) Many pathways and signals lead to apoptosis , but these converge on a single mechanism that actually causes the death of the cell . After a cell receives stimulus , it undergoes organized degradation of cellular organelles by activated proteolytic caspases . In addition to the destruction of cellular organelles , mRNA is rapidly and globally degraded by a mechanism that is not yet fully characterized . mRNA decay is triggered very early in apoptosis . A cell undergoing apoptosis shows a series of characteristic morphological changes .",
"8": "Early alterations include : Cell shrinkage and rounding occur because of the retraction lamellipodia and the breakdown of the proteinaceous cytoskeleton by caspases . The cytoplasm appears dense , and the organelles appear tightly packed . Chromatin undergoes condensation into compact patches against the nuclear envelope ( also known as the perinuclear envelope ) in a process known as pyknosis , a hallmark of apoptosis . The nuclear envelope becomes discontinuous and the DNA inside it is fragmented in a process referred to as karyorrhexis . The nucleus breaks into several discrete chromatin bodies or nucleosomal units due to the degradation of DNA . Apoptosis progresses quickly and its products are quickly removed , making it difficult to detect or visualize on classical histology sections . During karyorrhexis , endonuclease activation leaves short DNA fragments , regularly spaced in size . These give a characteristic `` laddered '' appearance on agar gel after electrophoresis . Tests for DNA laddering differentiate apoptosis from ischemic or toxic cell death . Apoptotic cell disassembly ( edit ) Different steps in apoptotic cell disassembly . Before the apoptotic cell is disposed of , there is a process of disassembly . There are three recognized steps in apoptotic cell disassembly : Membrane blebbing : The cell membrane shows irregular buds known as blebs . Initially these are smaller surface blebs . Later these can grow into larger so - called dynamic membrane blebs . An important regulator of apoptotic cell membrane blebbing is ROCK1 ( rho associated coiled - coil - containing protein kinase 1 ) . Formation of membrane protrusions : Some cell types , under specific conditions , may develop different types of long , thin extensions of the cell membrane called membrane protrusions . Three types have been described : microtubule spikes , apoptopodia ( feet of death ) , and beaded apoptopodia ( the latter having a beads - on - a-string appearance ) . Pannexin 1 is an important component of membrane channels involved in the formation of apoptopodia and beaded apoptopodia . Fragmentation : The cell breaks apart into multiple vesicles called apoptotic bodies , which undergo phagocytosis . The plasma membrane protrusions may help bring apoptotic bodies closer to phagocytes .",
"9": "Removal of dead cells ( edit ) The removal of dead cells by neighboring phagocytic cells has been termed efferocytosis . Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis display phagocytotic molecules , such as phosphatidylserine , on their cell surface . Phosphatidylserine is normally found on the inner leaflet surface of the plasma membrane , but is redistributed during apoptosis to the extracellular surface by a protein known as scramblase . These molecules mark the cell for phagocytosis by cells possessing the appropriate receptors , such as macrophages . The removal of dying cells by phagocytes occurs in an orderly manner without eliciting an inflammatory response . During apoptosis cellular RNA and DNA are separated from each other and sorted to different apoptotic bodies ; separation of RNA is initiated as nucleolar segregation . Pathway knock - outs ( edit ) Many knock - outs have been made in the apoptosis pathways to test the function of each of the proteins . Several caspases , in addition to APAF1 and FADD , have been mutated to determine the new phenotype . In order to create a tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) knockout , an exon containing the nucleotides 3704 -- 5364 was removed from the gene . This exon encodes a portion of the mature TNF domain , as well as the leader sequence , which is a highly conserved region necessary for proper intracellular processing . TNF - / - mice develop normally and have no gross structural or morphological abnormalities . However , upon immunization with SRBC ( sheep red blood cells ) , these mice demonstrated a deficiency in the maturation of an antibody response ; they were able to generate normal levels of IgM , but could not develop specific IgG levels . Apaf - 1 is the protein that turns on caspase 9 by cleavage to begin the caspase cascade that leads to apoptosis . Since a - / - mutation in the APAF - 1 gene is embryonic lethal , a gene trap strategy was used in order to generate an APAF - 1 - / - mouse . This assay is used to disrupt gene function by creating an intragenic gene fusion .",
"10": "When an APAF - 1 gene trap is introduced into cells , many morphological changes occur , such as spina bifida , the persistence of interdigital webs , and open brain . In addition , after embryonic day 12.5 , the brain of the embryos showed several structural changes . APAF - 1 cells are protected from apoptosis stimuli such as irradiation . A BAX - 1 knock - out mouse exhibits normal forebrain formation and a decreased programmed cell death in some neuronal populations and in the spinal cord , leading to an increase in motor neurons . The caspase proteins are integral parts of the apoptosis pathway , so it follows that knock - outs made have varying damaging results . A caspase 9 knock - out leads to a severe brain malformation . A caspase 8 knock - out leads to cardiac failure and thus embryonic lethality . However , with the use of cre - lox technology , a caspase 8 knock - out has been created that exhibits an increase in peripheral T cells , an impaired T cell response , and a defect in neural tube closure . These mice were found to be resistant to apoptosis mediated by CD95 , TNFR , etc. but not resistant to apoptosis caused by UV irradiation , chemotherapeutic drugs , and other stimuli . Finally , a caspase 3 knock - out was characterized by ectopic cell masses in the brain and abnormal apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing or nuclear fragmentation . A remarkable feature of these KO mice is that they have a very restricted phenotype : Casp3 , 9 , APAF - 1 KO mice have deformations of neural tissue and FADD and Casp 8 KO showed defective heart development , however in both types of KO other organs developed normally and some cell types were still sensitive to apoptotic stimuli suggesting that unknown proapoptotic pathways exist . Methods for distinguishing apoptotic from necrotic ( necroptotic ) cells ( edit ) In order to perform analysis of apoptotic versus necrotic ( necroptotic ) cells , one can do analysis of morphology by time - lapse microscopy , flow fluorocytometry , and transmission electron microscopy .",
"11": "There are also various biochemical techniques for analysis of cell surface markers ( phosphatidylserine exposure versus cell permeability by flow cytometry ) , cellular markers such as DNA fragmentation ( flow cytometry ) , caspase activation , Bid cleavage , and cytochrome c release ( Western blotting ) . It is important to know how primary and secondary necrotic cells can be distinguished by analysis of supernatant for caspases , HMGB1 , and release of cytokeratin 18 . However , no distinct surface or biochemical markers of necrotic cell death have been identified yet , and only negative markers are available . These include absence of apoptotic markers ( caspase activation , cytochrome c release , and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation ) and differential kinetics of cell death markers ( phosphatidylserine exposure and cell membrane permeabilization ) . A selection of techniques that can be used to distinguish apoptosis from necroptotic cells could be found in these references . Implication in disease ( edit ) A section of mouse liver showing several apoptotic cells , indicated by arrows A section of mouse liver stained to show cells undergoing apoptosis ( orange ) Neonatal cardiomyocytes ultrastructure after anoxia - reoxygenation . Defective pathways ( edit ) The many different types of apoptotic pathways contain a multitude of different biochemical components , many of them not yet understood . As a pathway is more or less sequential in nature , removing or modifying one component leads to an effect in another . In a living organism , this can have disastrous effects , often in the form of disease or disorder . A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical , but the concept overlying each one is the same : The normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis . This results in a cell that lives past its `` use - by - date '' and is able to replicate and pass on any faulty machinery to its progeny , increasing the likelihood of the cell 's becoming cancerous or diseased . A recently described example of this concept in action can be seen in the development of a lung cancer called NCI - H460 . The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein ( XIAP ) is overexpressed in cells of the H460 cell line .",
"12": "XIAPs bind to the processed form of caspase - 9 , and suppress the activity of apoptotic activator cytochrome c , therefore overexpression leads to a decrease in the amount of proapoptotic agonists . As a consequence , the balance of anti-apoptotic and proapoptotic effectors is upset in favour of the former , and the damaged cells continue to replicate despite being directed to die . Defects in regulation of apoptosis in cancer cells occur often at the level of control of transcription factors . As a particular example , defects in molecules that control transcription factor NF - κB in cancer change the mode of transcriptional regulation and the response to apoptotic signals , to curtail dependence on the tissue that the cell belongs . This degree of independence from external survival signals , can enable cancer metastasis . Dysregulation of p53 ( edit ) The tumor - suppressor protein p53 accumulates when DNA is damaged due to a chain of biochemical factors . Part of this pathway includes alpha - interferon and beta - interferon , which induce transcription of the p53 gene , resulting in the increase of p53 protein level and enhancement of cancer cell - apoptosis . p53 prevents the cell from replicating by stopping the cell cycle at G1 , or interphase , to give the cell time to repair , however it will induce apoptosis if damage is extensive and repair efforts fail . Any disruption to the regulation of the p53 or interferon genes will result in impaired apoptosis and the possible formation of tumors . Inhibition ( edit ) Inhibition of apoptosis can result in a number of cancers , autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases , and viral infections . It was originally believed that the associated accumulation of cells was due to an increase in cellular proliferation , but it is now known that it is also due to a decrease in cell death . The most common of these diseases is cancer , the disease of excessive cellular proliferation , which is often characterized by an overexpression of IAP family members . As a result , the malignant cells experience an abnormal response to apoptosis induction : Cycle - regulating genes ( such as p53 , ras or c - myc ) are mutated or inactivated in diseased cells , and further genes ( such as bcl - 2 ) also modify their expression in tumors . Some apoptotic factors are vital during mitochondrial respiration e.g.",
"13": "cytochrome C. Pathological inactivation of apoptosis in cancer cells is correlated with frequent respiratory metabolic shifts toward glycolysis ( an observation known as the `` Warburg hypothesis '' ) . HeLa cell ( edit ) Apoptosis in HeLa cells is inhibited by proteins produced by the cell ; these inhibitory proteins target retinoblastoma tumor - suppressing proteins . These tumor - suppressing proteins regulate the cell cycle , but are rendered inactive when bound to an inhibitory protein . HPV E6 and E7 are inhibitory proteins expressed by the human papillomavirus , HPV being responsible for the formation of the cervical tumor from which HeLa cells are derived . HPV E6 causes p53 , which regulates the cell cycle , to become inactive . HPV E7 binds to retinoblastoma tumor suppressing proteins and limits its ability to control cell division . These two inhibitory proteins are partially responsible for HeLa cells ' immortality by inhibiting apoptosis to occur . CDV ( Canine Distemper Virus ) is able to induce apoptosis despite the presence of these inhibitory proteins . This is an important oncolytic property of CDV : this virus is capable of killing canine lymphoma cells . Oncoproteins E6 and E7 still leave p53 inactive , but they are not able to avoid the activation of caspases induced from the stress of viral infection . These oncolytic properties provided a promising link between CDV and lymphoma apoptosis , which can lead to development of alternative treatment methods for both canine lymphoma and human non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Defects in the cell cycle are thought to be responsible for the resistance to chemotherapy or radiation by certain tumor cells , so a virus that can induce apoptosis despite defects in the cell cycle is useful for cancer treatment . Treatments ( edit ) The main method of treatment for death from signaling - related diseases involves either increasing or decreasing the susceptibility of apoptosis in diseased cells , depending on whether the disease is caused by either the inhibition of or excess apoptosis . For instance , treatments aim to restore apoptosis to treat diseases with deficient cell death , and to increase the apoptotic threshold to treat diseases involved with excessive cell death .",
"14": "To stimulate apoptosis , one can increase the number of death receptor ligands ( such as TNF or TRAIL ) , antagonize the anti-apoptotic Bcl - 2 pathway , or introduce Smac mimetics to inhibit the inhibitor ( IAPs ) . The addition of agents such as Herceptin , Iressa , or Gleevec works to stop cells from cycling and causes apoptosis activation by blocking growth and survival signaling further upstream . Finally , adding p53 - MDM2 complexes displaces p53 and activates the p53 pathway , leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis . Many different methods can be used either to stimulate or to inhibit apoptosis in various places along the death signaling pathway . Apoptosis is a multi-step , multi-pathway cell - death programme that is inherent in every cell of the body . In cancer , the apoptosis cell - division ratio is altered . Cancer treatment by chemotherapy and irradiation kills target cells primarily by inducing apoptosis . Hyperactive apoptosis ( edit ) On the other hand , loss of control of cell death ( resulting in excess apoptosis ) can lead to neurodegenerative diseases , hematologic diseases , and tissue damage . It is to note that neurons that rely on mitochondrial respiration undergo apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's ( an observation known as the `` Inverse Warburg hypothesis '' ). Moreover , there is an inverse epidemiological comorbidity between neurodegenerative diseases and cancer . The progression of HIV is directly linked to excess , unregulated apoptosis . In a healthy individual , the number of CD4+ lymphocytes is in balance with the cells generated by the bone marrow ; however , in HIV - positive patients , this balance is lost due to an inability of the bone marrow to regenerate CD4+ cells . In the case of HIV , CD4+ lymphocytes die at an accelerated rate through uncontrolled apoptosis , when stimulated . At the molecular level , hyperactive apoptosis can be caused by defects in signaling pathways that regulate the Bcl - 2 family proteins . Increased expression of apoptotic proteins such as BIM , or their decreased proteolysis , leads to cell death , and can cause a number of pathologies , depending on the cells where excessive activity of BIM occurs . Cancer cells can escape apoptosis through mechanisms that suppress BIM expression or by increased proteolysis of BIM .",
"15": "Treatments ( edit ) Treatments aiming to inhibit works to block specific caspases . Finally , the Akt protein kinase promotes cell survival through two pathways . Akt phosphorylates and inhibits Bad ( a Bcl - 2 family member ) , causing Bad to interact with the 14 - 3 - 3 scaffold , resulting in Bcl dissociation and thus cell survival . Akt also activates IKKα , which leads to NF - κB activation and cell survival . Active NF - κB induces the expression of anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl - 2 , resulting in inhibition of apoptosis . NF - κB has been found to play both an antiapoptotic role and a proapoptotic role depending on the stimuli utilized and the cell type . HIV progression ( edit ) The progression of the human immunodeficiency virus infection into AIDS is due primarily to the depletion of CD4+ T - helper lymphocytes in a manner that is too rapid for the body 's bone marrow to replenish the cells , leading to a compromised immune system . One of the mechanisms by which T - helper cells are depleted is apoptosis , which results from a series of biochemical pathways : HIV enzymes deactivate anti-apoptotic Bcl - 2 . This does not directly cause cell death but primes the cell for apoptosis should the appropriate signal be received . In parallel , these enzymes activate proapoptotic procaspase - 8 , which does directly activate the mitochondrial events of apoptosis . HIV may increase the level of cellular proteins that prompt Fas - mediated apoptosis . HIV proteins decrease the amount of CD4 glycoprotein marker present on the cell membrane . Released viral particles and proteins present in extracellular fluid are able to induce apoptosis in nearby `` bystander '' T helper cells . HIV decreases the production of molecules involved in marking the cell for apoptosis , giving the virus time to replicate and continue releasing apoptotic agents and virions into the surrounding tissue . The infected CD4+ cell may also receive the death signal from a cytotoxic T cell . Cells may also die as direct consequences of viral infections . HIV - 1 expression induces tubular cell G2 / M arrest and apoptosis .",
"16": "The progression from HIV to AIDS is not immediate or even necessarily rapid ; HIV 's cytotoxic activity toward CD4+ lymphocytes is classified as AIDS once a given patient 's CD4+ cell count falls below 200 . Researchers from Kumamoto University in Japan have developed a new method to eradicate HIV in viral reservoir cells , named `` Lock - in and apoptosis . '' Using the synthesized compound Heptanoylphosphatidyl L - Inositol Pentakisphophate ( or L - Hippo ) to bind strongly to the HIV protein PR55Gag , they were able to suppress viral budding . By suppressing viral budding , the researchers were able to trap the HIV virus in the cell and allow for the cell to undergo apoptosis ( natural cell death ) . Associate Professor Mikako Fujita has stated that the approach is not yet available to HIV patients because the research team has to conduct further research on combining the drug therapy that currently exists with this `` Lock - in and apoptosis '' approach to lead to complete recovery from HIV . Viral infection ( edit ) Viral induction of apoptosis occurs when one or several cells of a living organism are infected with a virus , leading to cell death . Cell death in organisms is necessary for the normal development of cells and the cell cycle maturation . It is also important in maintaining the regular functions and activities of cells . Viruses can trigger apoptosis of infected cells via a range of mechanisms including : Receptor binding Activation of protein kinase R ( PKR ) Interaction with p53 Expression of viral proteins coupled to MHC proteins on the surface of the infected cell , allowing recognition by cells of the immune system ( such as Natural Killer and cytotoxic T cells ) that then induce the infected cell to undergo apoptosis . Canine distemper virus ( CDV ) is known to cause apoptosis in central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of infected dogs in vivo and in vitro . Apoptosis caused by CDV is typically induced via the extrinsic pathway , which activates caspases that disrupt cellular function and eventually leads to the cells death . In normal cells , CDV activates caspase - 8 first , which works as the initiator protein followed by the executioner protein caspase - 3 . However , apoptosis induced by CDV in HeLa cells does not involve the initiator protein caspase - 8 .",
"17": "HeLa cell apoptosis caused by CDV follows a different mechanism than that in vero cell lines . This change in the caspase cascade suggests CDV induces apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway , excluding the need for the initiator caspase - 8 . The executioner protein is instead activated by the internal stimuli caused by viral infection not a caspase cascade . The Oropouche virus ( OROV ) is found in the family Bunyaviridae . The study of apoptosis brought on by Bunyaviridae was initiated in 1996 , when it was observed that apoptosis was induced by the La Crosse virus into the kidney cells of baby hamsters and into the brains of baby mice . OROV is a disease that is transmitted between humans by the biting midge ( Culicoides paraensis ) . It is referred to as a zoonotic arbovirus and causes febrile illness , characterized by the onset of a sudden fever known as Oropouche fever . The Oropouche virus also causes disruption in cultured cells -- cells that are cultivated in distinct and specific conditions . An example of this can be seen in HeLa cells , whereby the cells begin to degenerate shortly after they are infected . With the use of gel electrophoresis , it can be observed that OROV causes DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells . It can be interpreted by counting , measuring , and analyzing the cells of the Sub / G1 cell population . When HeLA cells are infected with OROV , the cytochrome C is released from the membrane of the mitochondria , into the cytosol of the cells . This type of interaction shows that apoptosis is activated via an intrinsic pathway . In order for apoptosis to occur within OROV , viral uncoating , viral internalization , along with the replication of cells is necessary . Apoptosis in some viruses is activated by extracellular stimuli . However , studies have demonstrated that the OROV infection causes apoptosis to be activated through intracellular stimuli and involves the mitochondria . Many viruses encode proteins that can inhibit apoptosis . Several viruses encode viral homologs of Bcl - 2 . These homologs can inhibit proapoptotic proteins such as BAX and BAK , which are essential for the activation of apoptosis .",
"18": "Examples of viral Bcl - 2 proteins include the Epstein - Barr virus BHRF1 protein and the adenovirus E1B 19K protein . Some viruses express caspase inhibitors that inhibit caspase activity and an example is the CrmA protein of cowpox viruses . Whilst a number of viruses can block the effects of TNF and Fas . For example , the M - T2 protein of myxoma viruses can bind TNF preventing it from binding the TNF receptor and inducing a response . Furthermore , many viruses express p53 inhibitors that can bind p53 and inhibit its transcriptional transactivation activity . As a consequence , p53 can not induce apoptosis , since it can not induce the expression of proapoptotic proteins . The adenovirus E1B - 55K protein and the hepatitis B virus HBx protein are examples of viral proteins that can perform such a function . Viruses can remain intact from apoptosis in particular in the latter stages of infection . They can be exported in the apoptotic bodies that pinch off from the surface of the dying cell , and the fact that they are engulfed by phagocytes prevents the initiation of a host response . This favours the spread of the virus . Plants ( edit ) Programmed cell death in plants has a number of molecular similarities to that of animal apoptosis , but it also has differences , notable ones being the presence of a cell wall and the lack of an immune system that removes the pieces of the dead cell . Instead of an immune response , the dying cell synthesizes substances to break itself down and places them in a vacuole that ruptures as the cell dies . Whether this whole process resembles animal apoptosis closely enough to warrant using the name apoptosis ( as opposed to the more general programmed cell death ) is unclear . Caspase - independent apoptosis ( edit ) The characterization of the caspases allowed the development of caspase inhibitors , which can be used to determine whether a cellular process involves active caspases . Using these inhibitors it was discovered that cells can die while displaying a morphology similar to apoptosis without caspase activation . Later studies linked this phenomenon to the release of AIF ( apoptosis - inducing factor ) from the mitochondria and its translocation into the nucleus mediated by its NLS ( nuclear localization signal ) .",
"19": "Inside the mitochondria , AIF is anchored to the inner membrane . In order to be released , the protein is cleaved by a calcium - dependent calpain protease . Apoptosis protein subcellular location prediction ( edit ) In 2003 , a method was developed for predicting subcellular location of apoptosis proteins . Subsequent to this , various modes of Chou 's pseudo amino acid composition were developed for improving the quality of predicting subcellular localization of apoptosis proteins based on their sequence information alone . See also ( edit ) Anoikis Apaf - 1 Apo2. 7 Apoptotic DNA fragmentation Atromentin induces apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells . Autolysis Autophagy Cisplatin Cytotoxicity Entosis Immunology Necrobiosis Necrosis Necrotaxis p53 Paraptosis Pseudoapoptosis PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Note that the average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells ( 10 ) , of which at most only 70 billion ( 7010700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 × 10 ) die per day . That is , about 5 out of every 1,000 cells ( 0.5 % ) die each day due to apoptosis . Jump up ^ HeLa cells are an immortalized cancer cell line used frequently in research . The cell line was established by removing cells directly from Henrietta Lacks , a cancer patent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Quantitative phase contrast microscopy -- label - free live cell imaging and quantification '' . Phase Holographic Imaging AB . Jump up ^ Green , Douglas ( 2011 ) . Means to an End : Apoptosis and other Cell Death Mechanisms . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 888 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alberts , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Karam , Jose A. ( 2009 ) . Apoptosis in Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy . Netherlands : Springer .",
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"33": "`` Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 and HPV - 16 E6 / E7 Sensitize Human Keratinocytes to Apoptosis Induced by Chemotherapeutic Agents : Roles of p53 and Caspase Activation '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 78 : 334 -- 349 . doi : 10.1002 / ( sici ) 1097 - 4644 ( 20000801 ) 78 : 2 < 334 : : aid - jcb15 > 3.3.co ; 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boehm , I. ( 2006 ) . `` Apoptosis in physiological and pathological skin : Implications for therapy '' . Current Molecular Medicine . 6 ( 4 ) : 375 -- 394 . doi : 10.2174 / 156652406777435390 . PMID 16900661 . Jump up ^ LaFerla , F.M. , Tinkle , B.T. , Bieberich , C.J. , Haudenschild , C.C. & Jay , G . The Alzheimer 's A beta peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice . Nat Genet 9 , 21 -- 30 , doi : 10.1038 / ng0195 - 21 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Mochizuki , H. , Goto , K. , Mori , H. & Mizuno , Y . Histochemical detection of apoptosis in Parkinson 's disease . J Neurol Sci 137 , 120 -- 123 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Demetrius , L.A. , Magistretti , P.J. & Pellerin , L. Alzheimer 's disease : the amyloid hypothesis and the Inverse Warburg effect . Front Physiol 5 , 522 , doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2014.00522 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Musicco , M. et al. Inverse occurrence of cancer and Alzheimer disease : a population - based incidence study . Neurology 81 , 322 -- 328 , doi : 10.1212 / WNL.",
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"37": "CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Cyrelys Collazo ; Osmani Chacón ; Orlando Borrás ( 2006 ) . `` Programmed cell death in plants resembles apoptosis of animals '' ( PDF ) . Biotecnología Aplicada. 23 : 1 -- 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Xiang J. et al. , BAX - induced cell death may not require interleukin 1β - converting enzyme - likeproteases , 1996 , cell biology Jump up ^ Zhou , G.P. & Doctor , K. ( 2003 ) . Subcellular location prediction of apoptosis proteins . PROTEINS : Structure , Function , and Genetics 50 , 44 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Chen Y.L. ; Li Q.Z. ( 2007 ) . `` Prediction of apoptosis protein subcellular location using improved hybrid approach and pseudo amino acid composition '' . Journal of Theoretical Biology . 248 ( 2 ) : 377 -- 381 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2007.05. 019 . PMID 17572445 . Jump up ^ Ding YS , Zhang TL ( 2008 ) . `` Using Chou 's pseudo amino acid composition to predict subcellular localization of apoptosis proteins : an approach with immune genetic algorithm - based ensemble classifier '' . Pattern Recognition Letters. 29 : 1887 -- 1892 . doi : 10.1016 / j. patrec. 2008.06. 007 . Jump up ^ Jiang , X. , Wei , R. , Zhang , T.L. & Gu , Q. ( 2008 ) . Using the concept of Chou 's pseudo amino acid composition to predict apoptosis proteins subcellular location : an approach by approximate entropy . Protein & Peptide Letters 15 , 392 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Lin H , Wang H , Ding H , Chen YL , Li QZ ( 2009 ) . `` Prediction of Subcellular Localization of Apoptosis Protein Using Chou 's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition '' .",
"38": "Acta Biotheoretica. 57 : 321 -- 330 . doi : 10.1007 / s10441 - 008 - 9067 - 4 . PMID 19169652 . Jump up ^ `` Atromentin - Induced Apoptosis in Human Leukemia U937 Cells '' . Kim Jin Hee and Choong Hwan Lee , Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2009 , vol. 19 , no . 9 , pages 946 -- 950 , INIST : 21945937 Bibliography ( edit ) Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Morgan , David ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2015 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0815344322 . External links ( edit ) Apoptosis & cell surface Apoptosis & Caspase 3 , The Proteolysis Map -- animation Apoptosis & Caspase 8 , The Proteolysis Map -- animation Apoptosis & Caspase 7 , The Proteolysis Map -- animation Apoptosis MiniCOPE Dictionary -- list of apoptosis terms and acronyms Apoptosis ( Programmed Cell Death ) -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Apoptosis Research Portal Apoptosis Info Apoptosis protocols , articles , news , and recent publications . Database of proteins involved in apoptosis Apoptosis Video Apoptosis Video ( WEHI on YouTube ) The Mechanisms of Apoptosis Kimball 's Biology Pages . Simple explanation of the mechanisms of apoptosis triggered by internal signals ( bcl - 2 ) , along the caspase - 9 , caspase - 3 and caspase - 7 pathway ; and by external signals ( FAS and TNF ) , along the caspase 8 pathway . Accessed 25 March 2007 . WikiPathways -- Apoptosis pathway Finding Cancer 's Self - Destruct Button CR magazine ( Spring 2007 ) . Article on apoptosis and cancer .",
"39": "Xiaodong Wang 's lecture : Introduction to Apoptosis Robert Horvitz 's short clip : Discovering Programmed Cell Death The Bcl - 2 Database DeathBase : a database of proteins involved in cell death , curated by experts European Cell Death Organization Apoptosis signaling pathway created by Cusabio Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis Cell signaling / Signal transduction Signaling pathways GPCR Wnt RTK TGF beta MAPK / ERK Notch JAK - STAT Akt / PKB Fas apoptosis Hippo PI3K /",
"40": "AKT / mTOR pathway Integrin receptors Agents Receptor ligands Hormones Neurotransmitters / Neuropeptides / Neurohormones Cytokines Growth factors Signaling molecules Receptors Cell surface Intracellular Co-receptor Second messenger cAMP - dependent pathway Ca signaling Lipid signaling Assistants : Signal transducing adaptor protein Scaffold protein Transcription factors General Transcription preinitiation complex TFIID TFIIH By distance Juxtacrine Autocrine / Paracrine Endocrine Other concepts Intracrine action Neurocrine signaling Synaptic transmission Chemical synapse Neuroendocrine signaling Exocrine signalling Pheromones Mechanotransduction Phototransduction Ion channel gating Gap junction Apoptosis signaling pathway Fas path Ligand Fas ligand Receptor Fas receptor Intracellular Death - inducing signaling complex DAXX ASK1 FADD Caspase 8 BID Cytochrome c Caspase 9 Caspase 3 Pro-apoptotic : BAX BAK1 / Bcl - 2 homologous antagonist killer Bcl - 2 - associated death promoter Anti-apoptotic : Bcl - 2 Bcl - xL TNF path Ligand Tumor necrosis factor alpha",
"41": "Receptor Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 Intracellular TRADD FADD Caspase 8 Caspase 3 BID TRAF2 ASK - 1 MEKK1 IKK IκBα MKK7 JNK NF - κB Other Intracellular IAPs XIAP NAIP Survivin c - IAP - 1 c - IAP - 2 Apoptosis - inducing factor NDL : 01046102 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apoptosis&oldid=838063319 '' Categories : Cell signaling Medical aspects of death Immunology Programmed cell death Apoptosis Cellular senescence Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia",
"42": "Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"43": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who made delhi as capital for the first time
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{
"0": "History of Delhi - Wikipedia History of Delhi Jump to : navigation , search See also : Timeline of Delhi Historical Region of North India Delhi Location Delhi State established : 736 CE Language Khariboli , Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , English Dynasties Tomara Dynasty ( 736 - 1160 ) Chauhans of Shakambhari ( 1160 - 1206 ) Mamluk ( 1206 -- 1289 ) Khalji ( 1290 -- 1320 ) Tughlaqs ( 1320 -- 1413 ) Sayyids ( 1414 -- 51 ) Lodis ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Mughals ( 1526 -- 1540 ) Suris ( 1540 - 1553 ) Hindu - Hemu ( 1553 -- 56 ) Mughals ( 1556 - 1757 ) Marathas ( 1757 - 1803 ) Company Rule ( 1803 - 1857 ) British ( 1857 -- 1947 ) Independence ( 1947 -- Present ) The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history , and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires . Much of Delhi 's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history . Extensive coverage of Delhi 's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century . Since then , Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms , making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world . It is considered to be a city built , destroyed and rebuilt several times , as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi , and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city 's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way . The core of Delhi 's tangible heritage is Hindu , Islamic ( spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city ) with expansive British - era architecture in Lutyens ' Delhi dating to the British rule in India .",
"1": "Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur ( in the Badarpur region ) , as well as Harappan excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari . References to Delhi 's history in ancient literature are based on myths and legends . According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata , a city called Indraprastha , `` City of the God Indra '' , was the capital of the Pandavas . There is a strong belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha . Northern Black Polished Ware ( c. 700 - 200 BCE ) have been excavated at the site , and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface , suggesting an even older settlement , possibly going back to ca . 1000 BCE . In 1966 , an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka ( 273 - 236 BCE ) was discovered near Srinivaspur . Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century . The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty ( 320 - 540 CE ) and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities of Delhi 2 Early history 3 8th century to 16th century 4 16th century to 19th century 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Cities of Delhi ( edit ) Historic map of Shahjahanabad ( now known as Old Delhi ) , in 1863 It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE , although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account , as many as 15 settlements can be identified . All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within an area commonly called the ' Delhi Triangle , ' bounded on the south and the west by the Aravalli Range , known as the Delhi Ridge , and to the east by the Yamuna River .",
"2": "Notable settlements to have been established in the region include : Indraprastha , supposedly built by the Pandavas . Surajkund ( Anangpur ) , Tomar city dating from the 9th or 10th century , where a large masonry tank can be found . Lalkot , built ca . 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler , Anangpal . In ca . 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against invaders ; the city then became known as Qila Rai Pithora . This area , now called as Mehrauli , was also the seat of the Mamluk ( Slave ) dynasty . Siri , first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khalji , and fortified in about ca . 1303 A.D. Tughluqabad , built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca . 1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca . 1325 A.D. Jahanpanah , Refuge of the World , name given to the area enclosed by walling - in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri , built by Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca . 1325 A.D. Ferozabad , built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca . 1354 A.D. ; all that remains is the palace , known as Feroz Shah Kotla . Feroz Shah 's building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied ; major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah ( Khirki and Begumpur ) and Nizamuddin ; and the area around Khalji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed . Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri , both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha ( 1538 -- 1545 ) . Shahjahanabad , the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649 , containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk . It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan 's reign .",
"3": "It is presently referred to as `` Old Delhi '' . Lutyens ' Delhi or New Delhi , the city built by the British on the south - west , declared Capital on 12 December 1911 . On 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as India 's National Capital . Early Political History of Delhi , 1060 - 1947 Modern Delhi , referred to as ' Dilli ' locally , derived from its historical name Dhili , is an amalgam all of the above . Officially , however , only seven of the above - mentioned settlements are recognised . as historical cities with distinct identities and indigenous heritage : Qila Rai Pithora , Mehrauli , Siri , Tughlaqabad , Ferozabad , Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad . The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons . Indraprastha , the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago ( c. 2800 BC ) , as per the ancient Indian text - the Mahabharata . Though very much a part of India 's very Ancient history , it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed . Archaeological evidence exists , but in such scarcity as be inconclusive . As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India , the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today 's Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what the verses of the Mahabharata indicate . More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens ' Delhi . Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city . Moreover , sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli . Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city . The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture .",
"4": "Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis . New Delhi , the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings . So there seems no such thing as `` history '' about it . Early history ( edit ) The ancient Yogmaya Temple , claimed to be one of the five temples of Mahabharata days in Delhi . The iron pillar of Delhi , is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya ( 375 -- 413 ) of the Gupta Empire . According to Indian folklore , Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha , capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata , founded around 3500 BC . It was , one of the five prasthas or ` plains ' , which included Sonepat , Panipat , Tilpat ( near Faridabad ) , and Baghpat . 16th - century , Persian historian , Firishta , recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana ( Greek ) invasions . However , it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas . Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hasthinapur , which means `` elephant - city '' . The name Delhi may be derived from the word ' Dhillika ' , though there are other theories . According to Satyarth Prakash ( 1874 ) of Swami Dayanand , Raja Dhilu ( King Dihlu ) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE . It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi , located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi , in Mehrauli . This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities . It is also known as Yoginipura , that is , the fortress of the Yoginis ( female divinities ) . It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar . In the 12th century , the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan .",
"5": "Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189 - 1230 ) an Apabhramsha writer , provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi . हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम , गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु , जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु , ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं Translation : There are countless villages in Haryana country . The villagers there work hard . They do n't accept domination of others , and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow . Indra himself praises this country . The capital of this country is Dhilli . जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु , णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु , माणिणियण मणसंजनीय Translation : The ruler Anangapal is famous , he can slay his enemies with his sword . The weight ( of the Iron pillar ) caused the Nagaraj to shake .",
"6": "A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars : देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail : हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ 8th century to 16th century ( edit ) See also : Delhi Sultanate The bastion of Lal Kot fort in Delhi 's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler , Anangpal in c . AD 736 . The Qutub Minar is the world 's tallest brick minaret at 72.5 metres , built by Qutb - ud - din Aibak of Turkic Slave dynasty in 1192 . The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736 . The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot , whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex , ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II . Anangpal Tomar , who , according to historian Augustus Hoernle , was a Rajput ruler of Delhi , often described as the founder of Delhi , built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund . The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora .",
"7": "Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora , the first city of Delhi , founded during the 10th century by Prithviraj Chauhan The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori . From 1206 , Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty . The first Sultan of Delhi , Qutb - ud - din Aybak , was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general , a governor and then Sultan of Delhi . Qutb - ud - din started the construction of the Qutub Minar , a recognisable symbol of Delhi , to commemorate his victory but died before its completion . In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat - al - Islam ( might of Islam ) , which is the earliest extant mosque in India . He was said to have destroyed twenty - seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque , many of which can still be seen . After the end of the Slave dynasty , a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties , the Khalji dynasty , the Tughluq dynasty , the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi . In 1398 , Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects . After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty , on 15 December 1398 , Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398 , and the city was sacked , destroyed , and left in ruins , and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well . In 1526 , following the First Battle of Panipat , Zahiruddin Babur , the former ruler of Fergana , defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi , Agra and Lahore . 16th century to 19th century ( edit ) The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the Afghan Wars and World War I .",
"8": "Hemu , Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , the Hindu emperor of North India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century . Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan , 1656 In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur 's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia . Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi , as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila , even though this city was settled since the ancient era . After Sher Shah Suri 's death in 1545 , his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi . Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , also called Hemu , became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah . Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar 's army in Agra and Delhi , without losing any . After defeating Akbar 's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area in Battle of Delhi ( 1556 ) , Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period , and was bestowed with the title ' Vikramaditya ' , at his coronation in Purana Quila , Delhi . The third and greatest Mughal emperor , Akbar , moved the capital to Agra , resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi . In the mid-17th century , the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan ( 1628 -- 1658 ) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad , the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi . This city contains a number of significant architectural features , including the Red Fort ( Lal Qila ) and the Jama Masjid . The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards , when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra . Aurangzeb ( 1658 -- 1707 ) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ( ' Aizzabad - Bagh ) with a second coronation in 1659 .",
"9": "After 1680 , the Mughal Empire 's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence . Raghunath Rao , the Maratha peshwa who played a key role in capturing Delhi from the Afghans in the Second Battle of Delhi . In 1737 , Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army . The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi . The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals . In 1739 , the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi , the Mughal capital , followed by massacre for 2 days , killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne , the Daria - i - Noor , and Koh - i - Noor . Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury . A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi . Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757 . He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest . In August 1757 , the Marathas once again attacked Delhi , decisively defeating Najib - ud - Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Second Battle of Delhi . Thus , the Marathas established full control over the city . In 1803 , during the Second Anglo - Maratha War , the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Delhi , ending the Maratha rule over the city . As a result , Delhi came under the control of British East India Company . Between 1836 and 1858 , Delhi was a part of what then known as the North - Western Provinces . Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege .",
"10": "Afterwards , the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India . Delhi today The Raj Ghat , where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated . Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911 , held at the Coronation Park , King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi . Parts of the old city were New Delhi , a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1949 . During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi , and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas , while Hindus from East Pakistan , settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony ( EPDP : East Pakistan Displaced Persons ) in South Delhi , later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s . Further reading ( edit ) Hartcourt , A. , Assistant Commissioner Delhi ( 1873 ) . The New guide to Delhi . Lahore , Victoria Press . Fanshawe , H.C. ( 1902 ) . Delhi - Past and Present . London , J. Murray . Fraser , Lovat ( 1903 ) . At Delhi ( An account of the Delhi Durbar , 1903 ) . Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker . Bardiar , Nilendra . Urban , Cultural , Economic and Social Transformation : History of New Delhi 1947 - 65 ) . New Delhi , Ruby Press & Co . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Hearn , Gordon Risley ( 1906 ) . The Seven Cities of Delhi . W. Thacker & Co. , London .",
"11": "See also ( edit ) Agrasen ki Baoli Gates of Delhi Mehrauli Archaeological Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ List of cities by time of continuous habitation # Central and South Asia Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Upinder ( 2006 ) . Delhi : Ancient History . Berghahn Books . ISBN 9788187358299 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 2007 ) . Historic Cities of the Islamic World . BRILL . ISBN 9789004153882 . ^ Jump up to : Pletcher , Kenneth . The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places. 2010 : The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9781615301423 . Jump up ^ New Delhi celebrates 100 years Jump up ^ Seven Cities of Delhi Jump up ^ Indraprastha did exist ! The Mahabharata is a reality ! - British historian Michael Wood Jump up ^ Indraprastha Village Jump up ^ Why Lodi Complex is n't counted as a distinct city ? Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , R. 2002 Jump up ^ Arnold Silcock ; Maxwell Ayrton ( 2003 ) . Wrought iron and its decorative use : with 241 illustrations ( reprint ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y : Dover . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42326 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gazetter , p. 233 Jump up ^ Satyarth Prakash - Swami Dayananda Saraswati . Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard J. `` An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 1989 : 513 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , A. ( 1991 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology . BRILL . p. 251 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09264 - 1 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/Prithviraja-III Jump up ^ Jāvīd , ʻAlī . `` World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India '' . Pg. 107 . Google Books . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Battuta 's Travels : Delhi , capital of Muslim India Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Timurid Empire ) Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hunter , Sir William Wilson ( 1909 ) . `` The Indian Empire : Timur 's invasion 1398 '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India . 2 . p. 366 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Amelia . Rajasthan , Delhi and Agra . Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 690 - 8 . Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 - 1813 Jump up ^ History Modern India Jump up ^ Soul and Structure of Governance in India . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Stewart . The Marathas 1600 -- 1818 , Volume 2 . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26883 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009 , Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe Jump up ^ Mayaram , Shail . Against history , against state : counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12731 - 8 . Jump up ^ A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice . Bibliography ( edit ) Kishore , Raghav ( 2016 ) . `` Planning , traffic and the city : railway development in colonial Delhi , c. 1899 -- 1905 '' . Urban History : 1 -- 17 .",
"13": "doi : 10.1017 / S0963926816000353 . `` History of Delhi District '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India , Vol. 11 . Oxford at Clarendon Press . 1909 . p. 225 . Kapoor , Pramod ; Malvika Singh ; Rudrangshu Mukherjee ( 2009 ) . New Delhi : Making of a Capital . Lustre Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7436 - 574 - 3 . Byron , Robert ( 1931 ) . New Delhi . The Architectural Review , Westminster . External links ( edit ) Delhi ( 1938 ) , a documentary by BFI archives `` Scenes from Delhi ( Silent film , 18 : 16 - 23.27 ) '' . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films . c. 1930 . Land and Acquisition Act of 1894 , under which the new city of Delhi was acquired The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns Delhi topics Topics History Government Economy Tourism Education Sport Transport Neighbourhoods History Timeline Indraprastha Hastinapur Tomaras Chauhan Prithviraj Raso Islamic invasions of India Delhi Sultanate Slave dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodhi dynasty Sher Shah Suri Mughal dynasty Maratha Empire British East India Company Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian rebellion of 1857 British Raj Viceroy of India Indian independence movement Partition of India New Delhi Government and localities Government Legislative Assembly Lt.",
"14": "Governor Chief Minister High Court Delhi Commission for Women Districts District Centres Municipal Corporation Development Authority New Delhi Municipal Council Cantonment Board New Delhi Connaught Place Chandni Chowk Karol Bagh Chanakyapuri Lajpat Nagar Hauz Khas Buildings and landmarks Tourist attractions Agrasen ki Baoli Akshardham Temple Amar Jawan Jyoti Ashokan Edicts Bahá'í House of Worship Bara Gumbad Barakhamba Central Park ( Sunder Nursery ) Chausath Khamba Chhatarpur Temple Chor Minar Coronation Park Gates of Delhi Hanuman Temple , Connaught Place Hauz Khas Complex Hauz - i - Shamsi Hijron Ka Khanqah Humayun 's Tomb India Gate ISKCON Temple Jahanpanah Jahaz Mahal Jama Masjid Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb Jantar Mantar Khirki Masjid List of parks Metcalfe House Moth Ki Masjid Nizamuddin Dargah Parliament of India Purana Qila Qutb Minar Ramlila Maidan Raj Ghat Rajpath Rashtrapati Bhavan Red Fort Safdarjung 's Tomb Salimgarh Fort Shisha Gumbad Siri Fort Sultan Ghari Teen Murti Bhavan Vijay Chowk Yogmaya Temple Zafar Mahal Economy Stock Exchange Association Transport Air Indira Gandhi International Airport Safdarjung Airport Rail Anand Vihar Terminal Delhi Junction Hazrat Nizamuddin New Delhi Sarai Rohilla Delhi Light Rail Transit Delhi Metro Delhi Monorail Delhi Suburban Railway Road Delhi Transport Corporation Inter State Bus Terminals Delhi BRTS Culture Independence Day Republic Day Punjabi cuisine Dilli Haat Ghantewala Khari Baoli Hinduism Sikhism Islam Cinema Shopping Sports Teams Delhi cricket team Delhi Daredevils Hindustan Football Club New Delhi Heroes FC Delhi United S.C.",
"15": "Delhi Waveriders Delhi Smashers Delhi Dynamos FC Delhi football team Delhi Defenders Delhi Giants Delhi Wizards Garhwal F.C. Dabang Delhi Simla Youngs F.C. Stadiums Ambedkar Stadium Chhatrasal Stadium Delhi University Stadium Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range Ferozshah Kotla Harbax Singh Stadium Indira Gandhi Arena Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Karnail Singh Stadium Dhyan Chand National Stadium Siri Fort Sports Complex SPM Swimming Pool Complex Talkatora Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex Yamuna Sports Complex Games 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games 1987 Cricket World Cup 1989 Asian Athletics Championships 1996 Cricket World Cup 2010 Commonwealth Games 2010 Hockey World Cup 2011 Cricket World Cup Nehru Cup Delhi Half Marathon Districts Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi National Capital Region ( NCR ) Gurgaon Noida Faridabad Ghaziabad Greater Noida Other topics Famous people from Delhi Buildings and structures List of cities in India See also Hindu temples Landmarks Museums Neighbourhoods Power Plants Universities Delhi portal Historical regions of North India Ajmer Awadh Bagelkhand Bhojpur Braj Bundelkhand Delhi Doab Doaba Dhundhar Garhwal Gird Godwar Hadoti",
"16": "Jaisalmer Jangladesh Kumaon Magadha Mahakoshal Majha Malwa Malwa ( Punjab ) Marwar Mewar Mewat Mithila Nimar Purvanchal Rohilkhand Shekhawati Vagad History of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry History portal Delhi portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Delhi&oldid=830378459 '' Categories : New Delhi History of Delhi Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 13 : 22 .",
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4344803622779505142
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what was the first capital city of australia
|
[
"Melbourne",
"Sydney",
"New South Wales",
"Melbourne",
"Melbourne"
] |
{
"0": "List of Australian capital cities - wikipedia List of Australian capital cities Jump to : navigation , search There are eight capital cities in Australia , each of which functions as the seat of government for the state or territory in which it is located . Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia . In 1927 , the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra , which continues to serve as the national capital . Each capital city hosts the judicial , administrative and legislative functions for its jurisdiction . In each state and internal territory , the capital is also the jurisdiction 's most populous city . The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston , although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government ; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine . WESTERN AUSTRALIA NORTHERN TERRITORY SOUTH AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND NEW SOUTH WALES VICTORIA TASMANIA Perth Adelaide Melbourne Canberra ( ACT ) Sydney Brisbane Hobart Darwin State and Territory Capitals of Australia Jurisdiction Capital City Population State / Territory Population Percentage of State / Territory population in capital city Date of statehood Capital since Image Australia and Australian Capital Territory Canberra 403,468 403,468 100.00 % Must remain a territory as per s.",
"1": "125 of the Australian Constitution 1913 View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background New South Wales Sydney 5,029,768 7,759,274 64.82 % 1788 1788 Skyline of the Sydney central business district Victoria Melbourne 4,725,316 6,179,249 76.47 % 1851 1851 The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River Queensland Brisbane 2,360,241 4,848,877 48.68 % 1859 1860 Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground Western Australia Perth 2,022,044 2,558,951 79.02 % 1829 1829 View of Perth CBD skyline South Australia Adelaide 1,324,279 1,713,054 77.31 % 1836 1836 View of Adelaide Skyline . Tasmania Hobart 224,462 517,588 43.37 % 1825 1826 View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock Northern Territory Darwin 145,916 245,740 59.38 % Has not attained Statehood 1911 View of Darwin CBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government , it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule . Jump up ^ in 1911 , South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia . It was granted self - governance in 1978 , however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule , not a state . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Norfolk Island - Kingston http://www.pitcairners.org/vt_kingston.html Norfolk Island 's Home on the Web Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.",
"2": "nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016?OpenDocument External links ( edit ) Capital cities of Australia National and ACT Canberra NSW Sydney NT Darwin QLD Brisbane SA Adelaide TAS Hobart VIC Melbourne WA Perth List of cities in Australia Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"3": "php?title=List_of_Australian_capital_cities&oldid=836673277 '' Categories : Australian capital cities Demographics of Australia Lists of capitals of country subdivisions Lists of cities in Australia Talk About Wikipedia Languages Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu Norsk Português Русский தமிழ் اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won the womens 2017 ncaa basketball tournament
|
[
"South Carolina",
"South Carolina",
"South Carolina",
"South Carolina",
"South Carolina"
] |
{
"0": "2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 64 Finals site American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas Champions South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 2nd Final Four ) Runner - up Mississippi State Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Semifinalists Connecticut Huskies ( 18th Final Four ) Stanford Cardinal ( 13th Final Four ) Winning coach Dawn Staley ( 1st title ) MOP A'ja Wilson ( South Carolina ) NCAA Division I Women 's Tournaments `` 2016 2018 '' The 2017 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday , March 17 to Sunday , April 2 , 2017 , with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas , Texas on March 31 and April 2 . This was the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday , rather than Sunday and Tuesday . South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship . Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures 2.1 Automatic qualifiers 2.2 Tournament seeds 3 Tournament records 4 Games 4.1 Bridgeport Regional , Bridgeport , CT 4.1. 1 First round 4.1. 2 Bracket 4.1. 3 Bridgeport Regional Final 4.1. 4 Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team 4.2 Oklahoma City Regional , Oklahoma City , OK 4.2. 1 First round 4.2. 2 Bracket 4.2. 3 Oklahoma City Regional Final 4.2.",
"1": "4 Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team 4.3 Lexington Regional , Lexington , KY 4.3. 1 First round 4.3. 2 Bracket 4.3. 3 Lexington Regional Final 4.3. 4 Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team 4.4 Stockton Regional , Stockton , CA 4.4. 1 First round 4.4. 2 Bracket 4.4. 3 Stockton Regional Final 4.4. 4 Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team 5 Final four 5.1 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four All - Tournament Team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Studio host and analysts 7.1. 2 Broadcast assignments 7.2 Radio 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 . The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament .",
"2": "First and Second Rounds March 17 and 19 Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) Gill Coliseum , Corvallis , Oregon ( Host : Oregon State University ) Humphrey Coliseum , Mississippi State , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) Memorial Coliseum , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) Xfinity Center , College Park , Maryland ( Host : University of Maryland ) March 18 and 20 Bramlage Coliseum , Manhattan , Kansas ( Host : Kansas State University ) Cameron Indoor Stadium , Durham , North Carolina ( Host : Duke University ) Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) Hec Edmundson Pavilion , Seattle , Washington ( Host : University of Washington ) KFC Yum !",
"3": "Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) Watsco Center , Coral Gables , Florida , ( Host : University of Miami ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) Bridgeport Oklahoma City Lexington Stockton Dallas 2017 NCAA Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) ( Hover over city to see link to arena ) March 24 -- 27 Bridgeport Regional , Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut ( Hosts : Fairfield University and University of Connecticut ) Oklahoma City Regional , Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Oklahoma ) Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) Stockton Regional , Stockton Arena , Stockton , California ( Host : University of the Pacific ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Jump up ^ As the # 2 seed in their region , Stanford University was entitled to host the First and Second Round at Maples Pavilion but was unable to do so due to a scheduling conflict . As a result , hosting rights reverted to the next - highest seed in Stanford 's pod of four teams , # 7 Kansas State . Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 13 via ESPN . The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 .",
"4": "Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . Conference Team Appearance Last bid ACC Notre Dame 24th 2016 America East Albany 6th 2016 American Connecticut 29th 2016 Atlantic 10 Dayton 7th 2015 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 4th 2015 Big 12 West Virginia 12th 2016 Big East Marquette 10th 2011 Big Sky Montana State 2nd 1993 Big South UNC Asheville 3rd 2016 Big Ten Maryland 25th 2016 Big West Long Beach State 12th 1992 Colonial Elon 1st Never C - USA WKU 19th 2015 Horizon Green Bay 17th 2016 Ivy Penn 5th 2016 MAAC Quinnipiac 3rd 2015 MAC Toledo 8th 2001 MEAC Hampton 9th 2014 Missouri Valley Drake 11th 2007 Mountain West Boise State 4th 2015 Northeast Robert Morris 5th 2016 Ohio Valley Belmont 3rd 2016 Pac - 12 Stanford 31st 2016 Patriot Bucknell 3rd 2008 SEC South Carolina 14th 2016 Southern Chattanooga 15th 2016 Southland Central Arkansas 2nd 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 1st Never Summit Western Illinois 2nd 1995 Sun Belt Troy 3rd 2016 West Coast Gonzaga 9th 2015 WAC New Mexico State 5th 2016 Tournament seeds ( edit ) Bridgeport Regional -- Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport ,",
"5": "Connecticut Seed School Conference Record Berth type Connecticut American 32 -- 0 Auto Duke ACC 27 -- 5 At - large Maryland Big Ten 30 -- 2 Auto UCLA Pac 12 23 -- 8 At - large 5 Texas A&M SEC 21 -- 11 At - large 6 West Virginia Big 12 23 -- 10 Auto 7 Temple American 24 -- 7 At - large 8 Syracuse ACC 21 -- 10 At - large 9 Iowa State Big 12 18 -- 12 At - large 10 Oregon Pac 12 21 -- 13 At - large 11 Elon Colonial 27 -- 6 Auto 12 Pennsylvania Ivy League 22 -- 7 Auto 13 Boise State Mountain West 25 -- 7 Auto 14 Bucknell Patriot 27 -- 5 Auto 15 Hampton Mid-Eastern 20 -- 12 Auto 16 Albany America East 21 -- 11 Auto Oklahoma City Regional -- Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Seed School Conference Record Berth type Baylor Big 12 30 -- 3 At - large Mississippi St .",
"6": "SEC 29 -- 4 At - large Washington Pac 12 27 -- 5 At - large Louisville ACC 27 -- 7 At - large 5 Tennessee SEC 19 -- 11 At - large 6 Oklahoma Big 12 22 -- 9 At - large 7 DePaul Big East 26 -- 7 At - large 8 LSU SEC 20 -- 11 At - large 9 California Pac 12 19 -- 13 At - large 10 UNI Missouri Valley 24 -- 8 At - large 11 Gonzaga WCC 26 -- 6 Auto 12 Dayton A-10 22 -- 9 Auto 13 Chattanooga Southern 21 -- 10 Auto 14 Montana St . Big Sky 25 -- 6 Auto 15 Troy Sun Belt 22 -- 10 Auto 16 Texas Southern SWAC 23 -- 9 Auto Lexington Regional -- Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Seed School Conference Record Berth type Notre Dame ACC 30 -- 3 Auto Stanford Pac 12 28 -- 5 Auto Texas Big 12 23 -- 8 At - large Kentucky SEC 21 -- 10 At - large 5 Ohio St . Big 10 26 -- 6 At - large 6 North Carolina St . ACC 22 -- 8 At - large 7 Kansas St . Big 12 22 -- 10 At - large 8 Green Bay Horizon 27 -- 5 Auto 9 Purdue Big 10 22 -- 12 At - large 10 Drake Missouri Valley 28 -- 4 Auto 11 Auburn SEC 17 -- 14 At - large 12 Western Ky .",
"7": "Conference USA 27 -- 6 Auto 13 Belmont Ohio Valley 27 -- 5 Auto 14 Central Ark . Southland 26 -- 4 Auto 15 New Mexico St . WAC 24 -- 6 Auto 16 Robert Morris NEC 22 -- 10 Auto Stockton Regional -- Stockton Arena , Stockton , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type South Carolina SEC 27 -- 4 Auto Oregon St . Pac 12 29 -- 4 At - large Florida St . ACC 25 -- 6 At - large Miami ( FL ) ACC 23 -- 8 At - large 5 Marquette Big East 25 -- 7 Auto 6 Missouri SEC 21 -- 10 At - large 7 Creighton Big East 23 -- 7 At - large 8 Arizona St . Pac 12 19 -- 12 At - large 9 Michigan St . Big 10 21 -- 11 At - large 10 Toledo Mid-American 25 -- 8 Auto 11 South Fla . American 24 -- 8 At - large 12 Quinnipiac MAAC 27 -- 6 Auto 13 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 26 -- 8 Auto 14 Western Ill . Summit 25 -- 6 Auto 15 Long Beach St .",
"8": "Big West 23 -- 10 Auto 16 UNC Asheville Big South 19 -- 14 Auto Tournament records ( edit ) Kentucky 's Evelyn Akhator recorded 23 rebounds in a second round game against Ohio State , tied for second most ever in an NCAA tournament game Duke held Hampton to 2 points in the second period of a first round game , the fewest points scored in a period in an NCAA tournament game Baylor beat Texas Southern by 89 points in a first round game , the largest margin of victory in an NCAA tournament game Texas A&M was behind by 21 points to Penn ( 58 -- 37 ) in the fourth period of a first round game , but came back to win 63 -- 61 Washington made 18 three pointers in a second round game against Oklahoma , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament game UConn 's Kia Nurse made 22 three pointers in the tournament , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament Connecticut 's Kia Nurse made 9 threes in 2nd round versus Syracuse , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament game Games ( edit ) Bridgeport regional , Bridgeport , ct ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Connecticut took on the America East champion , in a first - round game between the top - seeded Huskies and the 16 seed Albany . The Huskies scored the first nine points , but the great Danes cut the lead to three points 10 -- 7 early in the first quarter . Despite leading 58 -- 32 at halftime , the halftime discussion among the players was how to boost their intensity on defense . The Huskies held Albany to 23 points in the second half and went on to win the game 116 -- 55 . Iowa State chose to concentrate their defensive efforts on Syracuse 's top two scoring threats , Britney Sykes and Alexis Peterson , but Gabby Cooper made them pay by hitting five three - pointers in the first seven minutes of the game . By the end of the first quarter , Syracuse had a 25 - point lead . Although Iowa State outscored Syracuse the remainder of the game , the damage had been done and the eighth - seeded Syracuse team defeated the ninth seeded Iowa State team 85 -- 65 .",
"9": "Cooper scored early for Syracuse but Sykes ended up with 28 points and Peterson with 25 . Despite being the 12 seed , Pennsylvania dominated the fifth - seeded Texas A&M for the first three quarters of the game . The Quakers had a 21 - point lead in the fourth quarter when the Aggies switched to a full - court press which turned out to be effective as it forced seven turnovers in the quarter . This , combined with their inability to shoot , missing their last 10 shots , created the greatest comeback in NCAA tournament history . The previous record was 16 points , but this game set a new record at 21 points . Texas A&M ended up with the 63 -- 61 win over Penn . UCLA took on Boise State in a match - up between the 4 seed and the 13 seed . The Bruins scored 15 points before the Broncos had their first point . UCLA hit 58 % of their shots and a slightly higher percentage , 59 % , from beyond the arc . Billings had 19 points for the Bruins while Jordin Canada tied a school record with 16 assists , to go along with her 15 points . UCLA ended up with the win 83 -- 56 . Sixth - seeded West Virginia took on 11 seeded Elon , playing in their first ever NCAA tournament . Despite having beaten Baylor in the Big 12 Conference Tournament , the Mountaineers remained in a close game with the Phoenix for much of the game . The score was tied at 53 points apiece when the mountaineers ran off 10 straight points to open up a 10 - point margin . Tynice Martin scored 26 points for West Virginia and Katrina Pardee hit two crucial three - pointers to help West Virginia to the 75 -- 62 win . Elon is coached by Charlotte Smith who hit one of the most memorable shots in NCAA tournament history when she had a three - pointer in the final second of the 1994 championship game to seal the win for North Carolina . Oregon has n't been in the tournament for 12 years but is making the most of it . Seeded 10th , they took on the seventh - seeded Temple Owls in a first - round game which came down to the final seconds .",
"10": "The Duck 's Ruthy Hebard sank a basket with 5 1 / 2 seconds to go in the game that proved to be the winning basket . The Owls attempted a final shot but the freshman Hebard blocked it as time expired to give the Ducks a 71 -- 70 victory . Hampton faced Duke in a first - round match - up between two teams that did not make the tournament last year . The Pirates had a `` horrendous '' second quarter scoring only two points against the Blue Devils 31 . Rebecca Greenwell had a double double with 26 points and 10 rebounds for Duke who went on to win easily 94 -- 31 . Duke 's Kyra Lambert left the game with an knee injury in the second quarter and did not return .",
"11": "Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 25 Regional Final Elite 8 March 27 Connecticut 116 16 Albany 55 Connecticut 94 Storrs , Connecticut ( Sat / Mon ) 8 Syracuse 64 8 Syracuse 85 9 Iowa State 65 Connecticut 86 UCLA 71 5 Texas A&M 63 12 Penn 61 5 Texas A&M 43 Los Angeles , California ( Sat / Mon ) UCLA 75 UCLA 83 13 Boise State 56 Connecticut 90 10 Oregon 52 6 West Virginia 75 11 Elon 62 6 West Virginia 56 College Park , Maryland ( Fri / Sun ) Maryland 83 Maryland 103 14 Bucknell 61 Maryland 63 10 Oregon 77 7 Temple 70 10 Oregon 71 10 Oregon 74 Durham , North Carolina ( Sat / Mon ) Duke 65 Duke 94 15 Hampton 31 Highlights The Texas A&M -- Penn game saw the biggest comeback in the history of the women 's tournament , as Texas A&M erased a 21 - point deficit in the fourth quarter . The previous record was 16 points by Notre Dame in 2001 and Michigan State in 2005 .",
"12": "Bridgeport Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 27 7 : 00 PM Summary Connecticut 90 , Oregon 52 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 13 , 21 -- 11 , 23 -- 19 , 18 -- 9 Pts : N. Collier 28 Rebs : N. Collier 12 Asts : K. Nurse 7 Pts : S. Ionescu 15 Rebs : S. Ionescu 8 Asts : M. Cazorla / M. McGwire 4 Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , CT Attendance : 8,978 Referees : Mark Zentz , Felicia Grinter , Penny Davis Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Napheesa Collier , Connecticut ( MOP ) Gabby Williams , Connecticut Saniya Chong , Connecticut Sabrina Ionescu , Oregon Jordin Canada , UCLA Oklahoma City regional , Oklahoma City , ok ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Connecticut had tied the tournament record for points in a game early in the day with 116 points but Baylor set a new record , scoring 119 points against Texas Southern , appearing in their first ever tournament . The Bears scored the first 22 points of the game before Texas Southern could score . In addition to setting a record for the largest number of points in an NCAA tournament game , Baylor shattered the margin of victory record , previously 74 points , by holding Texas Southern to 30 points , thus setting a new margin of victory record at 89 points . California opened up an early lead against LSU , extending the lead to as many as 10 points . LSU played from behind much of the game but closed the lead -- the teams were tied at 50 points each with just under a minute and a half left in the game . Cal 's Asha Thomas hit a three to give the Bears the lead . LSU had several chances to respond , but down by one point with 10 seconds left , LSU 's Alexis Hyder drove from the left side attempting to make a game winning layup but Kristine Anigwe was there and blocked the ball . There was a scramble for the ball which resulted in two foul shots for Anigwe who hit them both to give California a 55 -- 52 win .",
"13": "Fifth - seeded Tennessee led 12th seeded Dayton at the end of the first quarter 20 -- 9 , but Dayton responded with a 20 -- 9 run of their own to tie the game up to 29 points apiece at halftime . Tennessee took over again in the third quarter , but this time the Flyers were unable to respond in Tennessee finished with the win 66 -- 57 . 13th seeded Chattanooga kept the game close against fourth seeded Louisville for much of the game , but the Cardinals went on a 20 -- 6 run in the final quarter , led by Asia Durr , to open up a large lead the Mocs could never overcome . The Cardinals won 82 -- 62 . Oklahoma faced Gonzaga , a matchup between the 6 and 11 seeds . The Sooners started off strong and held a 13 - point lead at the end of the first quarter 2 -- 16 . That margin would match the final margin of victory , although the Bulldogs cut the lead to five points twice in the fourth quarter . Vionise Pierre - Louis was close to a triple - double for Oklahoma with 17 points nine rebounds and nine block shots . The final score was 75 -- 62 . Washington , the third seed , took on Montana State the 14 seed . Although Washington led early , they could n't create much separation between themselves and the Bobcats . Although Montana State 's Peyton Ferris is only 5'9 `` , she was asked to play in the post . Despite the size advantage of Washington she was effective and ended the game with 33 points . She fouled out with just under three minutes left in the game as fans of both teams gave her a standing ovation for her performance . Although Montana State kept the game reasonably close for the first 27 minutes , the Huskies eventually built a large lead and ended up with the 91 -- 63 win . DePaul played Northern Iowa in a match - up between the seven and 10 seeds . The Panthers scored first , but DePaul responded with a pair of 7 -- 0 runs to take a nine - point lead . DePaul brought Tanita Allen off the bench who hit her first five three - pointers en route to a 25 - point game to help the Blue Demons win the game 88 -- 67 .",
"14": "Mississippi State took on Troy in a 2 seed versus 15 seed match - up . The Bulldogs head coach Vic Schaefer dramatically changed his lineup after the loss in the SEC championship , having three starters come in off the bench , including Victoria Vivians for the first time in her career . Blair Schaefer , the coach 's daughter , recorded a career - high 21 points , helping her team to a 110 -- 69 victory . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Baylor 119 16 Texas Southern 30 Baylor 86 Waco , Texas ( Sat / Mon ) 9 California 46 8 LSU 52 9 California 55 Baylor 97 Louisville 63 5 Tennessee 66 12 Dayton 57 5 Tennessee 64 Louisville , Kentucky ( Sat / Mon ) Louisville 75 Louisville 82 13 Chattanooga 62 Baylor 85 Mississippi State 94 * 6 Oklahoma 75 11 Gonzaga 62 6 Oklahoma 82 Seattle , Washington ( Sat / Mon ) Washington 108 Washington 91 14 Montana State 63 Washington 64 Mississippi State 75 7 DePaul 88 10 Northern Iowa 67 7 DePaul 71 Starkville , Mississippi ( Fri / Sun ) Mississippi State 92 Mississippi State 110 15 Troy 69 * -- Denotes overtime period Oklahoma City Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 26 7 : 30 PM Summary Baylor 85 , Mississippi State 94 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 22 , 21 -- 17 , 14 -- 15 , Overtime : 10 -- 19 Pts : K. Brown 27 Rebs : K. Brown 9 Asts : A.",
"15": "Jones 7 Pts : M. William 41 Rebs : V. Vivians 6 Asts : M. William 7 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , OK Attendance : 3,128 Referees : Dee Kanter , Cameron Inouye , Michael McConnell Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Morgan William , Mississippi State ( MOP ) Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State Nina Davis , Baylor Kalani Brown , Baylor Lexington regional , Lexington , ky ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Robert Morris fell behind 10 -- 0 early in the game against the top seed Notre Dame , but managed to tie the game up at 10 points apiece . However , Notre Dame had too much talent and retook the lead extending at especially in the third quarter when they shot 69 % and held Robert Morris to 29 % . The final margin of 30 points in the 79 -- 49 result was the smallest margin of loss in any of the five tournament games for the Colonials . The ninth seeded Purdue Boilermakers started strong against the eighth - seeded Green Bay with an early 15 -- 0 run to open up a 17 -- 3 lead . Although the Phoenix were cut into the lead in the second quarter and second half , the boilermakers responded each time . Green Bay was within five points with 2 1 / 2 minutes left , but Dominique Oden hit a three pointer and Purdue hit many of their closing free throws to end up with the win 74 -- 62 . Ohio State took on Western Kentucky in a 5 -- 12 match - up . Each team started slowly missing most of its early shots with Western Kentucky building a small lead early and still leading 18 -- 14 late in the first quarter . Then the Buckeyes would run off seven consecutive points to take a lead . Although Western Kentucky lead briefly in the second quarter , Ohio State had a seven point lead at halftime . Ohio State led the rest of the way although Western Kentucky would cut the lead to six points twice . The Buckeyes ended with the win 70 -- 63 . Fourth - seeded Kentucky took on 13th seeded Belmont who came into the tournament with a 21 game winning streak , the second - longest in the nation .",
"16": "The Kentucky Wildcats hit 69 % of their shots in the first quarter to help them open up a 10 point lead . Belmont responded by hitting seven of 9 to cut the lead to a single point . Kentucky expanded and retained the lead through most of the game but Belmont cut the lead to a single point with just 13 seconds left in the game . Kentucky hit two free throws to extend the lead to three points , followed by a Belmont layup to get the lead back to a single point but Kentucky hit two free throws to seal the win 73 -- 70 . Texas took on the Central Arkansas Sugar Bears in a match - up between the 3 and 14 seeds . Texas had lost four of their last six games to end the season so were looking for `` something good to happen '' . Longhorns hit 63 % of their field - goal attempts in the first half and pulled down rebounds when they missed , which help them open up a 28 -- 4 lead by the end of the first quarter . They cruised to a 78 -- 50 victory to end the Sugar Bears 17 game winning streak . Every one of the 11 players for Texas played at least 11 minutes and scored . Kansas State played Drake in a match - up between the 7 and 10 seeds . Normally , the game would have been played at the location of the top seed in the group , Stanford , but they had a conflict due to a gymnastics event so the hosting fell to the next highest seed . Thus , Kansas State were able to play at home for the first time since 2003 . After scoring the first basket , Drake hit two three - pointers to take a 6 -- 2 lead , but the Wildcats went on a 9 -- 0 run to take back the lead . With a little over four minutes left in the game the Wildcats only had a seven point lead when Kindred Wesemann hit a three to extend the lead to double digits . Drake was unable to respond and the Wildcats ended up with the win 67 -- 54 . Second - ranked Stanford faced New Mexico State in a first - round matchup between a 2 seed and a 15 seed . A 15 seed has never beaten a two seed in the women 's NCAA tournament .",
"17": "The Aggie scored first and led early finishing the first quarter with a 23 -- 20 lead . Although the Cardinal tied the game in the second quarter , New Mexico took back the lead and led 38 -- 31 at halftime . The Cardinal started the third quarter with an 8 -- 2 run for Stanford but when the final quarter began New Mexico was still in the lead 49 -- 48 . New Mexico scored first in the fourth quarter with a three - pointer but Stanford went on a run , took the lead and ended up with the win 72 -- 64 . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Notre Dame 79 16 Robert Morris 49 Notre Dame 88 * Notre Dame , Indiana ( Fri / Sun ) 9 Purdue 82 8 Green Bay 62 9 Purdue 74 Notre Dame 99 5 Ohio State 76 5 Ohio State 70 12 Western Kentucky 63 5 Ohio State 82 Lexington , Kentucky ( Fri / Sun ) Kentucky 68 Kentucky 73 13 Belmont 70 Notre Dame 75 Stanford 76 6 North Carolina State 62 11 Auburn 48 6 North Carolina State 80 Austin , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Texas 84 Texas 78 14 Central Arkansas 50 Texas 66 Stanford 77 7 Kansas State 67 10 Drake 54 7 Kansas State 48 Manhattan , Kansas ( Sat / Mon ) Stanford 69 Stanford 72 15 New Mexico State 64 * -- Denotes overtime period Lexington Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 26 12 : 00 PM Summary Stanford 76 , Notre Dame 75 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 7 -- 23 , 24 -- 12 ,",
"18": "21 -- 18 Pts : B. McPhee 27 Rebs : E. McCall 11 Asts : M. Sniezek 8 Pts : A. Ogunbowale 25 Rebs : L. Allen 10 Asts : L. Allen 6 Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Attendance : 2,527 Referees : Tina Napier , Chuck Gonzalez , Amy Bonner Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Lindsay Allen , Notre Dame Marina Mabrey , Notre Dame Brittany McPhee , Stanford Karlie Samuelson , Stanford Stockton regional , Stockton , ca ( edit ) First round ( edit ) South Carolina took on UNC Asheville in a match - up between the top seed and the 16 seed . Coach Staley had to make adjustments as a result of the season - ending injury to starter Alaina Coates . She started four guards along with A'ja Wilson , and then went even smaller in the second quarter . The Bulldogs were no match for the Gamecocks and South Carolina led 48 -- 22 at halftime and went on to win the game 90 -- 40 representing their biggest victory ever in the tournament . Arizona State faced Michigan State in a match - up between the eight and nine seeds . The Sun Devils ' Quinn Dornstauder attempted six field goals and four free throws , making every one of them , leading to 16 points . AlthoughMichigan State 's Tori Jankoska scored 26 points she was held to two points in the first half and scored most of her points late in the game when Arizona State had a large lead . Arizona State hit 59 % of the field - goal attempts in the first half leading to a 22 point margin at the break . They went on to win the game 73 -- 61 . Quinnipiac opened their game with an 18 -- 4 run against fifth - seeded Marquette . The Bobcats had extended their lead to 19 points , 52 -- 33 in the third quarter when Marquette started to come back . The Golden Eagles cut the lead to two points near the end of the game .",
"19": "Quinnipiac had a three - point lead in the final seconds when Marquette attempted a three - pointer to tie the game but it rimmed out to give the Bobcats their first win ever in an NCAA tournament . Jennifer Fay scored 20 points for the Bobcats . Quinnipiac ended with the win 68 -- 65 . Fourth - seeded Miami took on 13 seeded Florida Gulf Coast . Miami led most of the way by as much as 13 points , but the Eagles mounted to come back and took a small lead late in the game . The game was tied with 1.5 seconds left when Keyona Hayes scored to give the hurricanes a two point lead . Florida Gulf Coast tried to set up final play but was unable to score . Miami won the game 62 -- 60 . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 25 Regional Final Elite 8 March 27 South Carolina 90 16 UNC Asheville 40 South Carolina 71 Columbia , South Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) 8 Arizona State 68 8 Arizona State 73 9 Michigan State 61 South Carolina 100 12 Quinnipiac 58 5 Marquette 65 12 Quinnipiac 68 12 Quinnipiac 85 Coral Gables , Florida ( Sat / Mon ) Miami ( FL ) 78 Miami ( FL ) 62 13 Florida Gulf Coast 60 South Carolina 71 Florida State 64 6 Missouri 66 11 South Florida 64 6 Missouri 55 Tallahassee , Florida ( Fri / Sun ) Florida State 77 Florida State 87 14 Western Illinois 66 Florida State 66 Oregon State 53 7 Creighton 76 10 Toledo 49 7 Creighton 52 Corvallis ,",
"20": "Oregon ( Fri / Sun ) Oregon State 64 Oregon State 56 15 Long Beach State 55 Stockton Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 27 9 : 00 PM Summary South Carolina 71 , Florida State 64 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 17 , 16 -- 12 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 19 Pts : K. Davis 23 Rebs : D. Cliney 7 Asts : K. Davis / A. Gray / T. Harris 2 Pts : L. Romero 16 Rebs : I. Slaughter 10 Asts : L. Romero 6 Stockton Arena , Stockton , CA Attendance : 3,134 Referees : Lisa Jones , Bryan Brunette , Gina Cross , In'Fini Robinson Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Kaela Davis , South Carolina ( MOP ) Allisha Gray , South Carolina A'ja Wilson , South Carolina Leticia Romero , Florida State Ivey Slaughter , Florida State Final four ( edit ) American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 BDP1 Connecticut 64 OKC2 Mississippi State 66 * OKC2 Mississippi State 55 SCK1 South Carolina 67 LEX2 Stanford 53 SCK1 South Carolina 62 * -- Denotes overtime period National Semifinals ( edit ) ESPN2 March 31 10 : 02 PM Summary Connecticut 64 , Mississippi State 66 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 22 , 15 -- 14 , 20 -- 12 , 12 -- 12 , Overtime : 4 -- 6 Pts : G. Williams 21 Rebs : N. Collier / G. Williams 8 Asts : S. Chong 5 Pts : V. Vivians 19 Rebs : T. McCowan 8 Asts : M. William 6 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Attendance : 19,200 Referees : Lisa Jones , Jesse Dickerson ,",
"21": "Maj Forsberg ESPN2 March 31 7 : 30 PM Summary Stanford 53 , South Carolina 62 Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 14 , 17 -- 6 , 8 -- 21 , 16 -- 21 Pts : E. McCall / A. Smith 14 Rebs : E. McCall 14 Asts : M. Sniezek 6 Pts : A. Gray 18 Rebs : A. Wilson 19 Asts : A. Wilson 4 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Attendance : 19,200 Referees : Joe Vaszily , Felicia Grinter , Michol Murray National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship Game ESPN April 2 6 : 00 pm Mississippi State 55 , South Carolina 67 Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 18 , 12 -- 18 , 18 -- 16 , 11 -- 15 Pts : V. Vivians 12 Rebs : T. McCowan 10 Asts : M. William 4 Pts : A. Wilson 23 Rebs : A. Wilson / A. Gray 10 Asts : B. Cuevas - Moore / A. Gray / T. Harris 2 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Referees : Dee Kantner , Tina Napier , Brenda Pantoja Final Four All - Tournament Team ( edit ) A'ja Wilson , South Carolina ( MOP ) Allisha Gray , South Carolina Morgan William , Mississippi State Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Gabby Williams , Connecticut Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC SEC 8 15 -- 7 . 682 8 6 Pac - 12 7 15 -- 7 . 682 7 7 5 -- -- American 4 -- 3 . 571 -- -- ACC 7 12 -- 7 .",
"22": "632 7 7 -- -- -- Big 12 6 8 -- 6 . 571 6 5 -- -- -- Big Ten 5 -- 4 . 556 -- -- -- -- MAAC 2 -- 1 . 667 -- -- -- -- Big East 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 0 -- 2 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic Sun 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big Sky 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big West 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 !",
"23": "-- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- CAA 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Horizon 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Ivy League 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MEAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- NEC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Ohio Valley 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 !",
"24": "-- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Patriot 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Southern 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Southland 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Summit League 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Sun Belt 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 !",
"25": "-- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament . For the first and second round , ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2 , ESPNU , or ESPNews . All other games aired regionally on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN . Most of the nation got whip - a-round coverage during this time , which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score . The Lexington and Oklahoma City regional semifinals aired concurrently on ESPN and ESPN2 , while ESPN televised the Bridgeport and Stockton regional semifinals and all four regional finals . The National Semifinals aired on ESPN2 , and the National Championship on ESPN .",
"26": "Studio host and analysts ( edit ) Maria Taylor ( Host ) Rebecca Lobo ( Analyst ) Andy Landers ( Analyst ) Broadcast assignments ( edit ) First & Second Rounds Friday / Sunday Courtney Lyle & Tamika Catchings -- College Park , Maryland Roy Philpott & Brooke Weisbrod -- Austin , Texas Beth Mowins & Nell Fortner -- Lexington , Kentucky Bob Picozzi & Katie Smith -- Starkville , Mississippi Dave Pasch & LaChina Robinson -- Columbia , South Carolina Paul Sunderland & Mike Thibault -- Notre Dame , Indiana Elise Woodward & Mary Murphy -- Corvallis , Oregon Melissa Lee & Angel Gray -- Tallahassee , Florida Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Friday / Sunday Pam Ward , Gail Goestenkors , & Kaylee Hartung -- Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Beth Mowins , Debbie Antonelli , & Allison Williams -- Lexington , Kentucky Final Four Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Dallas , Texas First & Second Rounds Saturday / Monday Eric Frede & Dan Hughes -- Storrs , Connecticut Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , & Kara Lawson -- Louisville , Kentucky Brenda VanLengen & Carol Ross -- Manhattan , Kansas Jenn Hildreth & Steffi Sorensen -- Coral Gables , Florida Lowell Galindo & Sue Bird -- Waco , Texas Pam Ward & Gail Goestenkors -- Seattle , Washington Sam Gore & Julianne Viani -- Los Angeles , California Clay Matvick & Christy Winters - Scott -- Durham , North Carolina Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday / Monday Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Bridgeport , Connecticut Dave Pasch , LaChina Robinson , & Molly McGrath -- Stockton , California Championship Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Dallas , Texas Radio ( edit ) Westwood One has exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . Teams participating in the Regional Finals , Final Four , and Championship are allowed to have their own local broadcasts , but they are n't allowed to stream those broadcasts online .",
"27": "Regional Finals Sunday Mark Hauser & Kristen Kozlowski -- Lexington , Kentucky Ted Emrich & Julianne Viani -- Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Final Four John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Dallas , Texas Regional Finals Monday John Sadak & Debbie Antonelli -- Bridgeport , Connecticut Dick Fain & Krista Blunk -- Stockton , California Championship John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Dallas , Texas See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA unveils 2017 Women 's Final Four logo in Dallas '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 18 regional hosts '' . NCAA . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Record books '' . NCAA . Jump up ^ DOYLE , PAUL . `` UConn Women Coast In Step 1 : Huskies Top Albany 116 -- 55 In NCAA Opener '' . courant.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany vs. Connecticut -- Game Summary -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse crushes Iowa State , 85 -- 65 , in NCAA Tournament opener '' . dailyorange.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sykes leads Syracuse to first - round win over Iowa State '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M survives vs. Penn 63 -- 61 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn vs. Texas A&M -- Game Recap -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada lifts UCLA past Boise State 83 -- 56 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MORALES , ROBERT .",
"28": "`` UCLA women blow out Boise State 83 -- 56 at Pauley Pavilion '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin scores 26 as West Virginia beats Elon 75 -- 62 in NCAAs '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WVU Women 's Basketball Defeats Elon 75 -- 62 in NCAA First Round '' . The Smoking Musket . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthy Hebard hits the winning shot as Oregon Ducks down Temple Owls , 71 -- 70 , in NCAA Tournament '' . The Register - Guard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Temple women 's basketball dropped by Oregon in NCAA Tournament 1st round '' . CSN Philly . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hampton Lady Pirates ' season ends with 94 -- 31 thumping at Duke '' . WAVY - TV . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwell , Duke women rout Hampton 94 -- 31 in NCAA 1st round '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , The Associated . `` Duke women rout Hampton 94 -- 31 in NCAA first round '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M rallies from 21 down in biggest comeback in women 's NCAA tourney history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 119 -- 30 ! Baylor women open with most - lopsided NCAA Tournament win ever '' . star - telegram . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baylor women set NCAA tournament record with 89 - point defeat of Texas Southern '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ `` Texas Southern vs. Baylor -- Play - By - Play -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Advocate , MIKE GEGENHEIMER Special to The . `` LSU women fall 55 -- 52 to Cal in the first round of the NCAA tournament '' . The Advocate . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Jeffrey Liu ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cal women 's basketball beats LSU 55 -- 52 in 1st round of NCAA Tournament '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 18 , March ; , 2017 ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Tennessee Lady Vols beat Dayton 66 -- 57 to advance in NCAA Tournament '' . Clarksville , TN Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dayton vs. Tennessee -- Box Score -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharp shooting spurs No. 13 Louisville past Chattanooga '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville ends UTC women 's season , 82 -- 62 ( photos ) '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Hot shooting start carries Oklahoma past Gonzaga 75 -- 62 '' . KOMO . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzaga Falls to Oklahoma 75 -- 62 in NCAA First Round -- Gonzaga University News Service '' . Gonzaga University News Service . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot shooting carries Oklahoma past Gonzaga women , 75 -- 62 '' . The Columbian . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TEGNA .",
"30": "`` Plum leads way as Washington beats Montana State 91 -- 63 '' . KING . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Huskies Defeat Montana State University 91 -- 63 in the First Round of the NCAA Tournament '' . UW Dawg Pound . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cats Fall to Washington in NCAA First - Round : Ferris Goes out on Top '' . Montana State University . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNI Ends Historic Season with 88 -- 67 Loss to DePaul '' . University of Northern Iowa . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schaefer leads Mississippi St past Troy 110 -- 69 '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Writer , DAVID BRANDT AP Sports . `` Schaefer leads Mississippi St past Troy 110 -- 69 '' . Beckley Register - Herald . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Morris falls to Notre Dame , 79 -- 49 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mabrey Leads Notre Dame to 79 -- 49 Win Over Robert Morris '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WBB Advances with 74 -- 62 Victory '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State gets past Western Kentucky 70 -- 63 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WKU Falls To Ohio State , 70 -- 63 , In NCAA Tournament '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Holds Off Belmont , 73 -- 70 '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont women hurting after loss to Kentucky , but future is bright '' .",
"31": "The Tennessean . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McCarty 's 15 points lead Texas over Central Arkansas 78 -- 50 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longhorns too much for Sugar Bears in 78 -- 50 victory '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K - State women beat Drake 67 -- 54 in NCAA Tournament opener '' . kansascity . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Derek . `` Lewis , Wesemann guide K - State past Drake 67 -- 54 in NCAA first round '' . YourDU.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` No. 2 seed Stanford rallies to beat New Mexico State 72 -- 64 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aggies Finish the Season in a Nail - Biter with No. 6 Stanford '' . New Mexico State University . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 seed South Carolina cruises to 90 - 40 opening NCAA win '' . USA TODAY Sports . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina women 's basketball cruises past UNC - Asheville '' . SEC Country . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State women shut down by Arizona State in NCAA tournament '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dornstauder 's perfection leads Arizona St to 73 - 61 NCAA win '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Quinnipiac upsets Marquette in NCAA opener 68 - 65 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated .",
"32": "`` Quinnipiac Women Hold On , Defeat Marquette 68 - 65 For First - Ever NCAA Win '' . courant.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miami holds off FGCU and moves on , 62 - 60 - Pittsburgh , PA '' . www.am1250theanswer.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Rachel ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN and NCAA ® Extend Rights Agreement through 2023 -- 24 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , Westwood One extend deal '' . NCAA . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WO Sports to Air NCAA Women 's Basketball '' . Radio Online . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 .",
"33": "External links ( edit ) NCAA Women 's Basketball Division I NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship 2017 NCAA Division I women 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC American America East Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt The Summit League WAC West Coast National NCAA WNIT WBI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"34": "php?title=2017_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=836787592 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I women 's basketball season NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship Basketball in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many episodes of ray donovan series 3 are there
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"0": "List of Ray Donovan episodes - wikipedia List of Ray Donovan episodes Jump to : navigation , search Ray Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman , which premiered on Showtime on June 30 , 2013 . Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character , a `` fixer '' for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler , representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles , California . Ray experiences his own problems when his father , Mickey Donovan ( Jon Voight ) , is unexpectedly released from prison . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 12 July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 12 July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 12 June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 5 12 August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S.",
"1": "viewers ( millions ) `` The Bag or the Bat '' Allen Coulter Ann Biderman June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) 1.35 Ray Donovan fixes problems for a powerful LA law firm . Originally from South Boston , he now lives in the affluent city of Calabasas , California . While dealing with his troubled family , including his wife Abby , daughter Bridget and son Conor , he learns of the return of his father , Mickey , released from prison on parole . `` A Mouth Is a Mouth '' Allen Coulter Ann Biderman July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) 1.56 Ray tries to send Mickey back to prison . Angry with Ray , Abby allows her kids to spend the day with Mickey . Ray handles two crises involving movie star clients : A-list actor Sean Walker receives a threatening message and a home invasion , while action hero Tommy Wheeler is blackmailed with a video of his sexual exploits . `` Twerk '' Greg Yaitanes Ron Nyswaner July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 1.45 Mickey spends time with his sons . Ray `` buys '' a talented hip - hop artist , Marvin Gaye Washington , for his rapper neighbor . Bridget becomes friendly with Marvin . Ezra holds a fundraiser , in honor of his late wife , due to being haunted by past mistakes . Meanwhile , the real reason for Mickey 's early parole is revealed . `` Black Cadillac '' John Dahl David Hollander July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 1.52 Ray is forced by Abby to visit Bel Air Academy to see Bridget 's potential new school , while trying to deal with a work situation . Meanwhile , Mickey meets his ex , Claudette , leading to old memories being relived . 5 5 `` The Golem '' Dan Attias Sean Conway July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 1.46 Bunchy receives his money from the settlement with the Church . Mickey and Ezra reminisce about old events while Mickey wears a wire .",
"2": "Ezra has an accident while driving at night , and believes he has killed someone . Terry and Frances ' relationship grows stronger . 6 6 `` Housewarming '' Michael Uppendahl Brett Johnson August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 1.45 Ray tries to shut down Van Miller 's investigation by drugging him , and using this to create an incriminating video . Bunchy throws a housewarming party , but it gets out of control . Ray finds out that Mickey put his kids in danger and retaliates . 7 7 `` New Birthday '' Lesli Linka Glatter David Hollander August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 1.44 Ray finds out about Bridget 's relationship with Marvin and forbids her from seeing him , but she visits him anyway , leading to emotional upset . Meanwhile , Ray flies to Boston to search for Bostonian mobster , Sully . Abby and Deb enjoy themselves too much , which turns into trouble . Mickey makes Sean let him work on a movie project . 8 8 `` Bridget '' Guy Ferland Ann Biderman August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 1.47 The three Donovan brothers remember the anniversary of their sister 's demise . Ray and Avi get the money back that Bunchy spent on his house . Terry goes after Frances ' husband after he sees evidence she has been abused . Mickey has trouble relating to an actress he meets at the spa . 9 9 `` Road Trip '' Jeremy Podeswa Brett Johnson August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 1.33 Accepting Ray 's offer to kill Mickey , Sully travels to Los Angeles , but the journey does not go as planned , forcing Avi to step in . Asked by Coner to attend an award show with Tommy Wheeler , Ray must first obtain a series of incriminating photographs of the actor ; Miller steps up his efforts in his investigation .",
"3": "10 10 `` Fite Nite '' Tucker Gates Sean Conway September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) 1.25 The Donovans attend Daryll 's fight at Terry 's club . Meanwhile , Ray 's deal with Sully is put into action . Mickey has a rendezvous . Bunchy encounters his abuser , sending him into a tailspin . 11 11 `` Bucky Fuckn ' Dent '' Dan Minahan Ron Nyswaner September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) 1.41 Horrible secrets are revealed when the Donovan boys encounter the priest who abused Bunchy and Ray when they were boys . Ray executes him . Ray sends Avi to protect his family , much to Abby 's anger ; Mickey asks a favor from Claudette when he finds himself under investigation for the murder of Sean Walker . 12 12 `` Same Exactly '' Michael Apted Ann Biderman September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 1.41 With Sully on the run , Ray suggests to Frank a bold strategy in finding him ; Abby leaves Ray a heartfelt message ; Lena convinces Bridget to forgive her father ; An empowered Bunchy kicks Mickey out of his apartment ; Terry feels guilty of his role in the priest 's death ; a final showdown at the docks has long - lasting effects . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Yo Soy Capitán '' Tucker Gates Ann Biderman July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 1.22 Ray 's life returns to normal . The FBI demands that Mickey be brought to them . Abby , concerned for their marriage , forces Ray into therapy with her . Meanwhile , Bunchy attempts to recover from his abuse and applies for a job , Terry obsesses over Frances and Coner is in trouble after assaulting a classmate .",
"4": "14 `` Uber Ray '' Michael Uppendahl Ann Biderman & David Hollander July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 1.27 Having difficulty in controlling Mickey upon returning him to LA , Ray bribes corrupt parole officer Ronald Keith to keep an eye on his father . As Ed Cochran holds a press conference declaring the FBI caught Sully , Boston Globe reporter Kate McPherson launches her own investigation on what happened at the docks . 15 `` Gem and Loan '' Phil Abraham Michael Tolkin July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 1.38 Desperate to get Bridget into the prestigious Bel - Air Academy , Ray is forced to do an unusual favor for old rival Stu Feldman , which involves a married couple ; Mickey 's attempts to see his old lover are thwarted by Keith ; Kate arrives at Terry 's Fight Club looking for answers ; Abby 's therapist tries to convince her that Ray is bribing her . Marvin reenters Bridget 's life . 16 `` SUC K '' Tucker Gates David Hollander August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 1.45 Ray and the FBI must deal with Tiny , Sully 's nephew who spoke to the cops about his involvement in Sully 's death . After sleeping with Kate , Ray purchases a new house for Abby , who befriends a police officer at a shooting range . Bunchy makes friends with a woman and her child at his new job ; Kate attempts to talk to Mickey . 17 5 `` Irish Spring '' Dan Attias Ron Nyswaner August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 1.42 Ray gets compromising information on Cochran , who enjoys wife - swapping with one of his subordinates . Avi follows Kate as she investigates , but Ray will need to give her a new story . Meanwhile , Abby tries to enjoy her prospective new neighbors , but their comments lead to a violent outburst . Marvin takes Bridget to a party at the house of a hip - hop mogul . Coner `` apologizes '' to Alex - but it does n't go well .",
"5": "18 6 `` Viagra '' John Dahl Brett Johnson August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 1.44 Ashley introduces Ray to a new client ; Ray turns to an unlikely source in finding dirt on Ed Cochran ; Mickey sets his sights on a bigger payday ; Terry and Potato Pie help Bunchy out when he gets a date with a single mother . 19 7 `` Walk This Way '' Liev Schreiber Ann Biderman August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) 1.35 Coner requests that the Donovan family come together for his birthday , which Ray and Abby have forgotten ; Ashley 's stalker returns ; Mickey 's gift angers Daryl and strains his relationship with Claudette ; An awkward incident leaves Bunchy confused ; Terry learns an awful secret about his gym . 20 8 `` Sunny '' John Dahl David Hollander & Cheo Hodari Coker August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) 1.49 Ray learns the truth about Abby 's absences , and confronts Jim ( the cop ) about their affair . Cookie wants Marvin back for himself because he feels that his initial investment entitles him to all the money that the boy will make . Mickey gets the opportunity to sell his life story into a trilogy , but ends up losing it . Bridget is the sole witness to Cookie 's brutality , who murders Marvin and Re-Kon . 21 9 `` Snowflake '' Guy Ferland Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) 1.63 Ray and Abby have different opinions on how to handle Bridget 's dangerous situation , where Cookie is trying to murder her . Kate turns to a new source for answers ; Bunchy has an awkward moment with his girlfriend 's son ; Mickey and Shorty plan a heist .",
"6": "22 10 `` Volcheck '' Michael Uppendahl David Hollander September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) 1.80 Kate 's return to Los Angeles sets off a violent chain of events involving Ray 's past ; Cochran is offered directorship of the FBI , but discovers the horrifying video made by Ray . Mickey and Shorty welcome two new members to their heist crew ; Abby gives Jim a startling ultimatum ; 23 11 `` Rodef '' Michael Uppendahl Ron Nyswaner & Brett Johnson September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 1.68 Ray prepares his loved ones for the event of his arrest ; Mickey 's heist does not go according to plan , and Terry is arrested and put into jail . Ray obtains the video of Marvin 's murder ; Jim can not bring himself to follow through on Abby 's plan ; Ezra turns to Avi in dealing with Kate . 24 12 `` The Captain '' Michael Uppendahl Ann Biderman September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 1.97 Kate 's murder at the hand of Avi ( on Ezra 's orders ) forces Ray into action against several of his enemies ; After the stolen safe yields less than expected , Mickey comes up with a new source for money ; Jim gives Abby an enticing offer ; An imprisoned Terry refuses to accept bail ; Bunchy reveals his past to Patty ; Ray kills Cookie in order to protect his daughter . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The Kalamazoo '' Colin Bucksey David Hollander July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) 1.04 Ezra is visited in his hospital bed by sinister Father Thomas Romero . A confused Ezra protests his presence . Romero quizzes Ezra about the buried priest .",
"7": "Deborah ushers the priest away and Ezra demands that Ray is called and warned , Ray does not take these calls , soon afterward , Ezra dies . Ray rescues a client from a potential sex scandal with his usual style and heads to a bar where Abby calls him to tell him of Ezra 's passing . Ray consoles himself with some rough sex with a stranger . Mickey , at his apartment complex , looks after the daughter of call girl Ginger who lives there . Mickey dislikes Ginger 's pimp and after attempting to convince him to change his ways or location resorts to drugging him and tossing him into the pool to drown . Ray meets Andrew Finney in his enormous house . Ray is engaged to recover Finney 's kidnapped son and is provided with ransom money . Ray later meets with the kidnappers and rescues the son , who had originally planned the kidnapping with a friend to get the cash , but the drug dealers they enlisted took over murdering his friend . Finney approves of the outcome and pays Ray . A smartened but broke Bunchy ( Brendan ) Donovan is trying to manage the Gym whilst Terry is in jail . Abby visits for a drink and helps out . Bridget rejects a ride home from school from her drunken mother and complains about this to Coner when at home . Abby stops to rescues a huge dog from the highway and takes it home with her . Romero convinces a police officer to give him a box of evidence relating to the deceased Father Danny . 26 `` Ding '' Ed Bianchi William Wheeler July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) 1.26 Mickey tries to take over Gary 's girls , gets a loan secured on Daryll 's car , and buys coke for the girls to sell . He takes Audrey to her audition where she is not successful . Ray takes on a job from Paige Finney . He is to find Carl LaFell , the husband of a woman that a football star has been having an affair with and pay him off . She tricks Donovan into bringing Carl to a meeting only to see his wife in flagrante delicto with the quarterback -- whose arm LaFell then breaks . When Ray realises this , he demands a check for the money -- which Malcolm Finney pays out .",
"8": "Finney also offers to buy Ray and his firm , but Donovan says he is not for sale . Ray takes the check to LaFell who says he does n't want it . Ray persists , only to be rewarded with a series of punches . Avi offers Lena a partnership in his new business . When she tells Ray , he says she should take it . When Bridget calls Ray about Abby 's behaviour , he visits briefly . Later , Abby catches Connor watching porn and pleasuring himself . She calls Ray to tell him and invites Ray to dinner . He tentatively accepts but ends up not attending . Bunchy falls for the female member of the Mexican team , training at the gym in a big way . Her outfits and demeanor , especially towards Bunchy , are suggestive of a dominatrix . The group 's manager suggests using the gym as a venue for their show . Father Romero , posing as a member of Bunchy 's support group , joins the gym . Terry is involved in a fight in prison , despite Ray paying a guard to protect him . Terry floors his opponent , but a rematch is arranged where Terry is stabbed with a shank . Terry still prevails , but ends up in solitary . 27 `` Come and Knock on Our Door '' Dan Attias David Hollander July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 1.44 A beaten - up Ray returns home in the early morning to surprise Bridget and apologize for missing dinner . While talking , Ray sees the ghost of his dead sister in the room and leaves . This apparition will haunt him throughout the day . Mickey explains his plan to the reluctant girls who agree to try it for one day , but Mickey receives a call from the prison and leaves Daryll to look after business . Daryll is soon overwhelmed with the role but Bunchy arrives and helps out . Ray is visited by Finney 's men who try , but fail , to bring him onto the payroll . Mickey and Ray try different approaches to get Terry out of prison before he is killed by the Aryan gang for killing one of their members in a prison fight . Both try and fail at the prison and Mickey ends up inadvertently killing the judge , who had already turned down cash from Ray .",
"9": "In desperation , Ray turns to Finney , who , in turn , leans on a reluctant Governor Verona , ensuring Terry is released that evening . Ray repays Finney by signing up to work for him . The girls return to a troubled Mickey , who is glum even upon seeing his large cut of the action . Ray calls , saying Terry will be freed . Mickey then cheers up , and claims joint responsibility for the release to Bunchy and Daryll . Ray collects Terry from the prison . 28 `` Breakfast of Champions '' Lesli Linka Glatter Brett Johnson August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) 1.37 Abby visits her family in Boston , flirting with old flame Gus , in her brother Dave 's bar . Margaret , her sister , and Abby do n't get along . Abby spends most of the day drinking and bonding with Margaret 's daughter , Lauren , and resists Ray 's demand she return home . After a brief war of words the sisters patch things up . Bridget has a bad day at school and tries to get her teacher on - side . Coner skips school and borrows Abby 's car ; some girls ask to come round for the day but Coner ends up disappointed when they all bring their boyfriends . Coner and one of the guys come to blows with Coner eventually beating him with a bat ; Bridget arrives before things get too ugly . Mickey tries to patch things up with Terry , though , as usual , his ways only serve to make things worse . Ray spends the day at Finney 's Imperial Studios . He shepherds Casey around as required and helps Paige overcome some personnel issues so that she can best portray the studio to a potential buyer . Andrew Finney first says the deal is off but after interjections from Paige says it is back on again . Alone , Finney tells Ray that he works only for him -- - and suggests things will get ugly with the rest of the brood . Paige later calls Ray asking to meet , Ray declines , stating that he works only for her father . Going home , Ray gets a frosty reception from Bridget but stays at the family home in Abby 's absence .",
"10": "29 5 `` Handshake Deal '' Colin Bucksey Gina Welch August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 1.32 Mickey sets up a girls and gear party for PJ and his tech company Kwip . All goes well until more product than agreed is consumed , leaving Mickey $10,000 down . One of the girls gets busy with Coner . Ray is tasked by Finney with retrieving a phone which contains damaging evidence of Governor Verona 's dalliances . He enlists Lena to help and brings her back on staff . The phone recovered , Ray discovers that Paige was among Verona 's indiscretions . Bunchy 's heart is broken when Teresa and family leave after Terry spikes the wrestling deal . Romero tries further to befriend Bunchy . Bridget is having trouble with her college application ; Ray 's attending a meeting with her does n't help so she phones her Mom . Abby , who has agreed to buy the bar and put in Margaret 's name , agrees to come home . On hearing from her sister that she needs Ray to agree to the bar deal Margaret becomes angry . Mickey tries to extend his loan with the Armenians and ends up agreeing to give them 50 % of the business . Paige wants the phone but Ray insists his loyalties lie with her father . On meeting Finney he implies that the phone has been destroyed , Finney is displeased but seems content that his daughter does not have it . Ray later meets with Paige and offers the phone for 5 % of the NFL deal , but settles for 3 % . Ray comes home to find Mickey and Coner there , sending Coner to bed ; Ray shares a quick drink with his father . After Mickey leaves Ray watches TV with the dog and then Abby comes home . 30 6 `` Swing Vote '' John Dahl Michael Tolkin August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 1.61 The Minassians take Mickey to visit another of their business partners and show him the punishment that awaits if payment is late .",
"11": "He returns to the apartment complex to find Ginger packed and ready to leave as Mrs Rosenblatt has threatened to call child protection about Audrey , Mickey says he will help and she should stay . Abby asks Ray if he wants a divorce , he does n't answer straight away but later calls saying a divorce is not what he wants , he wants to build a better life for them all . Bunchy shares his feelings about losing Teresa with his support group , Romero convinces him they should go and see her in Bakersfield on the trip Romero claims to have stabbed his own abuser in the eyes . Terry receives a weight plate shaped calling card from the Aryans . Ray gets confirmation from Lee Drexler that his contract with Paige is good and signs it . He is then called in by Finney to help delay a potential bidder for the NFL team , so that he misses the deadline . He despatches Lena to intercept this Mr Sylvester , whom they drug and deposit in a motel room . Paige gets the deal signed , though has to agree to a 10 % break fee . Bunchy visits Teresa and asks her to marry him , despite her protestations he says he will wait at a diner down the street until she changes her mind . At the diner , Romero tricks Bunchy into saying how his abuser was despatched . Teresa does arrive and agrees to go with Bunchy -- but only if he agrees to : tell the truth , be faithful , not hit her and drop the name Bunchy , Brendan agrees . At the election party Abby is introduced to Verona and the Finney clan . Ray leaves for a while to attend to a petrified Terry . On returning , with Verona losing the election and having found out about the deal with Paige , Finney expresses his disappointment at Ray . 31 7 `` All Must Be Loved '' Tucker Gates David Hollander August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 1.37 Terry 's specialist advises him that recent events are normal for Parkinson 's and he should really have in - home support , Ray agrees with Abby that he could move in with them , Terry later declines .",
"12": "Darryl is beaten and his car is taken by the Armenians who had come after a $30 k payment , Mickey says he will sort it out and arranges to meet them with the money . Bunchy tells his family of his intention to marry Teresa and asks Ray for his settlement money . Ray OK 's the financing for Abby 's father 's bar . Paige tells Donovan she is divorcing Varick and fronts Ray $200 k to bribe Helen Miller of Fish & Game . Romero calls Ray and asks for a meet , saying he knows about Father O'Connor's murder . At the meeting he offers forgiveness if Ray confesses , Ray starts to confess then leaves -- Romero follows but Ray turns on the priest and beats him until Terry pulls him off -- Romero excommunicates them but calls for Ray to repent . Bunchy goes to Mickey looking for more work , Mickey takes him to the meeting with the Armenians , who , on discovering Mickey has given them play money lay in to Mickey and Darryl outnumbering and overwhelming them until Bunchy steps in -- Darryl later tells Mickey that reprisals are a certainty . Bridget 's crush on her tutor , Greg Donellen , moves to the next level . Paige summons Ray on the pretext of business , but on arriving her motives are clearly more about pleasure . 32 8 `` Tulip '' Michael Uppendahl David Hollander & William Wheeler August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 1.44 Paige tells Ray , her overnight guest , that they must seal the deal with Napier that week to keep everything on track . Ray enlists Helen Miller to provide some evidence ( snakes which have been used to traffic drugs ) which will be planted on Miller . Despite good planning by Ray and Lena , one of the snakes bites Miller , thwarting their plans . Romero shows up at the gym and has Bunchy summon Ray . Armed and ready to dispose of another priest , Ray is surprised when Romero simply hands him all of the evidence that he has gathered and leaves . The Armenians take revenge by torching Daryll 's car .",
"13": "The investigating police officer tells Mickey that she is aware of his activities and that he can either become an informant again or he , Darryl and Bunchy will likely face jail . Mickey later calls her and agrees . A disgruntled Varick is denied access to Finney so sneaks in through a back door . He threatens to expose his relationship with Finney who responds by hitting him , fatally , with a fire poker . Finney calls in Ray who , in turn , brings Avi back to help clean up with Lena . Burning and burying Varick 's body ( along with Romero 's evidence ) in a deep desert grave , Avi tries to convince Ray that Kate 's murder was for Ray 's good . Finney , as agreed with Ray , tells Paige he will pay Napier 's price for the land and that she can take control of the deal going forward . Avi lays a false trail suggesting Varick fled south of the border . Bridget visits Donellen at home . He is on painkillers , and after he falls asleep on the couch Bridget snuggles up alongside him . Abby gets Terry cleaned up somewhat and he ends up staying in the room that Abby had prepared for him . 33 9 `` The Octopus '' Colin Bucksey Brett Johnson September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 1.41 Mickey is required by Detective Muncie to work with them on a sting operation against the Minassians and their Russian supplier of trafficked girls , Ivan Belikov . Preparations for Bunchy 's wedding are underway but at the rehearsal dinner Ray gives less a best man 's speech , more a mumbled couple of sentences . Ray has Lena check out Teresa and family , who are mostly clean . Terry 's Parkinson 's ( or meds ) give him nightmares and when checking out the noise Abby and Ray find a shaken and embarrassed Terry has wet the bed . The NFL is checking the Finneys ' deal and the absence of Varick leads them to have one of their investigators , disgraced former FBI director Ed Cochran , look into the deal . Cochran seems to relish the prospect of encountering Ray again . Mickey hides out in a motel .",
"14": "Muncie goes looking for him and arrests groom - to - be Bunchy when Mickey can not be located . Ray agrees with Muncie to swap father for brother , then tracks down Mickey and convinces him to return . Mickey meets with the Minassians and sees the pictures of the sex - slaves that Belikov is controlling ; he is shaken by these . Bridget is out bowling with Donellen who admits his feelings for her . Bunchy and Teresa are married and the reception is a success with Ray delivering a fine and moving speech . Mickey asks Ray for help with his situation . Ray asks Lena to look into the Minassians . 34 10 `` One Night in Yerevan '' Dan Attias Gina Welch & David Hollander September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 1.43 Ray is planning to get Mickey out of his sticky situation with the cops by working with old employer Lee Drexler . Ray gets Lee to act as a legal representative for Mickey . Their angle is to say that Mickey is senile , which is signed off on by a doctor whom they pay , and then appoint Ray as his guardian . That means that Mickey ca n't rightfully participate in Muncie 's sting . Ray also tries to convince the Minassians to let Mickey out of the deal they made , and asks for help from an Armenian pop star whom Ray had helped out in the past . Meanwhile , Cochran is gathering more evidence in his investigation of Ray , using the vetting of the Finney NFL deal as a reason to dig into any potential dirty business . Cochran is getting closer to learning the truth . He meets with Finney , gets a sense of where he stands , and also bribes his way into Avi 's storage locker . Worried about Bridget , Abby searches her room for something that will help her figure out what 's wrong . She finds Mr. Donellen 's pill bottle and confronts Bridget about it . When Abby learns the truth , she first threatens to call the cops . Donellen lies to Abby telling her that Bridget is obsessed with him because they both lost loved ones .",
"15": "35 11 `` Poker '' Colin Bucksey Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.45 Cochran sends the LAPD , via their website , a map of where Varick 's body is buried , his screen observed remotely by Avi and Lena . He then plants the poker at Ray 's apartment and has Finney tell the police chief that it was Ray who killed Varick . Finney asks Paige to back him up . Avi calls Ray and they agree the body should be moved . Ray answers some of a detective 's questions about Varick , but Lee Drexler arrives and concludes the conversation . Lee tells Ray that Finney had implicated him ; Ray sees Finney 's lawyer and tells him to have Finney recant his statement . Cochran arrives home to find Ray there , Ray asks where the poker is , but it takes a bullet to the leg and some persuasion to get the location . Ray recovers the poker just before the police arrive -- Lena speeds it away . Bridget , though grounded , visits Donellen and tells him how she feels but he gently rebuffs her . Abby arrives and takes Bridget away . Terry makes a pass at Abby . Ray intercepts Paige on her way into the LAPD offices and he tries to convince her to tell the truth . She tells the police that Finney killed Varick and that they were lovers . Ray and his team deposit the body and poker in a dumpster at Finney 's home . Paige tells Finney she made her statement , but not its contents , and Lena torches the body . Ray and his team return a bruised Cochran to Dybek . Mickey avoids having to move to Reno by convincing his boys he has Alzheimer 's , and claims that he is scared that Ray will lock him away somewhere . Ray confronts Mickey , and Mickey tells Ray they will all hate him if he is sent away , forcing Ray to relent .",
"16": "36 12 `` Exsuscito '' David Hollander David Hollander & William Wheeler September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.50 TV news covers unfolding events at the Finney house , Paige arrives at Ray 's apartment to ride out the media storm . Ray leaves and goes home . Bridget is in Santa Monica and arranges a liaison with Greg Donellen . Teresa wakes Bunchy and rides him before she takes him to the hills and tells him she is pregnant , Bunchy reacts badly and admits he is worried about how good a parent he would be and does n't want to disappoint her . Abby searches for Bridget , hammering on Donellen 's door getting no response . Meanwhile Ray arrives home where Terry , reluctantly , tells him about Donellen . Ray calls Bridget , who does not answer , when Abby texts asking where she is she says at Mickey 's . Terry agrees to collect her ; Abby tells Ray who agrees to meet there . Ray is second to arrive but sees two of the Armenians armed for revenge , he gets a gun and finds the Armenians shooting out Mickey 's apartment , Ray shoots at them but they leave quickly . Michelle is killed and Terry is badly hurt . Ray and Mickey rush Terry to the hospital . Avi advises that the Minassians will kill all of Ray 's family , so Ray and Avi plan to eliminate them . Waiting as Minassians arrive at their club they are surprised to see Mickey arrive and gun down the doorman before entering the building . They follow and between them dispatch the Armenian men , though Ray is wounded . Mickey slits the throat of Ovsanna Minassian . Ray next goes to rescue Bridget . Donellen has declined Bridget 's advances but this does n't stop Ray from punching him a few times hard . He takes Bridget with him to the hospital where Terry is . She says Ray does n't love her or anyone , and leaves . She goes home and packs her bags . Terry is in a bad way , wounded and weakened . Ray goes to see Romero so he will visit Terry . Romero awaits his confession , Terry 's heart arrests .",
"17": "Ray confesses and tells of Father O'Connor's misdeeds against him ; Terry regains consciousness . Leaving the confessional Ray collapses . Romero drives him back towards L.A. Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Girl with Guitar '' Liev Schreiber David Hollander June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) ( online ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) ( Showtime ) 1.11 Ray and Terry have recovered . Ray attends his first abuse survivors ' support meeting and tries to get Bridget to move back home . Abby gets alarming medical news that she has cancer . Mickey 's new con fizzles . Ray gets a job offer but then has to help a friend out of a jam . 38 `` Marisol '' John Dahl Mike Binder & Rob Fresco July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) 1.15 Ray helps Hector handle a person from his past who threatens to reveal a secret that could ruin Hector 's boxing career . Meanwhile , Abby offers Bunchy a lesson in marital compromise ; and Det . Muncie uses incriminating evidence against the Donovans to force Ray 's hand , which draws him further in the path of the Russian mob . 39 `` Little Bill Primm 's Big Green Horseshoe '' Michael Apted David Hollander & Miki Johnson July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 1.34 Ray struggles with not bringing work home , while boxing brings drama to both homes . Meanwhile his fathers paradox luck pulls him closer to his son . 40 `` Federal Boobie Inspector '' Phil Abraham Sean Conway July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 1.27 Ray visits a Hollywood power player in an attempt to get the Russian mob off his back and unearths a secret Ezra shared in the past .",
"18": "Meanwhile , Lena and an ex-girlfriend take Abby out on the town to help her confront fears over her recent cancer diagnosis ; and Mickey offers his boys a job prospect and tries to assimilate back into the family . 41 5 `` Get Even Before Leavin ' '' Robert McLachlan Chad Feehan July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 1.27 With the Russian mob threatening his family , Ray goes on a road trip with Mickey . Meanwhile , Abby has some difficult decisions to make about her cancer , Bridget returns home and Bunchy has serious marital problems . 42 6 `` Fish and Bird '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer David Hollander July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.24 Mickey takes the blame for the Armenian hit and goes to prison . Belikov is released . Bunchy baptizes his daughter and comes to live with Ray after Teresa left him . Ray settles his debt with the Russian mob , but new troubles arise . 43 7 `` Norman Saves the World '' Tricia Brock Mike Binder & David Sonnenborn August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.13 Ray has a confrontation with a Hollywood agent and a former fixer ; without the protection of the Russians , Ray helps Mickey secure his own safety . 44 8 `` The Texan '' Tucker Gates David Hollander & Sean Conway August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.21 Ray and Abby find out about Conor 's gun ; Hector 's plans get surprisingly interrupted by Marisol . 45 9 `` Goodbye Beautiful '' James Whitmore Jr . Chad Feehan & Miki Johnson August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.21 Sonia asks Ray for help . Mickey , Bunchy and Teresa go to Primm . The Russians find out about Belikov .",
"19": "46 10 `` Lake Hollywood '' Stephen Williams David Hollander & Mike Binder August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 1.00 Hector 's wife confronts him and he deals with Marisol . Mickey , Bunchy and Teresa go to Ray 's house . Ray does everything he can to ensure his family 's safety and save his friend . 47 11 `` Chinese Algebra '' John Dahl Sean Conway & Chad Feehan September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 1.47 Ray 's latest attempt to save Avi and square his debts to the mob takes a hit when FBI agent Frank Barnes becomes involved . 48 12 `` Rattus Rattus '' David Hollander David Hollander September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 1.34 As the Campos fight gets underway , Ray desperately turns to his family for help . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Abby '' David Hollander David Hollander August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.13 Ray begins court - ordered anger management after a family tragedy sparks a bar fight . Meanwhile , Mickey , Bunchy and Daryll prepare for Terry and Maureen 's wedding and Bridget looks up a mysterious acquaintance in New York . Conor adjusts to military school and Samantha Winslow , a studio head , hires Ray to do some work for her . 50 `` Las Vegas '' John Dahl David Hollander & Miki Johnson August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.11 A flashback to Ray and Abby 's 21st anniversary when they went to Las Vegas to see Damon 's first televised fight . In the present , movie star Natalie James hires Ray to protect her from her abusive manager , who has also impregnated her .",
"20": "Hopes for a beautiful day are dashed at Terry and Maureen 's wedding as tensions flare between the Donovans and the Dohertys . 51 `` Dogwalker '' John Dahl Sean Conway August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.06 Ray cleans up Natalie 's mess . At home , however , he struggles to reconnect with his family and complete anger management . Unable to reach Maureen , Terry visits Conor at military school . A surprise visit from Frank Barnes threatens to sink Mickey back into a life of violence . Bunchy happens upon the business opportunity of a lifetime to provide for Teresa and Maria . 52 `` Sold '' Tucker Gates Chad Feehan August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 1.07 Mickey 's screenwriting dreams stall out - until he 's pulled into a gruesome fix for Daryll 's movie star client . Abby starts construction on the new bar while Ray searches for a solution to their problem . Terry tries to win back Maureen one last time . Bunchy takes the cash out of his safe for a business deal . However , he stops at a local sandwich shop with all his money in a diaper bag and is robbed . Bridget tells her boyfriend that her father is not a nice man , and intentionally got him sick so that Abby could take his place on an experimental cancer treatment . 53 5 `` Shabbos Goy '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer David Hollander & William Wheeler September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1.08 Tom and Vicky blackmail Winslow , and demand money and one of her Oscar statuettes . Ray is looking for Natalie . Mickey finds Avi , but is unable to murder him for Frank Barnes . 54 6 `` Shelley Duvall '' Michael Uppendahl Miki Johnson & David Sonnenborn September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1.05 Terry visits Bridget , Landry finds out that Natalie is staying with Ray , and asks to see her .",
"21": "Upon confronting Natalie , Landry grabs her roughly , and Ray stops him . 55 7 `` If I Should Fall from Grace with God '' Michael Uppendahl David Hollander & Chad Feehan September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.15 For the sake of Bunchy , Ray must save Mickey ; Terry comes back to Los Angeles with a confession ; Bunchy helps an inmate ; Daryll and Mickey clash over the direction of their movie ; Donovan goes to the extreme to protect his family . 56 8 `` Horses '' Zetna Fuentes William Wheeler October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.22 57 9 `` Mister Lucky '' Guy Ferland Sean Conway October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.21 58 10 `` Bob the Builder '' Stephen Williams Chad Feehan October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.24 59 11 `` Michael '' Carl Franklin Miki Johnson October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1.23 Ray searches for Frank Barnes in an attempt to get Bridget out of jail . In New York , Terry deals with the return of Damon 's father and takes care of Smitty at Bridget 's request . 60 12 `` Time Takes a Cigarette '' David Hollander David Hollander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 1.18 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Showtime Announces Premiere Dates for ' Nurse Jackie , ' ' Dexter ' ( Returning Early ) ' Ray Donovan , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) .",
"22": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Sprint Cup ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) .",
"23": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' & ' Megalodon : The Monster Shark Lives ' Win Night , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' NFL Countdown ' ' Dexter ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives ' , ' Dexter , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2013 ) .",
"24": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' Dexter ' Series Finale , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Video Music Awards ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' The Strain ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' NFL Countdown ' Leads Night + ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' & ' NFL Countdown ' Win Night , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Ray Donovan ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) .",
"26": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Strain ' & ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' Win Night , ' Boadwalk Empire ' , ' Ray Donovan ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Wiches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' I am Cait ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' True Detective ' , NASCAR , ' Ballers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Rick and Morty ' & ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , Win Night , ' True Detective ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Detective ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) .",
"27": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' MTV Video Music Awards ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Last Ship ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' The Strain ' , MLB Baseball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Strain ' , NFL Countdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' .",
"28": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Kardashians ' top a slow day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.17. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.24. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) .",
"29": "`` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"30": "Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) .",
"31": "`` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Ray Donovan episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ray_Donovan_episodes&oldid=817238867 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 03 : 11 . About Wikipedia",
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when does canada switch to daylight savings time
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[
"the second Sunday of March",
"the second Sunday of March",
"the second Sunday of March"
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{
"0": "Daylight saving Time in Canada - wikipedia Daylight saving Time in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 By province or territory 2.1 British Columbia 2.2 Nunavut 2.3 Ontario 2.4 Quebec 2.5 Saskatchewan 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Daylight saving time ( DST ) is observed in all ten Canadian provinces and three territories . However , there are exceptions within several provinces and the territory of Nunavut , including most of Saskatchewan , which observes Central Standard Time year - round even though the province is in the Mountain Zone , effectively putting it on DST year - round . Under the Canadian Constitution , laws related to timekeeping are a purely provincial or territorial matter . In regions where daylight saving time is used , it commences on the second Sunday of March , and standard time restarts on the first Sunday in November . History ( edit ) Five Canadian cities , by local ordinance , used Daylight Saving Time before 1918 : Brandon , Manitoba and Winnipeg , Manitoba ( already in 1916 ) as well as Halifax , Nova Scotia , Hamilton , Ontario , and Montreal , Quebec . St. John 's , Newfoundland ( now Newfoundland and Labrador ) , which did not become part of Canada until 1949 , also used DST before 1918 . In practice , since the late 1960s DST across Canada has been closely or completely synchronized with its observance in the United States to promote consistent economic and social interaction . When the United States extended DST in 1987 to the first Sunday in April , all DST - observing Canadian provinces followed suit to mimic the change .",
"1": "The latest United States change ( Energy Policy Act of 2005 ) , adding parts of March and November starting in 2007 , was adopted by the various provinces and territories on the following dates : Ontario , Manitoba - October 20 , 2005 Quebec - December 5 , 2005 Prince Edward Island - December 6 , 2005 New Brunswick - December 23 , 2005 Alberta - February 2 , 2006 Northwest Territories - March 4 , 2006 British Columbia - March 31 , 2006 Nova Scotia - April 25 , 2006 Yukon - July 14 , 2006 Newfoundland and Labrador - November 20 , 2006 , but officially announced on January 18 , 2007 Nunavut - February 19 , 2007 Saskatchewan - no official action taken , as most of the province does not change their clocks back in winter , but the small parts that have historically observed ' DST ' near Alberta and Manitoba are presumed to be authorized to have the start and end dates the same as Alberta and Manitoba . By province or territory ( edit ) British Columbia ( edit ) Most of British Columbia ( BC ) is on Pacific Time and observes DST . However , there are two main exceptions : Part of the Peace River Regional District of BC ( including the communities of Chetwynd , Dawson Creek , Hudson 's Hope , Fort St. John , Taylor and Tumbler Ridge ) is on Mountain Time and does not observe DST . This means that the region 's clocks are the same as those in Calgary and Edmonton in the winter , they are the same as those in Vancouver in the summer . The residents of Fort Nelson have voted to also stay on year - round MST since 2015 . The East Kootenay region of south - eastern BC ( including the communities of Cranbrook , Fernie , Golden and Invermere ) is on Mountain Time and observes DST . This means that the region is always on the same time as Calgary ; much of the region gets television by way of rebroadcasters of Calgary stations . One exception in this region is Creston , which observes MST year round . Clocks in Creston match those in Calgary in the winter , and Vancouver in the summer .",
"2": "Nunavut ( edit ) While the rest of Nunavut observes DST , Southampton Island including Coral Harbour remain on Eastern Standard Time throughout the year . The Kitikmeot Region including Cambridge Bay observes DST but is on Mountain Time . Ontario ( edit ) Most of Ontario uses DST . Pickle Lake , Atikokan and New Osnaburgh , three communities located within the Central Time Zone in northwestern Ontario , observe Eastern Standard Time all year long . Quebec ( edit ) Most of Quebec observes DST . However , the eastern reaches of Quebec 's North Shore , east of 63 ° west longitude , are in the Atlantic Time Zone , but do not observe DST ( see exception , below ) . The effect is that in summer their clocks match those of the rest of the province , while in November , their clocks are rejoined by their Atlantic Standard Time neighbours . Although places east of 63 ° west are officially on Atlantic Time , local custom is to use Eastern Time as far east as the Natashquan River . Those communities observe DST , including all of Anticosti Island , which is bisected by the 63rd meridian . The Magdalen Islands observe Atlantic Time including DST . Saskatchewan ( edit ) Main article : Time in Saskatchewan Although the entire province is geographically within the MST ( UTC - 7 ) zone , the province is officially part of the Central time zone ( UTC - 6 ) . As a result , while most of Saskatchewan does not change clocks spring and fall , it technically observes DST year round . This means that clocks in most of the province match clocks in Winnipeg during the winter and Calgary and Edmonton during the summer . This time zone designation was implemented in 1966 , when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in order to standardize time province - wide . The charter of the city of Lloydminster , which is bisected by the Saskatchewan -- Alberta boundary , gives it a special exemption . Lloydminster and the immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan observe Mountain Time year - round , with officially sanctioned seasonal daylight saving time ( which in the summer , puts it in sync with the rest of Saskatchewan ) . This is to keep clocks on the Saskatchewan side in sync with those on the Alberta side ; Alberta mandates the use of daylight saving time province - wide .",
"3": "Along the Manitoba border , the small , remote Saskatchewan towns of Denare Beach and Creighton unofficially observe Central Daylight Time during the summer , thereby keeping the same time as larger neighbouring Manitoba communities . See also ( edit ) Time in Canada Daylight saving time by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Research Council http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html ^ Jump up to : Doris Chase Doane , Time Changes in Canada and Mexico , 2nd edition , Professional Astrologers , Inc. , 1972 - 1975 , p. 9 , 23 Jump up ^ Nunavut News / North `` Nunavut to follow new seasonal time standard '' ( unofficial , cached version ) Archived March 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reaburn , Adam ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` Fort Nelson to change time one last time this March '' . Energeticcity.ca . Fort St. John . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 .",
"4": "External links ( edit ) North American Time zone maps and border data , including Daylight Saving observance ( hide ) Daylight saving time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada&oldid=815358566 '' Categories : Daylight saving time in Canada Daylight saving time by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 10 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does jack ryan live in patriot games
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[
"Chesapeake Bay, south of Annapolis in Maryland",
"Baltimore, Maryland",
"Chesapeake Bay, south of Annapolis in Maryland"
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{
"0": "Jack Ryan ( character ) - wikipedia Jack Ryan ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Tom Clancy character . For the BioShock character , see BioShock ( series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jack Ryan First appearance The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Created by Tom Clancy Portrayed by Alec Baldwin ( The Hunt for Red October ) Harrison Ford ( Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger ) Ben Affleck ( The Sum of All Fears ) Chris Pine ( Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ) John Krasinski ( Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ) Information Gender Male Occupation U.S. President , U.S. Vice President , National Security Advisor , Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , CIA Acting DDI , CIA Special Assistant to the DDI , CIA Analyst , Professor , U.S. Naval Academy , Certified Public Accountant and stockbroker , USMC Second Lieutenant Family Emmet William Ryan ( father , deceased ) Catherine Burke Ryan ( mother , deceased ) Special Agent Dominic ( `` Enzo '' ) Caruso , FBI ( nephew ) Captain Brian ( `` Aldo '' ) Caruso , USMC ( nephew ) Spouse ( s ) Caroline `` Cathy '' Muller / Ryan Children Olivia Barbara ( `` Sally '' ) Ryan John Patrick ( `` Jack '' ) Ryan Jr . Kathleen ( `` Katie '' ) Ryan Kyle Daniel Ryan Religion Roman Catholic Dr. John Patrick `` Jack '' Ryan Sr. , KCVO ( Hon . ) , Ph. D. is a fictional character created by author Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations . Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there , son of a city police detective and a nurse , and attended at Loyola . He earned an NROTC commission in the U.S. Marines at Boston College .",
"1": "Medically discharged at the rank of 2nd Lieutenant following a helicopter crash in Greece , he worked as an investment broker briefly and made a fortune . He met and married Caroline `` Cathy '' Mueller , a medical student and later an ophthalmic / eye surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital , with whom he had four children . He returned to academia , eventually accepting a position as a history professor at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis . He was later recommended to the CIA , eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper , as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism . He returned to the Academy and , while on a history research trip to London , interrupted a kidnapping attempt on the royal family . After his return to the States , he eventually accepted a position with the CIA as a protege of Admiral Jim Greer , deputy director . He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of covert operations against the USSR , eventually becoming a Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . As DDI , he fought numerous political battles that eventually led to him becoming briefly first National Security Advisor , followed by a short period as Vice President , before then suddenly President of the United States after a terrorist plane crashing into the U S. Capitol , serving two terms and dealing with international crises in Europe , the Middle East and the Pacific . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Backstory 1.2 Civilian career 1.3 First CIA work 1.4 CIA career 1.5 First Ryan administration 1.5. 1 Ryan Doctrine 1.5. 2 The Campus 1.6 Second Ryan administration 2 Novels 2.1 Jack Ryan series 2.2 John Clark series 2.3 Jack Ryan Jr. series 2.4 Chronological order 3 In other media 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Biography ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit .",
"2": "He was born in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1950 , the son of Emmet William Ryan ( 1922 -- 1974 ) , a Baltimore City Police Department homicide lieutenant , and World War II veteran . The elder Ryan had served with the U.S. Army 's 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge in western Europe . His mother , Catherine Burke Ryan ( 1923 -- 1974 ) , was a nurse . Without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister , who lived in Seattle . After graduating from Loyola High School ( now Loyola Blakefield ) , a Roman Catholic Jesuit prep school in Towson , Maryland in suburban Baltimore County , Ryan attended Boston College , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics ( with a strong minor in history ) and a commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps ( via Officer Candidate School ) . While waiting for the Corps to assign him , he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam . After officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico in Quantico , Virginia , he went on to serve briefly as a Marine infantry Platoon leader . However , his military career was cut short at the age of 23 when his platoon 's helicopter , a CH - 46 Sea Knight , crashed during a North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercise over the Greek island of Crete . The crash badly injured Ryan 's back . U.S. Navy surgeons , at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda , Maryland , inadequately repaired his back . This led to a lengthy recovery process ( during which he nearly became addicted to pain medications ) after which , complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace , he left the Marines . He passed his stockbroker 's exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynch 's Baltimore office . His parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport , 19 months after his crash in Crete . He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years . The film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland , 20 miles south of Baltimore in the state capital . Civilian career ( edit ) Ryan 's story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit .",
"3": "While managing clients ' portfolios , he began to invest his own money , banking on a tip he had received from an uncle about the workers ' takeover of the Chicago and North Western Railway , making about $6 million off his $100,000 initial investment . He did so well that one of Merrill Lynch 's senior vice presidents , Joe Muller , came to Baltimore to have dinner with him , with the objective of inviting him to the firm 's New York City headquarters near Wall Street . Also present is Muller 's daughter Caroline , nicknamed Cathy , then a senior medical student at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . They immediately fall in love and get engaged . One night , while having dinner with his fiancée , Ryan throws out his back . Cathy takes him directly to Dr. Stanley Rabinowitz , professor of neurosurgery at famed Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , to be evaluated . Rabinowitz later operates on Ryan 's back and cures his chronic pain in relatively short order ( in a later novel , the surgeon is credited as Sam Rosen , a doctor introduced in Without Remorse ) . Ryan subsequently persuades the government to terminate his disability checks . Cathy later becomes an ophthalmic surgeon at the Wilmer Eye Institute of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins . After creating a net worth of $8 million , Ryan left the firm after four years and enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. for six doctoral courses in history . He does a brief stint at the Center for Strategic and International Studies , then accepts a position at the U.S. Naval Academy as a civilian professor of history . First CIA work ( edit ) Following a recommendation from Father Tim O'Riley , a Jesuit priest and professor at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , to a Central Intelligence Agency contact , Ryan was asked to work as a consultant for the agency , although officially employed by the MITRE Corporation . He agreed and spent several months at agency headquarters in Langley , Virginia , where he wrote a paper entitled `` Agents and Agencies '' , in which he maintained that state - sponsored terrorism is an act of war . He also invented the canary trap , a method for exposing an information leak , which involves giving different versions of a sensitive document to each of a group of suspects and seeing which version is leaked .",
"4": "By ensuring that each copy of the document differs slightly in its wording , if any copy is leaked , then it is possible to determine the informant 's identity . These accomplishments come to the attention of U.S. Navy Vice Admiral James Greer , the CIA 's Deputy Director for Intelligence . The expertise of Ryan 's report , plus the application , persuaded Greer to offer him a permanent job in the CIA , but Ryan declined . While Ryan was still teaching at the Naval Academy , his family ( wife and new daughter Sally ) and he take a trip to London for research and vacationing . After spending the day sifting through Royal Navy archives doing research for a book on the British naval war in the Indian Ocean during World War II , Ryan walks to meet his family at a park . As he joins them , members of the Ulster Liberation Army ( ULA ) , an ultraviolent Maoist offshoot of the Marxist Provisional Irish Republican Army , led by Kevin O'Donnell , coincidentally attack a passing car containing the heir to the British throne , the Prince of Wales and his family in front of the Ryans . Ryan is wounded while intervening in the attack and foils their plan , killing one of the gunmen and capturing another . Ryan is later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as an honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ; in the books , some British characters call him `` Sir John '' , but honorary knights are not permitted to use the style of `` Sir '' , but his American colleagues and friends delight in teasing him so . Sean Miller , the Irish gunman he captured , vows revenge on Ryan and his family ( only in the movie , not the book ) , but since he is going to Albany Prison on the Isle of Wight , the threat seems unrealistic . Ryan returns to the U.S. and the Naval Academy . When later O'Donnell and the ULA liberate Miller on his way to prison in a paddy wagon ( killing both police officers and civilians in the process ) , the Ryans become the target of their revenge -- particularly Miller 's . A few months later after some additional training in a Libyan desert terrorist base when his gang of Irish extremist thugs show up at the Ryan family home at Peregrine Cliff facing Chesapeake Bay and put Jack , his family and best friend Robbie Jackson through a harrowing experience .",
"5": "CIA career ( edit ) In Patriot Games , Greer comes to Ryan and asks him to rejoin the CIA permanently as an analyst to help track down the terrorists . He declines initially , only to accept it after a failed ULA attack on the Ryans mildly wounds his pregnant wife , but severely injures his daughter outside her school . Later , while Ryan hosts the Prince and Princess of Wales at his waterfront home on Chesapeake Bay , south of Annapolis in Maryland , the IRA conducts another attack against him , which Ryan , the Prince , and close friend , Navy Commander Robert Jackson foil . Following the incident and arrests of the ULA members and Miller ( whom Ryan nearly executes with his Browning Hi Power ) , Ryan is taken to the Naval Academy hospital , where he arrives just in time for the birth of Jack Ryan Jr. , his second child . In Red Rabbit , Ryan 's first CIA assignment is to London as a member of a liaison group to the British Secret Intelligence Service . The first order of business focuses on a mission to assist the defection of a KGB communications - center officer who has discovered that longtime KGB director Yuri Andropov ( 1914 - 1984 , head of KGB 1967 - 82 , later General Secretary of USSR 1982 - 1984 ) , had ordered Pope John Paul II 's attempted assassination . Although Ryan and a small team of British agents helps the `` Rabbit '' and his family get to the West , they fail to prevent the attack on the Pope ( which actually happened in real life in 1981 ) . Nevertheless , the Pope is only wounded and his would - be assassin captured , while the British agents execute his Bulgarian handler . `` Rabbit 's '' defection proves to be a major coup for both the American and British intelligence agencies . Ryan soon afterward suggests a nonmilitary long - term strategy to help hasten the Soviet Union 's collapse and the end of the half - century long Cold War . In The Hunt for Red October , Captain First Rank Marko Ramius , the Soviet Navy 's top submarine commander , takes command of the Красный Октябрь ( Krasny Oktyabr , or in English , Red October ) , the newest Typhoon - class ballistic missile submarine , with which he plans to defect with his officers .",
"6": "Having briefly met Captain Ramius at an embassy function several years before , Ryan is asked by Admiral Greer to brief the President 's National Security Adviser Jeffrey Pelt and his staff in his first trip to the White House on Ramius ' background and the deadly new capabilities of Red October 's ' secret revolutionary silent jet propulsion drive system . Ryan recognizes that the renegade ethnic Lithuanian captain may want to change sides rather than attack the West and works to establish contact with him at sea while onboard the tailing American submarine USS Dallas and work to get him and his sub secretly to the U.S. , eventually succeeding . In The Cardinal of the Kremlin , Ryan is reassigned to Langley , at CIA headquarters . He becomes Greer 's assistant with the official title of Special Assistant to the Deputy Director for Intelligence . Greer is grooming him for bigger and better positions , maybe even his own job when the veteran spy finally retires . Ryan is sent to Moscow as part of the American strategic nuclear weapons reduction ( START ) negotiations team . There , he meets Sergey Golovko , a rising star in the KGB hierarchy , and becomes entangled in a complex web related to both the race to develop `` Star Wars '' space - based laser anti-missile defensive technology and engineer another defection , this time compromising the KGB director to save the CIA 's highest informant in the USSR , Agent `` CARDINAL '' , better known as Colonel Misha Filitov . Although they initially meet as adversaries -- at one time literally at gunpoint -- Golovko respects him as a worthy adversary and in later books befriends him , calling him `` Ivan Emmetovich '' , giving him a Russian - style patronymic based on his father 's name , Emmet . In Clear and Present Danger , Ryan is promoted to acting DDI when Greer is hospitalized with cancer . Despite this , he is not made aware of a highly covert and illegal CIA operation encouraged by the President claiming domestic drug abuse was a `` clear and present danger '' to American security , and approved by corrupt National Security Advisor Admiral Cutter . This operation targets Colombian drug lords in South America using military assets of small mobile heavily armed special forces squads and occasional precision air strikes with sophisticated `` smartbombs '' , in what is usually considered a law enforcement area .",
"7": "Ryan works with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) to rescue a small group of American soldiers cut off in Colombia , forcing him to miss Greer 's funeral . Also in this operation , he first met the U.S. government operative John Clark , with whom he would become friends . Around this time , Ryan also runs afoul of Elizabeth Elliott , international affairs advisor to then - presidential candidate Governor of Ohio J. Robert Fowler , and one of Cathy Ryan 's former professors . In The Sum of All Fears , Ryan reaches his highest post at the CIA , Deputy Director of Central Intelligence . His career is jeopardized when Fowler becomes President and Elizabeth Elliott , Fowler 's lover / manipulator , becomes National Security Advisor . They not only deny Ryan any credit for an innovative Middle East peace plan ( basically turning Jerusalem into a Vatican - like city co-ruled by three Christian , Jewish , and Arab / Muslim mayors ) , but also panic when Iranian and former East German terrorists detonate a nuclear bomb in Denver during the Super Bowl and nearly plunge the world into a Soviet - American nuclear war . Ryan defuses the nuclear crisis by commandeering the Washington - Moscow hot line and convincing the Soviet Premier ( through his friend Golovko ) that the crisis is a setup . He then refuses to confirm Fowler 's order to launch a nuclear missile at Qom ( thus preventing the attack ) , where the Iranian ayatollah lives . The crisis and Elliot scandal drive Fowler to resign , and on this note , Ryan retires from the CIA after his CIA friends and he flies to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia and witness the execution of the terrorists , then being honored by the U.S. 's Middle Eastern allies . ( The film version again departs from the printed / novel version , by presenting a younger , unmarried Ryan , an intelligent mistress - free Fowler , a Greer - like Cabot , and the nuclear bomb is detonated over Baltimore , not Denver . ) First Ryan administration ( edit ) In Debt of Honor , Ryan returns to government service as the National Security Advisor , restoring honor to the job that Cutter and Elliot disgraced . It has been two and a half years since Fowler resigned and his vice president , Roger Durling , is now well into his own term . Jack and the administration must deal with a second war between the U.S.",
"8": "and Japan , as well as an attack on America 's economic infrastructure . After a clean sweep of Japan 's forces in the South Pacific , Vice President Ed Kealty is forced to resign after a sex scandal and President Durling taps Ryan for the job . Ryan accepts the job on the condition that he will only serve until the end of Durling 's term . He sees this as a way of ending his public life . Only minutes after Congress confirms Ryan , though , a Japanese airline pilot deliberately crashes a 747 into the U.S. Capitol building during Congress ' joint session , killing most of the people inside , decapitating the U.S. government , and elevating Ryan to the Presidency . The reluctant yet determined Ryan administration emerges in Executive Orders as Ryan slowly rebuilds the government . He is faced with Kealty 's political trickery , China 's growing military antagonizing of Taiwan , and a deadly plague initiated by the newly formed United Islamic Republic , resulting in two major military conflicts far from American shores ( but one will not take place until the next Ryan novel ) . In The Bear and the Dragon , Ryan has completed Durling 's term as President and has campaigned for -- and won -- the next election . He retains most of his emergency Cabinet and has Robby Jackson as Vice President . Ryan has to deal with the attempted assassination of Golovko , head of Russia 's Foreign Intelligence Service ( formerly the KGB ) . This turns out to be an attempt to sow confusion in the Russian government because of China 's designs to annex Eastern Siberia , where geologists had recently discovered a large amount of oil and gold . These events lead to the inclusion of Russia into NATO and the assistance of U.S. forces in the Sino - Russian conflict ( although attacks on NATO members outside the Atlantic should not trigger Article V ) . When the Chinese begin losing the war , U.S. forces target their strategic assets . A U.S. submarine sinks a Chinese ballistic missile submarine , causing China 's politburo to panic and increase the readiness of their 12 land - based ICBMs . U.S.",
"9": "forces do not have the ability to destroy the silos , as they could only use deep - penetrating bombs , which had all been used to destroy Chinese bridges to disrupt the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) logistical support . This causes the U.S. and Russia to send a joint RAINBOW - Spetsnaz team to destroy the silos . They destroy 11 of the 12 ICBMs , but one of them manages to launch . The warhead heads towards Washington , DC , and with Ryan taking a command initiative at an Aegis missile cruiser , the ICBM is intercepted by ABMs from the USS Gettysburg . With the PLA 's looming defeat in Siberia , which they were about to learn about via live UAV broadcasts from the CIA through the Internet , student demonstrators in Beijing raid the politburo , causing a reformist politburo member , Fang Gan , to take control and arrest the war 's perpetrators , making peace negotiations with the U.S. and Russia , and beginning China 's transition to democracy . Ryan doctrine ( edit ) At the end of Executive Orders , Ryan , in the tradition of Presidents Monroe , Truman , Carter and Reagan , issues a foreign policy doctrine which largely defines his administration 's international perspective . The Ryan doctrine states that the U.S. will no longer tolerate attacks on `` our territory , our possessions , or our citizens , '' and will hold whoever orders such attacks accountable . This statement comes soon after the Ebola attack on the U.S. ordered by Mahmoud Haji Daryaei , the dictator of the new United Islamic Republic . Ryan announces the new doctrine on television , momentarily cutting away to show Daryaei and his UIR advisors being incinerated by laser - guided bombs launched from two F - 117s , on Ryan 's orders . Therefore , the Ryan doctrine supersedes the executive order put in place by President Ford , which forbids the assassination of foreign heads of state . Ryan , however , believes it is a more ethical alternative than total war , since it punishes the person responsible for the attack instead of the people he rules .",
"10": "Within the books , the Ryan doctrine is not officially invoked after Daryaei 's death ( although Ryan threatens to use it on the Chinese leadership in The Bear and the Dragon , should anything happen to American citizens living in China as a consequence of the Siberian War ) . The Campus ( edit ) Following this , Ryan apparently completes his term and refuses to run for a second elected term . Robby Jackson thus campaigns to become the first African American President , but is assassinated on a trip to the South , which enables Kealty to become the next President . ( It is also possible from what Jack Ryan Jr. says in Teeth of the Tiger that Jack Sr. resigned , feeling he has done what he needed to as President , and encouraged Robby Jackson to run for the Presidency . ) Before Ryan leaves office , he creates `` The Campus '' , a covert counter-terrorism organization that fronts as Hendley Associates , a financial trading firm . He also writes 100 presidential pardons for its members , with Attorney General Pat Martin 's assistance . Second Ryan administration ( edit ) In his retirement , Ryan is living easy with a net worth over $80 million . He is working on two versions of his memoirs , one for immediate release , and another detailing his CIA career , to be published posthumously . However , in Dead or Alive , he becomes increasingly frustrated with the direction in which President Kealty is taking the country , although he is initially publicly silent . Ultimately , he announces that he will come out of retirement to run for a second full term as President as a Republican candidate . Despite having originally not being involved in the Campus 's activities due to his high - profile status , he gradually becomes more directly linked to the Campus 's operations , aiding them from behind the scenes on occasion . Here , Ryan learns his elder son , Jack Jr. , is a field operative of the Campus . Ryan campaigns against Kealty in Locked On , facing off against him in various televised debates . It quickly becomes apparent that Ryan will win the election , as the majority of Americans had never entirely accepted Kealty .",
"11": "Despite the efforts of Paul Laska , a high - profile Czech - American billionaire and a devout enemy of Ryan , and key members of the Kealty administration who labelled Ryan 's longtime friend John Clark a fugitive in an effort to expose the Campus ( as well as tying Ryan to it by association ) , Ryan narrowly wins the election , overcoming all of Kealty 's efforts to harm him . The President - elect now prepares to undo the damage the Kealty administration has done . Ryan initially finds his return to the presidency easy and without struggle following his re-election , but things quickly start to take a turn for the worse . Angered by a contraction in economic growth , the majority of the People 's Republic of China Politburo Standing Committee members turn against their procapitalist President Wei Zhen Lin . Wei attempts to commit suicide when a coup is undertaken by other committee members . Only when Chairman Su Ke Qiang orders PLA tanks to defend Wei did he agree to promote and support Su 's expansionist policies , in exchange for Su 's ongoing protection . The expansionist policies - which include the annexation of Taiwan and the expansion of China 's territory into the South China Sea - are finally revealed to the world after several months . The Ryan administration is vehemently against the new policies , and President Ryan himself decides to take action by supporting Taiwan , along with India , Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Philippines , which would also be affected by an expansion of China 's territory . A devastating series of cyber attacks on American infrastructure occurs , enacted by the `` Ghost Ship '' - a Chinese state - sponsored version of the Campus , using assets of the Chinese Ministry of State Security and Divine Sword Special Forces . The attacks serve to compromise the nation 's national security apparatus and weaken the United States ' resolve . The Campus helps track the attacks to China , and local investigation pinpoints the exact building where the Ghost Ship is currently quartered . President Ryan orders the destruction of the building , decapitating China 's cyberwarfare abilities . Ryan makes contact with Wei and warns him that the cyber attacks are considered an act of war on China 's part . Wei repeatedly denies the claim , and reiterates he is supporting Su , though Ryan guesses correctly Su is controlling Wei since saving him from the attempted coup . Ryan appeals to Wei as a businessman to understand what he is doing will destroy China .",
"12": "After a lengthy , unusual pause , Wei responds that he must discuss Ryan 's claims with Su , providing exact details of when and where Su will be travelling to address the politburo in regards to the war effort . Ryan takes the information as a request from Wei to have the United States assassinate Su . A team from the Campus , with support from the Russian FSB , and working with a local rebel force in China , stages an attack on Su while he is traveling in a motorcade . Su is assassinated by a U.S. sniper , but the event is made to look like Su 's own men turned on him . Ryan announces a blockade of China 's oil supplies until the war effort is abandoned , calling upon Wei and the politburo to accept defeat . President Wei accepts that the expansionist movement has failed and the United States has won its second war with China , and decides to take his own life after realizing the politburo will move against him without Su 's protection . Wei botches the suicide by accidentally shooting himself in the cheek , but ends up choking to death on his own blood . Wei and Su 's deaths mark the end of the war in the South China Sea , and Ryan emerges the clear victor in the conflict . Ryan is featured prominently in Command Authority ; Ryan and his administration contend with the Russian Federation , currently led by their new President , Valeri Volodin . Volodin is established as a dedicated communist opposed to the West , seeking to restore Russia as a strengthened Soviet Union . Volodin moves to establish ties with Iran and China , reunify the nation 's state security services under the FSB , and most notably annex the Ukraine . Those opposed to his actions are replaced or assassinated by Russian government forces or elements of the `` Seven Strong Men '' , a Mafia group that is now easily the most powerful and dangerous criminal underworld faction in Russia . Later , when the FSB and SVR merged under the FSB 's banner , Volodin makes the announcement that FSB director Roman Romanovich Talanov , Volodin 's enigmatic enforcer , is the nation 's new intelligence chief .",
"13": "Sergey Golovko , having retired from the SVR and effectively exiled from Russia for acting as a high - profile Kremlin dissident against Volodin and his policies , succumbs to poisoning from a radioactive agent while at a private lunch at the White House . Ryan 's old friend dies the next day , but on his deathbed , Golovko relays his concerns of Talanov 's unknown background and mysterious connection to Volodin to Ryan . Ryan resolves to decipher Talanov 's history and work out his links to Volodin , hopeful the answers behind his swift rise to power can be used as leverage against Volodin . As armed conflict becomes increasingly likely , Ryan focuses on the growing armed standoff in the Ukraine and absorption of the Crimea , with the rest of the Ukraine facing imminent Russian invasion . An investigation following Golovko 's death implicates the SSM working with the FSB . It also possibly identifies Talanov as a mysterious ex-GRU assassin who operated for the KGB during the Cold War , code - named `` Zenith '' . Ryan is personally alarmed by these discoveries - he became involved in the Zenith affair in his time with the CIA as a MI6 liaison officer , during an investigation into a string of deaths in Berlin . Ryan ultimately sensed an unknown Russian operator was at work behind the events in Berlin , but he was encouraged by MI6 Director General Sir Basil Charleston to let it go . The mystery of Zenith was left unsolved for 30 years , and remained the sole remaining mystery of Ryan 's intelligence career . Operational assets of the Campus , with Jack Ryan Jr. leading the effort ( much to his father 's displeasure and trepidation for his safety ) , ultimately confirm Talanov was Zenith , and Volodin , a senior KGB officer at the time , still acts as his control officer . As young men , they were employed by members of the KGB and GRU leadership who knew the Soviet Union would eventually fall , but made a plan to survive and prosper in the chaotic aftermath , so they could seize control of the nation and turn it back to communism stronger than ever . After siphoning billions from Soviet programs to achieve it , Volodin double - crossed his co-conspirators and had Talanov kill them all so it would be theirs alone .",
"14": "Others were killed to maintain the safety of their black funds , including the bankers killed by Talanov during the Zenith affair so as to prevent exposure to the rest of the KGB . Talanov is also the secret leader of the Seven Strong Men , having been sent undercover with the SSM - placed in a gulag , Talanov worked his way up to become a charter member and leader of the Seven Strong Men , and through them become FSB director for the SSM 's benefit and control of the government , when in actuality the SSM was a tool for Volodin 's policies . These discoveries are made with the help of former MI5 officer Victor Oxley , `` Bedrock '' - an off - book MI5 asset who operated as an assassin during the Cold War in similar fashion to Talanov , aka Zenith . Oxley 's final mission before his disappearance was to hunt down and kill Zenith , but instead found Ryan Sr. about to be killed by a German Stasi team working with Zenith . Oxley interfered and saved Ryan 's life , but was captured , driven away to Russia , brutally tortured by the KGB , and then imprisoned in the same gulag where Talanov ultimately was placed , accidentally hearing of Talanov being Zenith from other inmates . Oxley and the Campus team confront his traitorous control officer Hugh Castor , who confirms the entire story and protected Volodin and Talanov 's secret in exchange for a cut of their black funds , but Castor gives up what he knows for protection by the American government , knowing Talanov will have realized Castor deceived him over the leverage he had . However , Talanov realizes this faster than Castor anticipated - he sends a Spetsnaz team to kill Castor and Oxley , the latter sacrificing himself for Jack Ryan Jr . As the Russian invasion force pushes into the Ukraine , the Campus team and Delta Force operators arrest Dmitri Nesterov , ( Gleb the Scar ) , an SSM capo who is Talanov 's second - in - command and who was behind Golovko 's poisoning .",
"15": "With Nesterov and the Campus 's acquired information in hand , Ryan makes contact with Volodin and confronts him with implications he could be politically destroyed by what he has learned about Zenith and Talanov 's ties to the SSM : claiming ( falsely ) to have suitable evidence gathered that will ruin his government and the invasion , and he must distance himself from Talanov as the Campus has exposed him as a government spy who has been using them all along . Volodin pulls back his troops ; in exchange , the United States keeps what evidence it has secret . Volodin also forces Talanov to resign from the FSB after his criminal dealings are made public and the SSM turns on him . Despite the promise of protection , Volodin allows Talanov to be killed - he is stabbed by a civilian member of his guard force on Nesterov 's orders ( having been encouraged by John Clark to have Talanov killed so he could succeed him ) . The stalemate of Russia and the United States is left ongoing . Ryan , at this time , is in his mid-sixties and world - famous ; and is looking forward to retirement back to the shores of Chesapeake Bay once and for all . Ryan is mentioned by title only in Support and Defend ; when a National Security Council staff member , Ethan Ross , is exposed by the FBI as a traitor responsible for leaking classified government information so as to weaken the administration 's connections with friendly governments . He proceeds to flee as a fugitive to Venezuela , with an intelligence cache with enough information to ruin the CIA . Ryan is said to have made Ross 's capture or death the government 's top priority , establishing him as America 's most wanted . Ryan 's nephew , FBI special agent and Campus operative Dominic Caruso , ultimately succeeds in killing Ross and securing the cache for the CIA , despite attempts by the Russian FSB and Iranian Quds Force to acquire it .",
"16": "Novels ( edit ) Jack Ryan series ( edit ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Patriot Games ( 1987 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1988 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) Debt of Honor ( 1994 ) Executive Orders ( 1996 ) The Bear and the Dragon ( 2000 ) Red Rabbit ( 2002 ) John Clark series ( edit ) All books are written by Tom Clancy . Without Remorse ( 1993 ) Rainbow Six ( 1998 ) Jack Ryan Jr. series ( edit ) The Teeth of the Tiger ( 2003 ) , by Tom Clancy Dead or Alive ( 2010 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Grant Blackwood Locked On ( 2011 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Mark Greaney Threat Vector ( 2012 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Mark Greaney Command Authority ( 2013 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Mark Greaney Support and Defend ( 2014 ) , by Mark Greaney Full Force and Effect ( 2014 ) , by Mark Greaney Under Fire ( 2015 ) , by Grant Blackwood Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) , by Mark Greaney Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) , by Grant Blackwood True Faith and Allegiance ( 2016 ) , by Mark Greaney Point of Contact ( 2017 ) , by Mike Maden Power and Empire ( 2017 ) , by Marc Cameron Chronological order ( edit ) In the order in which they occur in the storyline ( and when they occur ) : Without Remorse ( 1970 -- 71 , 1973 ) - Starts late 1970 , during clean - up of Hurricane Camille 's aftermath . Continues the following spring , in 1971 . This time frame is based on past - tense references to Operation KINGPIN , the real - life rescue attempt at the Song Tay POW camp in Vietnam ( November 1970 ) and by recurring references to the 1971 Major League Baseball season , in which Pittsburgh defeated Baltimore in the World Series . Jack Ryan 's father , Emmet Ryan a Baltimore police detective , is a prominent character .",
"17": "The Epilogue is titled `` February 12 , 1973 . Jack appears briefly in this novel . Patriot Games ( 1981 , based on a reference to Ryan 's age , which is 31 at the novel 's beginning . This roughly fits with a reference to the Princess of Wales expecting a baby ( Prince William was born in summer 1982 ) . Similarly , there is a specific reference to both 1985 and 1986 in the past tense , suggesting the events of the novel took place after these dates . ) Red Rabbit ( 1982 ) , summer , the KGB operation reference is 15 8 1982 - 666 and it is mentioned that this is the date the first message was sent about killing the Pope , also there is an inconsistency since Suslov is alive in the book , but he died in January 1982 , and described in the book actual Pope John Paul II assassination attempt took place May 13th 1981 . However , the book also makes references to the Baltimore Orioles winning the World Series with their `` new shortstop Ripken '' , which occurred in 1983 . The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1986 ) - The first chapter is set in January and states that Ryan is 35 years old . It also has references to the other books set earlier . For example , the Foleys have been in Moscow for almost four years . The book must begin ( not including a prologue set at the end of the previous year ) in January 1986 . Starting with the following novel , the series becomes distinctly different from real history as noted below . Clear and Present Danger ( 1988 ) - This novel , like all previous novels , refers to POTUS as `` the President '' instead of giving a name , allowing the materials in the novel to be `` inserted '' into history , but by the end of the novel , the nameless president has been replaced by someone with a name : Governor of Ohio Bob Fowler . The Sum of All Fears ( 1990 -- 91 ) -- Israel partially cedes sovereignty over Jerusalem to the Vatican and Saudi Arabia , and the city becomes a United Nations protectorate policed by Swiss Guards . Jerusalem 's residents can choose between either Vatican , Israeli , or Islamic judicial law .",
"18": "Denver is devastated by a terrorist nuclear explosion . The book occurs after the Persian Gulf War and before the USSR 's dissolution . While it is implied that both events occur at the same time in the Ryanverse as in actual history , 1991 , in the earlier chapters , it states that it had almost been two Novembers since President Fowler had been elected , making the beginning set in 1990 . Complicating the issue , though , is that the novels refer to Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush as past Presidents , though the nameless President and Fowler appear to serve during the time of these two Presidents . Debt of Honor ( 1995 -- 96 ) -- The U.S. and Russia destroy all of their ballistic missiles . After crippling the U.S. economy and becoming a nuclear power , Japan invades and takes the Marianas Islands ; the U.S. and Japan fight a brief war , which the Japanese lose ( they are subsequently denuclearized ) ; Executive Orders ( 1996 ) -- An embittered Japanese pilot and proponent of the war crashes a 747 into the U.S. Capitol Building immediately after Ryan 's confirmation as Vice President , killing most of Congress , the President , all nine Supreme Court justices , the senior military establishment ( including the Joint Chiefs of Staff ) , and most of the Cabinet . Ryan is left in charge of a gutted government . The end of the book occurs 11 months before the 1997 presidential inauguration . Of interest , but not crucial to the plot of this or further books , is that North and South Korea were said to be unified at some point between The Sum of All Fears and this book . The leader of Iraq is assassinated ; Iran and Iraq merge , forming the United Islamic Republic ; the UIR launches a biological attack on the U.S. using the Ebola virus ; the U.S. launches the second Persian Gulf War against the UIR , defeats them , and uses a smart bomb to kill the ayatollah . ( Contradiction : In The Bear and the Dragon , it states Ryan has been President for 15 months and that book occurs after Rainbow Six , which must occur 1999 - 2000 due to the Olympics in Sydney .",
"19": "This makes Executive Orders ( and Debt of Honor ) around 1999 , but this makes the gap with the previous books too large ) . Rainbow Six ( 1999 -- 2000 ) - events are based on the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , RAINBOW - an elite counter-terrorist force - is created and engages terrorists across Europe . Ecoterrorists plan to create a genetically enhanced virus based on Ebola and cancer cells , which they plan to use to wipe out much of the world 's population . The Bear and the Dragon ( 2002 ) -- Russia is admitted to NATO ; China and Russia fight a major war , in which the U.S. intervenes on Russia 's side . It implies that the British Prime Minister is Tony Blair . Ryan has won re-election as president ( 2001 ) . He refuses to run in the 2004 election , endorsing his vice president , Robby Jackson , as their party 's candidate . The Teeth of the Tiger ( late spring 2006 , based on the age of Jack Ryan Jr. and summer approaching at one point ) The U.S. is now engaged in a global war on terrorism , in response to the September 11th attacks which occurred in the Ryanverse as they did in the real world . The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq occurred in the Ryanverse continuity , and the Jerusalem treaty signed in The Sum of All Fears has failed , as Israelis and Palestinians went back to fighting each other . Dead or Alive ( 2007 ) - A character also explicitly refers to the date as May 2010 , in the process of decoding encrypted messages , but this must be seen as a contradiction , as Ed Kealty is president and only for one term . In accordance with the Jack Ryan continuity , Kealty must be president in the term 2005 - 2009 . Locked On ( 2008 ) - Jack Ryan is running for president again . Since it is only possible for Kealty to serve one term per the rules of the Constitution , that term must be from 2005 to 2009 . The election happens in this book , too , making it only possible that the events take place in 2008 . Threat Vector ( 2009 ) - Ryan has been sworn in as President of the United States after having been elected the previous year .",
"20": "The Siberian War with China is said to have happened `` seven years '' prior , thus making The Bear and the Dragon around 2002 , not 2000 as originally thought . Command Authority ( 2013 ) Support and Defend ( 2014 - 07 ) Full Force and Effect ( 2014 - 12 ) Under Fire ( 2015 ) Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) True Faith and Allegiance ( 2016 ) Point of Contact ( 2017 ) , by Mike Maden Power and Empire ( 2017 ) , by Marc Cameron List of books in the Ryan - verse 1970 - 71 : Without Remorse ( John Clark # 1 ) 1981 : Patriot Games ( Jack Ryan # 1 ) 1982 : Red Rabbit ( Jack Ryan # 2 ) 1984 : The Hunt for Red October ( Jack Ryan # 3 ) 1986 : The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( Jack Ryan # 4 ) 1988 : Clear and Present Danger ( Jack Ryan # 5 ) 1990 - 91 : The Sum of All Fears ( Jack Ryan # 6 ) 1995 - 96 : Debt of Honor ( Jack Ryan # 7 ) 1996 : Executive Orders ( Jack Ryan # 8 ) 1999 - 2000 : Rainbow Six ( John Clark # 2 ) 2002 : The Bear and the Dragon ( Jack Ryan # 9 ) 2006 : Teeth of the Tiger ( Campus # 1 ) 2007 : Dead or Alive ( Campus # 2 ) 2008 : Locked On ( Campus # 3 ) 2009 : Threat Vector ( Campus # 4 ) Command Authority ( Jack Ryan # 10 ) Support and Defend ( Campus # 5 ) Full Force and Effect ( Jack Ryan # 11 ) Under Fire ( Campus # 6 ) Commander in Chief ( Jack Ryan # 12 ) In other media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Main article : Jack Ryan ( film series ) Five films based on Clancy novels featuring Jack Ryan have been produced . The movie portraying the earliest incarnation of Ryan ( fifth film chronologically ) is titled Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit and stars Chris Pine .",
"21": "Released on January 17 , 2014 , it follows Ryan 's move from his accident in the Marines into his CIA career . Jack Ryan is also portrayed by Alec Baldwin in the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October , Harrison Ford in Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , and Ben Affleck in the 2002 film The Sum of All Fears . In the novels , Patriot Games occurs before The Hunt for Red October , though the order was reversed in the film versions . Additionally , The Sum of All Fears is not part of Baldwin / Ford series , but rather an intended reboot of the franchise which departs significantly from the chronology of the novels . It takes place in 2002 , whereas the novel takes place in 1991 / 1992 . Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit is a second reboot of the franchise and departs from all previous films . Television ( edit ) Main article : Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan It was announced by Deadline that Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland will be working with Michael Bay and his production company Platinum Dunes and Paramount Television on a Jack Ryan TV series for Amazon . On April 29 , 2016 , Deadline announced that John Krasinski will star as Jack Ryan in the series . On August 16 , 2016 , Amazon Studios announced they had given a series order for a 10 - episode first season of Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan . On November 4 , 2016 , Abbie Cornish was cast as Cathy Muller in the series . On January 6 , 2017 , it was reported that Morten Tyldum will direct the pilot . In February 2017 , it was announced that The Americans director Daniel Sackheim would direct multiple episodes and produce the series . The series is set to premiere in March 2018 , and is said to be inspired by the Harrison Ford Jack Ryan films . Video Games ( edit ) Many video games based on the series have been made , some based on the novels , some on the films , and some on the spin - offs .",
"22": "The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The 1987 video game is based on the book The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) The 1990 video game is based on the film The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) The 2002 video game is based on the film In addition , Ryan is a featured character in many of the Rainbow Six universe video games . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Jack ( hero ) John Clark Domingo Chavez Jack Ryan Jr . List of fictional U.S. Presidents References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` John Krasinski To Star In ' Jack Ryan ' Amazon TV Series From Carlton Cuse & Paramount TV '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Monarchy Today > Queen and public > Honours > Knighthoods '' . The official website of the British Monarchy . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Clancy , Tom ( 1996 ) . Executive Orders ( Berkley mass market ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Berkley Books . pp. 861 & 871 . ISBN 9780425158630 . Jump up ^ Andreva , Nellie ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jack Ryan TV Series From Carlton Cuse , Michael Bay 's Platinum Dunes & Paramount Chased By Nets '' . Jump up ^ Andreva , Nellie ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' TV Series From Carlton Cuse & Paramount TV Lands At Amazon '' . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon greenlights 10 episodes of John Krasinki 's Jack Ryan series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 3 , 2016 ) .",
"23": "`` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Abbie Cornish Cast As Female Lead In Amazon Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : ' Passengers ' Morten Tyldum To Direct Amazon Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dan Sackheim Joins ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' As Director & Executive Producer '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' : Amazon 's TV Series Is Inspired by the Harrison Ford Movies , Debuts March 2018 '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Clancy , Tom ( 1984 ) . Hunt for Red October , The . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 285 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1987 ) . Patriot Games . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13241 - 4 . Clancy , Tom ( 1988 ) . Cardinal of the Kremlin , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13345 - 3 . Clancy , Tom ( 1989 ) . Clear and Present Danger . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13440 - 9 . Clancy , Tom ( 1991 ) . Sum of All Fears , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13615 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1993 ) . Without Remorse . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13825 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1994 ) .",
"24": "Debt of Honor . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13954 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1996 ) . Executive Orders . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14218 - 5 . Clancy , Tom ( 1998 ) . Rainbow Six . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14390 - 4 . Clancy , Tom ( 2000 ) . Bear and the Dragon , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14563 - X . Clancy , Tom ( 2002 ) . Red Rabbit . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14870 - 1 . Clancy , Tom ( 2003 ) . Teeth of the Tiger , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15079 - X .",
"25": "Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan fictional universe Novels by Tom Clancy The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Patriot Games ( 1987 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1988 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) Without Remorse ( 1993 ) Debt of Honor ( 1994 ) Executive Orders ( 1996 ) Rainbow Six ( 1998 ) The Bear and the Dragon ( 2000 ) Red Rabbit ( 2002 ) The Teeth of the Tiger ( 2003 ) Dead or Alive ( 2010 ) Locked On ( 2011 ) Threat Vector ( 2012 ) Command Authority ( 2013 ) by Mark Greaney Support and Defend ( 2014 ) Full Force and Effect ( 2014 ) Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) by Grant Blackwood Under Fire ( 2015 ) Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) Film series The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) Patriot Games ( 1992 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Television series Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Video games The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 , Amiga ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1991 , NES ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Characters Jack Ryan John Clark Red October Media franchises developed by Tom Clancy Jack Ryan Rainbow Six Ghost Recon Splinter Cell Power Plays Op - Center Net Force Net Force Explorers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"26": "php?title=Jack_Ryan_(character)&oldid=822360531 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1984 Characters in American novels of the 20th century Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters from Baltimore Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel Fictional historians Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional Presidents of the United States Fictional professors Fictional United States independent politicians Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Fictional United States National Security Advisors Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Tom Clancy characters Ryanverse characters Thriller film characters Action film characters Spy film characters Fictional accountants Fictional people in finance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Malagasy 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 22 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7941948650465895222
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who gave the famous objective co relative theory
|
[
"T.S. Eliot",
"T.S. Eliot",
"T.S. Eliot",
"poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot",
"T.S. Eliot"
] |
{
"0": "Objective correlative - wikipedia Objective correlative Jump to : navigation , search An objective correlative is a literary term referring to an objective as well symbolic article used to correlate explicit , rather than implicit , access to traditionally inexplicable concepts such as emotion or color . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory 2 Origin of terminology 3 Criticisms 4 Examples 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Theory ( edit ) The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot , who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics . Helping define the objective correlative , Eliot 's essay `` Hamlet and His Problems '' , republished in his book The Sacred Wood : Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare 's incomplete development of Hamlet 's emotions in the play Hamlet . Eliot uses Lady Macbeth 's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : `` The artistic ' inevitability ' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion ... . '' , as a contrast to Hamlet . According to Eliot , the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him . The objective correlative 's purpose is to express the character 's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory : An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as `` ... perhaps little more than the ancient distinction ( first made by Plato ) between mimesis and diegesis ... . '' ( 28 ) . According to Formalist critics , this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author 's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work . The `` occasion '' of E. Montale is a further form of correlative . Origin of terminology ( edit ) The term was first coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston ( 1779 - 1843 ) , was introduced by T.S.",
"1": "Eliot , rather casually , into his essay `` Hamlet and His Problems '' ( 1919 ) ; its subsequent vogue in literary criticism , Eliot said , astonished him . In `` Hamlet and His Problems '' , Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience : `` The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an `` objective correlative '' ; in other words , a set of objects , a situation , a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion ; such that when the external facts , which must terminate in sensory experience , are given , the emotion is immediately evoked . '' It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as `` most certainly an artistic failure '' : Eliot felt that Hamlet 's strong emotions `` exceeded the facts '' of the play , which is to say they were not supported by an `` objective correlative '' . He acknowledged that such a circumstance is `` something which every person of sensibility has known '' ; but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically , `` Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him '' . Criticisms ( edit ) One possible criticism of Eliot 's theory includes his assumption that an author 's intentions concerning expression will be understood in one way only . This point is stated by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb 's `` New Reference Works in Literary Theory '' with these words : `` Eliot argues that there is a verbal formula for any given state of emotion which , when found and used , will evoke that state and no other . '' Examples ( edit ) A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled , The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry : The piercing chill I feel : my dead wife 's comb , in our bedroom , under my heel ... In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys , songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me . He makes reference to T.S. Eliot 's topic , `` the Objective Correlative '' , as the subject being every girl , or any girl .",
"2": "In adherence to this reference , the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience , and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation , and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation . See also ( edit ) Affect Pathetic fallacy Thing theory Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. `` '' Hamlet and His Problems . '' The Sacred Wood `` . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Objective Correlative , March 31 , 2015 , retrieved April 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Clint ( Director ) ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Jersey Boys ( Motion picture ) . United States : MK Films , Malpaso Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) Barry , Peter : Beginning Theory . An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory . 2nd ed . New York : Manchester University Press , 2002 . Eliot , T.S. `` Hamlet and His Problems . '' 5 April . 2007 . http://www.bartleby.com/200/sw9.html . Goldfarb , David A. `` New Reference Works in Literary Theory . '' Conference : a journal of philosophy and theory , 1995 . 9 April 2007 . http://www.echonyc.com/~goldfarb/encyc.htm . Heehler , Tom . The Well - Spoken Thesaurus : The Objective Correlative and Barbara Kingsolver . Sourcebooks , 2011 . Vivas , Eliseo , The Objective Correlative of T.S. Eliot , reprinted in Critiques and Essays in Criticism , ed . Robert W. Stallman ( 1949 ) . Witkoski , Michael . `` The bottle that is n't there and the duck that ca n't be heard : The ' subjective correlative ' in commercial messages . '' Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education . Vol. 3 . Toronto : Toronto Press , 2003 . 9 April 2007 .",
"3": "http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue11/witkoskifulltext.html . External links ( edit ) Objective Correlative at Literary Encyclopedia ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Objective_correlative&oldid=830704450 '' Categories : Literary theory T.S. Eliot Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 13 : 20 . About Wikipedia",
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what is the meaning of the name mandy
|
[
"Lovable",
"Lovable",
"Lovable",
"Lovable"
] |
{
"0": "Mandy ( name ) - wikipedia Mandy ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search Mandy Pronunciation MAN - dee Gender Female Origin Word / name English Meaning Lovable Other names Related names Amanda , Miranda , Amandus , Mandel , Emmanuel , Manda , Mandie , Mandi Mandy can be used as a given name , a diminutive , or a nickname , for both female and male genders . It is often used as a diminutive ( i.e. short form , see hypocorism ) of the female names Amanda or Miranda , or as a given name in its own right . It is also used as a nickname for the male names Armand , Armando , Mandel or Emmanuel . Variants , for both male and female , include Mandi , Mandie and Manda . Its usage as a popular female name can be traced back to at least the beginning of the 20th century , with the song `` Mandy '' by Irving Berlin in 1919 , and the Joyce Lankester Brisley 's children 's books of Milly - Molly - Mandy in the 1920s . The pop song `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow ( 1974 ) and the Irish boyband Westlife ( 2003 ) speak to the resurgent popularity of the name in recent times . Given name ( edit ) Women Mandy Aftel , American perfumer Mandy Boyd ( born 1991 ) , New Zealand lawn bowls player Mandy Bruno ( born 1982 ) , American actress Mandy Butcher ( born 1986 ) , Canadian actress Mandy Capristo ( born 1990 ) , German singer Mandy Cho ( born 1982 ) , American - born beauty contestant and actress in Hong Kong Mandy Clark ( born 1982 ) , American voice actress Mandy Coon , American fashion designer Mandy Davies ( born 1966 ) , British former Olympic field hockey player Mandie Fletcher ( born 1954 ) , English television and film director Mandie Godliman ( born 1973 ) , English Test cricketer Mandy Gonzalez , American stage actress Mandy Grunwald ( born 1958 ) ,",
"1": "American political strategist Mandy Haase ( born 1982 ) , German Olympic field hockey player Mandy Haberman ( born 1956 ) , British inventor and entrepreneur Mandy Harvey ( born 1988 ) , American deaf jazz musician Mandy de Jongh ( born 1961 ) , Dutch former taekwondo champion Mandy Leach ( born 1979 ) , Zimbabwean former Olympic swimmer Mandy Maywood ( born 1974 ) , Australian former Paralympic swimmer Mandy McCartin ( born 1958 ) , British artist Mandy Minella ( born 1985 ) , Luxembourgish professional tennis player Mandy Mulder ( born 1987 ) , Dutch champion sailor Mandy Ord ( born 1974 ) , Australian comic artist Mandy Planert ( born 1975 ) , German former slalom canoer Mandy Sellars ( born 1975 ) , British woman possibly afflicted by Proteus syndrome Mandy Stadtmiller ( born 1975 ) , American writer , commedienne and newspaper columnist Mandy Van Deven ( born 1980 ) , American feminist writer and activist Mandy Walker ( born 1963 ) , Australian cinematographer Mandy Wötzel ( born 1973 ) , German champion figure skater Mandy Wright ( born 1977 ) , American educator and politician Men Mandy Juruni ( born 1967 ) , Ugandan basketball coach Mandy Yachad ( born 1960 ) , Soth African cricketer and field hockey player Nickname ( edit ) Women Amanda Mandy Barnett ( born 1975 ) , American country music singer Amanda Mandy Chessell ( born c.",
"2": "1965 ) , British computer scientist Mandy Nga - man Chiang ( born 1982 ) , Hong Kong pop singer and actress Amanda Mandy Clemens ( born 1978 ) , American former soccer player Amanda Mandy Drennan ( born 1988 ) , Australian former Paralympic swimmer Amanda Mandy Hager ( born 1960 ) , New Zealand children 's book author Amanda Mandy Johnstone ( born 1972 ) , Australian politician Amanda Mandy Loots ( born 1976 ) , South African former Olympic swimmer Carmen Mandy Miller ( born 1944 ) , British actress , child star of the 1952 film Mandy Amanda Mandy Moore ( born 1984 ) , American pop singer Marilyn Mandy Rice - Davies ( born 1944 ) , British model Amanda Mandy Smith ( born 1970 ) , British pop singer , model and actress Amanda Mandy Smith ( field hockey ) ( born 1972 ) , New Zealander former Olympic field hockey player Mandy Tam Heung - man ( born 1957 ) , Hong Kong politician , tax advisor and newspaper columnist Amanda Mandy Ventrice ( born 1985 ) , American recording artist Mandy Zhìwén Wong ( born 1982 ) , Hong Kong actress Men Steve Hill ( footballer ) ( 1940 - 2010 ) , British footballer Mandy Lion ( born c. 1970 ) , German heavy metal singer Peter Mandelson ( born 1953 ) , British Labour politician Norman Mandy Mitchell - Innes ( 1914 - 2006 ) , English cricketer Mandel Mandy Patinkin ( born 1952 ) , American actor Armando Mandy Romero ( born 1967 ) , American baseball player Fictional characters ( edit ) Mandy ( 24 character ) , a professional assassin in the American TV series 24 Mandy ( Billy & Mandy ) , in the American animated TV series The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Mandy ( Totally Spies ) , in the French and Canadian animated TV series Totally Spies !",
"3": "Mandy Hampton , in the American TV series The West Wing Mandy Hutchinson , in the British TV series Hollyoaks Mandy Garland , in the British film `` Mandy '' ( 1952 ) Mandy Dingle , in the British TV series Emmerdale Mandy Salter , in the British TV series EastEnders This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandy_(name)&oldid=804597763 '' Categories : Given names Feminine given names Lists of people by nickname Hypocorisms Masculine given names Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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paleomagnetism is a dating method based on changes in the earth's polarity as demonstrated by
|
[
"volcanic and sedimentary rock sequences (magnetostratigraphy)"
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"0": "Paleomagnetism - wikipedia Paleomagnetism Jump to : navigation , search This term is also sometimes used for natural remanent magnetization . Magnetic stripes are the result of reversals of the Earth 's field and seafloor spreading . New oceanic crust is magnetized as it forms and then it moves away from the ridge in both directions . The models show a ridge ( a ) about 5 million years ago ( b ) about 2 to 3 million years ago and ( c ) in the present . Paleomagnetism ( or palaeomagnetism in the United Kingdom ) is the study of the record of the Earth 's magnetic field in rocks , sediment , or archeological materials . Certain minerals in rocks lock - in a record of the direction and intensity of the magnetic field when they form . This record provides information on the past behavior of Earth 's magnetic field and the past location of tectonic plates . The record of geomagnetic reversals preserved in volcanic and sedimentary rock sequences ( magnetostratigraphy ) provides a time - scale that is used as a geochronologic tool . Geophysicists who specialize in paleomagnetism are called paleomagnetists . Paleomagnetists led the revival of the continental drift hypothesis and its transformation into plate tectonics . Apparent polar wander paths provided the first clear geophysical evidence for continental drift , while marine magnetic anomalies did the same for seafloor spreading . Paleomagnetism continues to extend the history of plate tectonics back in time and are applied to the movement of continental fragments , or terranes . Paleomagnetism relied heavily on new developments in rock magnetism , which in turn has provided the foundation for new applications of magnetism . These include biomagnetism , magnetic fabrics ( used as strain indicators in rocks and soils ) , and environmental magnetism .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Fields of paleomagnetism 3 Principles of remanent magnetization 3.1 Thermoremanent magnetization 3.2 Detrital remanent magnetization 3.3 Chemical remanent magnetization 3.4 Isothermal remanent magnetization 3.5 Viscous remanent magnetization 4 Paleomagnetic procedure 4.1 Collecting samples on land 5 Applications 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of geomagnetism As early as the 18th century , it was noticed that compass needles deviated near strongly magnetized outcrops . In 1797 , Von Humboldt attributed this magnetization to lightning strikes ( and lightning strikes do often magnetize surface rocks ) . In the 19th century studies of the direction of magnetization in rocks showed that some recent lavas were magnetized parallel to the Earth 's magnetic field . Early in the 20th century , work by David , Brunhes and Mercanton showed that many rocks were magnetized antiparallel to the field . Japanese geophysicist Motonori Matuyama showed that the Earth 's magnetic field reversed in the mid-Quaternary , a reversal now known as the Brunhes - Matuyama reversal . The British physicist P.M.S. Blackett provided a major impetus to paleomagnetism by inventing a sensitive astatic magnetometer in 1956 . His intent was to test his theory that the geomagnetic field was related to the Earth 's rotation , a theory that he ultimately rejected ; but the astatic magnetometer became the basic tool of paleomagnetism and led to a revival of the theory of continental drift . Alfred Wegener first proposed in 1915 that continents had once been joined together and had since moved apart . Although he produced an abundance of circumstantial evidence , his theory met with little acceptance for two reasons : ( 1 ) no mechanism for continental drift was known , and ( 2 ) there was no way to reconstruct the movements of the continents over time . Keith Runcorn and Edward A. Irving constructed apparent polar wander paths for Europe and North America .",
"2": "These curves diverged , but could be reconciled if it was assumed that the continents had been in contact up to 200 million years ago . This provided the first clear geophysical evidence for continental drift . Then in 1963 , Morley , Vine and Matthews showed that marine magnetic anomalies provided evidence for seafloor spreading . Fields of paleomagnetism ( edit ) Paleomagnetism is studied on a number of scales : Secular variation studies look at small - scale changes in the direction and intensity of the Earth 's magnetic field . The magnetic north pole is constantly shifting relative to the axis of rotation of the Earth . Magnetism is a vector and so magnetic field variation is made up of palaeodirectional measurements of magnetic declination and magnetic inclination and palaeointensity measurements . Earth 's magnetic polarity reversals in last 5 million years . Dark regions represent normal polarity ( same as present field ) ; light regions represent reversed polarity . Magnetostratigraphy uses the polarity reversal history of the Earth 's magnetic field recorded in rocks to determine the age of those rocks . Reversals have occurred at irregular intervals throughout Earth history . The age and pattern of these reversals is known from the study of sea floor spreading zones and the dating of volcanic rocks . Principles of remanent magnetization ( edit ) The study of paleomagnetism is possible because iron - bearing minerals such as magnetite may record past directions of the Earth 's magnetic field . Magnetic signatures in rocks can be recorded by several different mechanisms . Thermoremanent magnetization ( edit ) Main article : Thermoremanent magnetization Iron - titanium oxide minerals in basalt and other igneous rocks may preserve the direction of the Earth 's magnetic field when the rocks cool through the Curie temperatures of those minerals . The Curie temperature of magnetite , a spinel - group iron oxide , is about 580 ° C , whereas most basalt and gabbro are completely crystallized at temperatures below 900 ° C. Hence , the mineral grains are not rotated physically to align with the Earth 's field , but rather they may record the orientation of that field . The record so preserved is called a thermoremanent magnetization ( TRM ) .",
"3": "Because complex oxidation reactions may occur as igneous rocks cool after crystallization , the orientations of the Earth 's magnetic field are not always accurately recorded , nor is the record necessarily maintained . Nonetheless , the record has been preserved well enough in basalts of the ocean crust to have been critical in the development of theories of sea floor spreading related to plate tectonics . TRM can also be recorded in pottery kilns , hearths , and burned adobe buildings . The discipline based on the study of thermoremanent magnetisation in archaeological materials is called archaeomagnetic dating . Detrital remanent magnetization ( edit ) In a completely different process , magnetic grains in sediments may align with the magnetic field during or soon after deposition ; this is known as detrital remanent magnetization ( DRM ) . If the magnetization is acquired as the grains are deposited , the result is a depositional detrital remanent magnetization ( dDRM ) ; if it is acquired soon after deposition , it is a post-depositional detrital remanent magnetization ( pDRM ) . Chemical remanent magnetization ( edit ) See also : Chemical remanent magnetization In a third process , magnetic grains grow during chemical reactions , and record the direction of the magnetic field at the time of their formation . The field is said to be recorded by chemical remanent magnetization ( CRM ) . A common form of chemical remanent magnetization is held by the mineral hematite , another iron oxide . Hematite forms through chemical oxidation reactions of other minerals in the rock including magnetite . Redbeds , clastic sedimentary rocks ( such as sandstones ) are red because of hematite that formed during sedimentary diagenesis . The CRM signatures in redbeds can be quite useful and they are common targets in magnetostratigraphy studies . Isothermal remanent magnetization ( edit ) See also : Remanence Remanence that is acquired at a fixed temperature is called isothermal remanent magnetization ( IRM ) . Remanence of this sort is not useful for paleomagnetism , but it can be acquired as a result of lightning strikes . Lightning - induced remanent magnetization can be distinguished by its high intensity and rapid variation in direction over scales of centimeters .",
"4": "IRM is often induced in drill cores by the magnetic field of the steel core barrel . This contaminant is generally parallel to the barrel , and most of it can be removed by heating up to about 400 °C or demagnetizing in a small alternating field . In the laboratory , IRM is induced by applying fields of various strengths and is used for many purposes in rock magnetism . Viscous remanent magnetization ( edit ) Main article : Viscous remanent magnetization Viscous remanent magnetization is remanence that is acquired by ferromagnetic materials by sitting in a magnetic field for some time . Paleomagnetic procedure ( edit ) Collecting samples on land ( edit ) The oldest rocks on the ocean floor are 200 mya -- very young when compared with the oldest continental rocks , which date from 3.8 billion years ago . In order to collect paleomagnetic data dating beyond 200 mya , scientists turn to magnetite - bearing samples on land to reconstruct the Earth 's ancient field orientation . Paleomagnetists , like many geologists , gravitate towards outcrops because layers of rock are exposed . Road cuts are a convenient man - made source of outcrops . `` And everywhere , in profusion along this half mile of ( roadcut ) , there are small , neatly cored holes ... appears to be a Hilton for wrens and purple martins . '' There are two main goals of sampling : Retrieve samples with accurate orientations , and Reduce statistical uncertainty . One way to achieve the first goal is to use a rock coring drill that has a pipe tipped with diamond bits . The drill cuts a cylindrical space around some rock . This can be messy -- the drill must be cooled with water , and the result is mud spewing out of the hole . Into this space is inserted another pipe with compass and inclinometer attached . These provide the orientations . Before this device is removed , a mark is scratched on the sample . After the sample is broken off , the mark can be augmented for clarity . Applications ( edit ) Paleomagnetic evidence , both reversals and polar wandering data , was instrumental in verifying the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics in the 1960s and 1970s .",
"5": "Some applications of paleomagnetic evidence to reconstruct histories of terranes have continued to arouse controversies . Paleomagnetic evidence is also used in constraining possible ages for rocks and processes and in reconstructions of the deformational histories of parts of the crust . Reversal magnetostratigraphy is often used to estimate the age of sites bearing fossils and hominin remains . Conversely , for a fossil of known age , the paleomagnetic data can fix the latitude at which the fossil was laid down . Such a paleolatitude provides information about the geological environment at the time of deposition . Paleomagnetic studies are combined with geochronological methods to determine absolute ages for rocks in which the magnetic record is preserved . For igneous rocks such as basalt , commonly used methods include potassium -- argon and argon -- argon geochronology . Scientists in New Zealand have found that they are able to figure out the Earth 's past magnetic field changes by studying 700 - to 800 - year - old steam ovens , or hangi , used by the Maori for cooking food . See also ( edit ) Book : Geomagnetism Geophysics Magnetochemistry Paleoclimate Plate reconstruction Rock magnetism Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ W. Jacquelyne , Kious ; Robert I. , Tilling ( 2001 ) . `` Developing the theory '' . This dynamic earth : the story of plate tectonics ( online edition version 1.20 ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Geological Survey . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048220 - 8 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glen 1982 ^ Jump up to : McElhinny 2000 Jump up ^ Glen , William ( 1982 ) . The Road to Jaramillo : Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science . Stanford University Press . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1119 - 4 . Jump up ^ Runcorn , S.K. ( 1956 ) . `` Paleomagnetic comparisons between Europe and North America '' . Proc. Geol . Assoc . Canada .",
"6": "8 : 77 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Irving , E. ( 1956 ) . `` Paleomagnetic and palaeoclimatological aspects of polar wandering '' . Geofis . Pura . Appl. 33 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 41 . Bibcode : 1956GeoPA ... 33 ... 23I . doi : 10.1007 / BF02629944 . Jump up ^ Herries , A.I.R. ; Adams , J.W. ; Kuykendall , K.L. ; Shaw , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Speleology and magnetobiostratigraphic chronology of the GD 2 locality of the Gondolin hominin - bearing paleocave deposits , North West Province , South Africa '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 51 ( 6 ) : 617 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2006.07. 007 . PMID 16949648 . Jump up ^ `` Detrital Remanent Magnetization ( DRM ) '' . MagWiki : A Magnetic Wiki for Earth Scientists . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tauxe , Lisa ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Chemical remanent magnetization '' . Essentials of Paleomagnetism : Web Edition 3.0 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunlop & Özdemir 1997 Jump up ^ McPhee & 1988 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Tauxe 1998 Jump up ^ Herries , A.I.R. ; Kovacheva , M. ; Kostadinova , M. ; Shaw , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Archaeo - directional and - intensity data from burnt structures at the Thracian site of Halka Bunar ( Bulgaria ) : The effect of magnetic mineralogy , temperature and atmosphere of heating in antiquity '' . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 162 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 199 -- 216 .",
"7": "Bibcode : 2007PEPI ... 162 ... 199H . doi : 10.1016 / j. pepi. 2007.04. 006 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Maori stones hold magnetic clues '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Paleomagnetic dating Butler , Robert F. ( 1992 ) . Paleomagnetism : Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes . Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 86542 - 070 - X . Archived from the original on 1999 - 02 - 18 . Dunlop , David J. ; Özdemir , Özden ( 1997 ) . Rock Magnetism : Fundamentals and Frontiers . Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 32514 - 5 . Glen , William ( 1982 ) . The Road to Jaramillo : Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1119 - 4 . McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 2000 ) . Paleomagnetism : Continents and Oceans . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 483355 - 1 . McPhee , John ( 1998 ) . Annals of the Former World . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 10520 - 0 . Tauxe , Lisa ( 2010 ) . Essentials of Paleomagnetism . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 26031 - 7 . Tauxe , Lisa ( 1998 ) . Paleomagnetic Principles and Practice . Kluwer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 5258 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Geomagnetism & Paleomagnetism background material Paleomagnetic Data from NGDC / WDC Boulder The Great Magnet ,",
"8": "The Earth Paleomagnetic database at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ( MagIC ) Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section",
"9": "and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium -- neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Geophysics Overview Outline Geophysicists Subfields Geophysical fluid dynamics Geodesy Geodynamics Geomagnetism Mathematical geophysics Mineral physics Near - surface geophysics Paleomagnetism Seismology Tectonophysics Physical phenomena Chandler wobble Coriolis effect Earth 's magnetic field Geodynamo Geothermal gradient Gravity of Earth Mantle convection Precession of the equinoxes Seismic wave Tides Organizations American Geophysical Union American Meteorological Society Canadian Geophysical Union Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society",
"10": "European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers European Geosciences Union International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Royal Astronomical Society Society of Exploration Geophysicists Seismological Society of America NDL : 00566800 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleomagnetism&oldid=810405536 '' Categories : Historical geology Geochronological dating methods Paleomagnetism Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7597904008926513146
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what happened to the actor who played frost on rizzoli and isles
|
[
"committed suicide",
"Lee Thompson Young"
] |
{
"0": "Lee Thompson Young - wikipedia Lee Thompson Young Jump to : navigation , search Lee Thompson Young Young in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( 2008 ) ( 1984 - 02 - 01 ) February 1 , 1984 Columbia , South Carolina , U.S. August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) ( aged 29 ) Los Angeles , California Cause of death Multiple gunshot suicide Resting place Lakeview Memorial Gardens York , South Carolina Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- 2013 Lee Thompson Young ( February 1 , 1984 -- August 19 , 2013 ) was an American actor . He was known for his teenage role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) . His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series Rizzoli & Isles ( 2010 -- 14 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Early life Young was born in Columbia , South Carolina , the son of Velma Elaine ( née Love ) and Tommy Scott Young . He was in the second grade when his parents ' marriage ended , and he went to live with his mother . At age ten , he portrayed Martin Luther King in a play called A Night of Stars and Dreams by Dwight Woods , and the Phillis Wheatley Repertory Theater of Greenville , South Carolina . It was then that Young decided he wanted to become an actor . Career Young moved to New York City in June 1996 , but it was not until the next year that he auditioned for the part of Jett Jackson in The Famous Jett Jackson . He filmed the pilot and found out in June 1998 from the Disney Channel that the show had been picked up ; it later went on to become a Disney Channel Original Movie in June 2001 . Young also starred in Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) , another Disney Channel Original Movie , as Sam Sterling .",
"1": "The movie was successful , but he did not reprise the role in the sequel , Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) . After the cancellation of The Famous Jett Jackson , Young had guest spots in the CBS series The Guardian . He also had a part in the movie Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) , portraying Chris Comer , and a part in the Jamie Foxx movie Redemption : The Stan Tookie Williams Story ( 2004 ) . Lee appeared on UPN 's TV drama series South Beach , and he portrayed Victor Stone ( known in DC Comics as Cyborg ) in a fifth - season episode of the television series Smallville , in 2006 ; which character he reprised in the Season Six episode `` Justice '' ( airdate January 18 , 2007 ) , and again in the Season Nine finale `` Salvation '' ( airdate May 14 , 2010 ) . Young appeared in the feature film Akeelah and the Bee ( 2006 ) , playing Akeelah 's brother Devon . He played National Guard rookie , Delmar , in The Hills Have Eyes 2 ( 2007 ) . In 2009 , Young played a cocky surgical intern in the hit comedy show Scrubs . It is revealed that his character was an overweight child . The character becomes involved in a romance with one of the medical interns . Young played the role of Al Gough , an FBI agent , in the ABC television drama FlashForward . He was written off the show in episode 7 , when his character committed suicide to prevent the death of an innocent civilian . His last acting role was playing Barry Frost , partner of Jane Rizzoli ( Angie Harmon ) on the TNT drama Rizzoli & Isles , and he made an appearance on the Fox drama The Good Guys as the brother and business partner of an arms dealer . Personal life Young graduated with Honors from the University of Southern California , where he majored in Cinematic Arts and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . Young enjoyed writing and wrote the screenplay for the 2007 short film Mano . Death On August 19 , 2013 , Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles . Police were called to do a well - being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment , where he was found dead .",
"2": "His manager stated the actor had committed suicide . Police confirmed the cause of death as a self - inflicted gunshot wound . Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder , for which he had been taking medication , and had been suffering from depression before his death . After funeral services at Inglewood Park Cemetery , Young was interred at Lakeview Memorial Garden , York , South Carolina . A three - hour memorial service was held on the Paramount Studios lot . Young 's family launched the Lee Thompson Young Foundation in an effort to help remove the stigma surrounding mental illness .",
"3": "Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Friday Night Lights Chris Comer 2006 Akeelah and the Bee Devon Anderson 2007 Hills Have Eyes 2 , The The Hills Have Eyes 2 Delmar 2007 Mano Machito Short film Bastard Passenger 1 Short film 2012 Just an American Curtiss Jackson Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 -- 2001 Famous Jett Jackson , The The Famous Jett Jackson Jett Jackson / Silverstone Lead role ( 65 episodes ) 1999 Johnny Tsunami Sam Sterling Movie 2001 Jett Jackson : The Movie Jett Jackson / Silverstone Movie 2002 Philly Steven Hicks Episode : `` There 's No Business Like No Business '' 2002 Guardian , The The Guardian Levi Mooney 5 episodes 2003 Jake 2.0 Prince Malik Namir Episode : `` The Prince and the Revolution '' 2003 The Jersey Himself Episode : `` Origins : Part 2 '' Redemption : The Stan Tookie Williams Story Charles Becnel Movie Proud Family , The The Proud Family Teen Bebe ( voice ) Episode : `` Twins to Tweens '' 2004 -- 2005 Xiaolin Showdown Jermaine ( voice ) 2 episodes 2005 Kevin Hill Levi Episode : `` Homeland Insecurity '' 2006 South Beach Alex Bauer 5 episodes 2006 -- 07 , 2010 Smallville Victor Stone / Cyborg 3 episodes 2008 Five Year Plan Mutabi Movie 2008 Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Agent Stewart Episode : `` Heavy Metal '' 2009 Scrubs Derek 3 episodes 2009 Lincoln Heights Julian Episode : `` Bully for You '' 2009 -- 2010 FlashForward Al Gough 8 episodes Good Guys , The The Good Guys Eric Williams Episode : `` Small Rooms '' 2010 -- 2014 Rizzoli & Isles Det .",
"4": "Barry Frost Main role ( 56 episodes ) Event , The The Event Corporal Bell 2 episodes 2012 CSI : NY Kelvin Moore Episode : `` Unwrapped '' Accolades Year Association Nominated work Result 1999 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Drama or Comedy Series -- Leading Young Actor The Famous Jett Jackson Nominated 2000 Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series -- Leading Young Actor Nominated 2001 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series -- Leading Young Actor Nominated Gemini Awards Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series Nominated References ^ Jump up to : Holleman , Joey ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Columbia native turned TV star takes own life '' . The State . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Thompson Young Biography ( 1984 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Thompson Young : Brilliant young actor and a gentle soul '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Mano ' ' ( 2008 ) , a film by Brad Tiemann '' . Cinema.theiapolis.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Actor Lee Thompson Young found dead at age 29 '' . The Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ `` Lee Thompson Young Ex-Disney Superstar Dead '' . TMZ . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Thompson Young found dead '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woo , Kelly ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Former Disney Channel Star Lee Thompson Young Found Dead '' . Yahoo !.",
"5": "Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nancy Dillon ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Thompson Young suffered from bipolar disorder before suicide : coroner 's report '' . The New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Thompson Young 's Death Certificate Released , Suicide Confirmed '' . E ! . Jump up ^ `` Angie Harmon in Tears at Lee Thompson Young Memorial '' . Jump up ^ `` Family breaks silence on actor Lee Thompson Young 's suicide '' . wistv.com. Franklin Media and WISTV . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 .",
"6": "External links Lee Thompson Young on IMDb Lee Thompson Young at Find a Grave VIAF : 31745664 LCCN : no2006031366 ISNI : 0000 0000 8110 6675 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Thompson_Young&oldid=816182011 '' Categories : 1984 births 2013 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male actors who committed suicide Male actors from South Carolina African - American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Actors from Columbia , South Carolina Suicides by firearm in California USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni People with bipolar disorder Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Türkmençe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 20 : 10 . About Wikipedia",
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|
where do bullets go when fired in the air
|
[
"bullets discharged into the air fall back down to the ground"
] |
{
"0": "Celebratory gunfire - wikipedia Celebratory gunfire Jump to : navigation , search Celebratory gunfire ( also called aerial firing or happy fire ) is the shooting of a firearm into the air in celebration . It is culturally accepted in parts of the Balkans , the Middle East , the Central Asian region of Afghanistan , and the South Asian regions of Pakistan and Northern India . In regions such as Puerto Rico and some areas of the United States it is practiced illegally , especially on holidays like New Year 's Eve . Common occasions for celebratory gunfire include New Year 's Day as well as the religious holidays Christmas and Eid . The practice may result in random death and injury from stray bullets . Property damage is sometimes another result of celebratory gunfire ; shattered windows and damaged roofs are often found after such celebrations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Falling - bullet injuries 2 Property damage 3 Trends 4 Notable incidents 4.1 Middle East 4.2 United States 4.3 South Asia 4.4 Europe 4.5 South America 5 Penalties 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Falling - bullet injuries ( edit ) `` Bullets are not greeting cards . Celebrate without firearms . '' From the IANSA Macedonian poster campaign , December 2005 Bullets fired into the air usually fall back with terminal velocities much lower than their muzzle velocity when they leave the barrel of a firearm . Nevertheless , people can be injured , sometimes fatally , when bullets discharged into the air fall back down to the ground . Bullets fired at angles less than vertical are more dangerous as the bullet maintains its angular ballistic trajectory and is far less likely to engage in tumbling motion ; it therefore travels at speeds much higher than a bullet in free fall . A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) found that 80 % of celebratory gunfire - related injuries are to the head , feet , and shoulders . In Puerto Rico , about two people die and about 25 more are injured each year from celebratory gunfire on New Year 's Eve , the CDC says .",
"1": "Between the years 1985 and 1992 , doctors at the King / Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles , California , treated some 118 people for random falling - bullet injuries . Thirty - eight of them died . Firearms expert Julian Hatcher studied falling bullets in the 1920s and calculated that . 30 caliber rounds reach terminal velocities of 90 m / s ( 300 feet per second or 204 miles per hour ) . A bullet traveling at only 61 m / s ( 200 feet per second ) to 100 m / s ( 330 feet per second ) can penetrate human skin . In 2005 , the International Action Network on Small Arms ( IANSA ) ran education campaigns on the dangers of celebratory gunfire in Serbia and Montenegro . In Serbia , the campaign slogan was `` every bullet that is fired up , must come down . '' Property damage ( edit ) Bullets often lodge in roofs , causing minor damage that requires repair in most cases . Normally , the bullet will penetrate the roof surface through to the roof deck , leaving a hole where water may run into the building and cause a leak . Trends ( edit ) Philippine Health Secretary Francisco Duque III noted the drop in stray bullet injuries , in that country , during the 2005 year - end holiday period -- from 33 cases to 19 . The number of complaints regarding random shooting in Dallas , Texas , on New Year 's Eve declined from approximately 1,000 in 1999 to 800 each in 2001 and 2002 . In early 2008 , increased partisanship in Lebanon led to the practice of firing celebratory gunfire in support when politicians appeared on local television , leading to multiple deaths and to calls from these leaders to end the practice . Notable incidents ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) April 6 , 2014 : A 20 - year - old pregnant mother of two , Wadia Baidawi , was struck in the head and killed by a stray bullet from her neighbor 's wedding in Sidon , Lebanon . November 21 , 2012 : Following a cease - fire ending fighting with Israel , celebratory gunfire in the Gaza Strip killed a man and wounded three others .",
"2": "October 30 , 2012 : Twenty - three people were electrocuted after celebratory gunfire brought down a power cable during a wedding party in eastern Saudi Arabia . August 2012 : A Kuwaiti bridegroom was killed when a friend of his accidentally shot him as he charged his gun to fire into the air in celebration . August 2010 : 2 people were killed and 13 were injured in Jordan , as part of the yearly celebration of the announcement of the result of Tawjihi . July 29 , 2007 : At least four people were reported killed and 17 others wounded by celebratory gunfire in the capital city of Baghdad , Iraq , following the victory of the national football team in the AFC Asian Cup . Celebratory gunfire occurred despite warnings issued by Iraqi security forces and the country 's leading Shiite cleric , Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani , who forbade the gunfire with a religious fatwā . July 22 , 2003 : More than 20 people were reported killed in Iraq from celebratory gunfire following the deaths of Saddam Hussein 's sons Uday and Qusay in 2003 . United States ( edit ) July 1 , 2017 : A 13 - year - old boy , Noah Inman , was struck in his head and killed while playing basketball in the street . January 1 , 2017 : Armando Martinez , a Texas state Representative , was wounded in the head by a stray bullet during a New Year 's celebration . January 1 , 2015 : A 43 - year - old man , Javier Suarez Rivera , was struck in his head and killed while watching fireworks with his family in Houston . July 4 , 2013 : A 7 - year - old boy , Brendon Mackey , was struck in the top of his head and killed while walking with his father shortly before 9 p.m. amid a large crowd prior to the fireworks display over the Swift Creek Reservoir . January 1 , 2013 : A 10 - year - old girl , Aaliyah Boyer , collapsed after being struck in the back of the head while watching the neighborhood fireworks in Eklton , Maryland . She died two days later of her injuries .",
"3": "July 4 , 2012 : A 34 - year - old woman , Michelle Packard , was struck in the head and killed while watching the fireworks with her family . The police believe the shot could have come from a mile away . January 1 , 2010 : A four - year - old boy , Marquel Peters , was struck by a bullet and killed inside his church The Church of God of Prophecy in Decatur , GA . It is presumed the bullet may have penetrated the roof of the church around 12 : 20AM . December 28 , 2005 : A 23 - year - old U.S. Army private on leave after basic training fired a 9mm pistol into the air in celebration with friends , according to police , one of the bullets came through a fifth - floor apartment window in the New York City borough of Queens , striking a 28 - year - old mother of two in the eye . Her husband found her lifeless body moments later . The shooter had been drinking the night before and turned himself in to police the next morning when he heard the news . He was charged with second - degree manslaughter and weapons - related crimes , and was later found guilty and sentenced to four to twelve years in prison . June 14 , 1999 : Arizona , A fourteen - year - old girl , Shannon Smith , was struck on the top of her head by a bullet and killed while in the backyard of her home . This incident resulted in Arizona enacting `` Shannon 's Law '' in 2000 , that made the discharge of a firearm into the air illegal December 31 , 1994 : Amy Silberman , a tourist from Boston , was killed by a falling bullet from celebratory firing while walking on the Riverwalk in the French Quarter of New Orleans , Louisiana . The Police Department there has been striving to educate the public on the danger since then , frequently making arrests for firing into the air . July 4 , 1950 : Bernard Doyle was killed in his seat while attending a New York Giants game at the Polo Grounds . The bullet was determined to have been fired by Robert Peebles , a juvenile , from an apartment building some distance away on Coogan 's Bluff , presumably in celebration of Independence Day .",
"4": "South asia ( edit ) November 16 , 2016 : A self - proclaimed godwoman and her private guards went on a celebratory shooting spree at a wedding in Haryana 's Karnal town in India , killing the groom 's aunt and leaving three of his relatives critically wounded . February 25 , 2007 : Five people were killed by stray bullets fired at a kite festival in Lahore , Pakistan , including a six - year - old schoolboy who was struck in the head near his home in the city 's Mazang area . December 1859 : An autopsy showed that a native servant in India , who suddenly fell dead for no apparent reason , was mortally wounded from a bullet fired from a distance too far for the shot to be heard . The falling bullet had sufficient energy to pass through the victim 's shoulder , a rib , a lung , his heart and his diaphragm . June 6 , 2013 : a 42 - year - old Pakistani woman was killed by a stray bullet from celebratory gunfire . The gunfire was attributed to celebrations for the election of Pakistan 's prime minister Newaz Sharif . Her 19 - year - old niece was also hit , and rushed to hospital in critical condition . EUROPE ( edit ) January 1 , 2005 : A stray bullet hit a young girl during New Year celebrations in the central square of downtown Skopje , Macedonia . She died two days later . This incident led to the 2006 IANSA awareness campaign in that country . October 12 , 2003 : Wedding guests in Belgrade , Serbia mistakenly shot down a small aircraft . On 7 January 2008 , at about 9 : 30 pm , a Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 ( 4O - AOK ) was shot at while landing at Podgorica Airport . A routine inspection of the aircraft led to the discovery of a bullet hole in the aircraft 's tail . The aircraft was carrying 20 passengers , but no one was injured . The reason for the incident is unknown ; however , reports indicate that it may have been an inadvertent result of guns being fired during celebrations for Orthodox Christmas . South america ( edit ) December 25 , 2012 : A stray bullet killed a three - year - old girl in Asunción , Paraguay .",
"5": "Penalties ( edit ) In the Republic of Macedonia , a person found guilty of firing off a gun during celebrations faces a jail sentence of up to ten years . In Pakistan , section 144 of the law is imposed to prevent aerial firing during celebrations if harm is caused , and an FIR may be registered against a person who does so . However , many cases of aerial firing go unreported . In the United States , crime classifications vary from a misdemeanor to a felony in different states : In Arizona , firing a gun into the air was raised from a misdemeanor to a felony by Shannon 's law , in response to the death of a 14 - year - old from a stray bullet in 1999 . In California , discharging a firearm into the air is a felony punishable by three years in state prison . If the stray bullet kills someone , the shooter can be charged with murder . In Minnesota , it is illegal to discharge a firearm over a cemetery , or at or in a public transit vehicle . Additionally , local governments may regulate the discharge of a weapon within their jurisdictions . In Ohio , discharging a firearm or a deadly weapon in a public place is classified as disorderly conduct , a Class B misdemeanor , punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine of up to $2,000 . In Texas , random gunfire is a Class A misdemeanor , punishable by a maximum one year in jail and $4,000 fine . Anyone who injures or kills someone with a stray bullet could face more serious felony charges . In Wisconsin , criminal charges for this type of offense range from `` endangering safety by use of a dangerous weapon '' to `` reckless homicide '' in the event of a death , with penalties ranging from nine months to 25 years in prison . '' Cultural references ( edit ) The non-fiction U.S. cable television program MythBusters on the Discovery Channel covered this topic in Episode 50 : `` Bullets Fired Up '' ( original airdate : April 19 , 2006 ) . Special - effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman conducted a series of experiments to answer the question : `` Can celebratory gunfire kill when the bullets fall back to earth ? ''",
"6": "Using pig carcasses , they worked out the terminal velocity of a falling bullet and had a mixed result , answering the question with all three of the show 's possible outcomes : Confirmed , Plausible and Busted . They tested falling bullets by firing them from both a handgun and a rifle , by firing them from an air gun designed to propel them at terminal velocity , and by dropping them in the desert from an instrumented balloon . They found that while bullets traveling on a perfectly vertical trajectory tumble on the way down , creating turbulence that reduces terminal velocity below that which would kill , it was very difficult to fire a bullet in a near - ideal vertical trajectory . In practice , bullets were likely to remain spin - stabilized on a ballistic trajectory and fall at a potentially lethal terminal velocity . They also verified cases of actual deaths from falling bullets . See also ( edit ) Feu de joie 21 - gun salute References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shaikh , Hassan Latif ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` Celebratory gunfire '' . Dawn . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campaign in Macedonia raises awareness of dangers posed by gunfire ( SETimes.com ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve gunfire may bring jail time '' . United Press International . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Injuries Caused by Celebratory Gunfire -- - Puerto Rico , 2003 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Abdul - Alim , Jamaal ( 2005 - 12 - 29 ) . `` JS Online : Hold the gunfire '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Incorvaia , A.N. ; Poulos , D.M. ; Jones , R.N. ; Tschirhart , J.M. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Can a Falling Bullet Be Lethal at Terminal Velocity ?",
"7": "Cardiac Injury Caused by a Celebratory Bullet '' . The Annals of Thoracic Surgery . 83 ( 1 ) : 283 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. athoracsur. 2006.04. 046 . PMID 17184680 . Archived from the original ( abstract ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hatcher , Julian Sommerville ( 1962 ) . Hatcher 's Notebook . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . p. 514 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Michael J. ( 2005 ) . Head , Face and Neck Trauma : Comprehensive Management . New York : Thieme Medical Publishers . p. 189 . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 308 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting in the air : turning celebration into tragedy '' . International Action Network on Small Arms . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Serbs Told To Keep Guns Quiet On New Year 's Eve -- RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Professionals Topics Library : Roofs & Bullets '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Javellana - Santos , Julie . `` 3 Killed , Over 600 Injured in Philippine Year - End Revelry '' . Arab News . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Ayed , Nahlah ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Mideast Dispatches : Deadly merriment , the fallout from celebratory gunfire '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mohammed Zaatari ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) .",
"8": "`` Sidon demands security after stray - bullet death '' . The Daily Star , Lebanon . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Man killed by celebratory gunfire in Gaza '' . Ma'an News Agency . 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebratory gunfire at Saudi wedding cuts cable , 23 electrocuted '' . Reuters. 2012 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Celebratory fire kills Kuwaiti groom at wedding '' . AFP . 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordanian King Goes to War Over Celebratory Gunfire '' . Green Prophet. 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Burton , Randy ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Raining bullets in the Middle East '' . The StarPhoenix . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Gunshots celebrate Iraq soccer win , leave 4 dead '' . Associated Press . AM New York . 2007 - 07 - 30 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer underdogs unite Iraqis '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Michelle L. ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Boy , 13 , dies after being hit by falling bullet in Hammond '' . Chicago Post-Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/02/us/texas-representative-bullet-hits-head/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article5292357.html Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/02/us-usa-texas-death-idUSKBN0KB1B420150102 Jump up ^ http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/local/chesterfield/boy-shot-in-head-at-chesterfield-fireworks-celebration/article_95a28426-e549-11e2-a881-001a4bcf6878.html Jump up ^ https://www.thetrace.org/2015/12/celebratory-gunfire-new-years/ Jump up ^ Rowe , Kellie ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Student shot at fireworks show , died next morning '' . The State News . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Falling Bullet Kills 4 - Year - Old Boy In DeKalb '' . wsbtv.com. 2010 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stray bullet kills S Asian expat '' . BBC NEWS. 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kilgannon , Corey ( 2005 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Soldier Charged in Shooting Death of Woman at Window '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Meenan , Mick ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Metro Briefing : New York : Queens : Ex-Private Gets 4 To 12 Years For Manslaughter '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special14/articles/1015coldcase15.html Jump up ^ `` History Of The New Orleans Police Department '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 03 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Mystery Bullet Kills Baseball Fan In Midst of Crowd at Polo Grounds '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1950 . Retrieved September 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mystery Shot Kills Baseball Fan in Crowd of 49,000 '' . Chicago Tribune . July 5 , 1950 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Confesses Firing Shot into Polo Grounds '' . The Day ( New London ) . July 8 , 1950 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sadhvi Deva Thakur booked as celebratory firing kills woman '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` 11 Dead At Pakistani Kite Festival , Metal Kite Strings , Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives At Annual Event , More Than 100 Injured '' . CBS News . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Longmore , Thomas ( 1895 ) . Gunshot Injuries , Their History , Characteristic Features , Complications , and General Treatment . Longmans , Green . Jump up ^ `` Celebratory gunfire kills woman '' . IOL News . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3185884.stm Jump up ^ `` Bala perdida mata a una niña de tres años '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebratory Gunfire '' . Citizens For A Safer Minnesota . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 4th of July Gunfire Reduction Program '' . Official web site of the Los Angeles Police Department . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Years ' Eve Gunfire Can Be Deadly '' . MyMotherLode.com News . Clarke Broadcasting Corporation . 2002 - 12 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 30 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` WTAW News Talk 1620 -- News Archives '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel : : Mythbusters : Episode Guide '' . StarPhoenix . CanWest Interactive . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Annotated Mythbusters : Episode 50 : Bullets Fired Up , Vodka Myths III '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Falling bullets : terminal velocities and penetration studies '' , by L.C. Haag , Wound Ballistics Conference , April 1994 , Sacramento , California . External links ( edit ) UN Development Programme activity report Can a bullet fired into the air kill someone when it comes down ? The Straight Dope Celebratory Gunfire : Good Idea or Not ? ' Celebratory ' shot kills groom Spreading the Word About Dangers of Celebratory Gunfire : Henry Louis Adams Minister Fighting to End Celebratory Gunfire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebratory_gunfire&oldid=822145842 '' Categories : Traditions Military life Ballistics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7431402198266139357
|
who was the highest ranking official in the early christian church
|
[
"The pope, Bishop of Rome and Peter's successor"
] |
{
"0": "Hierarchy of the Catholic Church - wikipedia Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Saint Peter Ecclesiastical titles ( order of precedence ) Pope Cardinal Cardinal - nephew Cardinal protector Crown - cardinal Cardinal Vicar Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic Delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar Apostolic Apostolic Exarch Apostolic Prefect Assistant at the Pontifical Throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Bishop Archbishop Bishop Emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles ( show ) Acolyte Consecrator Lector Reader Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles ( show ) Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Defender of the Bond Definitor Devil 's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Episcopal vicar Exorcist Judicial vicar Lay brother Lay cardinal Monsignor Officialis Pastor Assistant pastor Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Priest Protonotary Apostolic Saint Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar forane Vicar general Consecrated and professed titles ( show ) Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin",
"1": "Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand Master Hermit Master general Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles ( show ) Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Chorbishop Commissary Apostolic Datarius Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Precentor Prince - bishop Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Organization titles ( show ) Grand Master Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Catholicism portal Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica ,",
"2": "Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Category Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops , priests ,",
"3": "and deacons . In the ecclesiological sense of the term , `` hierarchy '' strictly means the `` holy ordering '' of the Church , the Body of Christ , so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity . ( 1 Cor 12 ) In canonical and general usage , it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church . In the Catholic Church , authority rests chiefly with the bishops , while priests and deacons serve as their assistants , co-workers or helpers . Accordingly , `` hierarchy of the Catholic Church '' is also used to refer to the bishops alone . As of 31 December 2014 , the Catholic Church consisted of 2,998 dioceses or equivalent jurisdictions , each overseen by a bishop . Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes , each staffed by one or more priest , deacon , or lay ecclesial minister . Ordinarily , care of a parish is entrusted to a priest , though there are exceptions . Approximately 22 % of all parishes do not have a resident pastor , and 3,485 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister . All clergy , including deacons , priests , and bishops , may preach , teach , baptize , witness marriages , and conduct funeral liturgies . Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist ( though others may be ministers of Holy Communion ) , Penance ( Reconciliation , Confession ) , Confirmation ( priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval ) , and Anointing of the Sick . Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders , by which men are ordained as priests or deacons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bishop 1.1 Pope ( Bishop of Rome ) 1.1. 1 Offices and titles 1.1. 2 Election 1.2 Patriarchs 1.3 Major archbishops 1.4 Cardinals 1.5 Primates 1.6 Metropolitans 1.7 Archbishops 1.8 Diocesan bishops 1.8.",
"4": "1 Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law 1.9 Other bishops 2 Ordinaries and local ordinaries 3 Presbyterate 3.1 In general 3.2 Priests in service outside their diocese 3.3 Positions within a diocese at diocesan level 3.4 Vicars Forane or Deans 3.5 Parish priest / pastor 3.6 Assistant priests / parochial vicars 3.7 Honorary titles 4 Diaconate 5 Laity 6 Religious 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bishop ( edit ) Main article : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) The bishops , who possess the fullness of orders , and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate , are as a body ( the College of Bishops ) considered the successors of the Apostles and are `` constituted Pastors in the Church , to be the teachers of doctrine , the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance '' and `` represent the Church . '' In the year 2012 , there were 5,133 Catholic bishops ; at the end of 2014 , there were 5,237 Catholic bishops . The Pope himself is a bishop ( the bishop of Rome ) and traditionally uses the title `` Venerable Brother '' when writing formally to another bishop . The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese . Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries , because they have what canon law calls ordinary ( i.e. not delegated ) authority for a diocese . These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches . Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries ( auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops ) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church , such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia . Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems . Decisions in certain fields , notably liturgy , fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences . The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two - thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See .",
"5": "Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops , though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required . Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders ; even when a bishop retires from his active service , he remains a bishop , since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent . On the other hand , titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration , and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination . Sacramentally , all bishops are equal . According to jurisdiction , office , and privileges , however , various ranks are distinguished , as indicated below . All bishops are `` vicars of Christ '' . Pope ( bishop of Rome ) ( edit ) Main article : Pope Pope Francis , bishop of Rome The pope is the bishop of Rome . He is also , by virtue of that office : Vicar of Jesus Christ , Successor of the Prince of the Apostles , Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church , Patriarch of the Latin Church , Primate of Italy , Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province , Sovereign of the Vatican City State , Servant of the servants of God . Offices and titles ( edit ) `` Pope '' is a pronominal honorific , not an office or a title , meaning `` Father '' ( the common honorific for all clergy ) . The honorific `` pope '' was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West , and is known in Greek as far back as Homer 's Odyssey ( 6 : 57 ). ( 18 ) In the East , `` pope '' is still a common form of address for clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church , and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria . Pope Marcellinus ( d . 304 ) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title `` pope '' used of him . From the 6th century , the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. ( 18 ) From the early 6th century , it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome , a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century , when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.",
"6": "( citation needed ) As bishop of the Church of Rome , he is successor to the co-patrons of that local Church , Saint Peter and Saint Paul . As such , the Church of Rome , and its bishop , has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers , the other bishops , as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers , the other apostles . The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age , and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Church . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , quoting the Second Vatican Council 's document Lumen gentium , states : `` The pope , Bishop of Rome and Peter 's successor , ' is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful . ' '' Communion with bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as `` Roman Catholic '' , though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology ( ecclesiology ) . Three other of the pope 's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome . As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical , juridical , and theological patrimony of Rome , the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church . According to no less than Pope Benedict XVI , there has been much ' confusion ' between the pope 's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals , that this `` failure to distinguish '' between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions lead in time to the `` extreme centralization of the Catholic Church '' and the schism between East and West . As the first local Church of Italy , the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops ' Conference . The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome , so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province . As a bishop , the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ .",
"7": "This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries , reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries , and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council . The pope resides in Vatican City , an independent state within the city of Rome , set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy . As popes were sovereigns of the papal states ( 754 -- 1870 ) , so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929 . Interestingly , ambassadors are accredited not to Vatican City State but to the Holy See , which was a subject of international law even before the state was instituted . The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia . The term `` Holy See '' ( i.e. of Rome ) is generally used only of Pope and curia , because the Code of Canon Law , which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see ( diocese ) of Rome itself , necessarily uses the term in this technical sense . Finally , the title `` Servant of the servants of God '' was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great , a reminder that in Christianity , leadership is always about service / ministry ( diakonia ) . The style of address for the bishop of Rome is `` His Holiness '' . Election ( edit ) The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis . This deals with the powers , from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor 's election , of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia ; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope ; and with the place , time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors , a meeting known as a conclave . This word is derived from Latin com - ( together ) and clavis ( key ) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences , a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision . Like all bishops , the pope has the option of resigning , though unlike other bishops , it is not required .",
"8": "The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294 , Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 . Approximately 10 % of all popes left or were removed from office before death . Patriarchs ( edit ) The heads of some autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular Churches consisting of several local Churches ( dioceses ) have the title of Patriarch . The pope , as patriarch of the Latin Church , is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West , leading to the relatively short - lived title Patriarch of the West ( in use 1863 -- 2006 ) . Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular Church . The Patriarchs who head autonomous particular Churches are : The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria ( Coptic Catholic Church ) The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Melkite Greek Catholic Church ) The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch ( Maronite Church ) The Syrian Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Syrian Catholic Church ) The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia ( Armenian Catholic Church ) The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia ( Chaldean Catholic Church ) These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular Church , including metropolitans , but also directly over all the faithful . Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops , with the exceptions laid down by the Pope . The honorary title prefixed to their names is `` His Beatitude '' . There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church , who , for various historical reasons , were granted the title , but never the corresponding office and responsibilities , of `` patriarch '' . They include the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , the Patriarch of Venice , the Patriarch of Lisbon , and the Patriarch of the East Indies . All of these offices are honorary , and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular Churches . The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of Goa , while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities . The title of Patriarch of the West Indies was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops ( not always of the same see ) , but is long in abeyance .",
"9": "Current and historical Catholic patriarchates Type Church Patriarchate Patriarch Patriarchs of sui iuris Churches Coptic Alexandria Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak Greek - Melkite Antioch Patriarch Youssef Absi Maronite Antioch Patriarch Bechara Boutros al - Rahi Syrian Antioch Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III Younan Armenian Cilicia Patriarch Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan Chaldean Babylon Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako Titular Patriarchs Latin Jerusalem Sede vacante Latin East Indies Patriarch Filipe Neri Ferrão Latin Lisbon Cardinal Manuel Clemente Latin Venice Patriarch Francesco Moraglia Suppressed or vacant titles Latin Alexandria suppressed in 1964 Latin Antioch suppressed in 1964 Latin Constantinople suppressed in 1964 Latin West Indies vacant from 1963 Latin Aquileia suppressed in 1751 Latin Grado transferred to Venice in 1451 Major archbishops ( edit ) Sviatoslav Shevchuk , the Major Archbishop of Kiev -- Galicia Other autonomous particular Churches are headed by a major archbishop . July 21 , 2005 < / ref > With few exceptions , the authority of a major archbishop in his sui iuris Church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his Church . This less prestigious office was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self - governance if historical , ecumenical , or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate .",
"10": "At present , there are four major archbishops : Major archdiocese Country Church Archbishop Ernakulam - Angamaly India Syro - Malabar Cardinal George Alencherry Făgăraş and Alba Iulia Romania Romanian Cardinal Lucian Mureșan Kiev -- Galicia Ukraine Ukrainian Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk Trivandrum India Syro - Malankara Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinals ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal ( Catholicism ) A cardinal ( second from left ) and bishops Cardinals are princes of the Church appointed by the Pope . He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world . As a whole , the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope , and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor . Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the Church . Not all cardinals are bishops . Domenico Bartolucci , Karl Josef Becker , Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye are examples of 21st - century non-bishop cardinals . The 1917 Code of Canon Law introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest . Previously , they need only be in minor orders and not even deacons . Teodolfo Mertel , who died in 1899 , was the last non-priest cardinal . In 1962 , Pope John XXIII made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop , if not one already , but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement . It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop . The 1917 Code of Canon Law , continuing the tradition observed , for instance , at the First Vatican Council , laid down that cardinals have precedence over all other prelates , even patriarchs . The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence .",
"11": "The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church , but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses . Because of their resulting importance , the term cardinal ( from Latin cardo , meaning `` hinge '' ) was applied to them . In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began . Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his `` titular church '' or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses . Of these sees , the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia , while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees . Traditionally , only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop , but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals , they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop , without being assigned a suburbicarian see . The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon , the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses , and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate . Primates ( edit ) The Latin Church title of primate has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular ( usually metropolitan ) see . It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region , but now only gives a `` prerogative of honor '' with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom . The title is usually assigned to the ordinary of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country . Thus in Poland , the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese ( Gniezno , founded in 1000 ) , and not the oldest diocese ( Poznań , founded in 968 ) . Notably , the Archbishop of Baltimore is not formally considered a primate of the Catholic Church in the United States , but `` prerogative of the place '' . The closest equivalent position in Eastern Orthodoxy is an exarch holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch .",
"12": "In the Eastern Catholic Churches , exarchs , whether apostolic or patriarchal , do not hold authority over other bishops ( see below , # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) . Metropolitans ( edit ) Archbishop Robert Carlson , Metropolitan Archbishop of St. Louis . Note his wearing of the pallium . A Latin Church Metropolitan is the bishop of the principal ( the `` metropolitan '' ) see of an ecclesiastical province composed of several dioceses . The metropolitan receives a pallium from the pope as a symbol of his office . The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the suffragan dioceses in their province , including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed . He also has the power to name a diocesan administrator for a vacant suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one . His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical court of appeal for suffragans ( court of second instance ) , and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally . Eastern metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans , subject to the specific laws and customs of their sui iuris church . Eastern metropolitans who head a metropolitan sui iuris church have much greater authority within their church , although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch . All metropolitans have the title of Archbishop , and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an archdiocese or archeparchy , a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees . An exception is the metropolitan Diocese of Rome . Archbishops ( edit ) The title of archbishop is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees , but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees ( most of these are in Europe and the Levant ) .",
"13": "In addition , it is held by certain other bishops , referred to as `` Titular Archbishops '' ( see `` Other Bishops '' below ) who have been given no - longer - residential archdioceses as their titular sees -- many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts , for instance as papal nuncios or secretaries of curial congregations . The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see ( such a bishop is known as an archbishop ad personam ) , though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the Second Vatican Council . Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The bishop or eparch of a see , even if he does not also hold a title such as Archbishop , Metropolitan , Major Archbishop , Patriarch or Pope , is the centre of unity for his diocese or eparchy , and , as a member of the College of Bishops , shares in responsibility for governance of the whole Church ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 ) . As each local particular Church is an embodiment of the whole Catholic Church , not just an administrative subdivision of something larger , the bishop who is its head is not a delegate of the Pope . Instead , he has of himself primary teaching , governance and sanctifying responsibility for the see for which he has been ordained bishop . Within each diocese , even if the Eucharist is celebrated by another bishop , the necessary communion with the Bishop of the diocese is signified by the mention of his name . In Eastern eparchies the name of the patriarch , major archbishop or metropolitan is also mentioned , because these also have direct responsibility within all the eparchies of the particular Church in question . For the same reason , every Catholic celebration of the Eucharist has a mention of the Pope by name . Ordination to the episcopate is the fullness of the priesthood and the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders . Bishops are considered the successors of the apostles . Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop , but are not necessarily held by a bishop . Equivalents of diocesan bishops in Law ( edit ) Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese .",
"14": "These are headed by : A Territorial Prelate , formerly called a Prelate nullius dioceseos ( of no diocese ) , in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese A Territorial Abbot , in charge of an area , which in mission countries can be quite vast , associated with an abbey A Vicar Apostolic ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic vicariate , usually in a mission country , not yet ready to be made a diocese A Prefect Apostolic ( usually not a bishop ) , in charge of an apostolic prefecture , not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate A Permanent Apostolic Administrator , in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons can not be made a diocese . To these may be added : An Apostolic Exarch ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church . A Patriarchal Exarch , a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church . A Military Ordinary , serving Catholics in a country 's armed forces A Personal Prelate , in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography : the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei . An Apostolic Administrator of a Personal Apostolic Administration : only one exists , the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney An Ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans A Superior of an autonomous mission Of somewhat similar standing is the Diocesan Administrator ( formerly called a Vicar Capitular ) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy . Apart from certain limitations of nature and law , he has , on a caretaker basis , the same obligations and powers as a Diocesan Bishop ( canons 427 -- 429 of the Code of Canon Law ) . Occasionally an Apostolic Administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese , or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded .",
"15": "Other bishops ( edit ) A Diocesan Bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry . The Coadjutor Bishop of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the Diocesan Bishop , and , if the see is an archdiocese , holds the title of Archbishop . Similarly , a retired Diocesan Bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed , and is known as Bishop ( or Archbishop ) Emeritus of that see . On the other hand , an Auxiliary Bishop , who may also hold posts such as vicar general or episcopal vicar , is appointed bishop of a titular see , a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit . The titular sees -- which may be archiepiscopal or simply episcopal -- assigned to such bishops were once known as sees in partibus infidelium , because they were situated in areas lost to Christianity as a result of Muslim conquests . Now former sees even in Christian countries are assigned as titular sees . These sees are also assigned to bishops who serve in the Roman Curia , as Papal Nuncios , or as equivalents of Diocesan Bishops in law ( see above ) , such as Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Exarchs . The term `` Titular Bishop '' is frequently used for such bishops , but is , strictly speaking , inaccurate , since they are indeed bishops , even if they do not serve the see to which they are appointed , and are not merely holders of an honorary title of bishop . They are members of the College of Bishops as much as the Diocesan Bishops . In most English - speaking countries , the honorary title prefixed to the name of a bishop is `` The Most Reverend '' . However , in the United Kingdom and in those countries most strongly influenced by English ( not Irish ) practice , `` The Most Reverend '' is reserved for archbishops , and other bishops are called `` The Right Reverend '' . Important titles or functions usually , but not necessarily , held by ( arch ) bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of Apostolic Delegate , Apostolic Nuncio , Papal Legate , Patriarchal Vicar , Pontifical Delegate .",
"16": "Ordinaries and local ordinaries ( edit ) Main article : Ordinary ( officer ) Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in particular churches or equivalent communities . The Supreme Pontiff ( the Pope ) is a local ordinary for the whole Catholic Church . In Eastern Catholic Churches , Patriarchs , major archbishops , and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches . Diocesan / eparchial bishops / eparchs Other prelates who head , even if only temporarily , a particular church or a community equivalent to it ( see above # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) Vicars general and protosyncelli Main article : Vicar general Episcopal vicars and syncelli Main article : Vicar general Major superiors of religious institutes ( including abbots ) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships , but not local ordinaries . Presbyterate ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood in the Catholic Church In general ( edit ) Bishops are assisted by priests and deacons . All priests and deacons are incardinated in a diocese or religious order . Parishes , whether territorial or person - based , within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest , known as the parish priest or the pastor . In the Latin Church , only celibate men , as a rule , are ordained as priests , while the Eastern Churches , again as a rule , ordain both celibate and married men . Among the Eastern particular Churches , the Ethiopic Catholic Church ordains only celibate clergy , while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church , while other Eastern Catholic Churches , which do ordain married men , do not have married priests in certain countries . The Western or Latin Church does sometimes , though rarely , ordain married men , usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics . All sui iuris Churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that , following ordination , marriage is not allowed . Even a married priest whose wife dies may not then marry again . The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament dedicating the person ordained to a permanent relationship of service , and , like Baptism and Confirmation , having an ontological effect on the person .",
"17": "It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once . They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males . Priests in service outside their diocese ( edit ) Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order , they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order . These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature . Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a Pontifical University in Rome . They may also include short - term assignments to the faculty of a seminary located outside the diocese 's territory . Long - term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a dicastery or tribunal of the Roman Curia or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See . They may also be appointed the rector or to long - term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university . Priests may also serve on the staff of their episcopal conference , as military chaplains in the military ordinariates , or as missionaries . Positions within a diocese at diocesan level ( edit ) The diocesan bishop appoints a vicar general to assist him in the governance of the diocese . Usually , only one vicar general is appointed ; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general . The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed moderator of the curia who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries . A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more episcopal vicars for the diocese . They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general , however , it is limited to a specified division of the diocese , to a specific type of activity , to the faithful of a particular rite , or to certain groups of people . Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , they are called protosyncelli and syncelli ( canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a judicial vicar to whom is delegated the bishop 's ordinary power to judge cases ( canon 1420 of the Code of Canon Law , canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) .",
"18": "In the Latin church , the judicial vicar may also be called officialis . The person holding this post must be a priest , have earned a doctorate in canon law ( or at least a license ) , be at least thirty years old , and , unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise , must not be the vicar general . As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals , many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications . The diocesan bishop appoints a chancellor , possibly a vice-chancellor , and notaries to the diocesan chancery . These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese . They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan curia . The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget , temporal goods , income , and expenses of the diocese . The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the chapter of his cathedral or of a collegiate church ( so called after their chapter ) . These priests are given the title of canon . He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of consultors . They have the responsibility to elect the diocesan administrator in the event of the vacancy of the see . The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies . These include the presbyteral council , the diocesan synod , and the pastoral council . Vicars forane or deans ( edit ) `` The Vicar Forane known also as the Dean or the Archpriest or by some other title , is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane '' ( canon 553 of the Code of Canon Law ) , namely of a group of parishes within a diocese . Unlike a regional Episcopal Vicar , a Vicar Forane acts as a help for the Parish Priests and other priests in the vicariate forane , rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the Diocesan Bishop .",
"19": "Parish priest / pastor ( edit ) This section concerns the priest who in the Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term parochus , which is some English - speaking countries is rendered as `` the parish priest '' , in others as `` the pastor '' . The English term `` pastor '' is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term pastor : The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him . He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop , whose ministry of Christ he is called to share , so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching , sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ 's faithful , in accordance with the law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society The pastor ( parochus ) is the proper pastor ( pastor ) of the parish entrusted to him , exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share , so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching , sanctifying , and governing , also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful , according to the norm of law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America ) . Assistant priests / parochial vicars ( edit ) The parish priest / pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests : Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish , one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest .",
"20": "As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern , they are , by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority , to labour in the pastoral ministry -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly , one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor . As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude , they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America Honorary titles ( edit ) The honorary title of monsignor is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests ( not members of religious institutes ) in the service of the Holy See , and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest 's bishop . The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the papal household . The title goes with any of the following three awards : Chaplain of His Holiness ( called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform ) , the lowest level , distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash . Honorary Prelate ( until 1969 called Domestic Prelate ) , the middle level , distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash , and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock . Protonotary Apostolic , the highest level , with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate , except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiolo may be worn also . In December 2013 , Pope Francis decided to make future grants of the title of Monsignor to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over .",
"21": "Under legislation of Pope Pius X , vicars general and vicars capitular ( the latter are now called diocesan administrators ) are titular ( not actual ) Protonotaries durante munere , i.e. , as long as they hold those offices , and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor , as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title `` Mons . '' before the name of every member of the secular ( diocesan ) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio . ( Honorary titles such as that of `` Monsignor '' are not considered appropriate for religious . ) Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title Chorbishop , roughly equivalent to the Western title of Monsignor . Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of Archimandrite upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services . Married presbyters may be honored with the position of Archpriest , which has two grades , the higher is `` Mitred Archpriest '' which permits the priest to wear a mitre . In the Latin Church titles of Archpriest is sometimes attached to the pastor of a few number of historic churches including the major basilicas in Rome . These archpriests are not presbyers , but bishops or cardinals . Similarly , the title of Archdeacon is sometimes conferred on presbyters . Diaconate ( edit ) Deacons are ordained ministers of the Church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters , but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy , rather than pastoral leadership . They are usually related to a parish , where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the Gospel and the Prayers of the Faithful , They may preach homilies , and in the Roman Rite , may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms , weddings , funerals , and adoration / benediction . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , in the absence of a priest , deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader , never presiding at weddings or funerals .",
"22": "The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6 : 1 -- 9 , and in 1 Timothy 3 : 1 -- 13 . They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood , `` transitional deacons '' , or `` permanent deacons '' who do not intend to be ordained as priests . To be ordained deacons , the latter must be at least 25 years old , if unmarried ; if married , a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife . In the Latin Church , married deacons are permanent deacons . In most diocese there is a cut - off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate . The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate . Previously , the Latin Church rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical tonsure , which was followed by minor orders and by the subdiaconate , which was reckoned as one of the major orders . By his motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972 , Pope Paul VI decreed : `` The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as ' ministries ' . '' The same motu proprio also decreed that the Latin Church would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate , but it permitted any episcopal conference that so desired to apply the term `` subdeacon '' to those who hold the ministry ( formerly called the minor order ) of `` acolyte '' . Even in those societies within the Latin Church that , with the approval of the Holy See , continue to administer the rites of tonsure , minor orders and subdiaconate , those who receive those rites remain lay people , becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons . Laity ( edit ) Most of the people of God are the laity , a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ ( Laos Theou ) , meaning `` people of God '' . All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to `` all people in every age and every land '' .",
"23": "They all have a share in the Church 's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition . Lay ministry can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized , and more specifically undertaking the work of catechists . serving the Church pastorally , administratively , and in other ways , including the liturgical services as acolytes , lectors , cantors , and the like , initiation sponsors , pastoral care ministers , and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies . Some lay Catholics carry out full - time professional and vocational service in the name of the Church , rather than in a secular calling . Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe , the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has adopted the term lay ecclesial ministry for these individuals , as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above . The consultative leadership of the church , in both the diocese and the parish , usually comprises a Pastoral Council and a Finance Council , as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church 's life and mission , such as Faith Formation or Christian Education , Liturgy , Social Justice , Ecumenism , or Stewardship . Religious ( edit ) See also : Religious institute ( Catholic ) Religious -- who can be either lay people or clergy -- are members of religious institutes , societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common . This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other forms , such as that of secular institutes . It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute , such as that of consecrated hermits , that of consecrated virgins , and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See . Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of orders and congregations .",
"24": "See also ( edit ) Order of precedence in the Catholic Church Catholic Church by country Global organisation of the Catholic Church List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( alphabetical ) List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( structured view ) List of Roman Catholic archdioceses List of Roman Catholic military dioceses List of Roman Catholic apostolic administrations List of Roman Catholic apostolic vicariates List of Eastern Catholic exarchates List of Roman Catholic apostolic prefectures List of Roman Catholic territorial prelatures List of Roman Catholic missions sui juris Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Anglican ministry Apostolic Syndic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 873 Archived 2010 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` If any one saith , that , in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted , consisting of bishops , priests , and ministers ; let him be anathema '' ( Council of Trent , session XXIII , canon VI on the sacrament of Order ) . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1911 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ __P2A. HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church , 874 -- 896 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 , 888 , 893 , 939 Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' in John Hardon , Modern Catholic Dictionary Jump up ^ Vatican , Annuario Pontificio 2016 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Requested Church Statistics '' . Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate . Georgetown University . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Committee on the Diaconate . `` Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone '' ( __P38. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 ) . While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2936 - 9 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Canon 42 Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Canon 375 Archived 2008 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 42 '' . Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The College of Bishops '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : __P1D. HTM `` Canon 375 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian , 19 Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion , the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops , in union with the Pope , represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace , love , unity , and truth .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Carol Glatz , Vatican statistics : Church growth remains steady worldwide , Catholic Herald ( May 5 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Junno Arocho Esteves , Vatican statistics report increase in baptized Catholics worldwide , Catholic News Service ( March 7 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Canon 1014 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P3O. HTM `` Canon 1013 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lumen Gentium . Catholic Church . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio , published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana , p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : Apostolic Succession '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 331 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P15. HTM `` Canon 330 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Papal Primacy : From its Origins to the Present . Michael Glazier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5522 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` # 882 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 336 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 .",
"27": "Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Adam A.J. ( 2011 ) . Orthodoxy and the Roman Papacy : Ut Unum Sint and the Prospects of East - West Unity . University of Notre Dame Press . Jump up ^ `` Second Vatican Council , Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium § 27 '' . Site da Santa Sé . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( February 22 , 1996 ) . `` Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 55 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 63 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Coptic Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Melkite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Maronite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Syrian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Armenian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) .",
"28": "`` The Chaldean Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Canon 53 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 58 , Ibid Jump up ^ __P1J. HTM Canon 438 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 152 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 154 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 232 § 1 Jump up ^ Pope John XXIII ( 15 April 1962 ) . `` Cum gravissima '' . Jump up ^ Chas . Augustine , A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law ( Herder 1918 ) , book II , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 239 § 1 21 ° ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Primate '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 438 Jump up ^ Canons 435 -- 437 , Ibid . Jump up ^ __P1H. HTM Canon 421 § 2 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1438 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1419 § 1 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canons 133 - 139 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canons 155 - 173 , Ibid Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio 2017 . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . p. 1136 . ISBN 9788820999759 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ According to Catholic-Hierarchy.org , as of 2007 , non-metropolitan archdioceses include 37 in Europe ( 10 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop , 25 suffragan archdioceses , and 1 military archdiocese ) , 37 in Southwest Asia ( 3 immediately subject to the Holy See , 21 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs , 4 suffragan archdioceses ) , 4 in Africa ( 2 immediately subject to the Holy See , 2 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs ) , 2 in North America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in South America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in Australia ( both immediately subject to the Holy See ) , 1 in Southeast Asia ( immediately subject to the Holy See ) , and 1 in South Asia ( immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop ) Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canon 314 § 1 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. ; cf . Bert Groen , William Peter van den Bercken ( editors ) , Four Hundred Years Union of Brest ( Peeters 1998 ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 0670 - 9 ) , p. 197 , which also mentions Eastern Catholic exarchs appointed in the past even by a metropolitan Jump up ^ Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus of 4 November 2009 Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Id. c. 134 § § 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ __P1D. HTM `` Canon 134 , § 1 and § 2 '' Check url = value ( help ) . 1983 Code of Canon Law . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 43 and 45 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 78 , 152 and 157 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The priesthood '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 475 '' . 1983 Code of Canon Law . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 476 '' . __P1O. HTM 1983 Code of Canon Law Check url = value ( help ) . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church -- Guide Jump up ^ O'Connell , Gerard ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65 '' . Vatican Insider . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pariter , qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur , hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante , erit protonotarius titularis '' ( Pope Pius X , Inter multiplices curas , 62 . 21 February 1905 ) Jump up ^ See Archpriest # Roman Catholicism . Jump up ^ `` The Deacon '' . St. Brendan Church . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 266 Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , II Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine.",
"31": ", IV Jump up ^ Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum Archived 2016 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , 30 Jump up ^ Canon 211 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 216 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __PV. HTM Canon 230 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The laity '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Canon 228 § 2 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Co-Workers in the Vineyard ( pdf ) , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2005 Jump up ^ __P1T. HTM Canon 512 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 536 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Q. HTM Canon 492 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 537 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Z. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 607 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 710 Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 603 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 604 Archived 2016 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 605 External links ( edit ) Explanations of the hierarchy Book II : The People of God Liber II . De Populo Dei , Part II : The Hierarchical Constitution from the Code of Canon Law on the Holy See official website Catholic Encyclopedia `` hierarchy '' article Barry , Rev. Msgr . John F ( 2001 ) . One Faith , One Lord : A Study of Basic Catholic Belief .",
"32": "Gerard F. Baumbach , Ed. D. ISBN 0 - 8215 - 2207 - 8 . Directory of officials Catholic-Hierarchy.org . This is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church . It contains geographical , organizational and address information on each Catholic diocese in the world , including Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Holy See , such as the Maronite Catholic Church or the Syro - Malabar Church . It also gives biographical information on current and previous bishops of each diocese , such as dates of birth , ordinations and ( when applicable ) death . Not officially sanctioned by the church , the website is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City . For the sources used by Cheney in his compilation , see http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html . GCatholic.org Catholic Church Index Outline History ( Timeline ) Jesus Holy Family Mary Joseph Apostles Early Christianity History of the papacy Ecumenical councils Missions Great Schism of East Crusades Great Schism of West Protestant Reformation Council of Trent Counter-Reformation Catholic Church by country Vatican City index Vatican II Definition of the Church Ecumenism Dei verbum Dignitatis humanae Gaudium et spes Lumen gentium Nostra aetate Sacrosanctum concilium Hierarchy ( Precedence ) Pope ( List ) Pope Francis ( 2013 -- ) conclave inauguration theology canonizations visits Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Roman Curia College of Cardinals Cardinal Patriarch Major archbishop Primate Metropolitan Archbishop Diocesan bishop",
"33": "Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Titular bishop Bishop emeritus Priest Abbot Abbess Brother Monk Hermit Friar Nun Master of novices Novice Oblate Postulant Provincial superior Prior Superior general Laity Theology Body and soul Bible Catechism Divine grace Dogma Ecclesiology Four Marks of the Church Original sin List Salvation Sermon on the Mount Ten Commandments Trinity Worship Mariology Assumption History Immaculate Conception Mariology of the popes Mariology of the saints Mother of God Perpetual virginity Veneration Philosophy Natural law Moral theology Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Last rites Holy orders Matrimony Saints Mary Apostles Archangels Confessors Disciples Doctors of the Church Evangelists Church Fathers Martyrs Patriarchs Prophets Virgins Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary",
"34": "of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Institutes , orders ,",
"35": "and societies Assumptionists Annonciades Augustinians Basilians Benedictines Bethlehemites Blue nuns Camaldoleses Camillians Carmelites Carthusians Cistercians Clarisses Conceptionists Crosiers Dominicans Franciscans Good Shepherd Sisters Hieronymites Jesuits Mercedarians Minims Olivetans Oratorians Piarists Premonstratensians Redemptorists Servites Theatines Trappists Trinitarians Visitandines Associations of the faithful International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements International Federation of Catholic Universities International Kolping Society Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement International Union of Catholic Esperantists Community of Sant'Egidio Charities Aid to the Church in Need Caritas Internationalis Catholic Home Missions Catholic Relief Services CIDSE Particular churches ( By country ) Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches : Albanian Armenian Belarusian Bulgarian Chaldean Coptic Croatian and Serbian Eritrean Ethiopian Georgian Greek Hungarian Italo - Albanian Macedonian Maronite Melkite Romanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Syriac Syro - Malabar Syro - Malankara Ukrainian Liturgical rites Alexandrian Antiochian Armenian Byzantine East Syrian Latin Anglican Use Ambrosian Mozarabic Roman West Syrian Catholicism portal Pope portal Vatican City portal Book Name Media Category Templates WikiProject Religions by country Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Catholic Church Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Sikhism Zoroastrian Lists of countries by religious rankings Buddhism Christianity Catholic Church Latter - day Saints Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Importance of religion Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Judaism type Sikhism Zoroastrianism List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"36": "php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=807295909 '' Categories : Catholic Church organisation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages with URL errors Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the keep calm thing come from
|
[
"a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II",
"motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II"
] |
{
"0": "Keep Calm and Carry On - Wikipedia Keep Calm and Carry On Jump to : navigation , search `` Keep Calm '' redirects here . For the novel , see Keep Calm ( novel ) . This article is about the poster . For the Stereophonics album , see Keep Calm and Carry On ( album ) . For the TV series episode , see Keep Calm and Carry On ( Supernatural ) . The original 1939 Keep Calm and Carry On poster Keep Calm and Carry On was a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II . The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public , threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities . Although 2.45 million copies were printed , and although the Blitz did in fact take place , the poster was hardly ever publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books , a bookshop in Alnwick . It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies , and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products . Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' , self - discipline , fortitude , and remaining calm in adversity -- the poster has become recognised around the world . It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and production 1.2 Later developments 1.3 Rediscovery and commercialisation 1.4 Trademark claims 2 Imitations 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Design and production ( edit ) `` Freedom Is in Peril '' `` Your Courage '' The Keep Calm and Carry On poster was designed by the Ministry of Information during the period of 27 June to 6 July 1939 .",
"1": "It was produced as part of a series of three `` Home Publicity '' posters ( the others read `` Your Courage , Your Cheerfulness , Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory '' and `` Freedom Is in Peril / Defend It With All Your Might '' ) . Each poster showed the slogan under a representation of a `` Tudor Crown '' ( a symbol of the state ) . They were intended to be distributed to strengthen morale in the event of a wartime disaster , such as mass bombing of major cities using high explosives and poison gas , which was widely expected within hours of an outbreak of war . A career civil servant named A.P. Waterfield came up with `` Your Courage '' as `` a rallying war - cry that will bring out the best in everyone of us and put us in an offensive mood at once '' . Others involved in the planning of the early posters included : John Hilton , Professor of Industrial Relations at Cambridge University , responsible overall as Director of Home Publicity ; William Surrey Dane , managing director at Odhams Press ; Gervas Huxley , former head of publicity for the Empire Marketing Board ; William Codling , controller of HMSO ; Harold Nicolson , MP ( often misspelled as `` Nicholson '' in paperwork ) ; W.G.V. Vaughan , who became Director of the General Production Division ( GPD ) ; H.V. Rhodes , who later wrote an occasional paper on setting up a new government department ; Ivison Macadam ; `` Mr Cruthley '' ; and `` Mr Francis '' . Ernest Wallcousins was the artist tasked with creating the poster designs . Detailed planning for the posters had started in April 1939 and the eventual designs were prepared after meetings between officials from the Ministry of Information and HM Treasury on 26 June 1939 and between officials from the Ministry of Information and HMSO on 27 June 1939 . Roughs of the poster were completed on 6 July 1939 , and the final designs were agreed by the Home Secretary Samuel Hoare , 1st Viscount Templewood on 4 August 1939 . Printing began on 23 August 1939 , the day that Nazi Germany and the USSR signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and the posters were ready to be placed up within 24 hours of the outbreak of war .",
"2": "Almost 2,500,000 copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were printed between 23 August 1939 and 3 September 1939 but the poster was not sanctioned for immediate public display . It was instead decided that copies of the poster should remain in `` cold storage '' for use after serious air raids ( with resources transferred to Your Courage and Freedom is in Peril ) . Copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were retained until April 1940 , but stocks were then pulped as part of the wider Paper Salvage campaign . An October 1940 edition of the Yorkshire Post records the poster being hung in a shop in Leeds . The remainder of the Ministry of Information publicity campaign was cancelled in October 1939 following criticism of its cost and impact . Many people claimed not to have seen the posters ; while those who did see them regarded them as patronising and divisive . Design historian Susannah Walker regards the campaign as `` a resounding failure '' and reflective of a misjudgement by upper - class civil servants of the mood of the people . The typeface is often assumed to be Gill Sans , which is very close though not exact ( see the terminals of the ' C ' , for example ) . The lettering was likely hand drawn by a now - unknown designer . Later developments ( edit ) In late May and early June 1941 , 14,000,000 copies of a leaflet entitled `` Beating the Invader '' were distributed with a message from Prime Minister Winston Churchill . The leaflet begins `` If invasion comes ... '' and exhorts the populace to `` Stand Firm '' and `` Carry On '' . The two phrases do not appear in one sentence , as they applied to different segments of the population depending on their circumstances , with those civilians finding themselves in areas of fighting ordered to stand firm ( i.e. , stay put ) and those not in areas of fighting ordered to carry on ( i.e. , continue vital war work ) . Each mandate is identified as a `` great order and duty '' should invasion come . The leaflet then lists 14 questions and answers on practical measures to be taken . Rediscovery and commercialisation ( edit ) Shop display of `` Keep Calm '' merchandise , including the original slogan and variants such as `` Keep Calm and Drink Tea '' .",
"3": "In 2000 , Stuart Manley , co-owner with his wife Mary of Barter Books Ltd. in Alnwick , Northumberland , was sorting through a box of used books bought at auction when he uncovered one of the original `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' posters . The couple framed it and hung it up by the cash register ; it attracted so much interest that Manley began to produce and sell copies . Other companies followed suit , and the design rapidly began to be used as the theme for a wide range of products . Mary Manley later commented , `` I did n't want it trivialised ; but of course now it 's been trivialised beyond belief . '' In early 2012 , Barter Books debuted an informational short film , The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On , providing visual insight into the modernisation and commercialisation of the design and the phrase . The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism : the `` stiff upper lip '' , self - discipline , fortitude and remaining calm in adversity . Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen `` not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness , but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis '' . She goes on to point out , however , that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production , and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part . Trademark claims ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) In August 2011 , it was reported that a UK - based company called Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd had registered the slogan as a community trade mark in the EU , CTM No : 009455619 and also in the United States No : 4066622 . after failing to obtain registration of the slogan as a trademark in the United Kingdom . They issued a take - down request against a seller of Keep Calm and Carry On products . Questions have been raised as to whether the registration could be challenged , as the slogan had been widely used before registration and is not recognisable as indicating trade origin .",
"4": "An application has been submitted by British intellectual property advisor and UK trademarking service Trade Mark Direct , to cancel the registration on the grounds that the words are too widely used for one person to own the exclusive rights , but the request for cancellation was rejected and the trade mark is still protected in all EU countries . The company subsequently tried to register the slogan as its trademark in both the United States and Canada . A 2009 parody of the poster `` Keep Calm and Candy On '' painted on boards covering smashed windows of a sweet shop in Birmingham during the 2011 England riots Imitations ( edit ) As the popularity of the poster in various media has grown , innumerable parodies , imitations and co-optations have also appeared , making it a notable meme . Messages range from the cute to the overtly political , typically with references to other aspects of popular culture ranging from the royal wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William to the Super Mario video games . Examples have included `` Now Panic and Freak Out '' ( with an upside - down crown ) , `` Get Excited and Make Things '' ( with a crown incorporating spanners ) , `` Keep Calm and Have a Cupcake '' ( with a cupcake icon ) , `` Do n't Panic and Fake a British Accent '' , `` Keep Calm and Hate Apple '' ( with the Windows logo ) , `` Keep Calm and Hate Microsoft '' ( with the Apple logo ) , `` Keep Clam and Gary On '' ( a SpongeBob SquarePants - themed parody ) , `` Keep Calm and Call Batman '' ( with the Batman logo ) , `` Keep Calm and Switch to Linux '' ( with Tux ) and `` Keep Spending and Carry On Shopping '' . In March -- April 2012 , the British pop - rock band McFly undertook a theatre tour entitled `` The Keep Calm and Play Louder Tour '' , promoted with a poster closely based on that of 1939 . In late 2012 and early 2013 , the `` Save Lewisham Hospital '' campaign ( a protest against proposed cuts in services at University Hospital Lewisham ) made widespread use of a poster with the slogan `` Do n't Keep Calm Get Angry and Save Lewisham A&E '' .",
"5": "Shepherd Neame Brewery put the slogan `` Keep Calm and Celebrate '' on the bottles of their Spitfire ale , which was designed to commemorate the Battle of Britain . The historic railroad town of Helper , Utah , uses the theme , `` Keep Calm and Visit Helper , '' as part of its arts renaissance promotion . Calgary ( Alberta , Canada ) Mayor Naheed Nenshi 's efforts to encourage and motivate his citizens in the wake of the 2013 Alberta floods have made his name the subject of parody `` Keep Calm and Nenshi On '' fundraising T - shirts . See also ( edit ) British propaganda during World War II We Can Do It ! , an American World War II poster which also became popular decades later References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Slocombe , British Posters of the Second World War ( London : Imperial War Museum , 2012 ) , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Rebecca , PhD ( 5 April 2009 ) . `` 1939 : The Three Posters ( PhD Extract ) '' . Keep Calm and Carry on and other Second World War Posters : British Home Front Propaganda Posters of the Second World War . Jump up ^ Hughes , Stuart ( 4 February 2009 ) . `` The Greatest Motivational Poster Ever ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Keep calm and carry on ... bidding for rare poster '' . The Guardian . 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Slack , Chris ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Keep Calm and Carry On ... to the bank : Original wartime poster shows up on Antiques Roadshow '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Irving , Henry ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` Keep Calm and Carry On -- The Compromise Behind the Slogan '' . History of Government Blog . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on Silk Stockings : Should They Have Been Rationed ? '' . Yorkshire Post and Leeds Mercury . 22 October 1940 . p. 4 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Rees , Nigel ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Cheer up , the worst is yet to come '' . Today programme . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Walker 2012 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Calm and Carry On : Fonts '' . K - Type . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kominek , Lex . `` KEEP CALM AND CARRY ON - WWII Posters '' . Typophile . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IF INVASION COMES . MR . CHURCHILL 'S ORDERS . `` Stand Firm and Carry On . '' `` . The West Australian . Perth , WA , Australia . 26 May 1941 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` About Keep Calm and Carry On '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Keep Calm and carry on ... into a feud '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On '' on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Walker 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd '' . Keepcalmandcarryon.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bustillos , Maria ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The Vicious Trademark Battle Over ' Keep Calm and Carry On ' '' . The Awl . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Jeremy ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Monday miscellany '' . IPKitten blog . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Battle rages over ' Keep Calm and Carry On ' souvenirs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Battle over trademark of ' keep calm ' phrase '' . BBC News Online . 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keep calm and carry on items removed from my ebay account '' .",
"7": "justanswer.com . August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IP group aims to reclaim ' Keep Calm & Carry On ' '' . freelanceuk.com . Jump up ^ `` Serial Number : 85297485 Keep Calm and Carry On USA Trademark '' . Official Gazette . USPTO. 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Trade - mark Data '' . IC.GC.CA. 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Begley ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` New Batman Easter egg from ' Man of Steel ' revealed '' . batman-news.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keep calm and switch to Linux '' . Jump up ^ Walker , Rob ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` Remixed Messages '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Little , Mandy ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Protestors show unity '' . South London Press . London . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Save Lewisham Hospital ! '' . Save Lewisham Hospital campaign . 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dean Bennett ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Mayor Nenshi has captured Calgary 's heart , but the worst , at least politically , is yet to come '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Clampin , David ( 2009 ) . `` '' To Guide , Help and Hearten Millions `` : the place of commercial advertising in wartime Britain , 1939 -- 1945 '' . Journal of Macromarketing. 29 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 73 . doi : 10.1177 / 0276146708328054 . Inkster , Nigel ; Nicoll , Alexander ( 2010 ) . `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' . Survival : Global Politics and Strategy . 52 : 249 -- 256 . doi : 10.1080 / 00396331003764777 .",
"8": "Lewis , Bex ( 2012 ) . `` The Renaissance of ' Keep Calm and Carry On ' '' . The Poster. 2 : 7 -- 23 . doi : 10.1386 / post. 2.1. 7_1 . Lewis , Bex ( 2017 ) . Keep Calm and Carry on The Truth Behind the Poster . London : Imperial War Museum . ISBN 1904897347 . OCLC 979568000 . Walker , Susannah ( 2012 ) . Home Front Posters of the Second World War . Oxford : Shire . ISBN 9780747811428 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keep calm and carry on .",
"9": "Photographs displaying examples of the poster 's popularity , as printed in The Guardian Photo of the original poster on the Barter Books website First person : ' I am the Keep Calm and Carry On man ' Dr Bex Lewis , Original history of the poster , and blog tracing its 21st Century renaissance Video explaining the basic history of the poster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keep_Calm_and_Carry_On&oldid=835535042 '' Categories : Propaganda posters Motivation Internet memes Cultural history of World War II World War II media Slogans United Kingdom home front during World War II Propaganda in the United Kingdom World War II propaganda English phrases 1939 works 2000 introductions Snowclones Clichés Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 08 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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[
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9106027670550350214
|
which domain of life are humans members of
|
[
"Eukarya",
"Eukarya"
] |
{
"0": "Domain ( biology ) - wikipedia Domain ( biology ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Domain ( disambiguation ) . The three - domain system is made up of Eukaryota ( represented by the Australian green tree frog , left ) , Bacteria ( represented by Staphylococcus aureus , middle ) and Archaea ( represented by Sulfolobus , right ) . The hierarchy of biological classification 's eight major taxonomic ranks . Life is divided into domains , which are subdivided into further groups . Intermediate minor rankings are not shown . In biological taxonomy , a domain ( Latin : regio ) , also superkingdom or empire , is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three - domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese , an American microbiologist and biophysicist . According to the Woese system , introduced in 1990 , the tree of life consists of three domains : Archaea , Bacteria , and Eukarya . The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms , or single - celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus . All life that has a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles , and multicellular organisms , is included in the Eukarya . Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five `` dominion '' system , adding two more to the above . Contents ( hide ) 1 Domain or dominion 2 Characteristics of the three domains of life 2.1 Archaea 2.2 Bacteria 2.3 Eukarya 3 Exclusion of viruses 4 Alternative classifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Domain or dominion ( edit ) The term `` domain '' is proposed by Woese et al. ( 1990 ) in his three - domain system . This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion ( lat . dominium ) , introduced by Moore in 1974 . However , only Stefan Luketa uses the term `` dominion '' . He placed Prion and Virus under two `` dominions '' separately .",
"1": "Characteristics of the three domains of life ( edit ) A speculatively rooted tree for RNA genes , showing major branches Bacteria , Archaea , and Eukaryota The three - domains tree and the Eocyte hypothesis ( Two domains tree ) , 2008 . Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship between the eukaryotes and other forms of life , 2006 Eukaryotes are colored red , archaea green and bacteria blue . Each of these three domains of life recognized by biologists today contain unique rRNA . This fact in itself forms the basis of the three - domain system . While the presence of a nuclear membrane differentiates the Eukarya domain from the Archaea and Bacteria domains , both of which lack a nuclear membrane , distinct biochemical and RNA markers differentiate the Archaea and Bacteria domains from each other . Archaea ( edit ) Further information : Archaea Archaea are prokaryotic cells , typically characterized by membrane lipids that are branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages . The presence of these ether linkages in Archaea adds to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and highly acidic conditions , but many archea live in mild environments . Halophiles , organisms that thrive in highly salty environments , and hyperthermophiles , organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments , are examples of Archaea . Archaea evolved many cell sizes , but all are relatively small . Their size ranges from 0.1 μm to 15 μm diameter and up to 200 μm long . They are about the size of bacteria or similar to the size of a mitochondrion in a eukaryotic cell . Members of the genus Thermoplasma are the smallest of the archaea . Bacteria ( edit ) Further information : Bacteria Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea , their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages . Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria . They characteristically do not have ether linkages like Archaea , and they are grouped into a different category -- and hence a different domain .",
"2": "There is a great deal of diversity in this domain , and between that and horizontal gene transfer , it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet . Eukarya ( edit ) Further information : Eukaryote Members of the domain Eukarya -- called eukaryotes -- have membrane - bound organelles ( including a nucleus containing genetic material ) and are represented by four kingdoms : Plantae , Protista , Animalia , and Fungi . Exclusion of viruses ( edit ) Main article : Virus None of the three systems currently include non-cellular life . As of 2011 there is talk about Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses possibly being a fourth branch domain of life , a view supported by researchers in 2012 . Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five - domain system , adding Prionobiota ( acellular and without nucleic acid ) and Virusobiota ( acellular but with nucleic acid ) to the traditional three domains . Alternative classifications ( edit ) Alternative classifications of life so far proposed include : The two - empire system or superdomain system , with top - level groupings of Prokaryota ( or Monera ) and Eukaryota . The eocyte hypothesis , first proposed by James A. Lake et al. in 1984 , which posits two domains ( Bacteria and Archaea , with Eukaryota included in Archaea ) . See also ( edit ) Biological dark matter Human timeline Life timeline Nature timeline Neomura , which is the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota Phylogenetics Protein structure Systematics Three - domain system References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Woese C , Kandler O , Wheelis M ( 1990 ) . `` Towards a natural system of organisms : proposal for the domains Archaea , Bacteria , and Eucarya '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 87 ( 12 ) : 4576 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1990PNAS ... 87.4576 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 87.12. 4576 . PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744 .",
"3": "Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Scientific Taxonomy and Classification of all Creatures '' . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Luketa S. ( 2012 ) . `` New views on the megaclassification of life '' ( PDF ) . Protistology. 7 ( 4 ) : 218 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Moore R.T. ( 1974 ) . `` Proposal for the recognition of super ranks '' ( PDF ) . Taxon. 23 ( 4 ) : 650 -- 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 1218807 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite journal author1 = Cox , C.J. author2 = Foster , P.G. author3 = Hirt , R.P. author4 = Harris , S.R. author5 = Embley , T.M. year = 2008 title = The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume = 105 issue = 51 pages = 20356 -- 61 doi = 10.1073 / pnas. 0810647105 pmid = 19073919 pmc = 2629343 bibcode = 2008PNAS ... 10520356C ) ) Jump up ^ Ciccarelli FD , Doerks T , von Mering C , Creevey CJ , Snel B , Bork P ( 2006 ) . `` Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life '' ( PDF ) . Science . 311 ( 5765 ) : 1283 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311.1283 C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1123061 . PMID 16513982 . Jump up ^ Nasir , A ; Kim , KM ; Caetano - Anolles , G ( 2012 ) . `` Giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea , Bacteria and Eukarya '' . BMC Evol. Biol. 12 : 156 .",
"4": "doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 12 - 156 . PMC 3570343 . PMID 22920653 . Jump up ^ Mayr , Ernst ( 1998 ) . `` Two empires or three ? '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 95 ( 17 ) : 9720 -- 9723 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.9720 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.17. 9720 . PMC 33883 . PMID 9707542 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Cavalier - Smith , T. ( 2004 ) . `` Only six kingdoms of life '' ( PDF ) . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . B. 271 ( 1545 ) : 1251 -- 62 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2705 . PMC 1691724 . PMID 15306349 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 Jump up ^ Archibald , John M. ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells '' . PNAS. 105 ( 51 ) : 20049 -- 20050 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0811118106 . Jump up ^ Lake , James A. ; Henderson , Eric ; Oakes , Melanie ; Clark , Michael W. ( June 1984 ) . `` Eocytes : A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes '' . PNAS. 81 ( 12 ) : 3786 -- 3790 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 81.12. 3786 . PMC 345305 . PMID 6587394 . Jump up ^ Williams , Tom A. ; Foster , Peter G. ; Cox , Cymon J. ; Embley , T. Martin ( December 2013 ) . `` An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life '' .",
"5": "Nature . 504 ( 7479 ) : 231 -- 236 . doi : 10.1038 / nature12779 . PMID 24336283 . External links ( edit ) Learn Biology : Classification - Domains on YouTube ( hide ) Taxonomic ranks Domain / Superkingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Infrakingdom / Branch Superphylum / Superdivision Phylum / Division Subphylum Infraphylum Microphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Parvclass Legion Cohort Magnorder Superorder Order Suborder Infraorder Parvorder Section ( zoo. ) Superfamily Family Subfamily Supertribe Tribe Subtribe Genus Subgenus Section ( bot. ) Series ( bot. ) Species Subspecies Variety Form Biology portal Evolutionary biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain_(biology)&oldid=816166384 '' Categories : Domains ( biology ) Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski",
"6": "Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"7": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
when do replays become available on nfl game pass
|
[
"after their original live broadcasts end",
"after their original live broadcasts end",
"after their original live broadcasts end",
"full replays of all the games become available on demand after their original live broadcasts end",
"after their original live broadcasts end"
] |
{
"0": "NFL Game Pass - wikipedia NFL Game Pass Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL Game Pass is a subscription based audio and video service which allows users to hear and watch live and archived National Football League ( NFL ) games via a Internet connection . For users in North America , only out - of - market preseason games can be viewed live ; full replays of all the games become available on demand after their original live broadcasts end . Live preseason , regular season , and postseason games are available to international users . The NFL originally offered different subscription packages . NFL Audio Pass , formerly NFL Field Pass , was an Internet radio out - of - market sports package that provided live and archived audio broadcasts of NFL games . NFL Game Rewind provided archived games for users in North America to watch . And the original NFL Game Pass package offered live and archived preseason , regular season , and postseason games to international users . All of these packages were integrated into a single NFL Game Pass platform prior to the 2015 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 NFL Audio Pass 2.1 Free previews 2.2 Broadcast availability 3 Developments 4 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to 2002 , NFL.com offered free broadcasts of its NFL games by special agreement with approximately 20 of its member teams . However , about the same time as the first Internet radio bust , the NFL decided to join the RealOne SuperPass system , a subscription multimedia service that provided various channels from major broadcast providers for a fee ( hence the word `` Pass '' in the name ) . RealNetworks no longer manages NFL Audio Pass . NFL Audio Pass ( edit ) NFL Audio Pass provided audio feeds from the flagship English - language radio stations of all 32 NFL teams , broadcasting every preseason , regular season , and postseason game . To direct listeners to the service , the NFL had banned local affiliates from streaming NFL games on the Internet , although several stations still broadcast the games anyway and enforcement of this ban is inconsistent . NFL Audio Pass coverage of the Super Bowl was unique .",
"1": "Because the NFL only allows one station to air a local broadcast for each team in the contest , NFL Audio Pass and Sirius Satellite Radio were the only options for those who want to listen to their home team but live outside of the flagship station 's listening range . In addition to the team broadcasts , the NFL Audio Pass Super Bowl package included various foreign language broadcasts , live feeds from the stadium PA announcer , archives , and `` press box '' stat play - by - play . Free previews ( edit ) In the past , from spring until August 1 , NFL Field Pass opened up its archives to `` free preview . '' All games from the past years were available for free during this window , as is live coverage of the NFL Draft and other live multimedia . This was not the case in 2009 , though the free preview returned in 2010 . Until its demise in 2007 , NFL Europe live video broadcasts were also available on the service . Broadcast availability ( edit ) Prior to 2009 , the national radio broadcasts on the Westwood One network ( including the Pro Bowl , a Westwood One exclusive ) were not available on NFL Field Pass . As part of a renegotiation of the broadcast contract , national Westwood One games , including all prime - time games , the Pro Bowl , and all playoff games , became available on Field Pass beginning in the 2009 NFL season . ( Westwood One 's Sunday afternoon doubleheader broadcasts , which are negotiated with individual teams separately from the national package , remain unavailable on NFL Audio Pass , as do those of the rival Sports USA Radio Network and Compass Media Networks . ) Spanish - language broadcasts from Univision Radio and United Stations Radio Networks are also now available on NFL Audio Pass , although they are available for free on the Univision - NFL joint project , NFLatino.com . Developments ( edit ) An Internet television spinoff service , NFL Game Pass , debuted in 2008 for online users outside of North America . NFL Field Pass and Game Pass during the 2009 season had a major outage on the season 's opening Sunday ( September 13 ) which left its subscribers without access to the service . NFL Field Pass was renamed NFL Audio Pass prior to the 2010 season . Starting with the 2015 season , Game Pass became available in North America , replacing the similar NFL Game Rewind service .",
"2": "At the same time , NFL Audio Pass was also integrated into Game Pass . External links ( edit ) NFL Game Pass ( hide ) National Football League on television and radio Broadcast partners ABC ( AFL ) CBS Fox NBC Defunct networks DuMont Sports Network Monday Night Football History Monday Night Countdown Results Games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Sunday Night Football ESPN NBC TNT Results ESPN NBC TNT Pregame TV programs The NFL Today CBS Fox NFL Sunday ESPN Sunday NFL Countdown Monday Night Countdown NBC The NFL on NBC pregame show Football Night in America NFL Network List of programs NFL AM NFL Classics NFL GameDay NFL Replay NFL Total Access The Timeline Thursday Night Football Results ( 2006 -- present ) 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game Miracle in Motown NFL Films TV programs Football Follies A Football Life Full Color Football Hard Knocks Inside the NFL NFL Dream Season NFL Films Game of the Week NFL 's Greatest Games NFL Matchup NFL Top 10 NFL Top 100 Other TV programs Finding Giants Football Sidelines Football This Week NFL Live NFL Primetime Pro Football Highlights The NFL Show / NFL This Week Radio broadcast partners Compass Media ESPN Sports USA Westwood One Defunct networks Mutual NBC Secondary partners",
"3": "Absolute Radio 90s ( UK ) NFL Game Pass Sirius XM TSN Radio ( Canada ) Local broadcasters Buffalo Bills Radio Network Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network Cleveland Browns Radio Network Dallas Cowboys Radio Network Denver Broncos broadcasters Detroit Lions Radio Network Packers Radio Network Jaguars Radio Network New England Patriots Radio Network New York Giants Radio Network New York Jets broadcasters Oakland Raiders broadcasters Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network Titans Radio Network Broadcasters by event NFL Draft Pro Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Postseason events AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl ( lead - out programs ) International events American Bowl World Bowl TV technology 1st & Ten ( graphics system ) FoxBox Instant replay NFL Sunday Ticket NFL Game Pass Telestrator Wiping Other TV information Announcerless Game Canadian broadcasts History Doubleheader ( television ) Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) TV markets Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) List of major sports teams in the United States by city ( TV markets ) Primary television stations Broadcast policies Blackout policies Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_Game_Pass&oldid=796617780 '' Categories : National Football League media Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2017 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 01 : 50 .",
"4": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
where does the last name perry come from
|
[
"Old English pyrige (pear tree)"
] |
{
"0": "Perry ( surname ) - wikipedia Perry ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surname Perry . For other uses , see Perry ( disambiguation ) . Perry Origin Region of origin England Language ( s ) Old English Meaning One who dwells by a pear tree ( Geographical ) ; quarryman Perry is a surname with several distinct origins . In England deriving from the Old English pyrige ( pear tree ) , referring to one who dwells by a pear tree , while in Wales Perry , along with Parry , arose as patronymics , via a shortening of `` ap Harry '' ( son of Harry ) . There are some variants in the Romance or Romantic languages ( derived from the Latin ) : Pereira , Pereyra , Pereyro , Pereiro , Pereiros Pereire , Perera , Perer , Perero , Pereros ; the Norman French perrieur ( quarry ) , possibly referring to a quarryman . Perry was recorded as a surname from the late 16th century in villages near Colchester , Essex , East England , such as Lexden and Copford . Perry has some resemblance with the Portuguese common surname Pereira , which means pear tree in Portuguese language . Because of that , many Portuguese immigrants to the USA ( especially Massachusetts ) chose to `` Americanize '' their Pereira surname to Perry . The Italian surname , Perri , related to `` Peter '' , is also often Americanized to Perry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical distribution 1.1 United Kingdom , Empire , and Dependencies 1.2 United States and Territories 2 People 3 See also 4 References Geographical Distribution ( edit ) United Kingdom , empire , and dependencies ( edit ) At the time of the United Kingdom Census of 1881 , the frequency of the surname Perry was highest in the following counties : 1 . Somerset ( 1 : 312 ) 2 . Essex ( 1 : 347 ) 3 . Staffordshire ( 1 : 396 ) 4 . Rutland ( 1 : 405 ) 5 . Worcestershire ( 1 : 458 ) 6 .",
"1": "Hertfordshire ( 1 : 576 ) 7 . Bedfordshire ( 1 : 676 ) 8 . Shropshire ( 1 : 698 ) 9 . Cornwall ( 1 : 699 ) 10 . Devon ( 1 : 746 ) As of 2014 , the frequency of the surname was highest in the following countries and territories : 1 . Guernsey ( 1 : 1,147 ) 2 . French Polynesia ( 1 : 1,231 ) 3 . Wales ( 1 : 1,277 ) 4 . United States ( 1 : 1,332 ) 5 . Bermuda ( 1 : 1,367 ) 6 . Jamaica ( 1 : 1,538 ) 7 . Isle of Man ( 1 : 1,564 ) 8 . Israel ( 1 : 1,572 ) 9 . New Zealand ( 1 : 1,588 ) 10 . Liberia ( 1 : 1,597 ) United States and territories ( edit ) As of 2014 , 67.0 % of all known bearers of the surname Perry were residents of the United States . The frequency of the surname was higher than national average in the following U.S. states : 1 . Rhode Island ( 1 : 563 ) 2 . Maine ( 1 : 652 ) 3 . Vermont ( 1 : 658 ) 4 . West Virginia ( 1 : 660 ) 5 . North Carolina ( 1 : 699 ) 6 . Tennessee ( 1 : 715 ) 7 . Kentucky ( 1 : 797 ) 8 . Massachusetts ( 1 : 801 ) 9 . New Hampshire ( 1 : 828 ) 10 . Alabama ( 1 : 857 ) 11 . Mississippi ( 1 : 961 ) 12 . South Carolina ( 1 : 1,003 ) 13 .",
"2": "Arkansas ( 1 : 1,025 ) 14 . Virginia ( 1 : 1,040 ) 15 . Louisiana ( 1 : 1,076 ) 16 . Oklahoma ( 1 : 1,081 ) 17 . Utah ( 1 : 1,107 ) 18 . D.C. ( 1 : 1,116 ) 19 . Georgia ( 1 : 1,153 ) 20 . Indiana ( 1 : 1,169 ) 21 . Ohio ( 1 : 1,190 ) 22 . Michigan ( 1 : 1,215 ) 23 . Connecticut ( 1 : 1,235 ) 24 . Maryland ( 1 : 1,243 ) 25 . Idaho ( 1 : 1,302 ) 26 . Alabama ( 1 : 1,321 ) The frequency of the surname was highest ( over 10 times the national average ) in the following U.S. counties : 1 . McCreary County , Ky. ( 1 : 49 ) 2 . Slope County , N.D. ( 1 : 59 ) 3 . Bertie County , N.C. ( 1 : 61 ) 4 . Franklin County , N.C. ( 1 : 88 ) 5 . Chowan County , N.C. ( 1 : 102 ) 6 . Daggett County , Utah ( 1 : 105 ) 7 . Warren County , N.C. ( 1 : 106 ) 8 . Morgan County , Ky. ( 1 : 112 ) 9 . Wheatland County , Mont. ( 1 : 112 ) 10 . Vance County , N.C. ( 1 : 115 ) 11 . Wolfe County , Ky. ( 1 : 119 ) 12 . Nash County , N.C. ( 1 : 124 ) 13 . Hertford County , N.C.",
"3": "( 1 : 129 ) 14 . Brown County , Ill . ( 1 : 129 ) 15 . Washington County , Colo . ( 1 : 130 ) People ( edit ) Adam Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Adam Perry ( drummer ) ( born 1969 ) , English drummer Adam Perry ( rugby league ) ( born 1979 ) , Australian rugby player Alf Perry , English golfer Alfred Perry , co-founder of the Douglas Hospital in Montreal , Quebec , Canada Andre Perry , member of the American rock band The Lonelyhearts Andrew Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Anne Perry ( born 1938 ) , English author Antoinette Perry ( 1888 -- 1946 ) , American actress and director ; founder American Theatre Wing , annual Antoinette Perry Awards , Tony Awards Aylesworth Perry ( 1860 -- 1956 ) , the sixth and longest - serving Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Bob J. Perry ( 1932 -- 2013 ) , American homebuilder and major political contributor Bradley Steven Perry , American actor known for playing Gabe Duncan on the Disney Channel Original Series Good Luck Charlie Brianna Perry , American female rapper Caitríona Perry , Irish television journalist and newsreader Catherine D. Perry ( born 1952 ) U.S.",
"4": "judge Catherine Joy Perry ( born 1985 ) , professional name Lana ( wrestling ) , American model and professional wrestling valet Charles Perry ( Texas politician ) , CPA and Texas state legislator Charlie Perry ( English footballer ) ( 1866 -- 1927 ) , English footballer Charlie Perry ( Australian rules footballer ) ( 1888 -- 1961 ) South Australian footballer and Methodist minister , son of Isaiah Perry Chris Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Clark M. Perry , American politician Corey Perry , Canadian hockey player Dave Perry , English game show co-commentator David Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Dewayne E. Perry , American engineer Edmund Perry , 1985 murder victim Edward Perry ( industrialist ) ( 1800 -- 1869 ) , English tinplate works master and twice Mayor of Wolverhampton Edward A. Perry , governor of Florida Eleanor Perry ( née Rosenfeld , 1914 -- 1981 ) , screenwriter and author . Elliott Perry ( 1884 -- 1972 ) , American philatelist Ellyse Perry , Australian cricketer and footballer Enoch Wood Perry , Jr.",
"5": "( 1831 -- 1915 ) , American artist Frank Perry ( 1930 -- 1995 ) , American film director Fred Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Fred Perry ( 1909 -- 1995 ) , British tennis player Gaylord Perry ( born 1938 ) , American baseball player Geoffrey Perry ( 1927 -- 2000 ) , English physics teacher and amateur astronomer George Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people George Sessions Perry ( 1910 -- 1956 ) , American novelist Glenn Perry , Australian writer Grayson Perry , English artist Guy Perry , American actor Hal Perry ( basketball ) ( 1933 -- 2009 ) , American basketball player Hal Perry ( politician ) , Canadian politician Isaiah Perry ( 1854 -- 1911 ) Methodist minister is South Australia , father of engineer Frank Perry and footballer Charlie Perry Ivor Perry ( born 1904 ) , Welsh footballer James Perry ( journalist ) ( 1756 -- 1821 ) , British journalist Jason Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Jeff Perry ( American actor ) ( born 1955 ) Jim Perry ( baseball ) ( born 1935 ) , American baseball player ; brother of Gaylord Perry Jim Perry ( television personality ) , Canadian - American television personality ( stage name ) Jimmy Perry ( 1923 -- 2016 ) , English scriptwriter Joe Perry ( American football ) ( born 1927 ) , American footballer Joe Perry ( musician ) ( born 1950 ) , American guitarist ( Americanized form of Pereira ) Joe Perry ( snooker player ) ( born 1974 ) , English snooker player John Perry ( musician ) ( born 1952 ) , English guitarist and writer John Bennett Perry ( born 1973 ) , American actor and former model Jonathan Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Jonathan Perry ( Louisiana politician ) ( born 1973 ) , Attorney and state legislator Juan Perry , Peruvian congressman Katherine Perry ( 1897 - 1983 ) , American stage and film actress .",
"6": "Katie Perry ( born 1980 ) , Australian fashion designer Katy Perry ( born 1984 ) , originally named Katherine Hudson , American singer Kenny Perry ( born 1960 ) , American golfer Kimberly Perry ( born 1983 ) , American musician , lead vocalist of The Band Perry Kyle Perry ( born 1986 ) , English footballer L. Glenn Perry ( 1944 -- 1998 ) , Chief Accountant of the SEC L. Tom Perry ( born 1922 - 2015 ) , an Apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Lee `` Scratch '' Perry ( born 1936 ) , Jamaican reggae producer Lincoln Perry , birth name of Stepin Fetchit ( 1902 -- 1985 ) , American comedian and actor Linda Perry , American singer , songwriter and record producer ( Americanized form of Pereira ) Luke Perry ( born 1966 ) , American actor Madison S. Perry , governor of Florida Mark Perry ( impressionist ) , British impressionist Matthew Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Matthew Perry ( born 1969 ) , Canadian - American television and film actor Matthew C. Perry ( 1794 -- 1858 ) , American naval officer Matt Perry ( rugby player ) ( born 1977 ) , English rugby union footballer Michael Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Michael Perry ( hymnwriter ) ( 1942 -- 1996 ) , English hymnwriter Michael Perry ( footballer ) ( born 1944 ) , Australian rules footballer Neil Perry , American musician , member of The Band Perry Niamh Perry ( born 1990 ) , Northern Irish singer Oliver Hazard Perry ( 1785 -- 1819 ) , American naval officer Paul Perry ( disambiguation ) , several people Phil Perry , musician Philippa Perry ( born 1957 ) , English psychotherapist and author Ralph Barton Perry ( 1876 -- 1957 ) , American philosopher and educator Reid Perry , American musician , member of The Band Perry Rick Perry ( born 1950 ) , U.S. Secretary of Energy ( 2017 - ) Roland Hinton Perry , American artist Ross Perry , Scottish footballer S.D.",
"7": "Perry , American novelist Samuel Augustus Perry ( 1787 -- 1854 ) English born soldier and surveyor . Samuel Marshall Perry ( 1836 -- 1898 ) , Los Angeles city councilman and county supervisor Samuel Victor Perry ( 1918 -- 2009 ) , British biochemist and rugby player Scott Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Shane Perry , Australian rugby league player Shaun Perry , Bristol and England rugby union player Shenay Perry , American tennis player Stephen Perry ( inventor ) , British inventor of the rubber band Steve Perry ( author ) , author Steve Perry ( musician ) , musician of the band Journey ( Americanized form of Pereira ) Steve Perry ( Oregon musician ) , musician , Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Suzi Perry ( born 1970 ) , English television presenter Todd Perry ( American football ) ( born 1970 ) , NFL player Todd Perry ( ice hockey ) ( born 1986 ) , Canadian ice hockey player Todd Perry ( tennis ) ( born 1976 ) , Australian tennis player Tyler Perry ( born 1969 ) , American actor , playwright , and director Whitall Perry ( 1920 -- 2005 ) , American writer William Perry ( disambiguation ) , multiple people See also ( edit ) Perry ( given name ) Perry ( disambiguation ) Pereira ( surname ) Perri References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Perry Meaning and Distribution '' . forebears.co.uk . Retrieved 25 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Genealogy '' . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Select Surnames Website '' . www.selectsurnames.com . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perry Surname Meaning , Origins & Distribution '' . forebears.co.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Perry . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link .",
"8": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_(surname)&oldid=830488721 '' Categories : Surnames Americanized surnames Surnames of English origin Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Disambiguation pages with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Latviešu Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 03 : 48 . About Wikipedia",
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when is the new jurassic world game coming out
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"June 12, 2018",
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"0": "Jurassic World Evolution - wikipedia Jurassic World Evolution Jump to : navigation , search Jurassic World Evolution Developer ( s ) Frontier Developments Publisher ( s ) Frontier Developments Director ( s ) Michael Brookes Designer ( s ) Andrew Fletcher Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release June 12 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Business simulation Mode ( s ) Single - player Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments . The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World , and is scheduled for release on June 12 , 2018 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation game that allows the player to construct a Jurassic World dinosaur theme park with attractions and research facilities . The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar , previously featured in the films Jurassic Park and Jurassic World , as well as the surrounding islands of the fictional Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago . The player 's ultimate goal is to develop five - star parks across all islands . The game features approximately 40 dinosaur species at launch . Dr. Ian Malcolm assists the player through the game , and players will meet other key figures representing three branches of the park 's development : entertainment , security and science . Each of these characters will push their agenda at the players , trying to convince players to develop the park in accordance to their advice . They give players `` contracts '' to complete , which are a series of goals and objectives . These contracts add narrative to the game , as well as rewards and reputation in their respective domains . Players can also access the INGEN Database to know more about the lore of the game 's world . Entertainment , security and science all feeds into the parks ' ratings . The five islands , each with different characteristics and challenges , will gradually unlock with sufficient park ratings . Essential buildings and facilities featured in the game include the Expedition center , which sends palaeontologists to fossil dig sites so as to obtain dinosaurs DNA content . DNA sequencing unlocks new dinosaurs and updates their statistics , such as lifespan .",
"1": "With sufficient DNA content , players can use the Hammond Research Center to breed and incubate the dinosaurs . Players can also improve the gene of the dinosaurs and evolve them by integrating the DNA of modern species into these dinosaurs gene to fill their gaps . These modifications to dinosaurs ' DNA will change the dinosaurs base statistics , such as their level of aggressiveness to their appearance . Players need to build enclosures to contain dinosaurs for visitors ' viewing . The needs of different dinosaurs , such as the type of food they eat and the extent of the social interactions they require , must be met to keep them healthy and satisfied . The game features a terrain tool which allows players to modify the environment , such as planting trees and creating water sources . Dinosaurs , controlled by artificial intelligence , will interact with each other and with the environment . For instance , they will attack a competing species when they meet with each other . Players also need to construct various entertainment rides , as well as amenities such as restaurants and shops to please the guests . An example of tourist attraction is the Gyrosphere and the monorail from Jurassic World . Players can also use the game 's photo mode to take pictures of dinosaurs , which also help the park to earn money and publicity . As the construction and expansion of the park , and the incubation of dinosaurs require a large sum of money , entertainment branch is the main source of the park 's income . Each entertainment facilities and amenities come with their own management system , with players being able to set and adjust entry fees as well as the amount of staff present in each facility . There are various emergency situations that may happen in the park , ranging from power failures , unpredictable weather , to dinosaurs breakouts , which must be addressed by players in order to ensure guests ' safety and happiness . Players can build an ACU Center and a Ranger Station , which are responsible for maintaining the park 's security , from sedating and transporting dinosaurs to fixing fences . Players can also control vehicles such as helicopters and 4x4 trucks to do certain tasks . Players can also play as the enclosure maintenance staff from a first - person perspective . Emergency shelters which protect the guests , as well as other security structures like power network redundancies and storm warning centers , can be built . Many of these security facilities can be upgraded to strengthen their efficiency when dealing with emergencies .",
"2": "Development and release ( edit ) The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World . Michael Brookes was the game 's director , while Andrew Fletcher was the lead designer . Universal Pictures provided the developers with dinosaur models from the films for a high level of detail . Universal also provided reference materials , including audio . To aid in creating the game , the development team closely watched the films and read Michael Crichton 's novels , Jurassic Park and The Lost World , and also read various fan theories . In addition , Universal and the team had discussions about various elements regarding the game . For the game , Jeff Goldblum reprised his role as Ian Malcolm from earlier Jurassic Park films . Bryce Dallas Howard and B.D. Wong also reprised their roles from Jurassic World . On 20 August 2017 , the game was announced during Gamescom 2017 . Later , on October 7 , footage showcasing the in - game engine was revealed during the first annual Frontier Expo . As of March 2018 , Brookes had been working on the game for just over a year . The game is scheduled for a digital release for PC , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018 , coinciding with the theatrical release of the film 's sequel , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . Physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version are scheduled for release on 3 July 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Life finds a way . Jurassic World Evolution might just be the game that the movies deserve '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World park sim coming from Planet Coaster developer '' . Polygon . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Wants To Show You The Best Dinosaurs You 've Ever Seen '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ali ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution has 40 dinosaur species , including Indominus Rex '' .",
"3": "PCGamesN . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For Jurassic World Evolution '' . Game Informer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Joho , Jess ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic ' World Evolution ' is the dino video game of our childhood dreams '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World Evolution - First Official Gameplay Demo '' . Frontier Developments . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chiodini , Johnny ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution finds a way to be refreshingly different '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Houghton , David ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution : Build your own park , farm custom dinosaurs , pull out the tranq gun when it all goes wrong '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dransfield , Ian ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` How to build your own dinosaur park in Jurassic World Evolution '' . Red Bull . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rougeau , Michael ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Is A Chaotic Sandbox For Dinosaur Management Mayhem '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Mixes Theme Park Sims With Jurassic Park '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Sunday 's Microsoft Gamescom livestream brought with it a surprise reveal , as a new game based on Jurassic World was announced . Called Jurassic World Evolution , it tasks players with running their own Jurassic World park . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( 1 April 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution 's Developers Share New Details '' .",
"4": "Game Informer . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution : Creative Director Michael Brookes Interview '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard and BD Wong Will Also Be in Jurassic World Evolution '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Gamescom 2017 : Jurassic World Evolution Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alex ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` A First Look At Jurassic World Evolution '' . Kotaku Australia . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Mark ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Get your first look at the dinosaurs in the new ' Jurassic World Evolution ' game '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Gets Official Digital , Physical Release Date : Life finds a way on June 12 and July 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Jurassic Park video games Jurassic Park NES Super NES Genesis CD PC Rampage Edition Arcade Pinball Interactive 2 : The Chaos Continues The Lost World Console Chaos Island Handheld Genesis Arcade Pinball Trespasser Jurassic Park III Arcade III : Danger Zone !",
"5": "III : Dino Defender III : The DNA Factor III : Park Builder III : Island Attack Scan Command Survival ( cancelled ) Jurassic World Lego Jurassic World Jurassic World Evolution Other games Warpath Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Operation Genesis The Game Builder Jurassic Park Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World_Evolution&oldid=838222471 '' Categories : Business simulation games Jurassic Park video games PlayStation 4 games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the alliance between great britian russia and france known as
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[
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"0": "Triple Entente - wikipedia Triple Entente Jump to : navigation , search European military alliances prior to World War I The Triple Entente ( from French entente ( ɑ̃tɑ̃t ) `` friendship , understanding , agreement '' ) refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente on 31 August 1907 . The understanding between the three powers , supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal , was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . However , Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I and joined the Entente instead in the Treaty of London ( 1915 ) . Historians continue to debate the importance of the alliance system as one of the causes of World War I . At the start of World War I in 1914 , all three Triple Entente members entered it as Allied Powers against the Central Powers : Germany and Austria - Hungary . However , the Triple Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defense . Thus , Britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions in the 1914 July Crisis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Franco - Russian Alliance 1.2 Entente cordiale 1.3 Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 2 Britain 3 France 4 Russia 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources Background ( edit ) Otto von Bismarck planned to isolate France diplomatically ; he feared that France 's revanchist aspirations might make it attempt to regain its losses suffered in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . The alliance also served to fight against progressive sentiments , which the conservative rulers found unsettling , such as the First International . However , the League faced great difficulty with the growing tensions between Russia and Austria - Hungary , mainly over the Balkans , where the rise of nationalism and the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire made many former Ottoman provinces struggle for independence .",
"1": "The situation in the Balkans , especially in the wake of the Serbo - Bulgarian War and the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , which made Russia feel cheated of its gains made in the Russo - Turkish War , prevented the League from being renewed in 1887 . In an attempt to stop Russia from allying with France , Bismarck signed the secret Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 . The treaty assured that both parties would remain neutral if war broke out . The alliance between Russia and France and Bismarck ′ s exclusion of Russia from the German financial market in 1887 prevented the treaty from being renewed in 1890 . That ended the alliance between Germany and Russia . Franco - Russian Alliance ( edit ) After the Reinsurance Treaty was not renewed in 1890 , Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country 's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco - Russian Alliance in 1894 . Entente cordiale ( edit ) In 1904 , Britain and France signed a series of agreements , the Entente cordiale , mostly in solving colonial disputes . That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism , as expressed in the expansion of the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy . The Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was free to make its own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted , `` The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance . For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all . For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind , a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries , but which may be , or become , so vague as to lose all content '' . Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 ( edit ) In 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 to end their rivalry in Central Asia , nicknamed The Great Game . Britain ( edit ) In the last decade of the nineteenth century , Britain continued its policy of `` splendid isolation '' , with its primary focus on defending its massive overseas empire .",
"2": "However , by the early 1900s , the German threat had increased dramatically , and in Britain thought it was in need of allies . For most of the 19th century , Britain had regarded France and Russia as its two most dangerous rivals , but with the growing threat of Germany , policy began to change for several reasons : France and Britain had signed five separate agreements regarding spheres of influence in North Africa in 1904 , the Entente cordiale . The Tangier Crisis later encouraged co-operation between the two countries from their mutual fear of apparent German expansionism . Russia was defeated in the Russo - Japanese War , which resulted in less concern over Russian imperialism and encouraged Russia to secure its position elsewhere . France was already allied to Russia in the Dual Alliance . Britain was frightened about the rising threat of German imperialism . Kaiser Wilhelm II had announced to the world his intentions to create a global German empire and to develop a strong navy . Britain , traditionally having control of the seas , saw that a serious threat to its own empire and navy . In 1907 , the Anglo - Russian Entente was agreed , which attempted to resolve a series of long - running disputes over Persia , Afghanistan and Tibet and helped to address British fears about the Baghdad Railway , which would help German expansion in the Near East . France ( edit ) Main article : French Third Republic During the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 , Prussia defeated the Second French Empire , resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic . In the Treaty of Frankfurt , Prussia forced France to cede Alsace - Lorraine to the new German Empire . Ever since , relations had been poor . France , worried about the escalating military development of Germany , began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression . Also , France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco - Russian Alliance , which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance . France ′ s main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace - Lorraine . A 1914 Russian poster in which the upper inscription reads `` agreement '' . The uncertain Britannia ( right ) and Marianne ( left ) look to the determined Mother Russia ( centre ) to lead them in the coming war .",
"3": "Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian Empire Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the six European powers , but it was also the most backward economically . Russia shared France ′ s worries about Germany . After the Germans started to reorganise the Ottoman army , Russia feared that they would come to control the Dardanelles , a vital trade artery that carried two fifths of Russia 's exports . There was also Russia 's long history of rivalry with Austria - Hungary . Austria - Hungary had recently annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina , greatly angering Russia , which had considered itself the leader of the Slavic world ( Pan-Slavism ) . Russia viewed the invasion as another step towards annexing Serbia and Montenegro . Russia had also recently lost the humiliating Russo - Japanese War , a cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the apparent transformation into a constitutional monarchy . To counter its enemies militarily and politically , Russia sought to revive the Franco - Russian Alliance . Although it was perceived as useless during the war with Japan , the alliance was valuable in the European theatre . Russia also signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 with Britain to counteract the threat of the Triple Alliance . The alignment of the autocratic Russian Empire with Europe 's two largest democracies was controversial on both sides . Many Russian conservatives mistrusted the secular France and recalled British past diplomatic maneuvers to block Russian influence in the Near East . In turn , prominent French and British journalists , academics and parliamentarians found the reactionary tsarist regime distasteful . Mistrust persisted even during wartime , with British and French politicians expressing relief when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917 . An offer of political asylum for the Romanovs was even withdrawn by the British king for fear popular reaction . Also , France never brought up the subject of asylum with the deposed tsar . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Allies of World War I Central Powers ( allies of Germany in World War I ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , Barricades and Borders : Europe 1800 - 1914 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger 2002 , p. 216 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ Gildea 2003 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Henig 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Holborn 1982 , pp. 304 - 305 . Jump up ^ Reinsurance Treaty Jump up ^ Hamilton , K.A. ( 1977 ) . `` Great Britain and France , 1911 -- 1914 '' . In Hinsley , F.H. British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey . Cambridge University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21347 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fiona K. Tomaszewski , A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 to 1914 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Gareth Russell ( 2014 ) . The Emperors : How Europe 's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War . Amberley . pp. 164 -- 65 . Sources ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René . A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) Andrew , Christopher . Théophile Délcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale , 1898 -- 1905 ( 1968 ) . Clark , Christopher . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe went to war in 1914 ( 2012 ) , pp. 124 -- 35 , 190 - 96 , 293 - 313 , 438 - 42 , 498 - 505 . Fay , Sidney Bradshaw . The Origins of the World War ( 2nd ed. 1934 ) vol 1 pp 105 -- 24 , 312 - 42 , vol 2 pp 277 -- 86 , 443 - 46 Hamel , Catherine .",
"5": "La commémoration de l'alliance franco - russe : La création d'une culture matérielle populaire , 1890 - 1914 ( French ) ( MA thesis , Concordia University , 2016 ) ; online Henig , Ruth Beatrice ( 2002 ) . The origins of the First World War ( Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26185 - 6 ) Hughes , Michael . Diplomacy before the Russian Revolution : Britain , Russia , and the Old Diplomacy , 1894 -- 1917 ( , 2000 ) . Kennan , George F. The decline of Bismarck 's European order : Franco - Russian relations , 1875 - 1890 ( 1979 ) . Kennan , George F. The fateful alliance : France , Russia , and the coming of the First World War ( Manchester UP , 1984 ) . Langer , William F. The Franco - Russian Alliance , 1890 - 1894 ( 1930 ) Langer , William F. The Diplomacy of Imperialism : 1890 - 1902 ( 1950 ) pp 3 -- 66 . Neilson , Keith . Britain and the Last Tsar : British Policy and Russia , 1894 -- 1917 ( Oxford , 1995 ) . Schmitt , Bernadotte . Triple Alliance and Triple Entente ( 1971 ) Sontag , Raymond . European Diplomatic History : 1871 - 1932 ( 1933 ) , basic short summary Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) advanced coverage Tomaszewski , Fiona . `` Pomp , Circumstance , and Realpolitik : The Evolution of the Triple Entente of Russia , Great Britain , and France . '' Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas vol. 3 ( 1999 ) : 362 - 380 . in JSTOR , in English Tomaszewski , Fiona K. A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 - 1914 ( Greenwood , 2002 ) ;",
"6": "also excerpt and text search ( hide ) Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"7": "php?title=Triple_Entente&oldid=838056368 '' Categories : Causes of World War I France in World War I British Empire in World War I Russian Empire in World War I History of international relations World War I by country France -- United Kingdom relations Russia -- United Kingdom relations 20th - century military alliances Military alliances involving France Military alliances involving Russia Military alliances involving the United Kingdom Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) 1907 establishments in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 ,",
"8": "at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the death penalty reinstated in oregon
|
[
"1984"
] |
{
"0": "Capital punishment in Oregon - wikipedia Capital punishment in Oregon Jump to : navigation , search Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oregon . In November 2011 , Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . Kitzhaber 's successor , Governor Kate Brown , affirmed her commitment to the moratorium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal process 2 Capital crimes 3 Early history 4 List of individuals executed since 1978 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Legal process ( edit ) Oregon is the only American state where someone can be convicted of a capital crime without a unanimous verdict from the jury : 11 jurors are enough to find the defendant guilty , unless the prosecution requests a unanimous verdict . But if the prosecution seeks the death penalty , the sentence is decided by the jury and must always be unanimous . In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial , a life sentence is issued , even if a single juror opposed death ( there is no retrial ) . The Governor of Oregon has sole authority over clemency , including capital cases . The method of execution is lethal injection . The men 's death row is located , and executions are carried out , at the Oregon State Penitentiary . Women on death row are held at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility until shortly before their execution . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder is the only crime punishable by death in Oregon . It is defined as murder involving any of the following circumstances : The defendant committed the murder pursuant to an agreement that the defendant receive money or other thing of value for committing the murder . The defendant solicited another to commit the murder and paid or agreed to pay the person money or other thing of value for committing the murder . The defendant committed murder after having been convicted previously in any jurisdiction of any homicide , the elements of which constitute the crime of murder or manslaughter as defined by Oregon statutes . There was more than one murder victim in the same criminal episode . The homicide occurred in the course of or as a result of intentional maiming or torture of the victim . The victim of the intentional homicide was a person under the age of 14 years .",
"1": "The victim was a police officer , correctional , parole and probation officer or other person charged with the duty of custody , control , or supervision of convicted persons , a member of the Oregon State Police , judicial officer , juror , or witness in a criminal proceeding , employee or officer of a court of justice , or a member of the State Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision and the murder was related to the performance of the victim 's duties in the justice system . The defendant committed murder by means of explosives . The defendant personally and intentionally committed the homicide in course of furtherance of another specified felony such as rape . The murder was committed in an effort to conceal the commission of a crime , or to conceal the identity of the perpetrator of a crime . The murder was committed after the defendant had escaped from a state , county , or municipal penal or correctional facility and before recapture . Early History ( edit ) The first death sentence carried out under the territorial government , apart from the hanging of the 5 Cayuse in 1850 , came on April 18 , 1851 , when William Kendall was hanged in Salem . Kendall 's sentence was handed down by Judge William Strong of the Oregon Supreme Court . Since 1904 , about 60 Five Cayuse Native American men were taken to Oregon City , tried and sentenced to hang . Before their execution on June 3 , 1850 , the leader , Tiloukaikt , accepted Catholic last rites . Tiloukaikt spoke on the gallows , `` Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people ? So we die to save our people . '' Capital punishment was made explicitly legal by statute in 1864 , and executions have been carried out exclusively at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem since 1904 . The death penalty was outlawed between 1914 and 1920 , again between 1964 and 1978 , and then again between a 1981 Oregon Supreme Court ruling and a 1984 ballot measure . Oregon voters amended the Constitution in 1914 , to repeal the death penalty , by a margin of 50.04 % . The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West . However , the death penalty was restored in 1920 with 56 % of voters favoring its use .",
"2": "From 1864 to 1931 , executions were carried out by hanging . However , beginning with the execution of LeRoy Hershel McCarthy , on January 30 , 1939 , Oregon began using lethal gas in gas - chamber executions . The state executed seventeen men in this manner . The last of these gas - inhalation executions took place on 20 August 1962 , with the execution of Leeroy Sanford McGahuey . In 1964 voters passed Measure 1 , a constitutional amendment prohibiting capital punishment , with 60 % of voters approving . Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later . Voters reenacted the death penalty in the general election of 1978 , by statute ; Measure 8 required the death penalty in certain murder cases . Measure 8 was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court in 1981 , on the grounds that it denied defendants the right to be tried by a jury of their peers . In 1984 , Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal . Measure 7 , a statutory measure passed in the same year , required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder . In 1988 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Penry v. Lynaugh affected the Oregon death penalty , because Oregon 's law is based on the Texas law involved in the case . Seventeen Oregon cases were remanded for resentencing following Penry ; eight convicts were re-sentenced to death . In 2000 , the Benetton Group featured several inmates on Oregon 's death row in a controversial anti-death penalty advertising campaign . Cesar Barone , Conan Wayne Hale , Jesse Caleb Compton , and Alberto Reyes Camarena were featured in the ad . Between 1904 and 1994 , 115 people were sentenced to death in Oregon , and 58 of those were executed . List of individuals executed since 1978 ( edit ) Two people have been executed in Oregon since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1978 . Both waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out .",
"3": "Name Date of execution Victim Governor Douglas Franklin Wright September 6 , 1996 William Marks and 2 others John Kitzhaber Harry Charles Moore May 16 , 1997 Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham See also ( edit ) List of Oregon ballot measures List of death row inmates in Oregon Crime in Oregon Law of Oregon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jeff ( February 2015 ) . `` Kate Brown says she opposes death penalty but refuses to rule out executions on her watch '' . OREGONLIVE . Oregonlive / The Oregonian . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Section 136.450 - Number of jurors required for verdict '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Section 163.150 - Sentencing for aggravated murder ; proceedings ; issues for jury '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Constitution - Article V - Sec. 14 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oregon execution chamber Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment in Oregon - Statistics . '' Oregon Department of Corrections . Retrieved on February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.115 Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.095 Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163 , includes legal definition of aggravated murder ^ Jump up to : Terry , John . Oregon 's Trails - ' Necktie Parties ' does justice to legal hangings in Oregon . The Oregonian , 6 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Horner , John B. ( 1919 ) . Oregon : Her History , Her Great Men , Her Literature . Press of the Gazette - Times . p. 313 .",
"4": "^ Jump up to : `` History of Capital Punishment in Oregon '' . Oregon.gov . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Christianson , Scott ( 26 July 2011 ) . The Last Gasp : The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber . University of California Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0520271210 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oregon Blue Book : Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1980 - 1987 Jump up ^ Danks , Holly ( January 20 , 2000 ) . `` Benetton features Oregon killers '' . The Oregonian . External links ( edit ) History of Capital Punishment in Oregon from Oregon.gov Death penalty in Oregon , from the Oregon Encyclopedia Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S.",
"5": "Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Topics in Oregon legislation Crime and sentencing Capital punishment Measure 11 ( 1994 ) ( mandatory minimum sentencing ) Measure 40 ( 1996 ) etc. ( victims ' rights ) Elections and voting Direct Legislation League Vote - by - mail Term limits List of Oregon ballot measures Gay rights Same - sex marriage Oregon Citizens Alliance Measure 9 ( 1992 ) ( homosexuality and education ) Environment Bottle bill Nuclear power Wind power Solar power Coal power Land use O&C Lands Beach Bill ( 1967 ) Land Conservation and Development Act ( 1973 ) Measure 37 ( 2004 ) & 49 ( 2008 ) Health care Death with Dignity Act Oregon Health Plan Minimum wage Measures 36 ( 1996 ) , 25 ( 2002 ) Taxation Tax revolt Measure 5 ( 1990 ) ( landmark tax law ) Measures 47 ( 1996 ) and 50 ( 1997 ) ( adjusted Measure 5 ) Kicker tax rebate Measure 97 ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Compulsory Education Act Adoption rights Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Bicycle Bill Cannabis in Oregon Influential people Loren Parks Bill Sizemore Background , further reading Oregon legislature Direct democracy in Oregon Oregon government Oregon history Oregon ballot measures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Oregon&oldid=832156710 '' Categories : Capital punishment in Oregon Capital punishment in the United States by state Crime in Oregon Oregon law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 04 : 44 . About Wikipedia",
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"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
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"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
4,
5,
1,
3,
0
] |
[
2,
4,
5,
1,
3
] |
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